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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epistemology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistemology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Epistemology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistemology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deleuze's_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deleuze's_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Deleuze's interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deleuze's_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similarities_with_Heidegger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarities_with_Heidegger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Similarities with Heidegger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similarities_with_Heidegger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_idealism_and_negligence_of_material_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_idealism_and_negligence_of_material_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Allegations of idealism and negligence of material conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_idealism_and_negligence_of_material_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_with_monism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_with_monism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Relation with monism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_with_monism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subjectivity_and_individuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subjectivity_and_individuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Subjectivity and individuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subjectivity_and_individuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Science wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Documentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gilles Deleuze</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2" title="جيل دولوز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيل دولوز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jil_Del%C3%B6z" title="Jil Delöz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Jil Delöz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C" title="জিল দ্যলোজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জিল দ্যলোজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B7" title="Жыль Дэлёз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жыль Дэлёз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Жил Дельоз – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жил Дельоз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B9%CE%BB_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B6" title="Ζιλ Ντελέζ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζιλ Ντελέζ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2" title="ژیل دلوز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژیل دلوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%88_%EB%93%A4%EB%A2%B0%EC%A6%88" title="질 들뢰즈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="질 들뢰즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%AB%D5%AC_%D4%B4%D5%A8%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%A6" title="Ժիլ Դըլյոզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժիլ Դըլյոզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87" title="गिल्लेस देलयूज़े – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गिल्लेस देलयूज़े" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%96" title="ז'יל דלז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'יל דלז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ჟილ დელეზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟილ დელეზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Жиль Делез – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жиль Делез" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegidius_Deleuze" title="Aegidius Deleuze – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aegidius Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDils_Del%C4%93zs" title="Žils Delēzs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žils Delēzs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Жил Делез – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жил Делез" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗില്ലെസ് ഡെല്യൂസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗില്ലെസ് ഡെല്യൂസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2" title="جيل دولوز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيل دولوز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="ジル・ドゥルーズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジル・ドゥルーズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਜ਼ਿਲ ਦੇਲੂਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜ਼ਿਲ ਦੇਲੂਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%8A%D9%84_%DA%89%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2" title="ژيل ډيلوز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژيل ډيلوز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B7,_%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Делёз, Жиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Делёз, Жиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDil_Delez" title="Žil Delez – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Žil Delez" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Жиль Делез – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жиль Делез" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%92%E8%8C%B2" title="吉爾·德勒茲 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="吉爾·德勒茲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gilles Deleuze" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%B7%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB" title="知路·杜魯士 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="知路·杜魯士" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%85%B9" title="吉尔·德勒兹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="吉尔·德勒兹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184226#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French philosopher (1925–1995)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Deleuze" redirects here. For the French botanist, see <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois_Deleuze" title="Joseph-Philippe-François Deleuze">Joseph-Philippe-François Deleuze</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Gilles Deleuze</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilles_Deleuze.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/Gilles_Deleuze.webp/220px-Gilles_Deleuze.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/Gilles_Deleuze.webp/299px-Gilles_Deleuze.webp.png 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="332" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">18 January 1925<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 November 1995<span style="display:none">(1995-11-04)</span> (aged 70)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Paris, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctorat_d%27%C3%89tat" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorat d'État">DrE</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Nietzscheanism" class="mw-redirect" title="French Nietzscheanism">French Nietzscheanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a><sup id="cite_ref-SEP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris VIII">University of Paris VIII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Parnet" title="Claire Parnet">Claire Parnet</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Western philosophy">history of Western philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">metaphilosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_semiotics" title="Film semiotics">film semiotics</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><span class="nowrap"> </span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Affect_(philosophy)" title="Affect (philosophy)">Affect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Percept" class="mw-redirect" title="Percept">percept</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Arborescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Arborescent">Arborescent</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(philosophy)" title="Assemblage (philosophy)">Assemblage</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Body_without_organs" title="Body without organs">Body without organs</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Desiring-production" title="Desiring-production">Desiring-production</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Deterritorialization" title="Deterritorialization">Deterritorialization</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a>–<a href="/wiki/Difference_(poststructuralism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Difference (poststructuralism)">difference</a> distinction </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Immanent_evaluation" title="Immanent evaluation">Immanent evaluation</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">Individuation</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Line_of_flight" title="Line of flight">Line of flight</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Minority_(philosophy)" title="Minority (philosophy)">Minority</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Molar_configuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Molar configuration">Molar configuration</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Multiplicity_(philosophy)" title="Multiplicity (philosophy)">Multiplicity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Plane_of_immanence" title="Plane of immanence">Plane of immanence</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Reterritorialization" title="Reterritorialization">Reterritorialization</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Rhizome_(philosophy)" title="Rhizome (philosophy)">Rhizome</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Schizoanalysis" title="Schizoanalysis">Schizoanalysis</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Societies_of_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Societies of control">Societies of control</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Socius_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socius (philosophy)">Socius</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Subjectification" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectification">Subjectification</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_empiricism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendental empiricism">Transcendental empiricism</a> </li><li style="line-height: 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class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology#Nature,_science,_and_technology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology of nature,<br /> science, and technology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecogovernmentality" title="Ecogovernmentality">Ecogovernmentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature%E2%80%93culture_divide" title="Nature–culture divide">Nature–culture divide</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Boellstorff" title="Tom Boellstorff">Tom Boellstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Brassier" title="Ray Brassier">Ray Brassier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_H._Bratton" title="Benjamin H. Bratton">Benjamin