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Toggle Particle accelerators subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Particle_accelerators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Current complex </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Large_Hadron_Collider" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large_Hadron_Collider"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Large Hadron Collider </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large_Hadron_Collider-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accelerators_under_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accelerators_under_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Accelerators under construction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accelerators_under_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decommissioned_accelerators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decommissioned_accelerators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Decommissioned accelerators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decommissioned_accelerators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_future_accelerators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_future_accelerators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Possible future accelerators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_future_accelerators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Sites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participation_and_funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation_and_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Participation and funding </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Participation_and_funding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Participation and funding subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Participation_and_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Member_states_and_budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_states_and_budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Member states and budget </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_states_and_budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlargement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlargement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Enlargement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlargement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Associated institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-.cern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#.cern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 .cern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-.cern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Open science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_exhibits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_exhibits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Public exhibits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_exhibits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_at_CERN" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_at_CERN"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Arts at CERN </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_at_CERN-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archival_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archival_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Archival collections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archival_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">CERN</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" > 92 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86" title="سيرن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيرن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_Europea_ta_la_Investigaci%C3%B3n_Nucleyar" title="Organización Europea ta la Investigación Nucleyar – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Organización Europea ta la Investigación Nucleyar" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_Europea_pa_la_Investigaci%C3%B3n_Nuclear" title="Organización Europea pa la Investigación Nuclear – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Organización Europea pa la Investigación Nuclear" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="নিউক্লীয় গবেষণার জন্য ইউরোপীয় সংস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিউক্লীয় গবেষণার জন্য ইউরোপীয় সংস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Европейска организация за ядрени изследвания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Европейска организация за ядрени изследвания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organitzaci%C3%B3_Europea_per_a_la_Recerca_Nuclear" title="Organització Europea per a la Recerca Nuclear – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Organització Europea per a la Recerca Nuclear" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropsk%C3%A1_organizace_pro_jadern%C3%BD_v%C3%BDzkum" title="Evropská organizace pro jaderný výzkum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Evropská organizace pro jaderný výzkum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_Europea_para_la_Investigaci%C3%B3n_Nuclear" title="Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikerketa_Nuklearrerako_Europako_Kontseilua" title="Ikerketa Nuklearrerako Europako Kontseilua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ikerketa Nuklearrerako Europako Kontseilua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%86" title="سرن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_europ%C3%A9enne_pour_la_recherche_nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_Europea_para_a_Investigaci%C3%B3n_Nuclear" title="Organización Europea para a Investigación Nuclear – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Organización Europea para a Investigación Nuclear" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD_%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC_%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C" title="유럽 입자 물리 연구소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유럽 입자 물리 연구소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D4%B5%D5%8C%D5%86" title="ՑԵՌՆ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ՑԵՌՆ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%A8" title="यूरोपीय नाभिकीय अनुसंधान संगठन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूरोपीय नाभिकीय अनुसंधान संगठन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europana_Organizuro_por_Nukleara_Serchado" title="Europana Organizuro por Nukleara Serchado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Europana Organizuro por Nukleara Serchado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბირთვული კვლევების ევროპული ორგანიზაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბირთვული კვლევების ევროპული ორგანიზაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%9D" title="ЦЕРН – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ЦЕРН" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D" title="യൂറോപ്യൻ ഓർഗനൈസേഷൻ ഫോർ ന്യൂക്ലിയർ റിസർച്ച് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂറോപ്യൻ ഓർഗനൈസേഷൻ ഫോർ ന്യൂക്ലിയർ റിസർച്ച്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="सेर्न – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सेर्न" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Европын Цөмийн Судалгааны Байгууллага – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Европын Цөмийн Судалгааны Байгууллага" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%B7%9E%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" title="欧州原子核研究機構 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="欧州原子核研究機構" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizacion_Europ%C3%A8a_per_la_Rec%C3%A8rca_Nucleara" title="Organizacion Europèa per la Recèrca Nucleara – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Organizacion Europèa per la Recèrca Nucleara" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%86" title="سرن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سرن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Europeia_para_a_Investiga%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nuclear" title="Organização Europeia para a Investigação Nuclear – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Organização Europeia para a Investigação Nuclear" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%9D" title="ЦЕРН – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ЦЕРН" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%87_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="सी इ आर् एन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सी इ आर् एन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizata_Evropiane_p%C3%ABr_K%C3%ABrkime_B%C3%ABrthamore" title="Organizata Evropiane për Kërkime Bërthamore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Organizata Evropiane për Kërkime Bërthamore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pska_organiz%C3%A1cia_pre_jadrov%C3%BD_v%C3%BDskum" title="Európska organizácia pre jadrový výskum – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Európska organizácia pre jadrový výskum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropska_organizacija_za_jedrske_raziskave" title="Evropska organizacija za jedrske raziskave – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evropska organizacija za jedrske raziskave" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%86" title="سێرن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سێرن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cern" title="Cern – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cern" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cern" title="Cern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐரோப்பிய அணு ஆராய்ச்சி நிறுவனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐரோப்பிய அணு ஆராய்ச்சி நிறுவனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awrupan%C4%B1%C3%B1_T%C3%B6%C5%9F_Tik%C5%9Feren%C3%BCl%C3%A4re_Oy%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1" title="Awrupanıñ Töş Tikşerenüläre Oyışması – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Awrupanıñ Töş Tikşerenüläre Oyışması" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrupa_N%C3%BCkleer_Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma_Merkezi" title="Avrupa Nükleer Araştırma Merkezi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avrupa Nükleer Araştırma Merkezi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="CERN" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%86" title="سرن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=CERN&params=46_14_03_N_6_03_10_E_region:CH-GE_type:landmark">46°14′03″N 6°03′10″E / 46.23417°N 6.05278°E / 46.23417; 6.05278</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cern_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cern (disambiguation)">Cern (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">European Organization for Nuclear Research</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="fr">Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:CERN_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/CERN_logo.svg/160px-CERN_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/CERN_logo.svg/240px-CERN_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/CERN_logo.svg/320px-CERN_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:CERN-aerial_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/CERN-aerial_1.jpg/220px-CERN-aerial_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/CERN-aerial_1.jpg/330px-CERN-aerial_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/CERN-aerial_1.jpg/440px-CERN-aerial_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2432" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">CERN's main site in <a href="/wiki/Meyrin" title="Meyrin">Meyrin</a>, Switzerland, looking towards the French border</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:CERN_member_states.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/CERN_member_states.svg/250px-CERN_member_states.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/CERN_member_states.svg/375px-CERN_member_states.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/CERN_member_states.svg/500px-CERN_member_states.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="406" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">States with full CERN membership</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">29 September 1954; 70 years ago (1954-09-29)<a href="#cite_note-Gillies2018-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Meyrin" title="Meyrin">Meyrin</a>, Geneva, Switzerland <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=CERN&params=46_14_03_N_6_03_10_E_region:CH-GE_type:landmark">46°14′03″N 6°03′10″E / 46.23417°N 6.05278°E / 46.23417; 6.05278</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Full members (24):</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </li></ul> </div><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Associate members (10):</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official languages </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Council President</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Rabinovici" title="Eliezer Rabinovici">Eliezer Rabinovici</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_directors_general_of_CERN" title="List of directors general of CERN">Director-General</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fabiola_Gianotti" title="Fabiola Gianotti">Fabiola Gianotti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Budget <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2022) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1405m <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">CHF</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.cern">home.cern</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42944#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/sɜːrn/</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[sɛʁn]</a>; Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire), is an <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental organization</a> that operates the largest <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a> laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, it is based in <a href="/wiki/Meyrin" title="Meyrin">Meyrin</a>, western suburb of <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Switzerland_border" title="France–Switzerland border">France–Switzerland border</a>. It comprises <a href="#Member_states_and_budget">24 member states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Israel, admitted in 2013, is the only non-European full member.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> CERN is an official <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers#Intergovernmental_organizations" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">United Nations General Assembly observer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The acronym CERN is also used to refer to the laboratory; in 2019, it had 2,660 scientific, technical, and administrative staff members, and hosted about 12,400 users from institutions in more than 70 countries.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In 2016, CERN generated 49 <a href="/wiki/Byte#Multiple-byte_units" title="Byte">petabytes</a> of data.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> CERN's main function is to provide the <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a> and other infrastructure needed for high-energy physics research – consequently, numerous experiments have been constructed at CERN through international collaborations. CERN is the site of the <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> (LHC), the world's largest and highest-energy particle collider.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The main site at <a href="/wiki/Meyrin" title="Meyrin">Meyrin</a> hosts a large computing facility, which is primarily used to store and analyze data from experiments, as well as simulate <a href="/wiki/Event_(particle_physics)" title="Event (particle physics)">events</a>. As researchers require remote access to these facilities, the lab has historically been a major <a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">wide area network</a> hub. CERN is also the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cernfounders.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cernfounders.png/210px-Cernfounders.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cernfounders.png/315px-Cernfounders.