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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderland_inc%C9%99s%C9%99n%C9%99ti" title="Niderland incəsənəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Niderland incəsənəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧོ་ལན་གྱིས་སྒྱུ་རྩལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧོ་ལན་གྱིས་སྒྱུ་རྩལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_n%C3%A9erlandais" title="Art néerlandais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_Nightwatch_by_Rembrandt_-_Rijksmuseum.jpg/330px-The_Nightwatch_by_Rembrandt_-_Rijksmuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_Nightwatch_by_Rembrandt_-_Rijksmuseum.jpg/440px-The_Nightwatch_by_Rembrandt_-_Rijksmuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14168" data-file-height="11528" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Night_Watch" title="The Night Watch">The Night Watch</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, 1642, <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>, Amsterdam</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg/220px-Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg/330px-Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg/440px-Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5407" data-file-height="4191" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Starry_Night_Over_the_Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Starry Night Over the Rhône">Starry Night Over the Rhône</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, 1888, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dutch art</b> describes the history of <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a> separated from <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>. Earlier painting in the area is covered in <a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">History of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flemish_painting" title="Flemish painting">Flemish</a> painting</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a>  (1400–1523)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Renaissance painting</a>  (1520–1580)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism#Netherlands_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a>  (1580–1615)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch "Golden Age" painting</a>  (1615–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque painting</a>  (1608–1700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_School" title="Hague School">Hague School</a>  (1860–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam Impressionism</a>  (1885–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a>  (1917–1931)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_painters" title="List of Dutch painters">List of Dutch painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Flemish_painters" title="List of Flemish painters">List of Flemish painters</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>Dutch Golden Age painting, spanning from about 1620 to 1680, was a distinct style and movement that evolved out of the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque tradition</a>. It was a period of great artistic achievement in the Netherlands. There was a healthy artistic climate in Dutch cities during the seventeenth century. For example, between 1605 and 1635, over 100,000 paintings were produced in <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, art ownership in the city was 25%, a record high.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the end of the Golden Age, production of paintings remained high, but ceased to influence the rest of Europe as strongly. </p><p>Many painters, sculptors and architects of the seventeenth century are called "<a href="/wiki/Dutch_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch masters">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_Master" title="Old Master">masters</a>", while earlier artists are generally referred to as part of the "<a href="/wiki/Netherlands_(terminology)#Netherlandish" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands (terminology)">Netherlandish</a>" tradition. When a work of art is labelled as 'Dutch School', it means that the specific artist who created it is unknown. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hague_School" title="Hague School">Hague School</a> of the 19th century re-interpreted the range of subjects of the Golden Age in contemporary terms, and made Dutch painting once again a European leader. In the successive movements of art since the 19th century, the Dutch contribution has been best known from the work of the individual figures of <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Piet Mondrian</a>, though both did their best work outside the Netherlands, and took some time to be appreciated. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam Impressionism</a> had a mainly local impact, but the <i><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i> movement, of which Mondrian was a member, was influential abroad. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Golden_Age">Golden Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Golden Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age painting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meisje_met_de_parel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Meisje_met_de_parel.jpg/220px-Meisje_met_de_parel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Meisje_met_de_parel.jpg/330px-Meisje_met_de_parel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Meisje_met_de_parel.jpg/440px-Meisje_met_de_parel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="4794" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring" title="Girl with a Pearl Earring">Girl with a Pearl Earring</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a> is often considered to be the best known piece of Dutch art.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age painting</a> was among the most acclaimed in the world at the time, during the seventeenth century. During the Dutch Golden Age, there was such a high output of paintings that prices for artwork declined. From the 1620s, Dutch painting broke decisively from the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> style typified by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Rubens</a> in neighboring Flanders into a more realistic style of depiction, very much concerned with the real world. Types of paintings included historical paintings, portraiture, landscapes and cityscapes, <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">still lifes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genre_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Genre works">genre paintings</a>. In the last four of these categories, Dutch painters established styles upon which art in Europe depended for the next two centuries. Paintings often had a moralistic subtext. The Golden Age never really recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Rampjaar" title="Rampjaar">French invasion of 1672</a>, although there was a twilight period lasting until about 1710. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heda_hermitage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Heda_hermitage.jpg/220px-Heda_hermitage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Heda_hermitage.jpg/330px-Heda_hermitage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Heda_hermitage.jpg/440px-Heda_hermitage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="1463" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Willem_Claeszoon_Heda" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem Claeszoon Heda">Willem Claeszoon Heda</a> (17th century): <i>Breakfast with a Crab</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Dutch painters, especially in the northern provinces, tried to evoke emotions in the spectator by letting the person be a bystander to a scene of profound intimacy. Portrait painting thrived in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century. Many portraits were commissioned by wealthy individuals. Group portraits similarly were often ordered by prominent members of a city's civilian guard, by boards of trustees and regents, and the likes. Often, group portraits were paid for by each portrayed person individually. The amount paid determined each person's place in the picture, either head to toe in full regalia in the foreground or face only in the back of the group. Sometimes, all group members paid an equal sum, which was likely to lead to quarrels when some members gained a more prominent place in the picture than others. Allegories, in which painted objects conveyed symbolic meaning about the subject, were often applied. Dutch genre paintings often included hidden meanings or messages that were understood by viewers at the time, but may not be easily understood by modern viewers. Favourite topics in Dutch landscapes were the dunes along the western sea coast, rivers with their broad adjoining meadows where cattle grazed, often a silhouette of a city in the distance. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt's</a> reputation as a portrait artist had grown by 1631, and he began receiving several portrait commissions in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. Around 1640, Rembrandt's work became more somber and reflective, perhaps influenced by personal tragedy and loss. Biblical scenes were now derived more often from the New Testament instead of the Old Testament. One of his most famous paintings is <i><a href="/wiki/Night_Watch_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Night Watch (painting)">The Night Watch</a></i>, which was completed in 1642, at the peak of Holland's golden age. The painting was commissioned to be hung in the banquet hall of the newly built <a href="/wiki/Kloveniersdoelen,_Amsterdam" title="Kloveniersdoelen, Amsterdam">Kloveniersdoelen</a> (Musketeers' Meeting Hall) in Amsterdam. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_De_Soldaat_en_het_Lachende_Meisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Johannes_Vermeer_-_De_Soldaat_en_het_Lachende_Meisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_De_Soldaat_en_het_Lachende_Meisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Johannes_Vermeer_-_De_Soldaat_en_het_Lachende_Meisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_De_Soldaat_en_het_Lachende_Meisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Johannes_Vermeer_-_De_Soldaat_en_het_Lachende_Meisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_De_Soldaat_en_het_Lachende_Meisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4785" data-file-height="5213" /></a><figcaption>Vermeer's <i><a href="/wiki/Officer_and_a_Laughing_Girl" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer and a Laughing Girl">Officer and a Laughing Girl</a></i> circa 1657,<a href="/wiki/The_Frick_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="The Frick Collection">The Frick Collection</a>, New York</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a>'s works are admired for their transparent colors, careful composition, and brilliant use of light. Vermeer painted mostly domestic interior scenes, and even his two known landscapes are framed with a window. The interior scenes are usually genre pieces or portraits. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_School_of_the_Arts" title="Utrecht School of the Arts">Utrecht School</a> is a term used to describe a group of painters working in the city of Utrecht in the 17th century. Their work is considered part of the Baroque period of art history. The Utrecht School painters were influenced by the work of <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, who had died shortly before their careers began. The <a href="/wiki/Bamboccianti" title="Bamboccianti">Bamboccianti</a> were a group of Dutch genre painters active in Rome from 1625 to 1700, during high and late Baroque. Their works were typically small parlor paintings or etchings of everyday life, including peasants in picturesque scenes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nineteenth_century">Nineteenth century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nineteenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hague_School">Hague School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hague School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Hendrik_Breitner_-_Gezicht_op_de_Dam_te_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/George_Hendrik_Breitner_-_Gezicht_op_de_Dam_te_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-George_Hendrik_Breitner_-_Gezicht_op_de_Dam_te_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/George_Hendrik_Breitner_-_Gezicht_op_de_Dam_te_Amsterdam.jpg/330px-George_Hendrik_Breitner_-_Gezicht_op_de_Dam_te_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/George_Hendrik_Breitner_-_Gezicht_op_de_Dam_te_Amsterdam.jpg/440px-George_Hendrik_Breitner_-_Gezicht_op_de_Dam_te_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2910" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><i>The Dam, Amsterdam</i> (circa 1895) by <a href="/wiki/George_Hendrik_Breitner" title="George Hendrik Breitner">George Hendrik Breitner</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the 19th century, the Netherlands were far behind the up-to-date art tendencies and schools. Possibly the best known Dutch painter in the first half of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Johan_Jongkind" title="Johan Jongkind">Johan Barthold Jongkind</a>, after getting an art education in the country, moved over to France and spend most of his life in Paris. </p><p>At the same time, Dutch art responded to the realistic tendencies which were developing in France about the same time. The <a href="/wiki/Hague_School" title="Hague School">Hague School</a> were around at the start of the nineteenth century. They included <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Isra%C3%ABls" title="Jozef Israëls">Jozef Israëls</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Maris" title="Jacob Maris">Jacob Maris</a> captured the many contrasting aspects of the Dutch landscape, from its deepest shadows to its brightest highlights, and from its hazy atmosphere to its clear, crisp air. "No painter," says M. Philippe Zilcken, "has so well expressed the ethereal effects, bathed in air and light through floating silvery mist, in which painters delight, and the characteristic remote horizons blurred by haze; or again, the grey yet luminous weather of Holland." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam Impressionism</a> was current during the middle of the nineteenth century at about the same time as <a href="/wiki/French_Impressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="French Impressionism">French Impressionism</a>. The painters put their impressions onto canvas with rapid, visible strokes of the brush. They focused on depicting the everyday life of the city. Late nineteenth-century Amsterdam was a bustling centre of art and literature. Famous painters among the Amsterdam Impressionists include <a href="/wiki/George_Hendrik_Breitner" title="George Hendrik Breitner">George Hendrik Breitner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Zwart" title="Willem de Zwart">Willem de Zwart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Isra%C3%ABls" title="Isaac Israëls">Isaac Israëls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Duiker" title="Simon Duiker">Simon Duiker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Toorop" title="Jan Toorop">Jan Toorop</a>. George Hendrik Breitner introduced a realism to the Netherlands that created shock waves similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Courbet</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a>'s in France. He was the painter of city views par excellence: wooden foundation piles by the harbour, demolition work and construction sites in the old centre, horse trams on the Dam, or canals in the rain. By the turn of the century, Breitner was a famous painter in the Netherlands, as demonstrated by a highly successful retrospective exhibition at Arti et Amicitiae in Amsterdam (1901). When the streets of Amsterdam are grey and rainy, people of Amsterdam whisper grimly "Echt Breitnerweer" (Typical Breitnerweather). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vincent_van_Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vincent van Gogh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Gogh_Self-Portrait_with_Straw_Hat_1887-Detroit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Van_Gogh_Self-Portrait_with_Straw_Hat_1887-Detroit.jpg/220px-Van_Gogh_Self-Portrait_with_Straw_Hat_1887-Detroit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Van_Gogh_Self-Portrait_with_Straw_Hat_1887-Detroit.jpg/330px-Van_Gogh_Self-Portrait_with_Straw_Hat_1887-Detroit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Van_Gogh_Self-Portrait_with_Straw_Hat_1887-Detroit.jpg/440px-Van_Gogh_Self-Portrait_with_Straw_Hat_1887-Detroit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2087" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption><i>Self-Portrait with Straw Hat</i> by Vincent van Gogh, summer 1887</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a> (30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890) was a <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">post-Impressionist</a> painter whose work, notable for its rough beauty, emotional honesty and bold color, had a far-reaching influence on 20th-century art. After years of painful anxiety and frequent bouts of mental illness,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he died aged 37 from a gunshot wound, generally accepted to be self-inflicted (although no gun was ever found). His work was then known to only a handful of people and appreciated by fewer still. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincent_Van_Gogh_0013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="man wearing a straw hat, carrying a canvas and paintbox, walking to the left, down a tree lined, leaf strewn country road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vincent_Van_Gogh_0013.jpg/170px-Vincent_Van_Gogh_0013.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vincent_Van_Gogh_0013.jpg/255px-Vincent_Van_Gogh_0013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vincent_Van_Gogh_0013.jpg/340px-Vincent_Van_Gogh_0013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><i>Painter on the Road to Tarascon</i>, August 1888, believed to have been destroyed by fire during the Second World War</figcaption></figure> <p>Following his first exhibitions in the late 1880s, van Gogh's fame grew steadily among colleagues, art critics, dealers and collectors.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death, memorial exhibitions were mounted in Brussels, Paris, The Hague and Antwerp. In the early 20th century, there were retrospectives in Paris (1901 and 1905) and Amsterdam (<a href="/wiki/Stedelijk_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Stedelijk Museum">Stedelijk Museum</a>, 1905), and important group exhibitions in Cologne (<a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler">Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler</a>, 1912), New York (<a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a>, 1913) and Berlin (1914).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These had a noticeable impact on later generations of artists.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-20th century, van Gogh was seen as one of the greatest and most recognizable painters in history.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, a group of Dutch historians compiled the "<a href="/wiki/Canon_of_the_Netherlands" title="Canon of the Netherlands">Canon of the Netherlands</a>" to be taught in schools and included van Gogh as one of the fifty topics of the canon, alongside other national icons such as <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together with those of <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, Van Gogh's works are among the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintings" title="List of most expensive paintings">most expensive paintings ever sold</a>, as estimated from auctions and private sales. Those sold for over $100 million (today's equivalent) include <i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Dr._Gachet" title="Portrait of Dr. Gachet">Portrait of Dr. Gachet</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Portrait_of_Joseph_Roulin.jpg" title="File:Vincent van Gogh - Portrait of Joseph Roulin.jpg"><i>Portrait of Joseph Roulin</i></a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Irises_(painting)" title="Irises (painting)">Irises</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/A_Wheatfield_with_Cypresses" class="mw-redirect" title="A Wheatfield with Cypresses">A Wheatfield with Cypresses</a></i> was sold in 1993 for $57 million, a spectacularly high price at the time, while his <i><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_Bandaged_Ear" title="Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear">Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear</a></i> was sold privately in the late 1990s for an estimated $80 to $90 million.