H. Bratton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriella_Coleman" title="Gabriella Coleman">Gabriella Coleman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gilles Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Ellen" title="Roy Ellen">Roy Ellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Mark Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Félix Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Donna Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuko_Ito" title="Mizuko Ito">Mizuko Ito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Nick Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Bruno Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Miller_(anthropologist)" title="Daniel Miller (anthropologist)">Daniel Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nelson" title="Ted Nelson">Ted Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Negarestani" title="Reza Negarestani">Reza Negarestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadie_Plant" title="Sadie Plant">Sadie Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Virilio" title="Paul Virilio">Paul Virilio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Wesch" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Wesch">Mike Wesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_White" title="Leslie White">Leslie White</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Realism" title="Capitalist Realism">Capitalist Realism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cybernetic_Culture_Research_Unit" title="Cybernetic Culture Research Unit">Cybernetic Culture Research Unit</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CCRU)</span></i></li> <li><a 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Machines</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science,_technology_and_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Science, technology and society">Science, technology and society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cyber_anthropology" title="Template:Cyber anthropology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cyber_anthropology" title="Template talk:Cyber anthropology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cyber_anthropology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cyber anthropology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gilles Louis René Deleuze</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">də-<span style="font-size:90%">LOOZ</span></i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒil<span class="wrap"> </span>dəløz]</a></span>; 18 January 1925 – 4 November 1995) was a French philosopher who, from the early 1950s until his death in 1995, wrote on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art. His most popular works were the two volumes of <i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Schizophrenia" title="Capitalism and Schizophrenia">Capitalism and Schizophrenia</a></i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a></i> (1972) and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Thousand_Plateaus" title="A Thousand Plateaus">A Thousand Plateaus</a></i> (1980), both co-written with psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Félix Guattari</a>. His metaphysical treatise <i><a href="/wiki/Difference_and_Repetition" title="Difference and Repetition">Difference and Repetition</a></i> (1968) is considered by many scholars to be his <a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnum opus">magnum opus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important part of Deleuze's oeuvre is devoted to the reading of other philosophers: the <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Leibniz">Leibniz</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant">Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinoza">Spinoza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a>. <a href="/wiki/A._W._Moore_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="A. W. Moore (philosopher)">A. W. Moore</a>, citing <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a>'s criteria for a great thinker, ranks Deleuze among the "greatest philosophers".<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he once characterized himself as a "pure <a href="/wiki/Metaphysician" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysician">metaphysician</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his work has influenced a variety of disciplines across the humanities, including philosophy, art, and literary theory, as well as movements such as <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">post-structuralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-See_1991_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-See_1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gilles Deleuze was born into a middle-class family in Paris and lived there for most of his life. His mother was Odette Camaüer and his father, Louis, was an engineer.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His initial schooling was undertaken during World War II, during which time he attended the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Carnot" title="Lycée Carnot">Lycée Carnot</a>. He also spent a year in <i><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A2gne" title="Khâgne">khâgne</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycée Henri IV">Lycée Henri IV</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_occupation_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi occupation of France">Nazi occupation of France</a>, Deleuze's brother, three years his senior, Georges, was arrested for his participation in the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a>, and died while in transit to a concentration camp.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944, Deleuze went to study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a>. His teachers there included several noted specialists in the history of philosophy, such as <a href="/wiki/Georges_Canguilhem" title="Georges Canguilhem">Georges Canguilhem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Hyppolite" title="Jean Hyppolite">Jean Hyppolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Alqui%C3%A9" title="Ferdinand Alquié">Ferdinand Alquié</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Gandillac" title="Maurice de Gandillac">Maurice de Gandillac</a>. Deleuze's lifelong interest in the canonical figures of modern philosophy owed much to these teachers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deleuze passed the <a href="/wiki/Agr%C3%A9gation" title="Agrégation">agrégation</a> in philosophy in 1948, and taught at various <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_France" title="Secondary education in France">lycées</a> (Amiens, Orléans, <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis_le_Grand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycée Louis le Grand">Louis le Grand</a>) until 1957, when he took up a position at the University of Paris. In 1953, he published his first monograph, <i>Empiricism and Subjectivity</i>, on <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>. This monograph was based on his 1947 DES (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipl%C3%B4me_d%27%C3%A9tudes_sup%C3%A9rieures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diplôme d'études supérieures (page does not exist)">diplôme d'études supérieures</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/dipl%C3%B4me_d%27%C3%A9tudes_sup%C3%A9rieures" class="extiw" title="fr:diplôme d'études supérieures">fr</a>]</span></i>) thesis,<sup id="cite_ref-Schrift_p._120_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrift_p._120-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> roughly equivalent to an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">M.A.</a> thesis, which was conducted under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Hyppolite" title="Jean Hyppolite">Jean Hyppolite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Canguilhem" title="Georges Canguilhem">Georges Canguilhem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1960 to 1964, he held a position at the <a href="/wiki/French_Centre_National_de_la_Recherche_Scientifique" class="mw-redirect" title="French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique">Centre National de Recherche Scientifique</a>. During this time he published the seminal <i><a href="/wiki/Nietzsche_and_Philosophy" title="Nietzsche and Philosophy">Nietzsche and Philosophy</a></i> (1962) and befriended <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>. From 1964 to 1969, he was a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lyon" title="University of Lyon">University of Lyon</a>. In 1968, Deleuze defended his two <a href="/wiki/Doctorat_d%27%C3%89tat" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorat d'État">DrE</a> dissertations amid the ongoing <a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a> demonstrations; he later published his two dissertations under the titles <i><a href="/wiki/Difference_and_Repetition" title="Difference and Repetition">Difference and Repetition</a></i> (supervised by Gandillac) and <i>Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza</i> (supervised by Alquié). </p><p>In 1969, he was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris VIII">University of Paris VIII</a> at Vincennes/St. Denis, an experimental school organized to implement educational reform. This new university drew a number of well-known academics, including Foucault (who suggested Deleuze's hiring) and the psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Félix Guattari</a>. Deleuze taught at Paris VIII until his retirement in 1987. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deleuze's outlook on life was sympathetic to <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">transcendental</a> ideas, "nature as god" ethics, and the <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monist</a> experience. Some of the important ideas he advocated for and found inspiration in include his personally coined expression <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(philosophy)" title="Pluralism (philosophy)">pluralism</a> = monism, as well as the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">Being</a> and <a href="/wiki/Univocity_of_being" title="Univocity of being">Univocity</a>. </p><p>He married Denise Paul "Fanny" Grandjouan in 1956 and they had two children. </p><p>According to James Miller, Deleuze portrayed little visible interest in actually <i>doing</i> many of the risky things he so vividly conjured up<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in his lectures and writing. Married, with two children, he outwardly lived the life of a conventional French professor. He kept his fingernails untrimmed because, as he once explained, he lacked "normal protective fingerprints", and therefore could not "touch an object, particularly a piece of cloth, with the pads of my fingers without sharp pain".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When once asked to talk about his life, he replied: "Academics' lives are seldom interesting."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deleuze concludes his reply to this critic thus: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What do you know about me, given that I believe in secrecy? ... If I stick where I am, if I don't travel around, like anyone else I make my inner journeys that I can only measure by my emotions, and express very obliquely and circuitously in what I write. ... Arguments from one's own privileged experience are bad and reactionary arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deleuze, who had suffered from respiratory ailments from a young age,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in 1968 and underwent lung removal.