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cernfounders.png/420px-Cernfounders.png 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>The 12 founding member states of CERN in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-foundation-13">[13]</a></figcaption></figure> The convention establishing CERN<a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[14]</a> was ratified on 29 September 1954 by 12 countries in Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The acronym CERN originally represented the French words for Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire ('European Council for Nuclear Research'), which was a provisional council for building the laboratory, established by 12 European governments in 1952. During these early years, the council worked at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a> under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> before moving to its present site near Geneva.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The acronym was retained for the new laboratory after the provisional council was dissolved, even though the name changed to the current Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire ('European Organization for Nuclear Research') in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Lew_Kowarski" title="Lew Kowarski">Lew Kowarski</a>, a former director of CERN, when the name was changed, the abbreviation could have become the awkward OERN,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> said that this could "still be CERN even if the name is [not]".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> CERN's first president was Sir <a href="/wiki/Ben_Lockspeiser" title="Ben Lockspeiser">Benjamin Lockspeiser</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Amaldi" title="Edoardo Amaldi">Edoardo Amaldi</a> was the general secretary of CERN at its early stages when operations were still provisional, and the first Director-General (1954) was <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Felix Bloch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The laboratory was originally devoted to the study of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nuclei</a>, but was soon applied to <a href="/wiki/High-energy_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="High-energy physics">higher-energy physics</a>, concerned mainly with the study of interactions between <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">subatomic particles</a>. Therefore, the laboratory operated by CERN is commonly referred to as the European laboratory for particle physics (Laboratoire européen pour la physique des particules), which better describes the research being performed there.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_members">Founding members</h3></div> At the sixth session of the CERN Council in Paris from 29 June to 1 July 1953, the convention establishing the organization was signed, subject to ratification, by 12 states. The convention was gradually ratified by the 12 founding Member States: Belgium, Denmark, France, the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and <a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_achievements">Scientific achievements</h3></div> Several important achievements in particle physics have been made through experiments at CERN. They include: <ul><li>1973: The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Neutral_current" title="Neutral current">neutral currents</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gargamelle" title="Gargamelle">Gargamelle</a> bubble chamber;<a href="#cite_note-:1-24">[24]</a></li> <li>1983: The discovery of <a href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons">W and Z bosons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/UA1_experiment" title="UA1 experiment">UA1</a> and <a href="/wiki/UA2_experiment" title="UA2 experiment">UA2 experiments</a>;<a href="#cite_note-:1-24">[24]</a></li> <li>1989: The determination of the number of light <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> families at the <a href="/wiki/Large_Electron%E2%80%93Positron_Collider" title="Large Electron–Positron Collider">Large Electron–Positron Collider</a> (LEP) operating on the Z boson peak;<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li>1995: The first creation of <a href="/wiki/Antihydrogen" title="Antihydrogen">antihydrogen</a> atoms in the <a href="/wiki/PS210_experiment" title="PS210 experiment">PS210 experiment</a>;<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li>1995–2005: Precision measurement of the Z lineshape,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> based predominantly on LEP data collected on the Z resonance from 1990 to 1995;</li> <li>1999: The discovery of direct <a href="/wiki/CP_violation" title="CP violation">CP violation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/NA48_experiment" title="NA48 experiment">NA48 experiment</a>;<a href="#cite_note-NA48-30">[30]</a></li> <li>2000: The Heavy Ion Programme discovered a new state of matter, <a href="/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma" title="Quark–gluon plasma">quark–gluon plasma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li>2010: The isolation of 38 atoms of <a href="/wiki/Antihydrogen" title="Antihydrogen">antihydrogen</a>;<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Antihydrogen-33">[33]</a></li> <li>2011: Maintaining <a href="/wiki/Antihydrogen" title="Antihydrogen">antihydrogen</a> for over 15 minutes;<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li>2012: A <a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">boson</a> with mass around 125 GeV/c2 consistent with the long-sought <a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li></ul> In September 2011, CERN attracted media attention when the <a href="/wiki/OPERA_experiment" title="OPERA experiment">OPERA Collaboration</a> reported the detection of possibly <a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light_neutrino_anomaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly">faster-than-light neutrinos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Further tests showed that the results were flawed due to an incorrectly connected <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> synchronization cable.<a href="#cite_note-OPERAanomaly-40">[40]</a> The 1984 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Physics">Nobel Prize for Physics</a> was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Carlo Rubbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Simon van der Meer</a> for the developments that resulted in the discoveries of the W and Z bosons.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The 1992 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to CERN staff researcher <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Georges Charpak</a> "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Multiwire_proportional_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiwire proportional chamber">multiwire proportional chamber</a>". The 2013 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a> for the theoretical description of the Higgs mechanism in the year after the Higgs boson was found by CERN experiments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Computer_science">Computer science</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web" title="History of the World Wide Web">History of the World Wide Web</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Wars" title="Protocol Wars">Protocol Wars</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:715px;max-width:715px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Web_Server.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/First_Web_Server.jpg/250px-First_Web_Server.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/First_Web_Server.jpg/375px-First_Web_Server.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/First_Web_Server.jpg/500px-First_Web_Server.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">This <a href="/wiki/NeXT_Computer" title="NeXT Computer">NeXT Computer</a> used by British scientist <a href="/wiki/Sir_Tim_Berners-Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Tim Berners-Lee">Sir Tim Berners-Lee</a> at CERN became the first <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">Web server</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ciscosystemsrouteratcern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ciscosystemsrouteratcern.jpg/203px-Ciscosystemsrouteratcern.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ciscosystemsrouteratcern.jpg/305px-Ciscosystemsrouteratcern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ciscosystemsrouteratcern.jpg/406px-Ciscosystemsrouteratcern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="698" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">This <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a> router at CERN was one of the first <a href="/wiki/IP_router" class="mw-redirect" title="IP router">IP routers</a> deployed in Europe.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Where_the_WEB_was_born.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Where_the_WEB_was_born.jpg/250px-Where_the_WEB_was_born.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Where_the_WEB_was_born.jpg/375px-Where_the_WEB_was_born.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Where_the_WEB_was_born.jpg/500px-Where_the_WEB_was_born.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A plaque at CERN commemorating the invention of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a></div></div></div></div></div> CERN pioneered the introduction of <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> for its <a href="/wiki/Intranet" title="Intranet">intranet</a>, beginning in 1984. This played an influential role in the adoption of the TCP/IP in Europe (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Wars" title="Protocol Wars">Protocol Wars</a>).<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> was invented at CERN by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>. Based on the concept of <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a>, the idea was designed to facilitate information sharing between researchers.<a href="#cite_note-TBL_Web_Proposal-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> This stemmed from Berners-Lee's earlier work at CERN on a database named <a href="/wiki/ENQUIRE" title="ENQUIRE">ENQUIRE</a>. A colleague, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a>, became involved in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 1995, Berners-Lee and Cailliau were jointly honoured by the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> for their contributions to the development of the World Wide Web.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> A copy of the first webpage, created by Berners-Lee, is still published on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>'s website as a historical document.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The first website was activated in 1991. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone. It became the dominant way through which most users interact with the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> More recently, CERN has become a facility for the development of <a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">grid computing</a>, hosting projects including the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Grids_for_E-sciencE" class="mw-redirect" title="Enabling Grids for E-sciencE">Enabling Grids for E-sciencE</a> (EGEE) and <a href="/wiki/LHC_Computing_Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="LHC Computing Grid">LHC Computing Grid</a>. It also hosts the <a href="/wiki/CERN_Internet_Exchange_Point" title="CERN Internet Exchange Point">CERN Internet Exchange Point</a> (CIXP), one of the two main <a href="/wiki/Internet_exchange_point" title="Internet exchange point">internet exchange points</a> in Switzerland. As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CERN&action=edit">[update]</a>, CERN employs ten times more engineers and technicians than research physicists.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Particle_accelerators">Particle accelerators</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_complex">Current complex</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CERN</a> Complex</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:CERN_accelerator_complex_2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CERN_accelerator_complex_2022.png/250px-CERN_accelerator_complex_2022.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CERN_accelerator_complex_2022.png/375px-CERN_accelerator_complex_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CERN_accelerator_complex_2022.png/500px-CERN_accelerator_complex_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="23212" data-file-height="12184" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Current particle and nuclear facilities</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">LHC</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Accelerates <a href="/wiki/Protons" class="mw-redirect" title="Protons">protons</a> and heavy <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Low_Energy_Ion_Ring" title="Low Energy Ion Ring">LEIR</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Accelerates <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Super_Proton_Synchrotron" title="Super Proton Synchrotron">SPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Accelerates protons and ions</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Proton_Synchrotron_Booster" title="Proton Synchrotron Booster">PSB</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Accelerates protons</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Proton_Synchrotron" title="Proton Synchrotron">PS</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Accelerates protons or ions</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CERN_Hadron_Linacs#Linac_3" title="CERN Hadron Linacs">Linac 3</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Injects heavy ions into <a href="/wiki/Low_Energy_Ion_Ring" title="Low Energy Ion Ring">LEIR</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CERN_Hadron_Linacs#Linac4" title="CERN Hadron Linacs"> Linac4</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Accelerates <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Antiproton_Decelerator" title="Antiproton Decelerator">AD</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Decelerates <a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">antiprotons</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Extra_Low_ENergy_Antiproton_ring_(ELENA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra Low ENergy Antiproton ring (ELENA)">ELENA</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Decelerates antiprotons</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/On-Line_Isotope_Mass_Separator" class="mw-redirect" title="On-Line Isotope Mass Separator"> ISOLDE</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Produces radioactive ion beams</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CERN-MEDICIS" title="CERN-MEDICIS">MEDICIS</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Produces isotopes for medical purposes</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Large_Hadron_Collider.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Location_Large_Hadron_Collider.PNG/290px-Location_Large_Hadron_Collider.PNG" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Location_Large_Hadron_Collider.PNG/435px-Location_Large_Hadron_Collider.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Location_Large_Hadron_Collider.PNG 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> together with the <a href="/wiki/Super_Proton_Synchrotron" title="Super Proton Synchrotron">Super Proton Synchrotron</a> at CERN</figcaption></figure> CERN operates a network of seven accelerators and two decelerators, and some additional small accelerators. Each machine in the chain increases the energy of particle beams before delivering them to experiments or to the next more powerful accelerator. The decelerators naturally decrease the energy of particle beams before delivering them to experiments or further accelerators/decelerators. Before an experiment is able to use the network of accelerators, it must be approved by the various <a href="/wiki/List_of_CERN_Scientific_Committees" title="List of CERN Scientific Committees">Scientific Committees of CERN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:32-54">[54]</a> Currently (as of 2022) active machines are the LHC accelerator and: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/LINAC_3" class="mw-redirect" title="LINAC 3">LINAC 3</a> <a href="/wiki/Linear_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear accelerator">linear accelerator</a> generating low energy particles. It provides heavy ions at 4.2 MeV/<a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass unit">u</a> for injection into the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR).