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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Halaman Utama [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Halaman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Daftar-isi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi"><span>Daftar isi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Pemerintah" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Pemerintah" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Pemerintah" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Pemerintah" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ilmu_politik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ilmu_politik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ilmu politik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ilmu_politik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Ilmu politik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ilmu_politik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klasifikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Klasifikasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klasifikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambiguitas_sosial-politik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambiguitas_sosial-politik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ambiguitas sosial-politik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambiguitas_sosial-politik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bentuk_dialektis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bentuk_dialektis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bentuk dialektis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bentuk_dialektis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bentuk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bentuk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bentuk</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bentuk-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Bentuk</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bentuk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autokrasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autokrasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Autokrasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autokrasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aristokrasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aristokrasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Aristokrasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aristokrasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demokrasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demokrasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Demokrasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demokrasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Republik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Federal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistem_ekonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_ekonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sistem ekonomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistem_ekonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Peta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Rujukan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catatan_kaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan_kaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Catatan kaki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan_kaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Daftar pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lanjutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lanjutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bacaan lanjutan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lanjutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_Pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_Pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lihat Pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_Pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pemerintah</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 169 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-169" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">169 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regering" title="Regering – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Regering" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierung" title="Regierung – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Regierung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5" title="መንግሥት – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubierno" title="Gubierno – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gubierno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9" title="حكومة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حكومة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%9B%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90_(%DC%AB%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90%DC%A3%DC%90)" title="ܫܘܠܛܢܘܬܐ (ܫܘܬܐܣܐ) – Aram" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܘܠܛܢܘܬܐ (ܫܘܬܐܣܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aram" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9" title="حوكومة – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حوكومة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87" title="حكومه – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حكومه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="চৰকাৰ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চৰকাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobiernu" title="Gobiernu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gobiernu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="ХӀукумат – Avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ХӀукумат" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6kum%C9%99t" title="Hökumət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hökumət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A4%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="حؤکومت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حؤکومت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82" title="Хөкүмәт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хөкүмәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABriaus%C4%ABb%C4%97" title="Vīriausībė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vīriausībė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobyerno" title="Gobyerno – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gobyerno" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Урад – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Урад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Урад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Урад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwernem%C3%A8n" title="Guwernemèn – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Guwernemèn" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Правителство – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Правителство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="সরকার – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সরকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouarnamant" title="Gouarnamant – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouarnamant" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlada" title="Vlada – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vlada" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamerentah" title="Pamerentah – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Pamerentah" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Засаглал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Засаглал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govern" title="Govern – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Govern" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Мехкан урхалла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мехкан урхалла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagamhanan" title="Kagamhanan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kagamhanan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobietnu" title="Gobietnu – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Gobietnu" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AA" title="حکوومەت – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حکوومەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1tn%C3%AD_moc" title="Státní moc – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Státní moc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%B3%D1%80%D0%B5-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тӳре-шара – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тӳре-шара" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywodraeth" title="Llywodraeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llywodraeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regering" title="Regering – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Regering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gominanti" title="Gominanti – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Gominanti" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierung" title="Regierung – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Regierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Κυβέρνηση – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυβέρνηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" title="Government – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Government" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registaro" title="Registaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Registaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno" title="Gobierno – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gobierno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valitsus" title="Valitsus – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valitsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobernu" title="Gobernu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gobernu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goviernu" title="Goviernu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Goviernu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="حکومت – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حکومت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement" title="Gouvernement – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gouvernement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiarang" title="Regiarang – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Regiarang" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regear" title="Regear – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Regear" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rialtas" title="Rialtas – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rialtas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernman" title="Gouvernman – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Gouvernman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riaghaltas" title="Riaghaltas – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Riaghaltas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goberno" title="Goberno – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Goberno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet%C3%A3rerekua" title="Tetãrerekua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tetãrerekua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiltys" title="Reiltys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Reiltys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwamnati" title="Gwamnati – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gwamnati" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aupuni" title="Aupuni – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Aupuni" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%94" title="ממשלה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממשלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सरकार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सरकार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkar" title="Sarkar – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sarkar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlada" title="Vlada – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vlada" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouv%C3%A8nman" title="Gouvènman – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gouvènman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կառավարություն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կառավարություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governamento" title="Governamento – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Governamento" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guvernament" title="Guvernament – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Guvernament" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno" title="Gobierno – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gobierno" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guvernerio" title="Guvernerio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Guvernerio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADkisstj%C3%B3rn" title="Ríkisstjórn – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ríkisstjórn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo" title="Governo – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Governo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="政府" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobament" title="Gobament – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gobament" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papr%C3%A8ntahan" title="Paprèntahan – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paprèntahan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მთავრობა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მთავრობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Үкімет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үкімет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naalakkersueriaaseq" title="Naalakkersueriaaseq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Naalakkersueriaaseq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B" title="រដ្ឋាភិបាល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រដ្ឋាភិបាល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸರಕಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸರಕಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80" title="정부 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Правительство – Karachai Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Правительство" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachai Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hik%C3%BBmet" title="Hikûmet – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hikûmet" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governans" title="Governans – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Governans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%82" title="Өкмөт – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өкмөт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectio" title="Rectio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rectio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierung" title="Regierung – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Regierung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regering" title="Regering – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Regering" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guviern" title="Guviern – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Guviern" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo" title="Governo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Governo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guv%C9%9Bn%C9%9Bm%C3%A1" title="Guvɛnɛmá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Guvɛnɛmá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ລັດຖະບານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລັດຖະບານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyriausyb%C4%97" title="Vyriausybė – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vyriausybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vald%C4%ABba" title="Valdība – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valdība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerentahan" title="Pemerentahan – Madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Pemerentahan" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सरकार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सरकार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerentahan" title="Pemerentahan – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Pemerentahan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governemanta" title="Governemanta – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Governemanta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81wanatanga" title="Kāwanatanga – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kāwanatanga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamarentah" title="Pamarentah – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pamarentah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Влада – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Влада" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="സർക്കാർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സർക്കാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Засаглал – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Засаглал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सरकार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सरकार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan" title="Pemerintahan – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemerintahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno" title="Gobierno – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Gobierno" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B" title="အစိုးရ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစိုးရ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кондан – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кондан" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeren" title="Regeren – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Regeren" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सरकार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सरकार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सरकार – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सरकार" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regering" title="Regering – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Regering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regjering" title="Regjering – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Regjering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regjering" title="Regjering – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Regjering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouv%C3%A8rn%C3%A9ment" title="Gouvèrnément – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Gouvèrnément" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boma" title="Boma – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Boma" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gov%C3%A8rn" title="Govèrn – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Govèrn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mootummaa" title="Mootummaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Mootummaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸਰਕਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਰਕਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno" title="Gobierno – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Gobierno" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rz%C4%85d_(prawo)" title="Rząd (prawo) – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rząd (prawo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govern" title="Govern – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Govern" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="حکومت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حکومت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="حکومت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="حکومت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo" title="Governo – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Governo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guvern" title="Guvern – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Guvern" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivernisi" title="Chivernisi – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Chivernisi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Правительство – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Правительство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Влада – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Влада" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%B0h%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дьаhалта – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьаhалта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuvernu" title="Cuvernu – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cuvernu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govrenment" title="Govrenment – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Govrenment" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="حڪومت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حڪومت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1%C4%91%C4%91ehus" title="Ráđđehus – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ráđđehus" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlada" title="Vlada – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vlada" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%81%B8%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="လူင်ပွင်ၸိုင်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="လူင်ပွင်ၸိုင်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="ආණ්ඩුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආණ්ඩුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" title="Government – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Government" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladavina" title="Vladavina – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vladavina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurumende" title="Hurumende – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hurumende" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeveria" title="Qeveria – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qeveria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Државна управа – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Државна управа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamar%C3%A9ntah" title="Pamaréntah – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pamaréntah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regering" title="Regering – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Regering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serikali" title="Serikali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Serikali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/cen-hu" title="cen-hu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="cen-hu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அரசாங்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரசாங்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="ప్రభుత్వం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రభుత్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ҳукумат – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳукумат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="รัฐบาล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐบาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamahalaan" title="Pamahalaan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamahalaan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavman" title="Gavman – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Gavman" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCk%C3%BBmet" title="Hükûmet – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hükûmet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulumendhe" title="Hulumendhe – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Hulumendhe" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%B6k%C3%BCm%C3%A4t" title="Xökümät – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Xökümät" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansoafo%C9%94" title="Mansoafoɔ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Mansoafoɔ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Уряд – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уряд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="حکومت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حکومت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumat" title="Hukumat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hukumat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goerno" title="Goerno – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Goerno" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_ph%E1%BB%A7" title="Chính phủ – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính phủ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamunuan" title="Pamunuan – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pamunuan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="政府" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhulumente" title="Rhulumente – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Rhulumente" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="თარობა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თარობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="רעגירונג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רעגירונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cj%E1%BB%8Dba" title="Ìjọba – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìjọba" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwngfuj" title="Cwngfuj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cwngfuj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="政府" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="政府" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8ng-h%C3%BA" title="Chèng-hú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chèng-hú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="政府" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHulumeni" title="UHulumeni – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UHulumeni" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7188#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pemerintah" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Pemerintah" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pemerintah"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pemerintah"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Pemerintah" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Pemerintah" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&oldid=26561996" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Pemerintah&id=26561996&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPemerintah"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPemerintah"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Pemerintah"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pemerintah&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Government" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7188" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse" style="width:22.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Politik" title="Kategori:Politik">seri Politik</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef;padding:0.2em; padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;">Bentuk dasar dari <a class="mw-selflink selflink">pemerintahan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;border-top:#ddd 1px solid;text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;">Struktur kekuatan</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konfederasi" title="Konfederasi">Konfederasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federasi" title="Federasi">Federasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemoni" title="Hegemoni">Hegemoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarki" title="Monarki">Kerajaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negara_kesatuan" title="Negara kesatuan">Negara kesatuan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;border-top:#ddd 1px solid;text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;">Sumber kekuatan</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size: 100%; clear:none; float:none;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi">Demokrasi</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demokrasi_langsung" title="Demokrasi langsung">Langsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demokrasi_perwakilan" title="Demokrasi perwakilan">Perwakilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-demokrasi" title="Semi-demokrasi">Semi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tipe_demokrasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tipe demokrasi (halaman belum tersedia)">lainnya</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Monarki" title="Monarki">Kerajaan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_mutlak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan mutlak">Mutlak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_konstitusional" title="Kerajaan konstitusional">Konstitusi</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarki" title="Oligarki">Oligarki</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristokrasi" title="Aristokrasi">Aristokrasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_militer" title="Junta militer">Junta militer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptokrasi" title="Kleptokrasi">Kleptokrasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutokrasi" title="Plutokrasi">Plutokrasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratokrasi" title="Stratokrasi">Stratokrasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timokrasi" title="Timokrasi">Timokrasi</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Otokrasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Otokrasi">Otokrasi</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otoritarianisme" title="Otoritarianisme">Otoritarianisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotisme" title="Despotisme">Despotisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diktatur" title="Diktatur">Diktatur (Kediktatoran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarianisme">Totalitarianisme</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">Republik</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlementer" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlementer">Parlementer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_presidensial" title="Sistem presidensial">Presidensial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_semipresidensial" title="Sistem semipresidensial">Semi presidensial</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lainnya</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarki" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarki">Anarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anokrasi" title="Anokrasi">Anokrasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafah" title="Khilafah">Khilafah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarsi" title="Kritarsi">Kritarsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritokrasi" title="Meritokrasi">Meritokrasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklokrasi" title="Oklokrasi">Oklokrasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partikrasi" title="Partikrasi">Partikrasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negara_sosialis" title="Negara sosialis">Sosialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teokrasi" title="Teokrasi">Teokrasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiran" title="Tiran">Tirani</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politik" title="Portal:Politik">Portal Politik</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Bentuk_dasar_pemerintahan" title="Templat:Bentuk dasar pemerintahan"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Bentuk_dasar_pemerintahan" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Bentuk dasar pemerintahan"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Bentuk_dasar_pemerintahan&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Forms_of_government_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Forms_of_government_2021.svg/350px-Forms_of_government_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Forms_of_government_2021.svg/525px-Forms_of_government_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Forms_of_government_2021.svg/700px-Forms_of_government_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption> <table align="center" width="100%" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #ABD5F5; background-color:#F1F5FC; margin-top:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="text-align:center"></div> <div style="text-align:center">Peta negara-negara di dunia yang diwarnai berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Bentuk_pemerintahan" title="Bentuk pemerintahan">bentuk</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_pemerintahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem pemerintahan">sistem</a> <a href="/wiki/Pemerintahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemerintahan">pemerintahannya</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r19202607">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3355dd; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">Republik</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_presidensial" title="Sistem presidensial">sistem presidensial</a> murni </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#66bb66; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">Republik</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_presidensial" title="Sistem presidensial">sistem presidensial</a> yang kekuasaan <a href="/wiki/Presiden" title="Presiden">presidennya</a> tergantung pada <a