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suffered increasingly severe respiratory symptoms for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the last years of his life, simple tasks such as writing required laborious effort. Overwhelmed by his respiratory problems, he died by suicide on 4 November 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> throwing himself from the window of his apartment.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before his death, Deleuze had announced his intention to write a book entitled <i>La Grandeur de Marx</i> (<i>The Greatness of Marx</i>), and left behind two chapters of an unfinished project entitled <i>Ensembles and Multiplicities</i> (these chapters have been published as the essays "Immanence: A Life" and "The Actual and the Virtual").<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried in the cemetery of the village of <a href="/wiki/Saint-L%C3%A9onard-de-Noblat" title="Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat">Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deleuze's works fall into two groups: on the one hand, monographs interpreting the work of other philosophers (<a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>) and artists (<a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(artist)" title="Francis Bacon (artist)">Francis Bacon</a>); on the other, eclectic philosophical tomes organized by concept (e.g., difference, sense, event, economy, cinema, desire, philosophy). However, both of these aspects are seen by his critics and analysts as often overlapping, in particular, due to his prose and the unique mapping of his books that allow for multifaceted readings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Metaphysics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deleuze's main philosophical project in the works he wrote prior to his collaborations with Guattari can be summarized as an inversion of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> relationship between <a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Difference_(poststructuralism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Difference (poststructuralism)">difference</a>. Traditionally, difference is seen as derivative from identity: e.g., to say that "X is different from Y" assumes some X and Y with at least relatively stable identities (as in Plato's forms). On the contrary, Deleuze claims that all identities are effects of difference. Identities are neither logically nor metaphysically prior to difference, Deleuze argues, "given that there exist differences of nature between things of the same genus."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, not only are no two things ever the same, the categories used to identify individuals in the first place derive from differences. Apparent identities such as "X" are composed of endless series of differences, where "X" = "the difference between x and x<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ^{\prime }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ^{\prime }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d24708cc2b8df4e11cec303c33d8bdcaf8ad5ebe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:0.685ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ^{\prime }}"></span>", and "x<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ^{\prime }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ^{\prime }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d24708cc2b8df4e11cec303c33d8bdcaf8ad5ebe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:0.685ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ^{\prime }}"></span>" = "the difference between...", and so forth. Difference, in other words, goes all the way down. To confront reality honestly, Deleuze argues, beings must be grasped exactly as they are, and concepts of identity (forms, categories, resemblances, unities of apperception, predicates, etc.) fail to attain what he calls "difference in itself." "If philosophy has a positive and direct relation to things, it is only insofar as philosophy claims to grasp the thing itself, according to what it is, in its difference from everything it is not, in other words, in its <i>internal difference</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like Kant, Deleuze considers traditional notions of space and time as unifying forms imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">subject</a>. He, therefore, concludes that pure difference is non-spatiotemporal; it is an idea, what Deleuze calls "<a href="/wiki/Virtuality_(philosophy)" title="Virtuality (philosophy)">the virtual</a>". (The coinage refers to Proust's definition of what is constant in both the past and the present: "real without being actual, ideal without being abstract.")<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Deleuze's virtual ideas superficially resemble <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s forms and Kant's ideas of pure reason, they are not originals or models, nor do they transcend possible experience; instead they are the conditions of actual experience, the internal difference in itself. "The concept they [the conditions] form is identical to its object."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Deleuzean idea or concept of difference is therefore not a wraith-like abstraction of an experienced thing, it is a real system of differential relations that creates actual spaces, times, and sensations.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, Deleuze at times refers to his philosophy as a <b>transcendental empiricism</b> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">empirisme transcendantal</i></span>), alluding to Kant.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kant's <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">transcendental idealism</a>, experience only makes sense when organized by intuitions (namely, space and time) and concepts (such as causality). Assuming the content of these intuitions and concepts to be qualities of the world as it exists independently of human perceptual access, according to Kant, spawns seductive but senseless metaphysical beliefs (for example, extending the concept of causality beyond possible experience results in unverifiable speculation about a first cause). Deleuze inverts the Kantian arrangement: experience exceeds human concepts by presenting novelty, and this raw experience of difference actualizes an idea, unfettered by prior categories, forcing the invention of new ways of thinking (see <i><a href="#Epistemology">Epistemology</a></i>). </p><p>Simultaneously, Deleuze claims that <a href="/wiki/Univocity_of_being" title="Univocity of being">being is univocal</a>, i.e., that all of its senses are affirmed in one voice. Deleuze borrows the doctrine of <i><a href="/wiki/Ontological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontological">ontological</a> <a href="/wiki/Univocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Univocity">univocity</a></i> from the medieval philosopher <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">John Duns Scotus</a>. In medieval disputes over the nature of God, many eminent theologians and philosophers (such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>) held that when one says that "God is good", God's goodness is only analogous to human goodness. Scotus argued to the contrary that when one says that "God is good", the goodness in question is exactly the same sort of goodness that is meant when one says "Jane is good". That is, God only differs from humans in degree, and properties such as <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">goodness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (philosophy)">power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>, and so forth are univocally applied, regardless of whether one is talking about God, a person, or a flea. </p><p>Deleuze adapts the doctrine of univocity to claim that being is, univocally, difference. "With univocity, however, it is not the differences which are and must be: it is being which is Difference, in the sense that it is said of difference. Moreover, it is not we who are univocal in a Being which is not; it is we and our individuality which remains equivocal in and for a univocal Being."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here Deleuze at once echoes and inverts Spinoza, who maintained that everything that exists is a modification of the one <a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">substance</a>, <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a>. For Deleuze, there is no one substance, only an always-differentiating <a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">process</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">origami</a> cosmos, always folding, unfolding, refolding. Deleuze summarizes this ontology in the paradoxical formula "<a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(philosophy)" title="Pluralism (philosophy)">pluralism</a> = <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Difference_and_Repetition" title="Difference and Repetition">Difference and Repetition</a></i> (1968) is Deleuze's most sustained and systematic attempt to work out the details of such a metaphysics, but his other works develop similar ideas. In <i>Nietzsche and Philosophy</i> (1962), for example, reality is a play of forces; in <i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a></i> (1972), a "<a href="/wiki/Body_without_organs" title="Body without organs">body without organs</a>"; in <i><a href="/wiki/What_is_Philosophy%3F_(Deleuze_and_Guattari)" class="mw-redirect" title="What is Philosophy? (Deleuze and Guattari)">What is Philosophy?</a></i> (1991), a "<a href="/wiki/Plane_of_immanence" title="Plane of immanence">plane of immanence</a>" or "chaosmos". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epistemology">Epistemology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Epistemology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deleuze's unusual metaphysics entails an equally atypical <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, or what he calls a transformation of "the image of thought". According to Deleuze, the traditional image of thought, found in philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a>, misconceives thinking as a mostly unproblematic business. Truth may be hard to discover—it may require a life of pure theorizing, or rigorous computation, or systematic doubt—but thinking is able, at least in principle, to correctly grasp facts, forms, ideas, etc. It may be practically impossible to attain a God's-eye, <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">neutral point of view</a>, but that is the ideal to approximate: a disinterested pursuit that results in a determinate, fixed truth; an orderly extension of common sense. Deleuze rejects this view as papering over the metaphysical flux, instead claiming that genuine thinking is a violent confrontation with reality, an involuntary rupture of established categories. Truth changes thought; it alters what people think is possible. By setting aside the assumption that thinking has a natural ability to recognize the truth, Deleuze says, people attain a "thought without image", a thought always determined by problems rather than solving them. "All this, however, presupposes codes or axioms which do not result by chance, but which do not have an intrinsic rationality either. It's just like theology: everything about it is quite rational if you accept sin, the immaculate conception, and the incarnation. Reason is always a region carved out of the irrational—not sheltered from the irrational at all, but traversed by it and only defined by a particular kind of relationship among irrational factors. Underneath all reason lies delirium, and drift."