<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Low_Energy_Ion_Ring" title="Low Energy Ion Ring">Low Energy Ion Ring</a> (LEIR) accelerates the ions from the ion linear accelerator LINAC 3, before transferring them to the <a href="/wiki/Proton_Synchrotron" title="Proton Synchrotron">Proton Synchrotron</a> (PS). This <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">accelerator</a> was commissioned in 2005, after having been reconfigured from the previous <a href="/wiki/Low_Energy_Antiproton_Ring" title="Low Energy Antiproton Ring">Low Energy Antiproton Ring</a> (LEAR).<a href="#cite_note-Chanel_2004_137–143-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Linac4" class="mw-redirect" title="Linac4">Linac4</a> <a href="/wiki/Linear_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear accelerator">linear accelerator</a> accelerates negative hydrogen ions to an energy of 160 MeV. The ions are then injected to the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) where both electrons are then stripped from each of the hydrogen ions and thus only the nucleus containing one proton remains. The protons are then used in experiments or accelerated further in other CERN accelerators. Linac4 serves as the source of all proton beams for CERN experiments.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Proton_Synchrotron_Booster" title="Proton Synchrotron Booster">Proton Synchrotron Booster</a> increases the energy of particles generated by the proton linear accelerator before they are transferred to the other accelerators.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li>The 28 <a href="/wiki/Gigaelectronvolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigaelectronvolt">GeV</a> <a href="/wiki/Proton_Synchrotron" title="Proton Synchrotron">Proton Synchrotron</a> (PS), built during 1954–1959 and still operating as a feeder to the more powerful <a href="/wiki/Super_Proton_Synchrotron" title="Super Proton Synchrotron">SPS</a> and to many of CERN's experiments.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Super_Proton_Synchrotron" title="Super Proton Synchrotron">Super Proton Synchrotron</a> (SPS), a circular accelerator with a diameter of 2 kilometres built in a tunnel, which started operation in 1976. It was designed to deliver an energy of 300 GeV and was gradually upgraded to 450 GeV. As well as having its own beamlines for fixed-target experiments (currently <a href="/wiki/COMPASS_experiment" title="COMPASS experiment">COMPASS</a> and <a href="/wiki/NA62_experiment" title="NA62 experiment">NA62</a>), it has been operated as a <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a>–<a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">antiproton</a> <a href="/wiki/Collider" title="Collider">collider</a> (the SppS collider), and for accelerating high energy <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positrons</a> which were injected into the <a href="/wiki/Large_Electron%E2%80%93Positron_Collider" title="Large Electron–Positron Collider">Large Electron–Positron Collider</a> (LEP). Since 2008, it has been used to inject protons and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy ion">heavy ions</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> (LHC).<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/On-Line_Isotope_Mass_Separator" class="mw-redirect" title="On-Line Isotope Mass Separator">On-Line Isotope Mass Separator</a> (ISOLDE), which is used to study <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">unstable nuclei</a>. The radioactive ions are produced by the impact of protons at an energy of 1.0–1.4 GeV from the Proton Synchrotron Booster. It was first commissioned in 1967 and was rebuilt with major upgrades in 1974 and 1992.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Antiproton_Decelerator" title="Antiproton Decelerator">Antiproton Decelerator</a> (AD), which reduces the velocity of antiprotons to about 10% of the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> for research of <a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">antimatter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The AD machine was reconfigured from the previous <a href="/wiki/Antiproton_Collector" title="Antiproton Collector">Antiproton Collector</a> (AC) machine.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Extra_Low_ENergy_Antiproton_ring_(ELENA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra Low ENergy Antiproton ring (ELENA)">Extra Low Energy Antiproton ring</a> (ELENA), which takes antiprotons from AD and decelerates them into low energies (speeds) for use in antimatter experiments.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/AWAKE" title="AWAKE">AWAKE</a> experiment, which is a proof-of-principle <a href="/wiki/Plasma_acceleration" title="Plasma acceleration">plasma wakefield accelerator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/CERN_Linear_Electron_Accelerator_for_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research">CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research</a> (CLEAR) accelerator research and development facility.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Large_Hadron_Collider">Large Hadron Collider</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a></div> Many activities at CERN currently involve operating the <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> (LHC) and the experiments for it. The LHC represents a large-scale, worldwide scientific cooperation project.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_inside_detector_at_the_CMS_cavern_LHC_CERN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/View_inside_detector_at_the_CMS_cavern_LHC_CERN.jpg/170px-View_inside_detector_at_the_CMS_cavern_LHC_CERN.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/View_inside_detector_at_the_CMS_cavern_LHC_CERN.jpg/255px-View_inside_detector_at_the_CMS_cavern_LHC_CERN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/View_inside_detector_at_the_CMS_cavern_LHC_CERN.jpg/340px-View_inside_detector_at_the_CMS_cavern_LHC_CERN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Compact_Muon_Solenoid" title="Compact Muon Solenoid">CMS</a> detector for LHC</figcaption></figure> The LHC tunnel is located 100 metres underground, in the region between <a href="/wiki/Geneva_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva International Airport">Geneva International Airport</a> and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Jura_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Jura mountains">Jura mountains</a>. The majority of its length is on the French side of the border. It uses the 27 km circumference circular tunnel previously occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Large_Electron%E2%80%93Positron_Collider" title="Large Electron–Positron Collider">Large Electron–Positron Collider</a> (LEP), which was shut down in November 2000. CERN's existing PS/SPS accelerator complexes are used to pre-accelerate protons and lead ions which are then injected into the LHC. Eight experiments (<a href="/wiki/Compact_Muon_Solenoid" title="Compact Muon Solenoid">CMS</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/ATLAS_experiment" title="ATLAS experiment">ATLAS</a>,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/LHCb" class="mw-redirect" title="LHCb">LHCb</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/MoEDAL_experiment" title="MoEDAL experiment">MoEDAL</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/TOTEM" class="mw-redirect" title="TOTEM">TOTEM</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/LHCf" class="mw-redirect" title="LHCf">LHCf</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/FASER_experiment" title="FASER experiment">FASER</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_Large_Ion_Collider_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="A Large Ion Collider Experiment">ALICE</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a>) are located along the collider; each of them studies particle collisions from a different aspect, and with different technologies. Construction for these experiments required an extraordinary engineering effort. For example, a special <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">crane</a> was rented from Belgium to lower pieces of the CMS detector into its cavern, since each piece weighed nearly 2,000 tons. The first of the approximately 5,000 magnets necessary for construction was lowered down a special shaft at in March 2005. The LHC has begun to generate vast quantities of data, which CERN streams to laboratories around the world for distributed processing, making use of a specialized <a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">grid</a> infrastructure, the <a href="/wiki/LHC_Computing_Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="LHC Computing Grid">LHC Computing Grid</a>. In April 2005, a trial successfully streamed 600 MB/s to seven different sites across the world. In August 2008, the initial particle beams were injected into the LHC.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2008/07/29-80">[80]</a> The first beam was circulated through the entire LHC on 10 September 2008,<a href="#cite_note-CERNPR06.08-81">[81]</a> but the system failed 10 days later because of a faulty magnet connection, and it was stopped for repairs on 19 September 2008. The LHC resumed operation on 20 November 2009 by successfully circulating two beams, each with an energy of 3.5 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolts" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronvolts">teraelectronvolts</a> (TeV). The challenge for the engineers was then to line up the two beams so that they smashed into each other. This is like "firing two needles across the Atlantic and getting them to hit each other" according to Steve Myers, director for accelerators and technology. On 30 March 2010, the LHC successfully collided two proton beams with 3.5 TeV of energy per proton, resulting in a 7 TeV collision energy. This was enough to start the main research program, including the search for the <a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a>. When the 7 TeV experimental period ended, the LHC increased to 8 TeV (4 TeV per proton) starting March 2012, and soon began particle collisions at that energy. In July 2012, CERN scientists announced the discovery of a new sub-atomic particle that was later confirmed to be the <a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In March 2013, CERN announced that the measurements performed on the newly found particle allowed it to conclude that it was a Higgs boson.<a href="#cite_note-intersitetunnel-83">[83]</a> In early 2013, the LHC was deactivated for a two-year maintenance period, to strengthen the electrical connections between magnets inside the accelerator and for other upgrades. On 5 April 2015, after two years of maintenance and consolidation, the LHC restarted for a second run. The first ramp to the record-breaking energy of 6.5 TeV was performed on 10 April 2015.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In 2016, the design collision rate was exceeded for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> A second two-year period of shutdown begun at the end of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accelerators_under_construction">Accelerators under construction</h3></div> As of October 2019, the construction is on-going to upgrade the LHC's luminosity in a project called <a href="/wiki/High_Luminosity_Large_Hadron_Collider" title="High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider">High Luminosity LHC</a> (HL–LHC). This project should see the LHC accelerator upgraded by 2026 to an order of magnitude higher luminosity.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> As part of the HL–LHC upgrade project, also other CERN accelerators and their subsystems are receiving upgrades. Among other work, the LINAC 2 linear accelerator injector was decommissioned and replaced by a new injector accelerator, the <a href="/wiki/LINAC_4" class="mw-redirect" title="LINAC 4">LINAC4</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decommissioned_accelerators">Decommissioned accelerators</h3></div> <ul><li>The original linear accelerator <a href="/wiki/LINAC_1" class="mw-redirect" title="LINAC 1">LINAC 1</a>. Operated 1959–1992.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/LINAC_2" class="mw-redirect" title="LINAC 2">LINAC 2</a> linear accelerator injector. Accelerated protons to 50 <a href="/wiki/Megaelectronvolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaelectronvolt">MeV</a> for injection into the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB). Operated 1978–2018.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li> <li>The 600 MeV <a href="/wiki/Synchro-Cyclotron_(CERN)" title="Synchro-Cyclotron (CERN)">Synchro-Cyclotron</a> (SC) which started operation in 1957 and was shut down in 1991. Was made into a public exhibition in 2012–2013.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Intersecting_Storage_Rings" title="Intersecting Storage Rings">Intersecting Storage Rings</a> (ISR), an early collider built from 1966 to 1971 and operated until 1984.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Super_Proton%E2%80%93Antiproton_Synchrotron" title="Super Proton–Antiproton Synchrotron">Super Proton–Antiproton Synchrotron</a> (SppS), operated 1981–1991.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> A modification of Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) to operate as a proton-antiproton collider.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Large_Electron%E2%80%93Positron_Collider" title="Large Electron–Positron Collider">Large Electron–Positron Collider</a> (LEP), which operated 1989–2000 and was the largest machine of its kind, housed in a 27 km-long circular tunnel which now houses the <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/LEP_Pre-Injector" title="LEP Pre-Injector">LEP Pre-Injector</a> (LPI) accelerator complex,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> consisting of two accelerators, a linear accelerator called <a href="/wiki/LEP_Injector_Linac" class="mw-redirect" title="LEP Injector Linac">LEP Injector Linac</a> (LIL; itself consisting of two back-to-back linear accelerators called LIL V and LIL W) and a circular accelerator called <a href="/wiki/Electron_Positron_Accumulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron Positron Accumulator">Electron Positron Accumulator</a> (EPA).<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The purpose of these accelerators was to inject positron and electron beams into the CERN accelerator complex (more precisely, to the Proton Synchrotron), to be delivered to LEP after many stages of acceleration. Operational 1987–2001; after the shutdown of LEP and the completion of experiments that were directly fed by the LPI, the LPI facility was adapted to be used for the <a href="/wiki/CLIC_Test_Facility_3" class="mw-redirect" title="CLIC Test Facility 3">CLIC Test Facility 3</a> (CTF3).<a href="#cite_note-:2-102">[102]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Low_Energy_Antiproton_Ring" title="Low Energy Antiproton Ring">Low Energy Antiproton Ring</a> (LEAR) was commissioned in 1982. LEAR assembled the first pieces of true <a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">antimatter</a>, in 1995, consisting of nine atoms of <a href="/wiki/Antihydrogen" title="Antihydrogen">antihydrogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> It was closed in 1996, and superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Antiproton_Decelerator" title="Antiproton Decelerator">Antiproton Decelerator</a>. The LEAR apparatus itself was reconfigured into the <a href="/wiki/Low_Energy_Ion_Ring" title="Low Energy Ion Ring">Low Energy Ion Ring</a> (LEIR) ion booster.<a href="#cite_note-Chanel_2004_137–143-56">[56]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Antiproton_Accumulator" title="Antiproton Accumulator">Antiproton Accumulator</a> (AA), built 1979–1980, operations ended in 1997 and the machine was dismantled. Stored antiprotons produced by the Proton Synchrotron (PS) for use in other experiments and accelerators (for example the ISR, SppS and LEAR). For later half of its working life operated in tandem with <a href="/wiki/Antiproton_Collector" title="Antiproton Collector">Antiproton Collector</a> (AC), to form the Antiproton Accumulation Complex (AAC).<a href="#cite_note-:3-104">[104]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Antiproton_Collector" title="Antiproton Collector">Antiproton Collector</a> (AC),<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> built 1986–1987, operations ended in 1997 and the machine was converted into the <a href="/wiki/Antiproton_Decelerator" title="Antiproton Decelerator">Antiproton Decelerator</a> (AD), which is the successor machine for <a href="/wiki/Low_Energy_Antiproton_Ring" title="Low Energy Antiproton Ring">Low Energy Antiproton Ring</a> (LEAR). Operated in tandem with <a href="/wiki/Antiproton_Accumulator" title="Antiproton Accumulator">Antiproton Accumulator</a> (AA) and the pair formed the Antiproton Accumulation Complex (AAC),<a href="#cite_note-:3-104">[104]</a> whose purpose was to store antiprotons produced by the Proton Synchrotron (PS) for use in other experiments and accelerators, like the <a href="/wiki/Low_Energy_Antiproton_Ring" title="Low Energy Antiproton Ring">Low Energy Antiproton Ring</a> (LEAR) and <a href="/wiki/Super_Proton%E2%80%93Antiproton_Synchrotron" title="Super Proton–Antiproton Synchrotron">Super Proton–Antiproton Synchrotron</a> (SppS).