href="/wiki/Parlemen" title="Parlemen">parlemen</a> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f0e847; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">Republik</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_semipresidensial" title="Sistem semipresidensial">sistem semipresidensial</a> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9a33; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">Republik</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_parlementer" title="Sistem parlementer">sistem parlementer</a> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e75353; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Monarki" title="Monarki">Monarki</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarki_konstitusional" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarki konstitusional">konstitusional</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_parlementer" title="Sistem parlementer">sistem parlementer</a>, yang <a href="/wiki/Penguasa_monarki" title="Penguasa monarki">penguasa monarkinya</a> (raja) tidak memiliki kekuasaan negara </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ee1af9; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Monarki" title="Monarki">Monarki</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarki_konstitusional" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarki konstitusional">konstitusional</a>, yang <a href="/wiki/Penguasa_monarki" title="Penguasa monarki">penguasa monarkinya</a> (raja) memiliki kekuasaan negara </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#801a80; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Monarki" title="Monarki">Monarki</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarki_mutlak" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarki mutlak">absolut</a> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#aa6f33; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">Republik</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_partai_tunggal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem partai tunggal">sistem partai tunggal</a> (sistem satu partai) </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6b8e23; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Diktator" title="Diktator">Diktator</a> militer (<a href="/wiki/Junta_militer" title="Junta militer">junta militer</a>) </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b9b9b9; color:black;"> </span> Lainnya (negara yang tidak sesuai dengan salah satu bentuk dan sistem di atas) </div> <small><br />Beberapa negara yang secara konstitusional menyatakan diri sebagai republik dengan sistem multipartai, oleh banyak negara lainnya dianggap sebagai negara otoriter. Peta ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan bentuk dan sistem negara secara <i><span lang="la">de jure</span></i>, bukan secara <i><span lang="la">de facto</span></i>.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pemerintah</b> atau <b>pengereh</b> adalah <a href="/wiki/Organisasi" title="Organisasi">organisasi</a> yang memiliki kekuasaan untuk membuat dan menerapkan hukum bersama Undang-Undang serta <a href="/wiki/Kewenangan" title="Kewenangan">kewenangan</a> untuk mengatur komunitas di wilayah tertentu, yang umumnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Negara_(pemerintahan)" title="Negara (pemerintahan)">negara</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ada beberapa definisi mengenai sistem pemerintahan. Sama halnya, terdapat bermacam-macam jenis pemerintahan di dunia. </p><p>Pemerintah juga adalah aktivitas pelayanan yang menjamin bekerjanya lembaga-lembaga pemerintahan umum dan berfungsinya unit-unit pemerintahan baik internal maupun eksternal, terhadap para warganya.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam definisi asosiatifnya yang luas, pemerintah umumnya terdiri atas <a href="/wiki/Lembaga_legislatif" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembaga legislatif">lembaga legislatif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eksekutif" class="mw-redirect" title="Eksekutif">eksekutif</a>, dan yang berdiri sendiri ialah <a href="/wiki/Yudikatif" class="mw-redirect" title="Yudikatif">yudikatif</a>. Pemerintah merupakan sarana untuk menegakkan kebijakan organisasi, sekaligus sebagai mekanisme untuk menentukan <a href="/wiki/Kebijakan" title="Kebijakan">kebijakan</a>. Setiap pemerintahan memiliki semacam <a href="/wiki/Konstitusi" title="Konstitusi">konstitusi</a>, yaitu pernyataan tentang prinsip dan filosofi pemerintahannya. </p><p>Meskipun semua jenis organisasi memiliki tata kelola, istilah <i>pemerintah</i> sering kali digunakan secara lebih spesifik untuk merujuk pada sekitar 200 <a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_berdaulat" title="Daftar negara berdaulat">pemerintah nasional independen</a> dan organisasi-organisasi di bawahnya. </p><p>Sepanjang sejarah, bentuk pemerintahan yang lazim ditemui meliputi <a href="/wiki/Monarki" title="Monarki">monarki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristokrasi" title="Aristokrasi">aristokrasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timokrasi" title="Timokrasi">timokrasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oligarki" title="Oligarki">oligarki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi">demokrasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teokrasi" title="Teokrasi">teokrasi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Tiran" title="Tiran">tirani</a>. Aspek utama dari filosofi setiap pemerintahan adalah bagaimana kekuasaan politik diperoleh — dua bentuk utamanya adalah <a href="/wiki/Pemilihan" title="Pemilihan">pemilihan umum</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suksesi_turun-temurun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suksesi turun-temurun (halaman belum tersedia)">suksesi turun-temurun</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Awal mula dan perkembangan fenomena pemerintahan manusia tidak diketahui dengan pasti; namun, sejarah mencatat terbentuknya pemerintahan awal. Sekitar 5.000 tahun yang lalu, beberapa negara-kota kecil muncul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian2004245_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian2004245-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada milenium ketiga hingga kedua SM, beberapa negara-kota ini berkembang menjadi wilayah pemerintahan yang lebih besar: <a href="/wiki/Sumeria" title="Sumeria">Sumeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesir_Kuno" title="Mesir Kuno">Mesir Kuno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peradaban_Lembah_Sungai_Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus">Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Daftar_Kebudayaan_Neolitikum_Tiongkok" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar Kebudayaan Neolitikum Tiongkok">Peradaban Sungai Kuning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian2004294_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian2004294-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pembangunan proyek <a href="/wiki/Pertanian" title="Pertanian">pertanian</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pengendalian_banjir" title="Pengendalian banjir">pengendalian air</a> merupakan katalisator bagi perkembangan pemerintah.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica20102_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica20102-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kadang kala, seorang kepala suku dipilih dengan berbagai ritual atau uji kekuatan untuk mengatur sukunya, terkadang melibatkan sekelompok orang yang lebih tua sebagai dewan. Kemampuan manusia untuk secara tepat mempelajari dan mengomunikasikan informasi abstrak memungkinkan manusia bertindak lebih efektif dalam bertani,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian2004146–147_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian2004146–147-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang kemudian terus meningkatkan kepadatan populasi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian2004245_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian2004245-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejarawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Christian_(sejarawan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Christian (sejarawan) (halaman belum tersedia)">David Christian</a> menjelaskan bagaimana hal ini menghasilkan negara-negara bagian dengan hukum dan pemerintahan. </p><p>Mulai akhir <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-17" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-17">abad ke-17</a>, bentuk pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">republik</a> bertumbuh. <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Agung" title="Revolusi Agung">Revolusi Agung</a> di Inggris, <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Amerika_Serikat" title="Revolusi Amerika Serikat">Revolusi Amerika Serikat</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Prancis" title="Revolusi Prancis">Revolusi Prancis</a> berkontribusi pada pertumbuhan pemerintahan yang berbentuk perwakilan. <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> adalah negara besar pertama yang memiliki pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Komunisme" title="Komunisme">komunis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmelserBaltes2001?_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelserBaltes2001?-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejak runtuhnya <a href="/wiki/Tembok_Berlin" title="Tembok Berlin">Tembok Berlin</a>, semakin banyak negara yang menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Demokrasi_liberal" title="Demokrasi liberal">demokrasi liberal</a> sebagai bentuk pemerintahan mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuperKuper2008?_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuperKuper2008?-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada abad kesembilan belas dan kedua puluh, terjadi peningkatan yang signifikan dalam ukuran dan skala pemerintahan di tingkat nasional,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider-Markel2014?_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider-Markel2014?-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> termasuk pengaturan <a href="/wiki/Perusahaan" title="Perusahaan">korporasi</a> dan pembangunan <a href="/wiki/Negara_kesejahteraan" title="Negara kesejahteraan">negara kesejahteraan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuperKuper2008?_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuperKuper2008?-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ilmu_politik">Ilmu politik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Ilmu politik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ilmu politik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klasifikasi">Klasifikasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Klasifikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Klasifikasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalam ilmu politik, pembuatan tipologi atau taksonomi entitas politik telah lama dijadikan tujuan karena tipologi sistem politik tidak jelas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewellen2003?_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewellen2003?