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Logic_of_Sense" title="The Logic of Sense">The Logic of Sense</a></i>, published in 1969, is one of Deleuze's most peculiar works in the field of epistemology. <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, in his essay "Theatrum Philosophicum" about the book, attributed this to how he begins with his metaphysics but approaches it through language and truth; the book is focused on "the simple condition that instead of denouncing metaphysics as the neglect of being, we force it to speak of extrabeing".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it, he refers to epistemological <a href="/wiki/Paradox" title="Paradox">paradoxes</a>: in the first series, as he analyzes <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice in Wonderland</a></i>, he remarks that "the personal self requires <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> and the world in general. But when substantives and adjectives begin to dissolve, when the names of pause and rest are carried away by the verbs of pure becoming and slide into the language of events, all identity disappears from the self, the world, and God."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deleuze's peculiar readings of the history of philosophy stem from this unusual epistemological perspective. To read a philosopher is no longer to aim at finding a single, correct interpretation, but is instead to present a philosopher's attempt to grapple with the problematic nature of reality. "Philosophers introduce new concepts, they explain them, but they don't tell us, not completely anyway, the problems to which those concepts are a response. [...] The history of philosophy, rather than repeating what a philosopher says, has to say what he must have taken for granted, what he didn't say but is nonetheless present in what he did say."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise, rather than seeing philosophy as a timeless pursuit of truth, reason, or universals, Deleuze <a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_philosophy" title="Definitions of philosophy">defines philosophy</a> as the creation of <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concepts</a>. For Deleuze, concepts are not identity conditions or propositions, but metaphysical constructions that define a range of thinking, such as Plato's <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">ideas</a>, Descartes's <i><a href="/wiki/Cogito_ergo_sum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cogito ergo sum">cogito</a></i>, or Kant's doctrine of the faculties. A philosophical concept "posits itself and its object at the same time as it is created."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Deleuze's view, then, philosophy more closely resembles practical or artistic production than it does an adjunct to a definitive scientific description of a pre-existing world (as in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> or <a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a>). </p><p>In his later work (from roughly 1981 onward), Deleuze sharply distinguishes art, philosophy, and science as three distinct disciplines, each relating to reality in different ways. While philosophy creates concepts, the arts create novel qualitative combinations of sensation and feeling (what Deleuze calls "<a href="/wiki/Percept" class="mw-redirect" title="Percept">percepts</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Affect_(philosophy)" title="Affect (philosophy)">affects</a>"), and the sciences create quantitative theories based on fixed points of reference such as the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> or <a href="/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">absolute zero</a> (which Deleuze calls "functives"). According to Deleuze, none of these disciplines enjoy primacy over the others:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are different ways of organizing the metaphysical flux, "separate melodic lines in constant interplay with one another."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Deleuze does not treat cinema as an art representing an external reality, but as an ontological practice that creates different ways of organizing movement and time.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosophy, science, and art are equally, and essentially, creative and practical. Hence, instead of asking traditional questions of identity such as "is it true?" or "what is it?", Deleuze proposes that inquiries should be functional or practical: "what does it do?" or "how does it work?"<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Values">Values</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Control society" redirects here. For the broader social-scientific concept, see <a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">Social control</a>.</div> <p>In ethics and politics Deleuze again echoes Spinoza, albeit in a sharply Nietzschean key. Following his rejection of any metaphysics based on identity, Deleuze criticizes the notion of an individual as an arresting or halting of differentiation (as the etymology of the word "individual" suggests<sup>[how so?differentiation is not not dividing: citation needed]</sup>). Guided by the <a href="/wiki/Ethical_naturalism" title="Ethical naturalism">naturalistic ethics</a> of Spinoza and Nietzsche, Deleuze instead seeks to understand individuals and their moralities as products of the organization of pre-individual desires and powers.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the two volumes of <i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Schizophrenia" title="Capitalism and Schizophrenia">Capitalism and Schizophrenia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a></i> (1972) and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Thousand_Plateaus" title="A Thousand Plateaus">A Thousand Plateaus</a></i> (1980), Deleuze and Guattari describe history as a congealing and regimentation of "<a href="/wiki/Desiring-production" title="Desiring-production">desiring-production</a>" (a concept combining features of <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freudian</a> drives and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> <a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">labor</a>) into the modern individual (typically neurotic and repressed), the nation-state (a society of continuous control), and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> (an anarchy domesticated into infantilizing commodification). Deleuze, following <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, welcomes capitalism's destruction of traditional social hierarchies as liberating but inveighs against its homogenization of all values to the aims of the market. </p><p>The first part of <i>Capitalism and Schizophrenia</i> undertakes a <a href="/wiki/Universal_history_(genre)" title="Universal history (genre)">universal history</a> and posits the existence of a separate <b>socius</b> (the social body that takes credit for <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">production</a>) for each <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a>: the earth for the <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribe</a>, the body of the <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despot</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> for <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1990 essay "Postscript on the Societies of Control" ("Post-scriptum sur les sociétés de contrôle"), Deleuze builds on Foucault's notion of the society of discipline to argue that society is undergoing a shift in structure and control. Where societies of discipline were characterized by discrete physical enclosures (such as schools, factories, prisons, office buildings, etc.), institutions and technologies introduced since World War II have dissolved the boundaries between these enclosures. As a result, social coercion and discipline have moved into the lives of individuals considered as "masses, samples, data, markets, or 'banks'." The mechanisms of modern <b>societies of control</b> are described as continuous, following and tracking individuals throughout their existence via transaction records, mobile location tracking, and other <a href="/wiki/Personally_identifiable_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Personally identifiable information">personally identifiable information</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But how does Deleuze square his pessimistic diagnoses with his ethical naturalism? Deleuze claims that standards of value are internal or <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanent</a>: to live well is to fully express one's power, to go to the limits of one's potential, rather than to judge what exists by non-empirical, transcendent standards. Modern society still suppresses difference and alienates people from what they can do. To affirm reality, which is a flux of change and difference, established identities must be overturned and so become all that they can become—though exactly what cannot be known in advance. The pinnacle of Deleuzean practice, then, is creativity. "Herein, perhaps, lies the secret: to bring into existence and not to judge. If it is so disgusting to judge, it is not because everything is of equal value, but on the contrary, because what has value can be made or distinguished only by defying judgment. What expert judgment, in art, could ever bear on the work to come?"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deleuze's_interpretations"><span id="Deleuze.27s_interpretations"></span>Deleuze's interpretations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Deleuze's interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deleuze's studies of individual philosophers and artists are purposely heterodox. Deleuze once famously described his method of interpreting philosophers as "buggery (<i>enculage</i>)", as sneaking behind an author and producing an offspring which is recognizably his, yet also monstrous and different.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The various monographs thus are not attempts to present what Nietzsche or Spinoza strictly intended, but re-stagings of their ideas in different and unexpected ways. Deleuze's peculiar readings aim to enact the creativity he believes is the acme of philosophical practice.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A parallel in painting Deleuze points to is Francis Bacon's <i><a href="/wiki/Study_after_Vel%C3%A1zquez%27s_Portrait_of_Pope_Innocent_X" title="Study after Velázquez's Portrait of Pope Innocent X">Study after Velázquez</a></i>—it is quite beside the point to say that Bacon "gets Velasquez wrong".