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piet_Mondriaan_Victory_Boogie_Woogie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Piet_Mondriaan_Victory_Boogie_Woogie.jpg/220px-Piet_Mondriaan_Victory_Boogie_Woogie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Piet_Mondriaan_Victory_Boogie_Woogie.jpg/330px-Piet_Mondriaan_Victory_Boogie_Woogie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Piet_Mondriaan_Victory_Boogie_Woogie.jpg/440px-Piet_Mondriaan_Victory_Boogie_Woogie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4724" data-file-height="4724" /></a><figcaption>Piet Mondrian's <i>Victory Boogie Woogie</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1905 and 1910, pointillism as practiced by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Sluyters" title="Jan Sluyters">Jan Sluyters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Piet Mondrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Gestel" title="Leo Gestel">Leo Gestel</a> was flourishing. Between 1911 and 1914, all the latest art movements arrived in the Netherlands one after another including <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">cubism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">futurism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionism</a>, with notable artists of this era including <a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a>. After World War I, <a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a> (the style) was led by <a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Theo van Doesburg</a> and Piet Mondrian and promoted a pure art, consisting only of vertical and horizontal lines, and the use of primary colours. The <a href="/wiki/Design_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Design Academy">Design Academy</a> was established in 1947. </p><p>Abstract art became famous in the Netherlands after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> because of the memorable works of painters like <a href="/wiki/Karel_Appel" title="Karel Appel">Karel Appel</a> and groups he was a part of such as <a href="/wiki/COBRA_(art_movement)" title="COBRA (art movement)">COBRA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museums">Museums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most museums with collections of older paintings have many Dutch paintings, especially from the early and Golden Age periods, often more than they can display. Outstanding collections include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alte_Pinakothek" title="Alte Pinakothek">Alte Pinakothek</a> in Munich</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemäldegalerie">Gemäldegalerie</a> in Berlin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Hals_Museum" title="Frans Hals Museum">Frans Hals Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage</a> in Saint Petersburg, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a> in Vienna</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritshuis" title="Mauritshuis">Mauritshuis</a> in The Hague</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery, London">National Gallery</a> in London</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery,_Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery, Washington D.C.">National Gallery, Washington D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rijksmuseum Amsterdam">Rijksmuseum Amsterdam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727061426/http://www.franshalsmuseum.nl/tentoonstelling/archief/3/haarlem-the-cradle-of-the-golden-age">"Haarlem: The Cradle of the Golden Age"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franshalsmuseum.nl/tentoonstelling/archief/3/haarlem-the-cradle-of-the-golden-age">the original</a> on 27 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haarlem%3A+The+Cradle+of+the+Golden+Age&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.franshalsmuseum.nl%2Ftentoonstelling%2Farchief%2F3%2Fhaarlem-the-cradle-of-the-golden-age&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727061426/http://www.franshalsmuseum.nl/tentoonstelling/archief/3/haarlem-the-cradle-of-the-golden-age">"Haarlem: The Cradle of the Golden Age"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franshalsmuseum.nl/tentoonstelling/archief/3/haarlem-the-cradle-of-the-golden-age">the original</a> on 27 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haarlem%3A+The+Cradle+of+the+Golden+Age&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.franshalsmuseum.nl%2Ftentoonstelling%2Farchief%2F3%2Fhaarlem-the-cradle-of-the-golden-age&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+art" class="Z3988"></span>, see also <a href="/wiki/Frans_Hals_Museum" title="Frans Hals Museum">Frans Hals Museum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tralbaut (1981), 286,287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hulsker (1990), 390</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Rewald, <i>Studies in Post-Impressionism</i>, <i>The Posthumous Fate of Vincent van Gogh 1890–1970,</i> pp. 244–254, published by <a href="/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry N. Abrams">Harry N. Abrams</a> 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-1632-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-1632-0">0-8109-1632-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Dorn, Leeman & alt. (1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rewald, John. "The posthumous fate of Vincent van Gogh 1890–1970". <i>Museumjournaal</i>, August–September 1970. Republished in Rewald (1986), 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GVIEAAAAMBAJ&dq=is+Vincent+van+Gogh+the+greatest+painter&pg=PA82">Vincent van Gogh The Dutch Master of Modern Art has his Greatest American Show</a>," <i>Life Magazine</i>, 10 October 1949, pp. 82–87. Retrieved 2 July 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nga.gov/education/classroom/self_portraits/bio_van_gogh.shtm">National Gallery of Art, Washington DC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060417083052/http://www.nga.gov/education/classroom/self_portraits/bio_van_gogh.shtm">Archived</a> April 17, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2 July 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canonvannederland.nl/">"Canon van Nederland"</a>. <i>canonvannederland.nl</i>. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=canonvannederland.nl&rft.atitle=Canon+van+Nederland&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canonvannederland.nl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artnet.com/magazine_pre2000/features/decker/decker11-4-98.asp">Andrew Decker, "The Silent Boom"</a>, <i>Artnet.com</i>. Retrieved 14 September 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiptoptens.com/2011/07/16/top-10-most-expensive-paintings/">"Top 10 Most Expensive Paintings"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130317003143/http://www.tiptoptens.com/2011/07/16/top-10-most-expensive-paintings/">Archived</a> 2013-03-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>TipTopTens.com</i>. Retrieved 14 September 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theartwolf.com/art-market/most-expensive-paintings/">G. Fernández, "The Most Expensive Paintings ever sold"</a>, <i>TheArtWolf.com</i>. Retrieved 14 September 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRietbergen2000" class="citation book cs1">Rietbergen, P. J. A. N. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52849131"><i>A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day</i></a> (4th ed.). Amersfoort: Bekking. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6109-440-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-6109-440-2"><bdi>90-6109-440-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52849131">52849131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Netherlands%3A+From+Prehistory+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=Amersfoort&rft.pages=154&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Bekking&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52849131&rft.isbn=90-6109-440-2&rft.aulast=Rietbergen&rft.aufirst=P.+J.+A.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F52849131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Netherlands_topics" title="Template:Netherlands topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Netherlands_topics" title="Template talk:Netherlands topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Netherlands_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Netherlands topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Netherlands_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in the Netherlands">Roman Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorestad" title="Dorestad">Dorestad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_centers_in_the_Low_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="History of urban centers in the Low Countries">Development urban centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine">Lower Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisian_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frisian Freedom">Frisian Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Renaissance in the Low Countries">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Revolution" title="Batavian Revolution">Batavian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(Netherlands)" title="Incorporation (Netherlands)">Incorporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">Nazi invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">Dutch Liberation Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Proclamation of Indonesian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Netherlands" title="Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands">Same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Netherlands" title="Geography of the Netherlands">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of birds of the Netherlands">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Works" title="Delta Works">Delta Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of earthquakes in the Netherlands">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of extreme points of the Netherlands">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands" title="Flood control in the Netherlands">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_gas_field" title="Groningen gas field">Gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of islands of the Netherlands">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of lakes of the Netherlands">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of mammals of the Netherlands">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of mountains and hills in the Netherlands">Mountains and hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of regions of the Netherlands">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of rivers of the Netherlands">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of volcanoes in the Netherlands">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee_Works" title="Zuiderzee Works">Zuiderzee Works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Abortion in the Netherlands">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cabinet of the Netherlands">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Netherlands" title="Climate change in the Netherlands">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Netherlands" title="Corruption in the Netherlands">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Demographics of the Netherlands">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_Netherlands" title="Euthanasia in the Netherlands">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Netherlands" title="Healthcare in the Netherlands">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_Netherlands" title="Homelessness in the Netherlands">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign relations of the Netherlands">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Netherlands" title="Human rights in the Netherlands">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Netherlands">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to the Netherlands">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law of the Netherlands">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Netherlands">Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_firms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law firms of the Netherlands">Law Firms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of political parties in the Netherlands">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of the Netherlands">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)" title="Water board (Netherlands)">Water boards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AEX_index" title="AEX index">AEX index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Energy in the Netherlands">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polder_model" title="Polder model">Polder model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Taxation in the Netherlands">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telecommunications in the Netherlands">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Tourism in the Netherlands">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Netherlands" title="Trade unions in the Netherlands">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Transport in the Netherlands">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cycling in the Netherlands">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Public transport in the Netherlands">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rail transport in the Netherlands">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Road transport in the Netherlands">Road transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the Netherlands">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Architecture of the Netherlands">Architecture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cannabis in the Netherlands">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_wine" title="Dutch wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_customs_and_etiquette" title="Dutch