-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal ini sangat penting dalam <a href="/wiki/Politik_komparatif" title="Politik komparatif">politik komparatif</a> (bidang dalam ilmu politik) dan <a href="/wiki/Hubungan_internasional" title="Hubungan internasional">hubungan internasional</a>. Seperti semua kategori bentuk pemerintahan, batasan klasifikasi pemerintah bisa berubah-ubah atau tidak jelas. </p><p>Di permukaan, semua pemerintahan memiliki bentuk resmi atau ideal. Amerika Serikat merupakan republik konstitusional, sedangkan bekas Uni Soviet merupakan <a href="/wiki/Negara_sosialis" title="Negara sosialis">republik sosialis</a>. Namun identifikasi diri tidak objektif dan seperti yang dikatakan pakar ilmu politik Kopstein dan Lichbach, mendefinisikan rezim bisa jadi hal yang rumit.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Misalnya, filsuf Prancis <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> berargumen bahwa "<a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi_Suci" title="Kekaisaran Romawi Suci">Kekaisaran Romawi Suci</a> bukanlah Kekaisaran, bukan Romawi, dan bukan pula Suci".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Identifikasi suatu bentuk pemerintahan juga sulit dilakukan karena banyak <a href="/wiki/Sistem_politik" title="Sistem politik">sistem politik</a> berasal dari gerakan sosial-ekonomi yang kemudian dibawa ke dalam pemerintahan oleh <a href="/wiki/Partai_politik" title="Partai politik">partai-partai</a> yang menamakan diri mereka sendiri dari gerakan tersebut; semuanya dengan politik-ideologi yang saling bersaing. Pengalaman dengan gerakan yang berkuasa dan ikatan kuat yang mungkin mereka miliki dengan bermacam bentuk pemerintahan tertentu, dapat menyebabkan mereka dianggap sebagai bentuk pemerintahan itu sendiri. </p><p>Komplikasi lain termasuk ketidaksepakatan umum atau "<a href="/wiki/Disinformasi" title="Disinformasi">distorsi atau bias</a>" yang disengaja terhadap definisi teknis dari ideologi politik dan bentuk pemerintahan terkait akibat sifat politik pada era modern. Misalnya arti "<a href="/wiki/Konservatisme" title="Konservatisme">konservatisme</a>" di <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> hanya memiliki sedikit kesamaan dengan pendefinisian kata tersebut di tempat lain. Seperti yang dikatakan Ribuffo, "Apa yang oleh orang Amerika sekarang disebut konservatisme, oleh sebagian besar dunia disebut <a href="/wiki/Liberalisme" title="Liberalisme">liberalisme</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalisme" title="Neoliberalisme">neoliberalisme</a>"; seorang "<a href="/wiki/Konservatisme" title="Konservatisme">konservatif</a>" di Finlandia akan diberi label "<a href="/wiki/Sosialisme" title="Sosialisme">sosialis</a>" di Amerika Serikat.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambiguitas_sosial-politik">Ambiguitas sosial-politik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Ambiguitas sosial-politik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ambiguitas sosial-politik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ada beragam pendapat pada setiap individu mengenai jenis dan sifat pemerintah yang ada. "Nuansa abu-abu" adalah hal yang lumrah pada pemerintahan di dunia dan pada klasifikasinya. Bahkan, negara demokrasi yang paling liberal membatasi aktivitas politik saingannya sampai batas tertentu; sementara itu, kediktatoran paling tirani harus mengatur basis dukungan yang luas sehingga menciptakan kesulitan untuk "memisah-misahkan" pemerintah ke dalam kategori yang sempit. Contohnya termasuk klaim Amerika Serikat sebagai negara<a href="/wiki/Plutokrasi" title="Plutokrasi">plutokrasi</a> alih-alih demokrasi karena beberapa pemilih AS percaya bahwa pemilu dimanipulasi oleh kelompok politik superkaya.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bentuk_dialektis">Bentuk dialektis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Bentuk dialektis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bentuk dialektis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Filsafat" title="Filsafat">Filsuf</a> <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Yunani_Klasik" title="Sejarah Yunani Klasik">Yunani Klasik</a> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> membahas lima jenis rezim: <a href="/wiki/Aristokrasi" title="Aristokrasi">aristokrasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timokrasi" title="Timokrasi">timokrasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oligarki" title="Oligarki">oligarki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi">demokrasi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Tiran" title="Tiran">tirani</a>. Kelima rezim ini semakin merosot dimulai dengan aristokrasi di posisi paling atas dan tirani di bawah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bentuk">Bentuk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Bentuk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bentuk"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Salah satu metode untuk mengelompokkan pemerintah adalah melalui cara orang memiliki kewenangan untuk memerintah. Kewenangan ini bisa berupa satu orang (otokrasi, seperti monarki), sekelompok orang terpilih (aristokrasi), atau orang-orang secara keseluruhan (demokrasi, seperti republik). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autokrasi">Autokrasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Autokrasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Autokrasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Autokrasi" title="Autokrasi">Autokrasi</a> adalah sistem pemerintahan yang <a href="/wiki/Kekuasaan" title="Kekuasaan">kekuasaan</a> tertingginya terkonsentrasi di tangan satu orang, yang keputusannya tidak tunduk pada batasan hukum eksternal atau mekanisme kontrol kerakyatan yang diatur (kecuali mungkin terhadap ancaman implisit dari <a href="/wiki/Kudeta" title="Kudeta">kudeta</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Pemberontakan" title="Pemberontakan">pemberontakan</a> massa).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aristokrasi">Aristokrasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Aristokrasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aristokrasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aristokrasi" title="Aristokrasi">Aristokrasi</a> (dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">bahasa Yunani</a> ἀριστοκρατία <i>aristokratía</i>, dari ἄριστος <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aristocrat#English" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:aristocrat">aristos</a></i> "unggul atau istimewa", dan κράτος <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kratos" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:kratos">kratos</a></i> "kekuasaan") adalah suatu bentuk pemerintahan yang menempatkan kekuasaan di tangan <a href="/wiki/Kelas_pemerintahan" title="Kelas pemerintahan">kelas penguasa</a> yang sedikit dan memiliki privilese atau hak istimewa.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Banyak <a href="/wiki/Monarki" title="Monarki">monarki</a> merupakan aristokrasi, meskipun dalam monarki konstitusional modern, raja hanya memiliki sedikit kekuasaan. Istilah <i>aristokrasi</i> juga bisa merujuk pada kelas non-tani, non-pelayan, dan non-kota dalam <a href="/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme">sistem feodal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demokrasi">Demokrasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Demokrasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Demokrasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi">Demokrasi</a> adalah sistem pemerintahan yang warga negaranya menjalankan kekuasaan dengan <a href="/wiki/Pemungutan_suara" title="Pemungutan suara">memberikan suara</a>. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Demokrasi_langsung" title="Demokrasi langsung">demokrasi langsung</a>, warga negara secara keseluruhan membentuk badan pemerintahan dan memberikan suara langsung pada setiap masalah. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Demokrasi_perwakilan" title="Demokrasi perwakilan">demokrasi perwakilan</a>, warga memilih perwakilan dari antara mereka sendiri. Perwakilan-perwakilan ini bertemu untuk membentuk badan pemerintahan, seperti <a href="/wiki/Lembaga_legislatif" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembaga legislatif">badan legislatif</a>. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Demokrasi_liberal" title="Demokrasi liberal">demokrasi konstitusional</a>, kekuasaan mayoritas dijalankan dalam kerangka demokrasi perwakilan, tetapi konstitusi membatasi mayoritas dan melindungi minoritas, biasanya melalui penjaminan hak tertentu bagi semua individu, misalnya kebebasan berbicara atau kebebasan berserikat.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Republik">Republik</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Republik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Republik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">Republik</a> adalah suatu bentuk pemerintahan dengan negara dianggap sebagai "urusan publik" (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a>: <i>res publica</i>), bukan urusan pribadi atau milik para penguasa, yang pemerintah negaranya dipilih atau ditunjuk secara langsung atau tidak langsung alih-alih diwariskan. Rakyat, atau sebagian besar dari mereka, memiliki kendali tertinggi atas pemerintah dan jabatan negara dipilih atau ditunjuk oleh orang-orang terpilih.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Definisi umum yang disederhanakan dari republik adalah pemerintahan yang kepala negaranya bukan seorang raja.<sup id="cite_ref-WordNet_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WordNet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M-W_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-W-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> menyatakan bahwa baik <a href="/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi">demokrasi</a> (semua orang memiliki bagian dalam pemerintahan) maupun <a href="/wiki/Aristokrasi" title="Aristokrasi">aristokrasi</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Oligarki" title="Oligarki">oligarki</a> (hanya beberapa orang yang memerintah) sebagai bentuk pemerintahan republik.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Istilah lain yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan republik di antaranya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_demokratis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republik demokratis (halaman belum tersedia)">republik demokratis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republik_parlementer" title="Republik parlementer">republik parlementer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistem_semipresidensial" title="Sistem semipresidensial">republik semipresidensial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistem_presidensial" title="Sistem presidensial">republik presidensial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republik_federal" title="Republik federal">republik federal</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Islam" title="Republik Islam">republik Islam</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal">Federal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Federal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Federal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Federalisme adalah konsep politik ketika <i>sekelompok</i> anggota diikat bersama oleh <a href="/wiki/Kovenan_(hukum)" title="Kovenan (hukum)">kovenan</a> dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepemimpinan_federal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepemimpinan federal (halaman belum tersedia)">kepala perwakilan</a> sebagai pengatur. Istilah "federalisme" juga digunakan untuk menggambarkan sistem pemerintahan yang <a href="/wiki/Kedaulatan" title="Kedaulatan">kedaulatannya</a> secara <a href="/wiki/Konstitusi" title="Konstitusi">konstitusional</a> dibagi antara otoritas pemerintahan pusat dan unit politik konstituen, yang bisa disebut negara bagian, provinsi, atau lainnya. Federalisme adalah sistem yang didasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip dan institusi demokrasi yang kekuasaannya untuk memerintah dibagi antara pemerintah nasional dan pemerintah provinsi/negara bagian, sehingga menciptakan apa yang sering disebut <a href="/wiki/Federasi" title="Federasi">federasi</a>. Para pendukungnya sering disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federalis (halaman belum tersedia)">federalis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sistem_ekonomi">Sistem ekonomi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Sistem ekonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sistem ekonomi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secara historis, sebagian besar sistem politik bermula dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideologi_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ideologi ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">ideologi</a> <a href="/wiki/Sosial_ekonomi" title="Sosial ekonomi">sosial ekonomi</a>. Pengalaman dengan gerakan-gerakan yang berkuasa dan ikatan kuat yang mungkin mereka miliki dengan bentuk pemerintahan tertentu dapat menyebabkan mereka dianggap sebagai bentuk pemerintahan itu sendiri. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Istilah </th> <th>Definisi </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme">Kapitalisme</a> </td> <td>Sistem sosial-ekonomi dengan <a href="/wiki/Alat_produksi" title="Alat produksi">alat-alat produksi</a> (mesin, perkakas, pabrik, dll.) berada di bawah kepemilikan pribadi dan digunakan untuk memperoleh keuntungan. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Komunisme" title="Komunisme">Komunisme</a> </td> <td>Sistem sosial-ekonomi dengan alat-alat produksi dimiliki bersama-sama (baik oleh rakyat secara langsung, melalui <a href="/wiki/Komune_(model_pemerintahan)" title="Komune (model pemerintahan)">komune</a> atau oleh <a href="/wiki/Masyarakat_komunis" title="Masyarakat komunis">masyarakat komunis</a>), dan <a href="/wiki/Produksi_untuk_penggunaan" title="Produksi untuk penggunaan">produksi dilakukan untuk penggunaan</a>, bukan untuk keuntungan.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dengan demikian, masyarakat komunis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masyarakat_tanpa_negara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masyarakat tanpa negara (halaman belum tersedia)">tidak memiliki negara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masyarakat_tanpa_kelas" title="Masyarakat tanpa kelas">tanpa kelas</a>, tanpa uang, dan <a href="/wiki/Demokrasi_langsung" title="Demokrasi langsung">demokratis</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Distributisme" title="Distributisme">Distributisme</a> </td> <td>Sistem sosial-ekonomi dengan kepemilikan <a href="/wiki/Properti" title="Properti">properti</a> secara luas sebagai hak fundamental;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alat-alat produksi tersebar seluas mungkin alih-alih terpusat di bawah kendali negara (<a href="/wiki/Sosialisme_negara" title="Sosialisme negara">sosialisme negara</a>), beberapa individu (<a href="/wiki/Plutokrasi" title="Plutokrasi">plutokrasi</a>), atau korporasi (<a href="/wiki/Korporatokrasi" title="Korporatokrasi">korporatokrasi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distributisme pada dasarnya menentang <a href="/wiki/Sosialisme" title="Sosialisme">sosialisme</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme">kapitalisme</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang oleh para penganut distributisme dianggap sama-sama cacat dan eksploitatif. Sebaliknya, distributisme berusaha menempatkan aktivitas ekonomi di bawah kehidupan manusia secara keseluruhan, pada kehidupan spiritual, kehidupan intelektual, dan kehidupan keluarga.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme">Feodalisme</a> </td> <td>Sistem sosial-ekonomi kepemilikan tanah dan tugas. Di bawah feodalisme, semua tanah di kerajaan adalah milik raja. Namun, raja akan memberikan sebagian tanah itu kepada para bangsawan yang berjuang untuknya. Hadiah tanah ini disebut <i>manor</i>. Kemudian para bangsawan memberikan sebagian tanah mereka kepada pengikut (<i>vassal</i>). Para pengikut kemudian harus melakukan tugas untuk para bangsawan. Tanah para pengikut disebut wilayah <i>fief</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sosialisme" title="Sosialisme">Sosialisme</a> </td> <td>Sistem sosial-ekonomi dengan para <a href="/wiki/Manajemen_mandiri_pekerja" title="Manajemen mandiri pekerja">pekerja, secara demokratis</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kepemilikan_sosial" title="Kepemilikan sosial">sosial memiliki</a> alat-alat produksi<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan kerangka ekonomi dapat <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_terencana" title="Ekonomi terencana">terencana</a>, baik dengan didesentralisasi, didistribusikan, atau terpusat, atau dikelola sendiri dalam unit ekonomi otonom.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pelayanan_publik" title="Pelayanan publik">Pelayanan publik</a> biasanya <a href="/wiki/Kepemilikan_bersama" title="Kepemilikan bersama">dimiliki bersama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepemilikan_kolektif" title="Kepemilikan kolektif">dimiliki kolektif</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Kepemilikan_negara" title="Kepemilikan negara">dimiliki negara</a>, seperti layanan perawatan kesehatan dan pendidikan. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etatisme" title="Etatisme">Etatisme</a> </td> <td>Sistem sosial-ekonomi yang memusatkan kekuasaan di negara dengan mengorbankan kebebasan individu. Di antara varian lainnya, istilah ini mencakup teokrasi, monarki absolut, Nazisme, fasisme, sosialisme otoriter, dan kediktatoran yang polos dan tanpa hiasan. Varian-varian semacam ini berbeda dalam bentuk, taktik, dan ideologi. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Negara_kesejahteraan" title="Negara kesejahteraan">Negara kesejahteraan</a> </td> <td>Sistem sosial-ekonomi dengan negara memainkan peran kunci dalam perlindungan dan peningkatan kesejahteraan ekonomi dan sosial warganya. Sistem ini didasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip <a href="/wiki/Kesetaraan_kesempatan" title="Kesetaraan kesempatan">kesetaraan kesempatan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Distribusi_kekayaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distribusi kekayaan (halaman belum tersedia)">distribusi kekayaan</a> yang adil, dan tanggung jawab publik bagi mereka yang tidak dapat mendapatkan batas minimal untuk kehidupan yang baik. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peta">Peta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Peta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Peta"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:EIU_Democracy_Index_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/EIU_Democracy_Index_2017.svg/610px-EIU_Democracy_Index_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="610" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/EIU_Democracy_Index_2017.svg/915px-EIU_Democracy_Index_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/EIU_Democracy_Index_2017.svg/1220px-EIU_Democracy_Index_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indeks_Demokrasi" title="Indeks Demokrasi">Indeks Demokrasi</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <hr /><div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="" align="left" valign="top" style="padding-left:;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Demokrasi_liberal" title="Demokrasi liberal">Demokrasi penuh</a></b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#006837; color:white;"> </span> 9–10</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1a9850; color:black;"> </span> 8–9</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </td> <td width="" align="left" valign="top" style="padding-left:;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Demokrasi_iliberal" title="Demokrasi iliberal">Demokrasi separuh</a></b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#66bd63; color:black;"> </span> 7–8</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a6d96a; color:black;"> </span> 6–7</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </td> <td width="" align="left" valign="top" style="padding-left:;"> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rezim_campuran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rezim campuran (halaman belum tersedia)">Rezim campuran</a></b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fee08b; color:black;"> </span> 5–6</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fdae61; color:black;"> </span> 4–5</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </td> <td width="" align="left" valign="top" style="padding-left:;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Otoritarianisme" title="Otoritarianisme">Rezim otoriter</a></b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f46d43; color:black;"> </span> 3–4</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d73027; color:white;"> </span> 2–3</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a50026; color:white;"> </span> 0–2</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:World_administrative_levels.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/World_administrative_levels.png/610px-World_administrative_levels.png" decoding="async" width="610" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/World_administrative_levels.png/915px-World_administrative_levels.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/World_administrative_levels.png/1220px-World_administrative_levels.png 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="1055" /></a><figcaption>Tingkatan administratif dunia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg/610px-Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg.png" decoding="async" width="610" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg/915px-Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg/1220px-Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Peta dunia yang membedakan negara-negara sebagai federasi (<span style="color: #00e000"><b>hijau</b></span>) dengan <a href="/wiki/Negara_kesatuan" title="Negara kesatuan">negara kesatuan</a> (<span style="color: #0000b0"><b>biru</b></span>). <hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000b0;; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Negara_kesatuan" title="Negara kesatuan">Negara kesatuan</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00e000;; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Federasi" title="Federasi">Federasi</a></div></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catatan_kaki">Catatan kaki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan kaki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan kaki"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.gurupendidikan.co.id/pemerintah-adalah/">https://www.gurupendidikan.co.id/pemerintah-adalah/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hasan, Erliana (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.ut.ac.id/4232/"><i>Komunikasi Pemerintahan</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>1</b>. Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka. hlm. 1–54. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-979-011-461-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-979-011-461-6">978-979-011-461-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Komunikasi+Pemerintahan&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pages=1-54&rft.pub=Universitas+Terbuka&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-979-011-461-6&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Erliana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.ut.ac.id%2F4232%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian2004245-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian2004245_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian2004245_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristian2004">Christian 2004</a>, hlm. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian2004294-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian2004294_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristian2004">Christian 2004</a>, hlm. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica20102-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica20102_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The New Encyclopædia Britannica (15th edition)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian2004146–147-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian2004146–147_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristian2004">Christian 2004</a>, hlm. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelserBaltes2001?-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmelserBaltes2001?_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmelserBaltes2001">Smelser & Baltes 2001</a>, hlm. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuperKuper2008?-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuperKuper2008?_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuperKuper2008?_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuperKuper2008">Kuper & Kuper 2008</a>, hlm. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider-Markel2014?-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider-Markel2014?_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaider-Markel2014">Haider-Markel 2014</a>, hlm. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewellen2003?-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewellen2003?_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewellen2003">Lewellen 2003</a>, hlm. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Comparative politics : interests, identities, and institutions in a changing global order</i>, Jeffrey Kopstein, Mark Lichbach (eds.), 2nd ed, Cambridge University Press, 2005, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0521708400" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0521708400">0521708400</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Renna, Thomas (Sep 2015). "The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire". <i>Michigan Academician</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 60–75. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7245%2F0026-2005-42.1.60">10.7245/0026-2005-42.1.60</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Academician&rft.atitle=The+Holy+Roman+Empire+was+neither+holy%2C+nor+Roman%2C+nor+an+empire&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60-75&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7245%2F0026-2005-42.1.60&rft.aulast=Renna&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leo P. Ribuffo, "20 Suggestions for Studying the Right now that Studying the Right is Trendy," <i>Historically Speaking</i> Jan 2011 v.12#1 pp. 2–6, quote on p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9781594204098,00.html">"Plutocrats – The Rise of the New Global Super-Rich and the Fall of Everyone Else"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407045309/http://www.us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9781594204098,00.html">Diarsipkan</a> 7 April 2014 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Paul M. Johnson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/autocracy">"Autocracy: A Glossary of Political Economy Terms"</a>. Auburn.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Autocracy%3A+A+Glossary+of+Political+Economy+Terms&rft.pub=Auburn.edu&rft.au=Paul+M.+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auburn.edu%2F~johnspm%2Fgloss%2Fautocracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629022358/http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50011987?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=aristocracy&first=1&max_to_show=10">"Aristocracy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. December 1989. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50011987?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=aristocracy&first=1&max_to_show=10">versi asli</a> tanggal June 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Aristocracy&rft.date=1989-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.oed.com%2Fcgi%2Fentry%2F50011987%3Fsingle%3D1%26query_type%3Dword%26queryword%3Daristocracy%26first%3D1%26max_to_show%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>: "democracy".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Watkins, Frederick (1970). "Democracy". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>7</b> (edisi ke-Expo '70 hardcover). William Benton. hlm. 215–23. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-85229-135-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-85229-135-1">978-0-85229-135-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Democracy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=215-23&rft.edition=Expo+%2770+hardcover&rft.pub=William+Benton&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-135-1&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spirit_of_the_Laws&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Spirit of the Laws (halaman belum tersedia)">The Spirit of the Laws</a></i> (1748), Bk. II, ch. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"Republic". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Republic&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WordNet-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WordNet_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/republic">"republic"</a>. <i>WordNet 3.0</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WordNet+3.0&rft.atitle=republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Frepublic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-W-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M-W_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/republic">"Republic"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Republic&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Frepublic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montesquieu, <i>Spirit of the Laws</i>, Bk. II, ch. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frommarxtomisesp0000stee"><i>From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation</i></a>. Open Court. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frommarxtomisesp0000stee/page/66">66</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0875484495" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0875484495">978-0875484495</a>. <q>Marx distinguishes between two phases of marketless communism: an initial phase, with labor vouchers, and a higher phase, with free access.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Marx+to+Mises%3A+Post+Capitalist+Society+and+the+Challenge+of+Economic+Calculation&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Open+Court&rft.date=1999-09&rft.isbn=978-0875484495&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=David+Ramsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrommarxtomisesp0000stee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Busky, Donald F. (July 20, 2000). <i>Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey</i>. Praeger. hlm. 4. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0275968861" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0275968861">978-0275968861</a>. <q>Communism would mean free distribution of goods and services. The communist slogan, 'From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs' (as opposed to 'work') would then rule</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Socialism%3A+A+Global+Survey&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2000-07-20&rft.isbn=978-0275968861&rft.aulast=Busky&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shiach, Morag (2004). <i>Modernism, Labour and Selfhood in British Literature and Culture, 1890–1930</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-83459-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-521-83459-9">978-0-521-83459-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zwick, Mark and Louise (2004). <i>The Catholic Worker Movement: Intellectual and Spiritual Origins</i> . <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulist_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulist Press (halaman belum tersedia)">Paulist Press</a>. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8091-4315-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8091-4315-3">978-0-8091-4315-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyle, David; Simms, Andrew (2009). <i>The New Economics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-84407-675-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-84407-675-8">978-1-84407-675-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Novak, Michael; Younkins, Edward W. (2001). <i>Three in One: Essays on Democratic Capitalism, 1976–2000</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowman_and_Littlefield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rowman and Littlefield (halaman belum tersedia)">Rowman and Littlefield</a>. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7425-1171-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7425-1171-2">978-0-7425-1171-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Storck, Thomas. "Capitalism and Distributism: two systems at war," in <i>Beyond Capitalism & Socialism</i>. Tobias J. Lanz, ed. IHS Press, 2008. p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Sinclair, Upton</a> (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i0w9AQAAMAAJ"><i>Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible</i></a>. <q>Socialism, you see, is a bird with two wings. The definition is 'social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upton+Sinclair%27s%3A+A+Monthly+Magazine%3A+for+Social+Justice%2C+by+Peaceful+Means+If+Possible&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Upton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di0w9AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schweickart, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orion.it.luc.edu/~dschwei/demsoc.htm"><i>Democratic Socialism</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617235335/http://orion.it.luc.edu/~dschwei/demsoc.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 17 June 2012 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice (2006): "Virtually all (democratic) socialists have distanced themselves from the economic model long synonymous with 'socialism,' i.e. the Soviet model of a non-market, centrally-planned economy...Some have endorsed the concept of 'market socialism,' a post-capitalist economy that retains market competition, but socializes the means of production, and, in some versions, extends democracy to the workplace. Some hold out for a non-market, participatory economy. All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/Democracy_Index_2017.pdf">"Democracy Index 2017 – Economist Intelligence Unit"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>EIU.