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar considerations apply, in Deleuze's view, to his own uses of mathematical and scientific terms, <i>pace</i> critics such as <a href="/wiki/Alan_Sokal" title="Alan Sokal">Alan Sokal</a>: "I'm not saying that <a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Prigogine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Godard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Thom" title="René Thom">Thom</a>, are doing the same thing. I'm pointing out, rather, that there are remarkable similarities between scientific creators of functions and cinematic creators of images. And the same goes for philosophical concepts, since there are distinct concepts of these spaces."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarities_with_Heidegger">Similarities with Heidegger</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Similarities with Heidegger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> From the 1930s onward, German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> wrote in a series of manuscripts and books on concepts of Difference, Identity, <a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">Representation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a>; notably among these the <a href="/wiki/Contributions_to_Philosophy" title="Contributions to Philosophy"><i>Beiträge zur Philosophie</i> <i>(Vom Ereignis)</i></a> (Written 1936-38; published posthumously 1989); none of the relevant texts were translated into French by Deleuze's death in 1995, excluding any strong possibility of appropriation. However, Heidegger's early work can be traced through mathematician <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lautman" title="Albert Lautman">Albert Lautman</a>, who drew heavily from Heidegger's <i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Sein und Zeit</a></i> and <i>Vom Wesen des Grundes</i> (1928), which James Bahoh describes as having "...decisive influence on the twentieth century mathematician and philosopher [...] whose theory of dialectical Ideas Deleuze appropriated and modified for his own use."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The similarities between Heidegger's later, <a href="/wiki/Kehre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kehre">post-turn</a>, 1930-1976 thought and Deleuze's early works in the 60s and 70s are generally described by Deleuze-scholar <a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Smith_(philosopher)" title="Daniel W. Smith (philosopher)">Daniel W. Smith</a> in the following way: </p><blockquote><p>"<i>Difference and Repetition</i> could be read as a response to <i>Being and Time</i> (for Deleuze, Being is difference, and time is repetition)."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Bahoh continues in saying that: "...then <i>Beiträge</i> could be read as <i>Difference and Repetition</i>'s unknowing and anachronistic doppelgänger."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deleuze and Heidegger's philosophy is considered to converge on the topics of Difference and the Event. Where, for Heidegger, an evental being is constituted in part by difference as "...an essential dimension of the concept of event"; for Deleuze, being is difference, and difference "differentiates by way of events." In contrast to this, however, Jussi Backman argues that, for Heidegger, being is united only insofar as it consists of and <i>is</i> difference, or rather as the movement of difference, not too dissimilar to Deleuze's later claims:</p><blockquote><p>"...the unity and univocity of being (in the sense of being), its 'selfsameness,' paradoxically consists exclusively in difference."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>This mutual apprehension of a differential, Evental ontology lead both thinkers into an extended critique of the representation characteristic to Platonic, Aristotelian, and Cartesian thought; as Joe Hughes states: "<i>Difference and Repetition</i> is a detective novel. It tells the story of what some readers of Deleuze might consider a horrendous crime [...]: the birth of representation."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heidegger formed his critiques most decisively in the concept of the fourfold [<i>German: das Geviert</i>], a non-metaphysical grounding for the thing (as opposed to "object") as "ungrounded, mediated, meaningful, and shared"<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> united in an "event of appropriation" [<i>Ereignis</i>]. This evental ontology continues in <i>Identität und Differenz</i>, where the fundamental concept expressed in <i>Difference and Repetition</i>, of dethroning the primacy of identity, can be seen throughout the text. Even in earlier Heideggerian texts such as <i>Sein und Zeit</i>, however, the critique of representation is "...cast in terms of the being of truth, or the processes of uncovering and covering (grounded in Dasein's existence) whereby beings come into and withdraw from phenomenal presence." In parallel, Deleuze's extended critique of representation (in the sense of detailing a "genealogy" of the antiquated beliefs as well) is given "...in terms of being or becoming as difference and repetition, together with genetic processes of individuation whereby beings come to exist and pass out of existence."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Time and space, for both thinkers, is also constituted in nearly identical ways. Time-space in the <i>Beiträge</i> and the three syntheses in <i>Difference and Repetition</i><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both apprehend time as grounded in difference, whilst the distinction between the time-space of the world [Welt] and the time-space as the eventual production of such a time-space is mirrored by Deleuze's categorization between the temporality of what is actual and temporality of the virtual in the first and the second/third syntheses respectively. </p><p>Another parallel can be found in their utilization of so-called "generative paradoxes," or rather problems whose fundamental problematic element is constantly outside the categorical grasp fond of formal, natural, and human sciences. For Heidegger, this is the Earth in the fourfold, something which has as one of its traits the behaviour of "resisting articulation," what he characterizes as a "strife";<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for Deleuze, a similar example can be spotted in the paradox of regress, or of indefinite proliferation in the <i>Logic of Sense</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s, Deleuze's portrayal of Nietzsche as a metaphysician of difference rather than a reactionary mystic contributed greatly to the plausibility and popularity of "left-wing Nietzscheanism" as an intellectual stance.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His books <i><a href="/wiki/Difference_and_Repetition" title="Difference and Repetition">Difference and Repetition</a></i> (1968) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Logic_of_Sense" title="The Logic of Sense">The Logic of Sense</a></i> (1969) led <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> to declare that "one day, perhaps, this century will be called Deleuzian."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Deleuze, for his part, said Foucault's comment was "a joke meant to make people who like us laugh, and make everyone else livid."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) In the 1970s, the <i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a></i>, written in a style by turns vulgar and esoteric,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offering a sweeping analysis of the family, language, capitalism, and history via eclectic borrowings from primarily <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freud" class="mw-redirect" title="Freud">Freud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacan">Lacan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, but also featuring insights from dozens of other writers, was received as a theoretical embodiment of the anarchic spirit of <a href="/wiki/May_1968_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 in France">May 1968</a>. In 1994 and 1995, <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Ab%C3%A9c%C3%A9daire_de_Gilles_Deleuze" title="L'Abécédaire de Gilles Deleuze">L'Abécédaire de Gilles Deleuze</a></i>, an eight-hour series of interviews between Deleuze and <a href="/wiki/Claire_Parnet" title="Claire Parnet">Claire Parnet</a>, aired on France's <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Arte</a> Channel.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s and 1990s, almost all of Deleuze's books were translated into English. Deleuze's work is frequently cited in English-speaking academia (in 2007, e.g., he was the 11th most frequently cited author in English-speaking publications in the humanities, between Freud and Kant).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the English-speaking academy, Deleuze's work is typically classified as <a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">continental philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, some French and some Anglophone philosophers criticised Deleuze's work. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Engel" title="Pascal Engel">Pascal Engel</a>, Deleuze's metaphilosophical approach makes it impossible to reasonably disagree with a philosophical system, and so destroys meaning, truth, and philosophy itself. Engel summarizes Deleuze's metaphilosophy thus: "When faced with a beautiful philosophical concept you should just sit back and admire it. You should not question it."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American philosopher <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Rosen" title="Stanley Rosen">Stanley Rosen</a> objects to Deleuze's interpretation of Nietzsche's <a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">eternal return</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Descombes" title="Vincent Descombes">Vincent Descombes</a> argues that Deleuze's account of a difference that is not derived from identity (in <i>Nietzsche and Philosophy</i>) is incoherent.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a> states that the Deleuze of <i>Anti-Oedipus</i> ("arguably Deleuze's worst book"),<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "political" Deleuze under the "'bad' influence" of Guattari, ends up, despite protestations to the contrary, as "the ideologist of late capitalism".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_idealism_and_negligence_of_material_conditions">Allegations of idealism and negligence of material conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Allegations of idealism and negligence of material conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hallward" title="Peter Hallward">Peter Hallward</a> argues that Deleuze's insistence that being is necessarily creative and always-differentiating entails that his philosophy can offer no insight into, and is supremely indifferent to, the material conditions of existence. Thus Hallward claims that Deleuze's thought is literally other-worldly, aiming only at a passive contemplation of the dissolution of all identity into the <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophanic</a> self-creation of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Descombes argues that his analysis of history in <i>Anti-Oedipus</i> is 'utter idealism', criticizing reality for falling short of a non-existent ideal of schizophrenic becoming.