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/CTF3" title="CTF3">Compact Linear Collider Test Facility 3</a> (CTF3), which studied feasibility for the future normal conducting linear collider project (the <a href="/wiki/Compact_Linear_Collider" title="Compact Linear Collider">CLIC</a> collider). In operation 2001–2016.<a href="#cite_note-:2-102">[102]</a> One of its beamlines has been converted, from 2017 on, into the new CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research (CLEAR) facility.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_future_accelerators">Possible future accelerators</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Future_Circular_Collider" title="Future Circular Collider">Future Circular Collider</a></div>CERN, in collaboration with groups worldwide, is investigating two main concepts for future accelerators: A linear electron-positron collider with a new acceleration concept to increase the energy (<a href="/wiki/Compact_Linear_Collider" title="Compact Linear Collider">CLIC</a>) and a larger version of the LHC, a project currently named <a href="/wiki/Future_Circular_Collider" title="Future Circular Collider">Future Circular Collider</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sites">Sites</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/CERN" title="Special:EditPage/CERN">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (December 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CERN_Building_40_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/CERN_Building_40_%281%29.jpg/220px-CERN_Building_40_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/CERN_Building_40_%281%29.jpg/330px-CERN_Building_40_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/CERN_Building_40_%281%29.jpg/440px-CERN_Building_40_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>CERN building 40 at the Meyrin site</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bldng40cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bldng40cropped.jpg/220px-Bldng40cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bldng40cropped.jpg/330px-Bldng40cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bldng40cropped.jpg/440px-Bldng40cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2920" /></a><figcaption>The interior of office building 40 at the Meyrin site. Building 40 hosts many offices for scientists from the CMS and ATLAS collaborations.</figcaption></figure> The smaller accelerators are on the main <a href="/wiki/Meyrin" title="Meyrin">Meyrin</a> site, also known as the West Area, which was originally built in Switzerland alongside the French border, but has been extended to span the border since 1965. The French side is under Swiss jurisdiction and there is no obvious border within the site, apart from a line of marker stones. The SPS and LEP/LHC tunnels are almost entirely outside the main site, and are mostly buried under French farmland and invisible from the surface. They have surface sites at points around them, either as the location of buildings associated with experiments or other facilities needed to operate the colliders such as <a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">cryogenic</a> plants and access shafts. The experiments are located at the same underground level as the tunnels at these sites. Three of these experimental sites are in France, with ATLAS in Switzerland, and some of the ancillary cryogenic and access sites are in Switzerland. The largest of the experimental sites is the <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9vessin" class="mw-redirect" title="Prévessin">Prévessin</a> site, also known as the North Area, which is the target station for non-collider experiments on the SPS accelerator. Other sites are the ones which were used for the <a href="/wiki/UA1_experiment" title="UA1 experiment">UA1</a>, <a href="/wiki/UA2_experiment" title="UA2 experiment">UA2</a> and the LEP experiments. The latter are used by LHC experiments. Outside of the LEP and LHC experiments, most are officially named and numbered after the site where they were located. For example, <a href="/wiki/NA32_experiment" title="NA32 experiment">NA32</a> was an experiment looking at the production of so-called "<a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">charmed</a>" particles and located at the Prévessin (North Area) site. <a href="/w/index.php?title=WA22_experiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WA22 experiment (page does not exist)">WA22</a> used the <a href="/wiki/Big_European_Bubble_Chamber" title="Big European Bubble Chamber">Big European Bubble Chamber</a> (BEBC) at the Meyrin (West Area) site to examine neutrino interactions. The <a href="/wiki/UA1_experiment" title="UA1 experiment">UA1</a> and <a href="/wiki/UA2_experiment" title="UA2 experiment">UA2</a> experiments were considered to be in the Underground Area, i.e. situated underground at sites on the SPS accelerator. Most of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_at_CERN" title="List of streets at CERN">roads on the CERN Meyrin and Prévessin sites</a> are named after famous physicists, such as <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a>, who pushed for CERN's creation. Other notable names are <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Bohr</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Participation_and_funding">Participation and funding</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Member_states_and_budget">Member states and budget</h3></div> Since its foundation by 12 members in 1954, CERN regularly accepted new members. All new members have remained in the organization continuously since their accession, except Spain and Yugoslavia. Spain first joined CERN in 1961, withdrew in 1969, and rejoined in 1983. Yugoslavia was a founding member of CERN but quit in 1961. Of the 24 members, Israel joined CERN as a full member in January 2014,<a href="#cite_note-ISR-108">[108]</a> becoming the first, and currently only, non-European full member.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The budget contributions of member states are computed based on their GDP.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-110">[110]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Member state </th> <th>Status since </th> <th>Contribution (million <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">CHF</a> for 2019) </th> <th>Contribution (fraction of total for 2019) </th> <th>Contribution per capita<a href="#cite_note-population-111">[note 1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">CHF</a>/person for 2017) </th></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" style="background:#e9e9e9;"> <td colspan="5">Founding Members<a href="#cite_note-founding-114">[note 2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>29 September 1954</td> <td style="text-align:right;">30.7</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.68%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td>29 September 1954</td> <td style="text-align:right;">20.5</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.79%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>29 September 1954</td> <td style="text-align:right;">160.3</td> <td style="text-align:right;">14.0%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>29 September 1954</td> <td style="text-align:right;">236.0</td> <td style="text-align:right;">20.6%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>29 September 1954</td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.5</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.09%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>29 September 1954</td> <td style="text-align:right;">118.4</td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.4%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>29 September 1954</td> <td style="text-align:right;">51.8</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.53%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td>29 September 1954</td> <td style="text-align:right;">28.3</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.48%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>29 September 1954</td> <td style="text-align:right;">30.5</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.66%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>29 September 1954</td> <td style="text-align:right;">47.1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.12%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>29 September 1954</td> <td style="text-align:right;">184.0</td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.1%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[note 3]</a></td> <td>29 September 1954<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-timeline.web.cern.ch-117">[114]</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">0</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.0 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" style="background:#e9e9e9;"> <td colspan="5">Acceded Members<a href="#cite_note-acceded-119">[note 4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>1 June 1959</td> <td style="text-align:right;">24.7</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.16%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[note 5]</a></td> <td>1 January 1983<a href="#cite_note-timeline.web.cern.ch-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">80.7</td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.06%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>1 January 1986</td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.5</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.09%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td>1 January 1991</td> <td style="text-align:right;">15.1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.32%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>1 July 1991</td> <td style="text-align:right;">31.9</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.79%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td>1 July 1992</td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.0</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.609%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td>1 July 1993</td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.9</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.950%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></td> <td>1 July 1993</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.6</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.490%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>11 June 1999</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.4</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.297%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td> <td>6 January 2014<a href="#cite_note-ISR-108">[108]</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.7</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.73%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>17 July 2016<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.0</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.05%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td>24 March 2019<a href="#cite_note-SRB-123">[118]</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.5</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.221%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td>30 August 2024<a href="#cite_note-home.cern-124">[119]</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.0</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" style="background:#e9e9e9;"> <td colspan="5">Associate Members in the pre-stage to membership </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></td> <td>1 April 2016<a href="#cite_note-cyprus-assoc-125">[120]</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.0</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td> <td>4 July 2017<a href="#cite_note-slovenia-assoc-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-slovenia-assoc-ratify-127">[122]</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.0</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" style="background:#e9e9e9;"> <td colspan="5">Associate Members </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>6 May 2015<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.7</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>31 July 2015<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.7</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>5 October 2016<a href="#cite_note-ukraine-130">[125]</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.0</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>16 January 2017<a href="#cite_note-india-131">[126]</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.8</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td> <td>8 January 2018<a href="#cite_note-lithuania-assoc-cern-132">[127]</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.0</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>10 October 2019<a href="#cite_note-international-relations.web.cern.ch-133">[128]</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.25</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></td> <td>2 August 2021<a href="#cite_note-latvia-becomes-AMS-cern-134">[129]</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"></td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>13 March 2024<a href="#cite_note-brazil-becomes-AMS-cern-135">[130]</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"></td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" style="background:#e9e9e9;"> <td>Total Members, Candidates and Associates</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,171.2<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.0%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-population-111"><a href="#cite_ref-population_111-0">^</a> Based on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">population</a> in 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-founding-114"><a href="#cite_ref-founding_114-0">^</a> 12 founding members drafted the Convention for the Establishment of a European Organization for Nuclear Research which entered into force on 29 September 1954.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Yugoslavia left the organization in 1961. </li> <li id="cite_note-acceded-119"><a href="#cite_ref-acceded_119-0">^</a> Acceded members become CERN member states by ratifying the CERN convention.<a href="#cite_note-Member_States-118">[115]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Spain was previously a member state from 1961 to 1969 </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Maps of the history of CERN membership </th></tr> <tr> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cernfounders.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1954 (12 members): CERN is founded [a] (1954-1990 borders)"><img alt="1954 (12 members): CERN is founded [a] (1954-1990 borders)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cernfounders.png/119px-Cernfounders.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cernfounders.png/179px-Cernfounders.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cernfounders.png/238px-Cernfounders.png 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1245" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1954 (12 members): CERN is founded <a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a> (1954-1990 borders)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CERN1959.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1959 (13 members): Austria joins (1954-1990 borders)"><img alt="1959 (13 members): Austria joins (1954-1990 borders)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/CERN1959.png/119px-CERN1959.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/CERN1959.png/179px-CERN1959.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/CERN1959.png/238px-CERN1959.png 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1245" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1959 (13 members): Austria joins (1954-1990 borders)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CERN1961and1983.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1961 (13 members): Spain joins and Yugoslavia leaves (1954-1990 borders)"><img alt="1961 (13 members): Spain joins and Yugoslavia leaves (1954-1990 borders)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/CERN1961and1983.png/119px-CERN1961and1983.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/CERN1961and1983.png/179px-CERN1961and1983.