customs and etiquette">Customs and etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorations_and_medals_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorations and medals of the Netherlands">Decorations and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Irreligion in the Netherlands">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Netherlands">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_knighthood_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of knighthood in the Netherlands">Orders of knighthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_the_Netherlands" title="Pornography in the Netherlands">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Netherlands" title="Prostitution in the Netherlands">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Netherlands" title="Public holidays in the Netherlands">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sport in the Netherlands">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the Netherlands">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmus" title="Wilhelmus">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Coat of arms of the Netherlands">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the Netherlands">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic_Lion" title="Dutch Republic Lion">Lion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Low_Countries" title="Terminology of the Low Countries">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Netherlands" title="Outline of the Netherlands">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Netherlands" title="Category:Netherlands">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_art" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_topic" title="Template:European topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_topic" title="Template talk:European topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_art" class="mw-redirect" title="European art">European art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian art">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian art">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian art">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_art" title="Croatian art">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot art">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_art" title="Czech art">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_art" title="Danish art">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_art" title="Estonian art">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_art" title="Finnish art">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_art" title="Hungarian art">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_art" title="Irish art">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian art">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian art">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg art">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Maltese art">Malta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_art" title="Polish art">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_art" title="Portuguese art">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_art" title="Romanian art">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak art">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian art">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_art" title="Spanish art">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_art" title="Swedish art">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andorran_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andorran art (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_art" title="Armenian art">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_art" title="Azerbaijani art">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian art">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina art">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_art" title="Georgian art">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_art" title="Icelandic art">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_art" title="Kazakh art">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liechtensteiner_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liechtensteiner art (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldovan_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moldovan art (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon%C3%A9gasque_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monégasque art (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montenegrin_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montenegrin art (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_art" title="Norwegian art">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian art">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sammarinese_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sammarinese art (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_art" title="Serbian art">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss art">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian art">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_art" class="mw-redirect" title="British art">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhaz_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abkhaz art (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovan_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosovan art (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Cypriot_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Cypriot art (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Ossetian_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Ossetian art (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transnistrian_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transnistrian art (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_art" title="Faroese art">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gibraltarian_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gibraltarian art (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guernsey art (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manx_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manx art (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jersey art (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Art_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Art_of_Europe" title="Template:Art of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Art_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Art of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Art_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Art of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Art_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Belgium" title="Art of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Slovenia" title="Art of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Svalbard (page does not 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