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Žižek claims that Deleuze's <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a> oscillates between <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_with_monism">Relation with monism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Relation with monism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Alain Badiou</a> claims that Deleuze's metaphysics only apparently embraces plurality and diversity, remaining at bottom <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monist</a>. Badiou further argues that, in practical matters, Deleuze's monism entails an ascetic, aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">fatalism</a> akin to ancient <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American philosopher <a href="/wiki/Todd_May_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Todd May (philosopher)">Todd May</a> argues that Deleuze's claim that difference is ontologically primary ultimately contradicts his embrace of immanence, i.e., his monism. However, May believes that Deleuze can discard the primacy-of-difference thesis, and accept a <a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">holism</a> without significantly altering his practical philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has more recently been argued that Deleuze's criticism of the history of philosophy as the metaphysical priority of identity over difference is a false distinction, and that Deleuze inadvertently reaches conclusions akin to such idealist philosophers of identity as <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_von_Schelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling">Schelling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subjectivity_and_individuality">Subjectivity and individuality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Subjectivity and individuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other European philosophers have criticized Deleuze's theory of subjectivity. For example, <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Frank" title="Manfred Frank">Manfred Frank</a> claims that Deleuze's theory of <a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">individuation</a> as a process of bottomless differentiation fails to explain the unity of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Žižek also calls Deleuze to task for allegedly reducing the subject to "just another" substance and thereby failing to grasp the <a href="/wiki/Nothingness" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothingness">nothingness</a> that, according to Lacan and Žižek, defines <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjectivity</a>. What remains worthwhile in Deleuze's oeuvre, Žižek finds, are precisely Deleuze's engagements with <a href="/wiki/Virtuality_(philosophy)" title="Virtuality (philosophy)">virtuality</a> as the product of negativity.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_wars">Science wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Science wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Science_wars" title="Science wars">Science wars</a></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Fashionable_Nonsense" title="Fashionable Nonsense">Fashionable Nonsense</a></i> (1997), physicists <a href="/wiki/Alan_Sokal" title="Alan Sokal">Alan Sokal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bricmont" title="Jean Bricmont">Jean Bricmont</a> accuse Deleuze of abusing mathematical and scientific terms, particularly by sliding between accepted technical meanings and his own idiosyncratic use of those terms in his works. Sokal and Bricmont state that they don't object to metaphorical reasoning, including with mathematical concepts, but mathematical and scientific terms are useful only insofar as they are precise. They give examples of mathematical concepts being "abused" by taking them out of their intended meaning, rendering the idea into normal language reduces it to truism or nonsense. In their opinion, Deleuze used mathematical concepts about which the typical reader might be not knowledgeable, and thus served to display <a href="/wiki/Boasting" title="Boasting">erudition</a> rather than enlightening the reader. Sokal and Bricmont state that they only deal with the "abuse" of mathematical and scientific concepts and explicitly suspend judgment about Deleuze's wider contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-SokalBricmont1999_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SokalBricmont1999-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other scholars in continental philosophy, feminist studies and sexuality studies have taken Deleuze's analysis of the sexual dynamics of sadism and masochism with a level of uncritical celebration following the 1989 Zone Books translation of the 1967 booklet on <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Sacher-Masoch" title="Leopold von Sacher-Masoch">Leopold von Sacher-Masoch</a>, <i>Le froid et le cruel</i> (Coldness and Cruelty). As sexuality historian Alison M. Moore notes, Deleuze's own value placed on difference is poorly reflected in this booklet which fails to differentiate between Masoch's own view of his desire and that imposed upon him by the pathologizing forms of psychiatric thought prevailing in the late nineteenth century which produced the concept of 'masochism' (a term Masoch himself emphatically rejected).<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Smith_(philosopher)" title="Daniel W. Smith (philosopher)">Smith</a>, Protevi and Voss note "Sokal and Bricmont’s 1999 intimations" underestimated Deleuze's awareness of mathematics and pointed out several "positive views of Deleuze’s use of mathematics as provocations for [...] his philosophical concepts", and that Deleuze's epistemology and ontology can be "brought together" with <a href="/wiki/Dynamical_systems_theory" title="Dynamical systems theory">dynamical systems theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">chaos theory</a>, biology, and geography.<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Single-authored</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Original French </th> <th>English Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Empirisme et subjectivité</i> (1953) </td> <td><i>Empiricism and Subjectivity</i> (1991) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Nietzsche et la philosophie</i> (1962) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Nietzsche_and_Philosophy" title="Nietzsche and Philosophy">Nietzsche and Philosophy</a></i> (1983) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>La philosophie critique de Kant</i> (1963) </td> <td><i>Kant's Critical Philosophy</i> (1983) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Proust et les signes</i> <p><small>(1964, 3rd exp. ed. 1976)</small> </p> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Proust_and_Signs" title="Proust and Signs">Proust and Signs</a></i> <p><small>(1973, 2nd exp. ed. 2000)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Nietzsche</i> (1965) </td> <td><i>Pure Immanence</i> (2001) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Le Bergsonisme</i> (1966) </td> <td><i>Bergsonism</i> (1988) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Présentation de Sacher-Masoch</i> (1967) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Masochism:_Coldness_and_Cruelty" title="Masochism: Coldness and Cruelty">Masochism: Coldness and Cruelty</a></i> (1989) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Différence et répétition</i> (1968) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Difference_and_Repetition" title="Difference and Repetition">Difference and Repetition</a></i> (1994) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Spinoza et le problème de l'expression</i> <p><small>(Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1968 & 1985)</small> </p> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Expressionism_in_Philosophy:_Spinoza" title="Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza">Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza</a></i> (1990) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Logique du sens</i> (1969) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Logic_of_Sense" title="The Logic of Sense">The Logic of Sense</a></i> (1990) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Dialogues</i> <p><small>(1977, 2nd exp. ed. 1996, with <a href="/wiki/Claire_Parnet" title="Claire Parnet">Claire Parnet</a>)</small> </p> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_II_(Gilles_Deleuze)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialogues II (Gilles Deleuze)">Dialogues II</a></i> <p><small>(1987, 2nd exp. ed. 2002)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>One Less Manifesto</i> (1978) </td> <td>In <i>Superpositions</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Carmelo_Bene" title="Carmelo Bene">Carmelo Bene</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Spinoza – Philosophie pratique</i>, 2nd ed. <p><small>(Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1981)</small> </p> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Spinoza:_Practical_Philosophy" title="Spinoza: Practical Philosophy">Spinoza: Practical Philosophy</a></i> (1988) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Francis Bacon – Logique de la sensation</i> (1981) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon:_The_Logic_of_Sensation" title="Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation">Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation</a></i> (2003) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Cinéma I: L'image-mouvement</i> (1983) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Cinema_1:_The_Movement_Image" title="Cinema 1: The Movement Image">Cinema 1: The Movement-Image</a></i> (1986) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Cinéma II: L'image-temps</i> (1985) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Cinema_2:_The_Time-Image" title="Cinema 2: The Time-Image">Cinema 2: The Time-Image</a></i> (1989) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Foucault</i> (1986) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Foucault_(Deleuze_book)" title="Foucault (Deleuze book)">Foucault</a></i> (1988) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Le pli – Leibniz et le baroque</i> (1988) </td> <td><i>The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque</i> (1993) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Périclès et Verdi: La philosophie de Francois Châtelet</i> (1988) </td> <td>In <i>Dialogues II</i>, revised ed. (2007) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Pourparlers</i> (1990) </td> <td><i>Negotiations</i> (1995). </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Critique et clinique</i> (1993) </td> <td><i>Essays Critical and Clinical</i> (1997) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>L'île déserte et autres textes</i> (2002) </td> <td><i>Desert Islands and Other Texts 1953–1974</i> (2003) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Deux régimes de fous et autres textes</i> (2004) </td> <td><i>Two Regimes of Madness: Texts and Interviews 1975–1995</i> (2006) </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt></dt> <dt>In collaboration with <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Félix Guattari</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i>Capitalisme et Schizophrénie 1. L'Anti-Œdipe</i> (1972). Trans. <i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a></i> (1977).</li> <li><i>On the Line</i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Semiotext(e)" title="Semiotext(e)">Semiotext(e)</a>, translated by John Johnson (1983).</li> <li><i>Kafka: Pour une Littérature Mineure</i> (1975). Trans. <i><a href="/wiki/Kafka:_Toward_a_Minor_Literature" title="Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature">Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature</a></i> (1986).