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/CERN1961and1983.png/238px-CERN1961and1983.png 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1245" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1961 (13 members): Spain joins and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> leaves (1954-1990 borders)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CERN1969.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1969 (12 members): Spain leaves (1954-1990 borders)"><img alt="1969 (12 members): Spain leaves (1954-1990 borders)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/CERN1969.png/119px-CERN1969.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/CERN1969.png/179px-CERN1969.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/CERN1969.png/238px-CERN1969.png 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1245" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1969 (12 members): Spain leaves (1954-1990 borders)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CERN1961and1983.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1983 (13 members): Spain re-joins (1954-1990 borders)"><img alt="1983 (13 members): Spain re-joins (1954-1990 borders)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/CERN1961and1983.png/119px-CERN1961and1983.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/CERN1961and1983.png/179px-CERN1961and1983.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/CERN1961and1983.png/238px-CERN1961and1983.png 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1245" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1983 (13 members): Spain re-joins (1954-1990 borders)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CERN1985.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1985 (14 members): Portugal joins (1954-1990 borders)"><img alt="1985 (14 members): Portugal joins (1954-1990 borders)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CERN1985.png/119px-CERN1985.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CERN1985.png/179px-CERN1985.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CERN1985.png/238px-CERN1985.png 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1245" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1985 (14 members): Portugal joins (1954-1990 borders)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CERN1991.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1991 (16 members): Poland and Finland join, and Germany has been reunified (post 1993 borders)"><img alt="1991 (16 members): Poland and Finland join, and Germany has been reunified (post 1993 borders)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/CERN1991.png/119px-CERN1991.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/CERN1991.png/179px-CERN1991.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/CERN1991.png/238px-CERN1991.png 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1245" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1991 (16 members): Poland and Finland join, and Germany has been <a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunification of Germany">reunified</a> (post 1993 borders)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CERN1992.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1992 (17 members): Hungary joins (post 1993 borders)"><img alt="1992 (17 members): Hungary joins (post 1993 borders)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/CERN1992.png/119px-CERN1992.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/CERN1992.png/179px-CERN1992.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/CERN1992.png/238px-CERN1992.png 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1245" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1992 (17 members): Hungary joins (post 1993 borders)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CERN1993.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1993 (19 members): Czech Republic and Slovakia join (post 1993 borders)"><img alt="1993 (19 members): Czech Republic and Slovakia join (post 1993 borders)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/CERN1993.png/119px-CERN1993.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/CERN1993.png/179px-CERN1993.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/CERN1993.png/238px-CERN1993.png 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1245" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1993 (19 members): Czech Republic and Slovakia join (post 1993 borders)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CERN1999.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1999 (20 members): Bulgaria joins (post 1993 borders)"><img alt="1999 (20 members): Bulgaria joins (post 1993 borders)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CERN1999.png/119px-CERN1999.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CERN1999.png/179px-CERN1999.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CERN1999.png/238px-CERN1999.png 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1245" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1999 (20 members): Bulgaria joins (post 1993 borders)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CERN-Membership-History.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Animated map showing changes in CERN membership from 1954 until 1999 (borders are as at dates of change)"><img alt="Animated map showing changes in CERN membership from 1954 until 1999 (borders are as at dates of change)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/CERN-Membership-History.gif/119px-CERN-Membership-History.gif" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/CERN-Membership-History.gif/179px-CERN-Membership-History.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/CERN-Membership-History.gif/238px-CERN-Membership-History.gif 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1245" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Animated map showing changes in CERN membership from 1954 until 1999 (borders are as at dates of change)</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlargement">Enlargement</h3></div> Associate Members, Candidates: <ul><li>Turkey signed an association agreement on 12 May 2014<a href="#cite_note-TUR-137">[132]</a> and became an associate member on 6 May 2015.</li> <li>Pakistan signed an association agreement on 19 December 2014<a href="#cite_note-PAK-138">[133]</a> and became an associate member on 31 July 2015.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a></li> <li>Cyprus signed an association agreement on 5 October 2012 and became an associate member in the pre-stage to membership on 1 April 2016.<a href="#cite_note-cyprus-assoc-125">[120]</a></li> <li>Ukraine signed an association agreement on 3 October 2013. The agreement was ratified on 5 October 2016.<a href="#cite_note-ukraine-130">[125]</a></li> <li>India signed an association agreement on 21 November 2016.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> The agreement was ratified on 16 January 2017.<a href="#cite_note-india-131">[126]</a></li> <li>Slovenia was approved for admission as an Associate Member state in the pre-stage to membership on 16 December 2016.<a href="#cite_note-slovenia-assoc-126">[121]</a> The agreement was ratified on 4 July 2017.<a href="#cite_note-slovenia-assoc-ratify-127">[122]</a></li> <li>Lithuania was approved for admission as an Associate Member state on 16 June 2017. The association agreement was signed on 27 June 2017 and ratified on 8 January 2018.<a href="#cite_note-lithuania-assoc-lrp-142">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-lithuania-assoc-cern-132">[127]</a></li> <li>Croatia was approved for admission as an Associate Member state on 28 February 2019. The agreement was ratified on 10 October 2019.<a href="#cite_note-international-relations.web.cern.ch-133">[128]</a></li> <li>Latvia and CERN signed an associate membership agreement on 14 April 2021.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> Latvia was formally admitted as an Associate Member on 2 August 2021.<a href="#cite_note-latvia-becomes-AMS-cern-134">[129]</a></li> <li>Brazil became the first associate member of the Americas on 13 March 2024, after signing the associate membership agreement in March 2022.<a href="#cite_note-brazil-becomes-AMS-cern-135">[130]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_relations">International relations</h3></div> Three countries have observer status:<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> <ul><li>Japan – since 1995</li> <li>Russia – since 1993 (suspended as of March 2022)<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a></li> <li>United States – since 1997</li></ul> Also observers are the following international organizations: <ul><li>UNESCO – since 1954</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> – since 1985</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">JINR</a> – since 2014 (suspended as of March 2022)<a href="#cite_note-war2022-146">[141]</a></li></ul> Non-Member States (with dates of Co-operation Agreements) currently involved in CERN programmes are:<a href="#cite_note-member-states-147">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Albania – October 2014</li> <li>Algeria – 2008</li> <li>Argentina – 11 March 1992</li> <li>Armenia – 25 March 1994</li> <li>Australia – 1 November 1991</li> <li>Azerbaijan – 3 December 1997</li> <li>Bangladesh – 2014</li> <li>Belarus – 28 June 1994 (suspended as of March 2022<a href="#cite_note-war2022-146">[141]</a>)</li> <li>Bolivia – 2007</li> <li>Bosnia & Herzegovina – 16 February 2021<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a></li> <li>Canada – 11 October 1996</li> <li>Chile – 10 October 1991</li> <li>China – 12 July 1991, 14 August 1997 & 17 February 2004</li> <li>Colombia – 15 May 1993</li> <li>Costa Rica – February 2014</li> <li>Ecuador – 1999</li> <li>Egypt – 16 January 2006</li> <li>Georgia – 11 October 1996</li> <li>Iceland – 11 September 1996</li> <li>Iran – 5 July 2001</li> <li>Jordan – 12 June 2003<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> MoU with Jordan and <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Synchrotron-Light_for_Experimental_Science_Applications_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="International Centre for Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science Applications in the Middle East">SESAME</a>, in preparation of a cooperation agreement signed in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan – June 2018</li> <li>Lebanon – 2015</li> <li>Malta – 10 January 2008<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a></li> <li>Mexico – 20 February 1998</li> <li>Mongolia – 2014</li> <li>Montenegro – 12 October 1990</li> <li>Morocco – 14 April 1997</li> <li>Nepal – 19 September 2017</li> <li>New Zealand – 4 December 2003</li> <li>North Macedonia – 27 April 2009</li> <li>Palestine – December 2015</li> <li>Paraguay – January 2019</li> <li>Peru – 23 February 1993</li> <li>Philippines – 2018</li> <li>Qatar – 2016</li> <li>Republic of Korea (South Korea) – 25 October 2006</li> <li>Saudi Arabia – 2006</li> <li>South Africa – 4 July 1992</li> <li>Sri Lanka – February 2017</li> <li>Thailand – 2018</li> <li>Tunisia – May 2014</li> <li>United Arab Emirates – 2006</li> <li>Vietnam – 2008</li></ul></div> CERN also has scientific contacts with the following other countries:<a href="#cite_note-member-states-147">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Bahrain</li> <li>Cuba</li> <li>Ghana</li> <li>Honduras</li> <li>Hong Kong</li> <li>Indonesia</li> <li>Ireland</li> <li>Kuwait</li> <li>Luxemburg</li> <li>Madagascar</li> <li>Malaysia</li> <li>Mauritius</li> <li>Morocco</li> <li>Mozambique</li> <li>Oman</li> <li>Rwanda</li> <li>Singapore</li> <li>Sudan</li> <li>Taiwan</li> <li>Tanzania</li> <li>Uzbekistan</li> <li>Zambia</li></ul></div> International research institutions, such as CERN, can aid in science diplomacy.<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_institutions">Associated institutions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ESO_and_CERN_sign_cooperation_agreement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ESO_and_CERN_sign_cooperation_agreement.jpg/200px-ESO_and_CERN_sign_cooperation_agreement.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ESO_and_CERN_sign_cooperation_agreement.jpg/300px-ESO_and_CERN_sign_cooperation_agreement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ESO_and_CERN_sign_cooperation_agreement.jpg/400px-ESO_and_CERN_sign_cooperation_agreement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ESO" class="mw-redirect" title="ESO">ESO</a> and CERN have a cooperation agreement.<a href="#cite_note-ESO-201310-156">[151]</a></figcaption></figure> A large number of institutes around the world are <a href="/wiki/Category:Institutes_associated_with_CERN" title="Category:Institutes associated with CERN">associated to CERN</a> through current collaboration agreements and/or historical links.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> The list below contains organizations represented as observers to the CERN Council, organizations to which CERN is an observer and organizations based on the CERN model: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Molecular_Biology_Laboratory" title="European Molecular Biology Laboratory">European Molecular Biology Laboratory</a>, organization based on the CERN model<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a> (since 1975 <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>), organization based on the CERN model<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a>, organization based on the CERN model<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">JINR</a>, observer to CERN Council,<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> CERN is represented in the JINR Council.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> JINR is currently suspended, due to the CERN Council Resolution of 25 March 2022.<a href="#cite_note-member-states-147">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchrotron-Light_for_Experimental_Science_and_Applications_in_the_Middle_East" title="Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East">SESAME</a>, CERN is an observer to the SESAME Council<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, observer to CERN Council<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=".cern">.cern</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">.cern</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">August 13, 2014; 10 years ago (2014-08-13)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">TLD</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data">Generic top-level domain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Domain_name_registry" title="Domain name registry">Registry</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Intended use</th><td class="infobox-data">Domains related to the <a href="/wiki/European_Organization_for_Nuclear_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organization for Nuclear Research">European Organization for Nuclear Research</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Actual use</th><td class="infobox-data">Domains related to the <a href="/wiki/European_Organization_for_Nuclear_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organization for Nuclear Research">European Organization for Nuclear Research</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registration restrictions</th><td class="infobox-data">Domain registrations only possible by CERN</td></tr></tbody></table> .cern is a <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domain</a> for CERN.<a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> It was registered on 13 August 2014.<a href="#cite_note-IANA-167">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> On 20 October 2015, CERN moved its main Website to <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://home.cern">https://home.cern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_science">Open science</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open Science movement</a> focuses on making scientific research openly accessible and on creating knowledge through open tools and processes. <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">open data</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">hardware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">open licenses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_preservation" title="Digital preservation">digital preservation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility#Reproducible_research" title="Reproducibility">reproducible research</a> are primary components of open science and areas in which CERN has been working towards since its formation. CERN has developed policies and official documents that enable and promote open science, starting with CERN's founding convention in 1953 which indicated that all its results are to be published or made generally available.