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EIU.com&rft.atitle=Democracy+Index+2017+%E2%80%93+Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.eiu.com%2Frs%2F753-RIQ-438%2Fimages%2FDemocracy_Index_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daftar_pustaka">Daftar pustaka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Daftar pustaka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Daftar pustaka"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21093234">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Christian, David (2004). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mapsoftimeintrod00chri"><i>Maps of Time</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)"><img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-520-24476-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-520-24476-4">978-0-520-24476-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maps+of+Time&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24476-4&rft.aulast=Christian&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmapsoftimeintrod00chri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Friedrich, Carl J.; <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Brzezinski, Zbigniew K.</a> (1965). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/totalitariandict0000frie"><i>Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)"><img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span> (edisi ke-2nd). Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totalitarian+Dictatorship+and+Autocracy&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Friedrich&rft.aufirst=Carl+J.&rft.au=Brzezinski%2C+Zbigniew+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftotalitariandict0000frie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Adam Kuper and Jessica Kuper, ed. (2008). <i>The Social Science Encyclopedia</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-47635-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-415-47635-5">978-0-415-47635-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Science+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-47635-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Haider-Markel, Donald P. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_x1t9"><i>The Oxford Handbook of State and Local Government</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-957967-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-957967-9">978-0-19-957967-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+State+and+Local+Government&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957967-9&rft.aulast=Haider-Markel&rft.aufirst=Donald+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhandbookof0000unse_x1t9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Krader, Lawrence (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rIyZAAAAIAAJ"><i>Formation of the state</i></a>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. hlm. 118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formation+of+the+state&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Krader&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrIyZAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">de Mesquita, Bruce Bueno; Smith, Alastair (2011). <i>The Dictator's Handbook: Why Bad Behavior is Almost Always Good Politics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. hlm. 272. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781610390446" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781610390446">9781610390446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictator%27s+Handbook%3A+Why+Bad+Behavior+is+Almost+Always+Good+Politics&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781610390446&rft.aulast=de+Mesquita&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Bueno&rft.au=Smith%2C+Alastair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Lewellen, Ted C. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gwJBNWbrXeIC"><i>Political Anthropology: An Introduction</i></a> (edisi ke-3rd). ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-89789-891-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-89789-891-1">978-0-89789-891-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Anthropology%3A+An+Introduction&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-89789-891-1&rft.aulast=Lewellen&rft.aufirst=Ted+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgwJBNWbrXeIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Bueno_de_Mesquita" title="Bruce Bueno de Mesquita">Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce</a>; Smith, Alastair; Siverson, Randolph M.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_D._Morrow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James D. Morrow (halaman belum tersedia)">Morrow, James D.</a> (2003). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Logic_of_Political_Survival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Logic of Political Survival (halaman belum tersedia)">The Logic of Political Survival</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_MIT_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The MIT Press">The MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-262-63315-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-262-63315-4">978-0-262-63315-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Logic+of+Political+Survival&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-262-63315-4&rft.aulast=Bueno+de+Mesquita&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Smith%2C+Alastair&rft.au=Siverson%2C+Randolph+M.&rft.au=Morrow%2C+James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Dobson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Dobson (halaman belum tersedia)">William J. Dobson</a> (2013). <i>The Dictator's Learning Curve: Inside the Global Battle for Democracy</i>. Anchor. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0307477552" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0307477552">978-0307477552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictator%27s+Learning+Curve%3A+Inside+the+Global+Battle+for+Democracy&rft.pub=Anchor&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0307477552&rft.au=William+J.+Dobson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Smelser, Neil J.; Baltes, Paul B. (2001). <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences</i>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-08-043076-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-08-043076-8">978-0-08-043076-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+%26+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-08-043076-8&rft.aulast=Smelser&rft.aufirst=Neil+J.&rft.au=Baltes%2C+Paul+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lanjutan">Bacaan lanjutan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lanjutan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lanjutan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Krader, Lawrence (1968). <i>Formation of the State</i>, in <i>Foundations of Modern Anthropology Series</i>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 118 pp.</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Bueno_de_Mesquita" title="Bruce Bueno de Mesquita">Bruce Bueno de Mesquita</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alastair_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alastair Smith (halaman belum tersedia)">Alastair Smith</a> (2011). <i>The Dictator's Handbook: Why Bad Behavior is Almost Always Good Politics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. hlm. 272. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781610390446" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781610390446">9781610390446</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/701015473">701015473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictator%27s+Handbook%3A+Why+Bad+Behavior+is+Almost+Always+Good+Politics&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F701015473&rft.isbn=9781610390446&rft.au=Bruce+Bueno+de+Mesquita+and+Alastair+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Friedrich, Carl J.; <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Brzezinski, Zbigniew K.</a> (1965). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/totalitariandict0000frie"><i>Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)"><img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span> (edisi ke-2nd). Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totalitarian+Dictatorship+and+Autocracy&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Friedrich&rft.aufirst=Carl+J.&rft.au=Brzezinski%2C+Zbigniew+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftotalitariandict0000frie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Bueno_de_Mesquita" title="Bruce Bueno de Mesquita">Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce</a>; Smith, Alastair; Siverson, Randolph M.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_D._Morrow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James D. Morrow (halaman belum tersedia)">Morrow, James D.</a> (2003). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Logic_of_Political_Survival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Logic of Political Survival (halaman belum tersedia)">The Logic of Political Survival</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_MIT_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The MIT Press">The MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-262-63315-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-262-63315-4">978-0-262-63315-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Logic+of+Political+Survival&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-262-63315-4&rft.aulast=Bueno+de+Mesquita&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Smith%2C+Alastair&rft.au=Siverson%2C+Randolph+M.&rft.au=Morrow%2C+James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Dobson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Dobson (halaman belum tersedia)">William J. Dobson</a> (2013). <i>The Dictator's Learning Curve: Inside the Global Battle for Democracy</i>. Anchor. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0307477552" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0307477552">978-0307477552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictator%27s+Learning+Curve%3A+Inside+the+Global+Battle+for+Democracy&rft.pub=Anchor&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0307477552&rft.au=William+J.+Dobson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APemerintah" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_Pula">Lihat Pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat Pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat Pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemerintah_Indonesia" title="Pemerintah Indonesia">Pemerintah Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemerintah_Daerah" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemerintah Daerah">Pemerintah Daerah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemerintahan_algoritmik" title="Pemerintahan algoritmik">Pemerintahan algoritmik</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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