</li> <li><i>Rhizome</i> (1976). Trans., in revised form, in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Thousand_Plateaus" title="A Thousand Plateaus">A Thousand Plateaus</a></i> (1987).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomadology:_The_War_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadology: The War Machine">Nomadology: The War Machine</a></i> (1986). Trans. in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Thousand_Plateaus" title="A Thousand Plateaus">A Thousand Plateaus</a></i> (1987).</li> <li><i>Capitalisme et Schizophrénie 2. Mille Plateaux</i> (1980). Trans. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Thousand_Plateaus" title="A Thousand Plateaus">A Thousand Plateaus</a></i> (1987).</li> <li><i>Qu'est-ce que la philosophie?</i> (1991). Trans. <i><a href="/wiki/What_is_Philosophy%3F_(Deleuze_and_Guattari)" class="mw-redirect" title="What is Philosophy? (Deleuze and Guattari)">What is Philosophy?</a></i> (1994).</li> <li><i>Part I: Deleuze and Guattari on Anti-Oedipus</i> of <i>Chaosophy: Texts and Interviews 1972–77</i> (2009) Edited by Sylvere Lotringer. (pp. 35–118).</li></ul> <dl><dt></dt> <dt>In collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>"Intellectuals and Power: A Discussion Between Gilles Deleuze and Michel Foucault". <i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i> 16 (Summer 1973). New York: Telos Press (reprinted in <i>L'île déserte et autres textes</i> / <i>Desert Islands and Other Texts</i>; see above)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentaries">Documentaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Documentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Ab%C3%A9c%C3%A9daire_de_Gilles_Deleuze" title="L'Abécédaire de Gilles Deleuze">L'Abécédaire de Gilles Deleuze</a></i>, with Claire Parnet, produced by Pierre-André Boutang. Éditions Montparnasse.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deleuze_and_Guattari" title="Deleuze and Guattari">Deleuze and Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Simondon" title="Gilbert Simondon">Gilbert Simondon</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">individuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantian_empiricism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantian empiricism">Kantian empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_future_contingents" title="Problem of future contingents">Problem of future contingents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_nominalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendental nominalism">Transcendental nominalism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Difference and Repetition</i> is definitely the most important work published by Deleuze." (Edouard Morot-Sir, from the back cover of the first edition of the English translation)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Williams: "It is nothing less than a revolution in philosophy and stands out as one of the great philosophical works of the twentieth century" (James Williams, <i>Gilles Deleuze's Difference and Repetition: A Critical Introduction and Guide</i> [Edinburgh UP, 2003], p. 1).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SEP-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmithProteviVoss" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Smith_(philosopher)" title="Daniel W. Smith (philosopher)">Smith, Daniel W.</a>; Protevi, John; Voss, Daniela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/deleuze/">"Gilles Deleuze"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gilles+Deleuze&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rft.au=Protevi%2C+John&rft.au=Voss%2C+Daniela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fdeleuze%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Choat, <i>Marx Through Post-Structuralism: Lyotard, Derrida, Foucault, Deleuze</i>, Continuum, 2010, ch. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorner2005" class="citation book cs1">Horner, Robyn (2005). <i>Jean-Luc Marion: a Theo-Logical Introduction</i>. Burlington: Ashgate. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean-Luc+Marion%3A+a+Theo-Logical+Introduction&rft.place=Burlington&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/A._W._Moore_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="A. W. Moore (philosopher)">A. W. Moore</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vo-ZLmfwe_oC&pg=PA543"><i>The Evolution of Modern Metaphysics: Making Sense of Things</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 543: 'intellectual power and depth; a grasp of the sciences; a sense of the political, and of human destructiveness as well as creativity; a broad range and a fertile imagination; an unwillingness to settle for the superficially reassuring; and, in an unusually lucky case, the gifts of a great writer.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaulieu, Alain; Kazarian, Edward; Sushytska, Julia (eds.): <i>Gilles Deleuze and Metaphysics</i>. (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-See_1991-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-See_1991_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Kellner" title="Douglas Kellner">Douglas Kellner</a>, <i>Postmodern Theory</i> (Guilford Press, 1991), which devotes a chapter to Deleuze and Guattari.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckman2017" class="citation book cs1">Beckman, Frida (2017). <i>Gilles Deleuze: Critical Lives</i>. Reaktion Books. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780237770" title="Special:BookSources/9781780237770"><bdi>9781780237770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gilles+Deleuze%3A+Critical+Lives&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781780237770&rft.aulast=Beckman&rft.aufirst=Frida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Dosse" title="François Dosse">François Dosse</a>, <i>Gilles Deleuze and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Guattari" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Guattari">Felix Guattari</a>: Intersecting Lives</i>, trans. Deborah Glassman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schrift_p._120-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_p._120_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan D. Schrift (2006), <i>Twentieth-Century French Philosophy: Key Themes and Thinkers</i>, Blackwell Publishing, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniela Voss, <i>Conditions of Thought: Deleuze and Transcendental Ideas</i>, Edinburgh University Press, 2013, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Miller, <i>The Passion of Michel Foucault</i>, New York: Harper Collins, 1993, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Negotiations</i>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Negotiations</i>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">François Dosse, <i>Deleuze and Guattari: Intersecting Lives</i>, trans D. Glassman, CUP 2010, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">François Dosse, <i>Deleuze and Guattari: Intersecting Lives</i>, trans D. Glassman, CUP 2010, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolzinger2003" class="citation web cs1">Bolzinger, Jean-Michel (26 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505050918/http://www.ammppu.org/litterature/deleuze.htm">"Gilles Deleuze et les médecins"</a>. <i>Association Médicale Mosellane de Perfectionnement Post Universitaire</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ammppu.org/litterature/deleuze.htm">the original</a> on 5 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+M%C3%A9dicale+Mosellane+de+Perfectionnement+Post+Universitaire&rft.atitle=Gilles+Deleuze+et+les+m%C3%A9decins&rft.date=2003-12-26&rft.aulast=Bolzinger&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ammppu.org%2Flitterature%2Fdeleuze.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505050918/http://www.ammppu.org/litterature/deleuze.htm#(4)">"Gilles Deleuze et les médecins"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ammppu.org/litterature/deleuze.htm#(4)">the original</a> on 5 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gilles+Deleuze+et+les+m%C3%A9decins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ammppu.org%2Flitterature%2Fdeleuze.htm%23%284%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/156476/Gilles-Deleuze">"Gilles Deleuze"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gilles+Deleuze&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F156476%2FGilles-Deleuze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/bdba0e6c95bf6c5368be01fedfcff197">"French Philosopher Gilles Deleuze Commits Suicide at 70"</a>. <i>AP NEWS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=French+Philosopher+Gilles+Deleuze+Commits+Suicide+at+70&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fbdba0e6c95bf6c5368be01fedfcff197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">François Dosse, <i>Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari: Intersecting Lives</i>, pp. 454–455. "Immanence: A Life" has been translated and published in <i>Pure Immanence</i> and <i>Two Regimes of Madness</i>, while "The Actual and Virtual" has been translated and published as an appendix to the second edition of <i>Dialogues</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018104643/http://www.ccnoblat.fr/otsi_v2/images/publications/guides/Saint%20Leonard%20de%20Noblat.pdf">"Communauté de Communes de Noblat"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccnoblat.fr/otsi_v2/images/publications/guides/Saint%20Leonard%20de%20Noblat.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communaut%C3%A9+de+Communes+de+Noblat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccnoblat.fr%2Fotsi_v2%2Fimages%2Fpublications%2Fguides%2FSaint%2520Leonard%2520de%2520Noblat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Bergson's Conception of Difference", in <i>Desert Islands</i>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Desert Islands</i>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proust, <i>Le Temps Retrouvé</i>, ch. III.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Desert Islands</i>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See "The Method of Dramatization" in <i>Desert Islands</i>, and "Actual and Virtual" in <i>Dialogues II</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilles Deleuze, <i><a href="/wiki/Difference_and_Repetition" title="Difference and Repetition">Difference and Repetition</a></i>, Continuum, 2004[1968], pp. 56 and 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Parr" title="Adrian Parr">Adrian Parr</a> (ed.), <i>The Deleuze Dictionary (Revised Edition)</i>, Edinburgh University Press, 2010, p. 289: "Unlike Kant, Deleuze does not conceive of [...] unthought conditions as abstract or necessary philosophical entities, but as contingent tendencies beyond the reach of empirical consciousness."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Difference_and_Repetition" title="Difference and Repetition">Difference and Repetition</a></i>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Thousand Plateaus</i>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Desert Islands</i>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.generation-online.org/p/fpfoucault5.htm">"Theatrum Philosophicum"</a>. <i>www.generation-online.