<a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[14]</a> Since then, CERN published its open access policy in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> which ensures that all publications by CERN authors will be published with <a href="/wiki/Gold_OA" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold OA">gold open access</a> and most recently an open data policy that was endorsed by the four main LHC collaborations (<a href="/wiki/ALICE_experiment" title="ALICE experiment">ALICE</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATLAS_experiment" title="ATLAS experiment">ATLAS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compact_Muon_Solenoid" title="Compact Muon Solenoid">CMS</a> and <a href="/wiki/LHCb_experiment" title="LHCb experiment">LHCb</a>).<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> The open data policy complements the open access policy, addressing the public release of scientific data collected by LHC experiments after a suitable embargo period. Prior to this open data policy, guidelines for data preservation, access and reuse were implemented by each collaboration individually through their own policies which are updated when necessary.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> The European Strategy for Particle Physics, a document mandated by the CERN Council that forms the cornerstone of Europe's decision-making for the future of particle physics, was last updated in 2020 and affirmed the organisation's role within the open science landscape by stating: "The particle physics community should work with the relevant authorities to help shape the emerging consensus on open science to be adopted for publicly-funded research, and should then implement a policy of open science for the field".<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> Beyond the policy level, CERN has established a variety of services and tools to enable and guide open science at CERN, and in particle physics more generally. On the publishing side, CERN has initiated and operates a global cooperative project, the <a href="/wiki/Sponsoring_Consortium_for_Open_Access_Publishing_in_Particle_Physics" title="Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics">Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics</a>, SCOAP3, to convert scientific articles in high-energy physics to open access. In 2018, the SCOAP3 partnership represented 3,000+ libraries from 44 countries and 3 intergovernmental organizations who have worked collectively to convert research articles in high-energy physics across 11 leading journals in the discipline to open access.<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> Public-facing results can be served by various CERN-based services depending on their use case: the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.cern.ch/">CERN Open Data portal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zenodo" title="Zenodo">Zenodo</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cds.cern.ch/">CERN Document Server</a>,<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/INSPIRE-HEP" title="INSPIRE-HEP">INSPIRE</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hepdata.net/">HEPData</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> are the core services used by the researchers and community at CERN, as well as the wider high-energy physics community for the publication of their documents, data, software, multimedia, etc. CERN's efforts towards preservation and reproducible research are best represented by a suite of services addressing the entire physics analysis lifecycle, such as data, software and computing environment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://analysispreservation.cern.ch/">CERN Analysis Preservation</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> helps researchers to preserve and document the various components of their physics analyses. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reana.io/">REANA</a> (Reusable Analyses)<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> enables the instantiating of preserved research data analyses on the cloud. All services are built using <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source software</a> and strive towards compliance with best effort principles, such as the <a href="/wiki/FAIR_data" title="FAIR data">FAIR principles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/FORCE11" title="FORCE11">FORCE11 guidelines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a>, while taking into account relevant activities carried out by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_exhibits">Public exhibits</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CERN_Globe_of_Science_and_Innovation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/CERN_Globe_of_Science_and_Innovation.jpg/220px-CERN_Globe_of_Science_and_Innovation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/CERN_Globe_of_Science_and_Innovation.jpg/330px-CERN_Globe_of_Science_and_Innovation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/CERN_Globe_of_Science_and_Innovation.jpg/440px-CERN_Globe_of_Science_and_Innovation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_of_Science_and_Innovation" title="The Globe of Science and Innovation">The Globe of Science and Innovation</a> at CERN</figcaption></figure> The CERN Science Gateway, opened in October 2023,<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> is CERN's latest facility for science outreach and education. It is home to a range of immersive exhibits, workshops, and shows. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_of_Science_and_Innovation" title="The Globe of Science and Innovation">The Globe of Science and Innovation</a>, which opened in late 2005, is open to the public. It is used four times a week for special exhibits. The <a href="/wiki/Microcosm_(CERN)" title="Microcosm (CERN)">Microcosm museum</a> previously hosted another on-site exhibition on <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a> and CERN history. It closed permanently on 18 September 2022, in preparation for the installation of the exhibitions in Science Gateway.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> CERN also provides daily tours to certain facilities such as the Synchro-cyclotron (CERNs first particle accelerator) and the superconducting magnet workshop. In 2004, a two-metre statue of the <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a>, the dancing form of the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, was unveiled at CERN. The statue, symbolizing Shiva's cosmic dance of creation and destruction, was presented by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Indian government</a> to celebrate the research center's long association with India.<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> A special plaque next to the statue explains the metaphor of Shiva's cosmic dance with quotations from physicist <a href="/wiki/Fritjof_Capra" title="Fritjof Capra">Fritjof Capra</a>: <blockquote>Hundreds of years ago, Indian artists created visual images of dancing Shivas in a beautiful series of bronzes. In our time, physicists have used the most advanced technology to portray the patterns of the cosmic dance. The metaphor of the cosmic dance thus unifies ancient mythology, religious art and modern physics.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_at_CERN">Arts at CERN</h2></div> CERN launched its Cultural Policy for engaging with the arts in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> The initiative provided the essential framework and foundations for establishing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arts.cern/">Arts at CERN</a>, the arts programme of the Laboratory. Since 2012, Arts at CERN has fostered creative dialogue between art and physics through residencies, art commissions, exhibitions and events. Artists across all creative disciplines have been invited to CERN to experience how fundamental science pursues the big questions about our universe. Even before the arts programme officially started, several highly regarded artists visited the laboratory, drawn to physics and fundamental science. In 1972, <a href="/wiki/James_Lee_Byars" title="James Lee Byars">James Lee Byars</a> was the first artist to visit the laboratory and the only one, so far, to feature on the cover of the CERN Courier.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mariko_Mori" title="Mariko Mori">Mariko Mori</a>,<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni_Motti" class="extiw" title="fr:Gianni Motti">Gianni Motti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cerith_Wyn_Evans" title="Cerith Wyn Evans">Cerith Wyn Evans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">John Berger</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer">Anselm Kiefer</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> are among the artists who came to CERN in the years that followed. The programmes of Arts at CERN are structured according to their values and vision to create bridges between cultures. Each programme is designed and formed in collaboration with cultural institutions, other partner laboratories, countries, cities and artistic communities eager to connect with CERN's research, support their activities, and contribute to a global network of art and science. They comprise research-led artistic residencies that take place on-site or remotely. More than 200 artists from 80 countries have participated in the residencies to expand their creative practices at the Laboratory, benefiting from the involvement of 400 physicists, engineers and CERN staff. Between 500 and 800 applications are received every year. The programmes comprise Collide, the international residency programme organised in partnership with a city; Connect, a programme of residencies to foster experimentation in art and science at CERN and in scientific organisations worldwide in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Pro_Helvetia" title="Pro Helvetia">Pro Helvetia</a>, and Guest Artists, a short stay for artists to stay to engage with CERN's research and community.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva%27s_statue_at_CERN_engaging_in_the_Nataraja_dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Shiva%27s_statue_at_CERN_engaging_in_the_Nataraja_dance.jpg/220px-Shiva%27s_statue_at_CERN_engaging_in_the_Nataraja_dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Shiva%27s_statue_at_CERN_engaging_in_the_Nataraja_dance.jpg/330px-Shiva%27s_statue_at_CERN_engaging_in_the_Nataraja_dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Shiva%27s_statue_at_CERN_engaging_in_the_Nataraja_dance.jpg/440px-Shiva%27s_statue_at_CERN_engaging_in_the_Nataraja_dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The statue of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> engaging in the <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a> dance (symbolising his cosmic dance of creation and destruction) presented by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Atomic_Energy" title="Department of Atomic Energy">Department of Atomic Energy</a> of India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CERN_Tram,_line_number_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/CERN_Tram%2C_line_number_18.jpg/220px-CERN_Tram%2C_line_number_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/CERN_Tram%2C_line_number_18.jpg/330px-CERN_Tram%2C_line_number_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/CERN_Tram%2C_line_number_18.jpg/440px-CERN_Tram%2C_line_number_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Geneva tram 18 at CERN</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The band <a href="/wiki/Les_Horribles_Cernettes" title="Les Horribles Cernettes">Les Horribles Cernettes</a> was founded by women from CERN. The name was chosen so to have the same initials as the LHC.<a href="#cite_note-CernettesNYT-200">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-CernettesWired-201">[196]</a></li> <li>The science journalist <a href="/wiki/Katherine_McAlpine" title="Katherine McAlpine">Katherine McAlpine</a> made a <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">rap</a> video called "Large Hadron Rap" about CERN's Large Hadron Collider with some of the facility's staff.<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_Fever" title="Particle Fever">Particle Fever</a>, a 2013 documentary, explores CERN throughout the inside and depicts the events surrounding the 2012 discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Higgs_Boson" class="mw-redirect" title="Higgs Boson">Higgs Boson</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Titor" title="John Titor">John Titor</a>, a self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time traveler</a>, alleged that CERN would invent time travel in 2001.</li> <li>CERN is depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">visual novel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> series <a href="/wiki/Steins;Gate" title="Steins;Gate">Steins;Gate</a> as SERN, a shadowy organization that has been researching time travel in order to restructure and control the world.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Sawyer" title="Robert J. Sawyer">Robert J. Sawyer</a>'s 1999 science fiction novel <a href="/wiki/Flashforward_(novel)" title="Flashforward (novel)">Flashforward</a>, as CERN's Large Hadron Collider accelerator is performing a run to search for the Higgs boson the entire human race sees themselves twenty-one years and six months in the future.</li> <li>A number of <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a> feature CERN, accusing the organization of partaking in <a href="/wiki/CERN_ritual_hoax" title="CERN ritual hoax">occult rituals</a> and secret experiments involving opening <a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">portals</a> into <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Dimension" title="Dimension">dimensions</a>, shifting the world into an <a href="/wiki/Alternative_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative history">alternative timeline</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Weather_and_earthquake_control_projects" title="List of conspiracy theories">causing earthquakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Dan_Brown" title="Dan Brown">Dan Brown</a>'s 2000 mystery-thriller novel <a href="/wiki/Angels_%26_Demons" title="Angels & Demons">Angels & Demons</a> and 2009 film <a href="/wiki/Angels_%26_Demons_(film)" title="Angels & Demons (film)">of the same name</a>, a canister of antimatter is stolen from CERN.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a></li> <li>CERN is depicted in a 2009 episode of <a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a> (Season 13, Episode 6), "<a href="/wiki/Pinewood_Derby_(South_Park)" title="Pinewood Derby (South Park)">Pinewood Derby</a>". Randy Marsh, the father of one of the main characters, breaks into the "Hadron Particle Super Collider in Switzerland" and steals a "superconducting bending magnet created for use in tests with particle acceleration" to use in his son Stan's Pinewood Derby racer.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a></li> <li>In the 2010 season 3 episode 15 of the TV situation comedy <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory" title="The Big Bang Theory">The Big Bang Theory</a>, "The Large Hadron Collision", <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hofstadter" title="Leonard Hofstadter">Leonard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raj_Koothrappali" title="Raj Koothrappali">Raj</a> travel to CERN to attend a conference and see the LHC.</li> <li>The 2012 student film <a href="/wiki/Decay_(2012_film)" title="Decay (2012 film)">Decay</a>, which centres on the idea of the Large Hadron Collider transforming people into zombies, was filmed on location in CERN's maintenance tunnels.<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a></li> <li>The Compact Muon Solenoid at CERN was used as the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Megadeth" title="Megadeth">Megadeth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Super_Collider_(album)" title="Super Collider (album)">Super Collider</a> album cover.</li> <li>CERN forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Back_story" class="mw-redirect" title="Back story">back story</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role_playing_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Massively multiplayer online role playing game">massively multiplayer</a> <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a> game <a href="/wiki/Ingress_(video_game)" title="Ingress (video game)">Ingress</a>,<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> and in the 2018 Japanese anime television series <a href="/wiki/Ingress:_The_Animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingress: The Animation">Ingress: The Animation</a>, based on Niantic's augmented reality mobile game of the same name.</li> <li>In 2015, Sarah Charley, US communications manager for LHC experiments at CERN with graduate students Jesse Heilman of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside" title="University of California, Riverside">University of California, Riverside</a>, and Tom Perry and Laser Seymour Kaplan of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin, Madison</a> created a parody video based on "<a href="/wiki/Collide_(Howie_Day_song)" title="Collide (Howie Day song)">Collide</a>", a song by American artist <a href="/wiki/Howie_Day" title="Howie Day">Howie Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> The lyrics were changed to be from the perspective of a proton in the Large Hadron Collider. After seeing the parody, Day re-recorded the song with the new lyrics, and released a new version of "Collide" in February 2017 with a video created during his visit to CERN.<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a></li> <li>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Ryoji_Ikeda" title="Ryoji Ikeda">Ryoji Ikeda</a> created an art installation called "Supersymmetry" based on his experience as a resident artist at CERN.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a></li> <li>In the 2017 season 10 episode 6 of the British science fiction <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a>, "Extremis", CERN is one of several locations found to be connected by a hub of mysterious portals.</li> <li>The television series <a href="/wiki/Mr._Robot" title="Mr. Robot">Mr. Robot</a> features a secretive, underground project apparatus that resembles the <a href="/wiki/ATLAS_experiment" title="ATLAS experiment">ATLAS experiment</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallels_(TV_series)" title="Parallels (TV series)">Parallels</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a> television series released in March 2022, includes a particle-physics laboratory at the French-Swiss border called "ERN". Various accelerators and facilities at CERN are referenced during the show, including ATLAS, CMS, the Antiproton Decelerator, and the FCC.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CERN_openlab" title="CERN openlab">CERN openlab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Linux" title="Scientific Linux">Scientific Linux</a>, CERN operating system</li></ul> International: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a>, Illinois</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Underground_Neutrino_Experiment" title="Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment">Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment</a>, South Dakota</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-Kamiokande" title="Hyper-Kamiokande">Hyper-Kamiokande</a>, neutrino detection experiment, Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Facilities_Council" title="Science and Technology Facilities Council">Science and Technology Facilities Council</a>, UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a>, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLAC_National_Accelerator_Laboratory" title="SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory</a>, California</li></ul> General: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Switzerland" title="Science and technology in Switzerland">Science and technology in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_diplomacy" title="Science diplomacy">Science diplomacy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gillies2018-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Gillies2018_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJames_Gillies2018" class="citation book cs1">James Gillies (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0etmDwAAQBAJ">CERN and the Higgs Boson: The Global Quest for the Building Blocks of Reality</a>. Icon Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78578-393-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78578-393-7"><bdi>978-1-78578-393-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CERN+and+the+Higgs+Boson%3A+The+Global+Quest+for+the+Building+Blocks+of+Reality&rft.pub=Icon+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78578-393-7&rft.au=James+Gillies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0etmDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACERN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/international/prof-eliezer-rabinovici-is-the-new-president-of-the-cern-council-680229">"Prof. Eliezer Rabinovici is the new president of the CERN Council"</a>. 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CERN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://cds.cern.ch/record/2799091/files/English.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CERN&rft.atitle=Final+Budget+of+the+Organization+for+the+sixty-eighth+financial+year+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcds.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F2799091%2Ffiles%2FEnglish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACERN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCERN2020" class="citation journal cs1">CERN (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2723123">"Governance"</a>. CERN Annual Report. 2019. 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Twenty-First Century Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-7273-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-7273-2"><bdi>978-0-8225-7273-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tim+Berners-Lee%3A+Inventor+of+the+World+Wide+Web&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-7273-2&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+Sammartino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimbernerslee0000mcph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACERN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliesCailliau2000" class="citation book cs1">Gillies, James; Cailliau, Robert (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pIH-JijUNS0C&q=How+the+Web+Was+Born+%3A+The+Story+of+the+World+Wide+Web">How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-286207-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-286207-5"><bdi>978-0-19-286207-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Web+was+Born%3A+The+Story+of+the+World+Wide+Web&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-286207-5&rft.aulast=Gillies&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Cailliau%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpIH-JijUNS0C%26q%3DHow%2Bthe%2BWeb%2BWas%2BBorn%2B%253A%2BThe%2BStory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BWorld%2BWide%2BWeb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACERN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-foundation-13"><a href="#cite_ref-foundation_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/History54-en.html">"CERN.ch"</a>. 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Amsterdam: North-Holland Physics Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-444-87037-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-444-87037-7"><bdi>0-444-87037-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14692480">14692480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+CERN&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=North-Holland+Physics+Pub&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14692480&rft.isbn=0-444-87037-7&rft.aulast=Hermann&rft.aufirst=Armin&rft.au=Belloni%2C+Lanfranco&rft.au=Krige%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F14692480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACERN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrige1985" class="citation book cs1">Krige, John (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yzE9AQAAIAAJ&q=oern">From the Provisional Organization to the Permanent CERN, May 1952 – September 1954: A survey of developments</a>. 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href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> (LHC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Large_Hadron_Collider_experiments" title="List of Large Hadron Collider experiments">List of LHC experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALICE_experiment" title="ALICE experiment">ALICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATLAS_experiment" title="ATLAS experiment">ATLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Muon_Solenoid" title="Compact Muon Solenoid">CMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHCb_experiment" title="LHCb experiment">LHCb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHCf_experiment" title="LHCf experiment">LHCf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoEDAL_experiment" title="MoEDAL experiment">MoEDAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOTEM_experiment" title="TOTEM experiment">TOTEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FASER_experiment" title="FASER experiment">FASER</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large_Electron%E2%80%93Positron_Collider" title="Large Electron–Positron Collider">Large Electron–Positron Collider</a> (LEP)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_Electron%E2%80%93Positron_Collider#Detectors" title="Large Electron–Positron Collider">List of LEP experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALEPH_experiment" title="ALEPH experiment">ALEPH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DELPHI_experiment" title="DELPHI experiment">DELPHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPAL_experiment" title="OPAL experiment">OPAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L3_experiment" title="L3 experiment">L3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Super_Proton_Synchrotron" title="Super Proton Synchrotron">Super Proton Synchrotron</a> (SPS)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Super_Proton_Synchrotron_experiments" title="List of Super Proton Synchrotron experiments">List of SPS experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AWAKE" title="AWAKE">AWAKE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_Neutrinos_to_Gran_Sasso" title="CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso">CNGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NA48_experiment" title="NA48 experiment">NA48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NA49_experiment" title="NA49 experiment">NA49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COMPASS_experiment" title="COMPASS experiment">NA58/COMPASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NA60_experiment" title="NA60 experiment">NA60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NA61_experiment" title="NA61 experiment">NA61/SHINE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NA62_experiment" title="NA62 experiment">NA62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UA1_experiment" title="UA1 experiment">UA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UA2_experiment" title="UA2 experiment">UA2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIBC" class="mw-redirect" title="BIBC">BIBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEBC" class="mw-redirect" title="LEBC">LEBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOLEBC" class="mw-redirect" title="HOLEBC">HOLEBC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proton_Synchrotron" title="Proton Synchrotron">Proton Synchrotron</a> (PS)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton_Synchrotron_Booster" title="Proton Synchrotron Booster">PSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Energy_Ion_Ring" title="Low Energy Ion Ring">LEIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_European_Bubble_Chamber" title="Big European Bubble Chamber">BEBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLOUD_experiment" title="CLOUD experiment">PS215/CLOUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargamelle" title="Gargamelle">Gargamelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_m_Bubble_Chamber_(CERN)" title="2 m Bubble Chamber (CERN)">2 m Bubble Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_cm_Bubble_Chamber_(CERN)" title="30 cm Bubble Chamber (CERN)">30 cm Bubble Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/81_cm_Saclay_Bubble_Chamber" title="81 cm Saclay Bubble Chamber">81 cm Saclay Bubble Chamber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linear accelerators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AWAKE" title="AWAKE">AWAKE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTF3_(CERN)" class="mw-redirect" title="CTF3 (CERN)">CTF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_Linear_Electron_Accelerator_for_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research">CLEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_Hadron_Linacs#Linac" title="CERN Hadron Linacs">Linac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_Hadron_Linacs#Linac_2" title="CERN Hadron Linacs">Linac 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_Hadron_Linacs#Linac_3" title="CERN Hadron Linacs">Linac 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_Hadron_Linacs#Linac4" title="CERN Hadron Linacs">Linac4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other accelerators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiproton_Accumulator" title="Antiproton Accumulator">AA (part of AAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiproton_Collector" title="Antiproton Collector">AC (part of AAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiproton_Decelerator" title="Antiproton Decelerator">AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersecting_Storage_Rings" title="Intersecting Storage Rings">ISR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Energy_Antiproton_Ring" title="Low Energy Antiproton Ring">LEAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PS210_experiment" title="PS210 experiment">PS210</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Energy_Ion_Ring" title="Low Energy Ion Ring">LEIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEP_Pre-Injector" title="LEP Pre-Injector">LPI (LIL and EPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_Time_Of_Flight" title="Neutron Time Of Flight">n-TOF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchro-Cyclotron_(CERN)" title="Synchro-Cyclotron (CERN)">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Proton%E2%80%93Antiproton_Synchrotron" title="Super Proton–Antiproton Synchrotron">SppS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/On-Line_Isotope_Mass_Separator" class="mw-redirect" title="On-Line Isotope Mass Separator">ISOLDE</a> facility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CERN-MEDICIS" title="CERN-MEDICIS">CERN-MEDICIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COLLAPS_experiment" title="COLLAPS experiment">COLLAPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRIS_experiment" title="CRIS experiment">CRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EC-SLI_experiment" title="EC-SLI experiment">EC-SLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISOLDE_Decay_Station_experiment" title="ISOLDE Decay Station experiment">IDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISOLDE_Solenoidal_Spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="ISOLDE Solenoidal Spectrometer">ISS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISOLTRAP_experiment" title="ISOLTRAP experiment">ISOLTRAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LUCRECIA_experiment" title="LUCRECIA experiment">LUCRECIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniball_experiment" title="Miniball experiment">Miniball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIRACLS_experiment" title="MIRACLS experiment">MIRACLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEC_experiment" title="SEC experiment">SEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VITO_experiment" title="VITO experiment">VITO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISArD_experiment" title="WISArD experiment">WISArD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WITCH_experiment" title="WITCH experiment">WITCH</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-accelerator experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CERN_Axion_Solar_Telescope" title="CERN Axion Solar Telescope">CAST</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Luminosity_Large_Hadron_Collider" title="High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider">High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Linear_Collider" title="Compact Linear Collider">Compact Linear Collider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Circular_Collider" title="Future Circular Collider">Future Circular Collider</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LHC@home" title="LHC@home">LHC@home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_Courier" title="CERN Courier">CERN Courier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_openlab" title="CERN openlab">CERN openlab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_LHC_Computing_Grid" title="Worldwide LHC Computing Grid">Worldwide LHC Computing Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcosm_(CERN)" title="Microcosm (CERN)">Microcosm exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_at_CERN" title="List of streets at CERN">Streets in CERN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_of_Science_and_Innovation" title="The Globe of Science and Innovation">The Globe of Science and Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_Fever" title="Particle Fever">Particle Fever (2013 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_directors_general_of_CERN" title="List of directors general of CERN">Directors-general of CERN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_CERN_Scientific_Committees" title="List of CERN Scientific Committees">Scientific committees of CERN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:CERN" title="Category:CERN">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Research_institutes_in_Switzerland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Research_institutes_in_Switzerland" title="Template:Research institutes in Switzerland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Research_institutes_in_Switzerland" title="Template talk:Research institutes in Switzerland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Research_institutes_in_Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Research institutes in Switzerland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Research_institutes_in_Switzerland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_Switzerland" title="Category:Research institutes in Switzerland">Research institutes in Switzerland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">associated to Universities and ETH domain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Learning_and_Research_Institute" title="Advanced Learning and Research Institute">ALaRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Merkle_Institute" title="Adolphe Merkle Institute">AMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_on_Conflict,_Development_and_Peacebuilding" title="Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding">CCDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Comparative_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Comparative and International Studies">CSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Finance_and_Development" title="Centre for Finance and Development">CFD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Miescher_Institute_for_Biomedical_Research" title="Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research">FMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalle_Molle_Institute_for_Artificial_Intelligence_Research" title="Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research">IDSIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiap_Research_Institute" title="Idiap Research Institute">IDIAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalle_Molle_Institute_for_Semantic_and_Cognitive_Studies" title="Dalle Molle Institute for Semantic and Cognitive Studies">ISSCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Laboratory_for_Doping_Analyses" title="Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses">LAD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediplant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mediplant (page does not exist)">Mediplant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oeschger_Centre_for_Climate_Change_Research" title="Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research">OCCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Finance_Institute" title="Swiss Finance Institute">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Institute_of_Bioinformatics" title="Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics">SIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Nanoscience_Institute" title="Swiss Nanoscience Institute">SNI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Institute" title="World Trade Institute">WTI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">part of <a href="/wiki/ETH_Domain" title="ETH Domain">ETH Domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Institute_of_Aquatic_Science_and_Technology" title="Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology">EAWAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Laboratories_for_Materials_Science_and_Technology" title="Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology">EMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne" title="École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne">EPFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a> (<a href="/wiki/ETH_Library" title="ETH Library">ETH Library</a> · <a href="/wiki/BWI_Center_for_Industrial_Management" title="BWI Center for Industrial Management">BWI</a> · <a href="/wiki/Max_Frisch_Archive" title="Max Frisch Archive">Max Frisch Archive</a> · <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mathematical_Research" title="Institute for Mathematical Research">IMR/FIM</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=KOF_(institute)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KOF (institute) (page does not exist)">KOF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Scherrer_Institute" title="Paul Scherrer Institute">PSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Institute_for_Forest,_Snow_and_Landscape_Research" title="Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research">WSL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other federal institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroscope" title="Agroscope">Agroscope</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Virology_und_Immunology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute for Virology und Immunology (page does not exist)">IVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Institute_of_Metrology" title="Federal Institute of Metrology">METAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Academies_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences">Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Academy_of_Natural_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Academy of Natural Sciences">SCNAT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences (page does not exist)">SAMS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Academy_of_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences (page does not exist)">SAGW</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Academy_of_Engineering_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences (page does not exist)">SATW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">international centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AISTS" title="AISTS">AISTS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CERN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCAF" title="DCAF">DCAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Centre_for_Security_Policy" title="Geneva Centre for Security Policy">GCSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mountain_Society" title="International Mountain Society">IMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Water_Hub" title="Geneva Water Hub">Geneva Water Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Institute_of_Organic_Agriculture" title="Research Institute of Organic Agriculture">FiBL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">private centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Institute_for_Immunology" title="Basel Institute for Immunology">BII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyss_Center_for_Bio_and_Neuroengineering" title="Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering">Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Association">Geneva Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Ornithological_Institute" title="Swiss Ornithological Institute">Swiss Ornithological Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for Technical and Scientific Research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Sols" title="Alberto Sols">Alberto Sols</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ballester" title="Manuel Ballester">Manuel Ballester</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Santal%C3%B3" title="Luis Santaló">Luis Antonio Santaló Sors</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garcia-Bellido" title="Antonio Garcia-Bellido">Antonio Garcia-Bellido</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_V%C3%A1zquez_Mart%C3%ADnez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Vázquez Martínez (page does not exist)">David Vázquez Martínez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Rosenblueth" title="Emilio Rosenblueth">Emilio Rosenblueth</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(chemist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio González González (chemist) (page does not exist)">Antonio González González</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Convit" title="Jacinto Convit">Jacinto Convit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Rudom%C3%ADn_Zevnovaty" title="Pablo Rudomín Zevnovaty">Pablo Rudomín</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Cardona" title="Manuel Cardona">Manuel Cardona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Moshinsky" title="Marcos Moshinsky">Marcos Moshinsky</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Guido_M%C3%BCnch" title="Guido Münch">Guido Münch</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Grisol%C3%ADa,_1st_Marquess_of_Grisol%C3%ADa" title="Santiago Grisolía, 1st Marquess of Grisolía">Santiago Grisolía</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Moncada" title="Salvador Moncada">Salvador Moncada</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Bol%C3%ADvar_Zapata" title="Francisco Bolívar Zapata">Francisco Bolívar Zapata</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Moliner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federico García Moliner (page does not exist)">Federico García Moliner</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Amable_Li%C3%B1%C3%A1n" title="Amable Liñán">Amable Liñán</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Elkin_Patarroyo" title="Manuel Elkin Patarroyo">Manuel Patarroyo</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Losada_Villasante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Losada Villasante (page does not exist)">Manuel Losada Villasante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Biodiversidad" title="Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad">Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad</a> of Costa Rica</li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Fuster" title="Valentín Fuster">Valentín Fuster</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site_of_Atapuerca" title="Archaeological site of Atapuerca">Atapuerca</a> research team</li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_M%C3%A9ndez_P%C3%A9rez" title="Emilio Méndez Pérez">Emilio Méndez Pérez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Miguel_Etxenike" title="Pedro Miguel Etxenike">Pedro Miguel Echenique Landiríbar</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Miledi" title="Ricardo Miledi">Ricardo Miledi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Moreno_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Enrique Moreno González">Enrique Moreno González</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gallo" title="Robert Gallo">Robert Gallo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Craig_Venter" title="Craig Venter">Craig Venter</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John Sulston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Weissenbach" title="Jean Weissenbach">Jean Weissenbach</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Roberts (scientist)">Lawrence Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Robert E. Kahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vinton Cerf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Judah_Folkman" title="Judah Folkman">Judah Folkman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_R._Hunter" title="Anthony R. Hunter">Tony Hunter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Massagu%C3%A9" title="Joan Massagué">Joan Massagué</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Vogelstein" title="Bert Vogelstein">Bert Vogelstein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_(biologist)" title="Robert Weinberg (biologist)">Robert Weinberg</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Damasio" title="Antonio Damasio">Antonio Damasio</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ignacio_Cirac_Sasturain" title="Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain">Juan Ignacio Cirac</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Anthony_Lawrence" title="Peter Anthony Lawrence">Peter Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gin%C3%A9s_Morata" title="Ginés Morata">Ginés Morata</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Sumio_Iijima" title="Sumio Iijima">Sumio Iijima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert Langer</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_M._Whitesides" title="George M. Whitesides">George M. Whitesides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tobin_J._Marks" title="Tobin J. Marks">Tobin Marks</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(inventor)" title="Martin Cooper (inventor)">Martin Cooper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Tomlinson" title="Ray Tomlinson">Raymond Tomlinson</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Minke" title="Baruch Minke">Baruch Minke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linda_R._Watkins" title="Linda R. Watkins">Linda Watkins</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Altman" title="Joseph Altman">Joseph Altman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Alvarez-Buylla" title="Arturo Alvarez-Buylla">Arturo Álvarez-Buylla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Rizzolatti" title="Giacomo Rizzolatti">Giacomo Rizzolatti</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lerner" title="Richard Lerner">Richard A. Lerner</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a>, and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Avel%C2%B7l%C3%AD_Corma_Can%C3%B3s" title="Avel·lí Corma Canós">Avelino Corma Canós</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Davis" title="Mark E. Davis">Mark E. Davis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galen_D._Stucky" title="Galen D. Stucky">Galen D. Stucky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Herr" title="Hugh Herr">Hugh Herr</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip S. Thorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barry C. Barish</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> Scientific Collaboration</li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Chory" title="Joanne Chory">Joanne Chory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandra_D%C3%ADaz_(ecologist)" title="Sandra Díaz (ecologist)">Sandra Myrna Díaz</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Yves_Meyer" title="Yves Meyer">Yves Meyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Daubechies" title="Ingrid Daubechies">Ingrid Daubechies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terence_Tao" title="Terence Tao">Terence Tao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Cand%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Candès">Emmanuel Candès</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Felgner" title="Philip Felgner">Philip Felgner</a>, <a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C5%9Eahin" title="Uğur Şahin">Uğur Şahin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zlem_T%C3%BCreci" title="Özlem Türeci">Özlem Türeci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derrick_Rossi" title="Derrick Rossi">Derrick Rossi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Gilbert" title="Sarah Gilbert">Sarah Gilbert</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_I._Gordon" title="Jeffrey I. Gordon">Jeffrey I. Gordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Everett_Peter_Greenberg" title="Everett Peter Greenberg">Everett Peter Greenberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Bassler" title="Bonnie Bassler">Bonnie Bassler</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Drucker" title="Daniel J. Drucker">Daniel J. Drucker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_M._Friedman" title="Jeffrey M. Friedman">Jeffrey M. Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joel_Habener" title="Joel Habener">Joel F. Habener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jens_Juul_Holst" title="Jens Juul Holst">Jens Juul Holst</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Mojsov" title="Svetlana Mojsov">Svetlana Mojsov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42944#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42944#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42944#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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