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.generation-online.org&rft.atitle=Theatrum+Philosophicum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.generation-online.org%2Fp%2Ffpfoucault5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Logic of Sense</i>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Negotiations</i>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>What Is Philosophy?</i>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Negotiations</i>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Negotiations</i>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Cinema_1:_The_Movement_Image" title="Cinema 1: The Movement Image">Cinema 1: The Movement Image</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Negotiations</i>, p. 21: "We're strict functionalists: what we're interested in is how something works".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurieStark2017" class="citation cs2">Laurie, Timothy; Stark, Hannah (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35349930">"Love's Lessons: Intimacy, Pedagogy and Political Community"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Angelaki:_Journal_of_the_Theoretical_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities">Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities</a></i>, <b>22</b> (4): 69–79</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angelaki%3A+Journal+of+the+Theoretical+Humanities&rft.atitle=Love%27s+Lessons%3A+Intimacy%2C+Pedagogy+and+Political+Community&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=69-79&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Laurie&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Stark%2C+Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35349930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/deleuze/">"Gilles Deleuze"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gilles+Deleuze&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fdeleuze%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Smith_(philosopher)" title="Daniel W. Smith (philosopher)">Daniel W. Smith</a>, Henry Somers-Hall (eds.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to Deleuze</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeleuze1992" class="citation journal cs1">Deleuze, Gilles (October 1992). "Postscript on the Societies of Control". <i>October</i>. <b>59</b>: 3–7. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/778828">778828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=October&rft.atitle=Postscript+on+the+Societies+of+Control&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=3-7&rft.date=1992-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F778828%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Deleuze&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Essays Critical and Clinical</i>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Negotiations</i>, p. 6. See also: Daniel W. Smith, "The Inverse Side of the Structure: Zizek on Deleuze on Lacan", <i>Criticism</i> (2004): "Deleuze's all-too-well-known image of philosophical "buggery," which makes thinkers produce their own "monstrous" children"; Robert Sinnerbrink (in "Nomadology or Ideology? Zizek’s Critique of Deleuze", <i>Parrhesia</i> 1 (2006): 62–87) describes the "popular topic" of Deleuze's "notorious remarks"; Donald Callen (in "The Difficult Middle", <i>Rhizomes</i> 10 (Spring 2005)) describes "intellectual buggery" as "what Deleuze himself famously said about his encounters with the works of other philosophers." Deleuze's buggery analogy is also cited by, among many others, Brian Massumi, <i>A User's Guide to Capitalism and Schizophrenia</i> (MIT Press, 1992), p. 2; Slavoj Žižek, <i>Organs without Bodies</i> (Routledge, 2004), p. 48; Ian Buchanan, <i>A Deleuzian Century?</i> (Duke UP, 1999), p. 8; Jean-Jacques Lecercle, <i>Deleuze and Language</i> (Macmillan, 2002), p. 37; <a href="/wiki/Gregg_Lambert" title="Gregg Lambert">Gregg Lambert</a>, <i>The Non-Philosophy of Gilles Deleuze</i> (Continuum, 2002), p. x; <a href="/wiki/Claire_Colebrook" title="Claire Colebrook">Claire Colebrook</a>, <i>Understanding Deleuze</i> (Allen & Unwin, 2003), p. 73; and Charles Stivale, <i>Gilles Deleuze: Key Concepts</i> (McGill-Queen's, 2005), p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Desert Islands</i>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation</i>, pp. 46f: "[Bacon] let loose ... presences" already in Velázquez's painting. Cf. the passage cited above, from <i>Negotiations</i>, p. 136: "The history of philosophy, rather than repeating what a philosopher says, has to say what he must have taken for granted, what he didn't say but is nonetheless present in what he did say."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Negotiations</i>, pp. 124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahoh2016" class="citation book cs1">Bahoh, James (2016). <i>Heidegger and Deleuze: The Groundwork of Evental Ontology</i>. Duquesne University. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heidegger+and+Deleuze%3A+The+Groundwork+of+Evental+Ontology&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Duquesne+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bahoh&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Daniel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1302164289"><i>Essays on Deleuze</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4334-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4334-9"><bdi>978-0-7486-4334-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1302164289">1302164289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Deleuze&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1302164289&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-4334-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1302164289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahoh2016" class="citation book cs1">Bahoh, James (2016). <i>Heidegger and Deleuze: The Groundwork of Evental Ontology</i>. Duquesne University. pp. 6–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heidegger+and+Deleuze%3A+The+Groundwork+of+Evental+Ontology&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Duquesne+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bahoh&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackman2015" class="citation book cs1">Backman, Jussi (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/946567759"><i>Complicated Presence: Heidegger and the Postmetaphysical Unity of Being</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-5648-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-5648-5"><bdi>978-1-4384-5648-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/946567759">946567759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complicated+Presence%3A+Heidegger+and+the+Postmetaphysical+Unity+of+Being&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F946567759&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-5648-5&rft.aulast=Backman&rft.aufirst=Jussi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F946567759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2009" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Joe (2009). <i>Deleuze's Difference and Repetition</i>. London: Continuum. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2112-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2112-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-2112-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deleuze%27s+Difference+and+Repetition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-2112-8&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Mitchell" title="Andrew J. Mitchell">Mitchell, Andrew</a> (2015). <i>The Fourfold: Reading the Late Heidegger</i>. Northwestern University. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-3076-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-3076-0"><bdi>978-0-8101-3076-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourfold%3A+Reading+the+Late+Heidegger&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Northwestern+University&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-3076-0&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahoh2016" class="citation book cs1">Bahoh, James (2016). <i>Heidegger and Deleuze: The Groundwork of Evental Ontology</i>. Duquesne University. p. 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heidegger+and+Deleuze%3A+The+Groundwork+of+Evental+Ontology&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Duquesne+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bahoh&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeleuze2001" class="citation book cs1">Deleuze, Gilles (2001). <i>Difference and Repetition</i>. London: Continuum. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-5957-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-5957-9"><bdi>0-8264-5957-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Difference+and+Repetition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8264-5957-9&rft.aulast=Deleuze&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanan2001" class="citation cs2">Canan, Alberto Carillo (2001), Tymieniecka, Anna-Teresa (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0930-0_8">"The Concept of "Earth" in Heidegger: History and the "Oblivion of Being"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>, <i>Passions of the Earth in Human Existence, Creativity, and Literature</i>, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 101–110, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-010-0930-0_8">10.1007/978-94-010-0930-0_8</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-0930-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-010-0930-0"><bdi>978-94-010-0930-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Passions+of+the+Earth+in+Human+Existence%2C+Creativity%2C+and+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+%22Earth%22+in+Heidegger%3A+History+and+the+%22Oblivion+of+Being%22&rft.pages=101-110&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-010-0930-0_8&rft.isbn=978-94-010-0930-0&rft.aulast=Canan&rft.aufirst=Alberto+Carillo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-94-010-0930-0_8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeleuze1990" class="citation book cs1">Deleuze, Gilles (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/920869689"><i>Logic of Sense</i></a>. London: The Athlone Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4742-3488-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4742-3488-7"><bdi>1-4742-3488-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/920869689">920869689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Logic+of+Sense&rft.place=London&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=The+Athlone+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F920869689&rft.isbn=1-4742-3488-7&rft.aulast=Deleuze&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F920869689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., the approving reference to Deleuze's Nietzsche study in <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>'s essay "<i>Différance</i>", or <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Klossowski" title="Pierre Klossowski">Pierre Klossowski</a>'s monograph <i>Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle</i>, dedicated to Deleuze. More generally, see D. Allison (ed.), <i>The New Nietzsche</i> (MIT Press, 1985), and L. Ferry and A. Renaut (eds.), <i>Why We Are Not Nietzscheans</i> (University of Chicago Press, 1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foucault, "Theatrum Philosophicum", <i>Critique</i> 282, p. 885.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Negotiations</i>, p. 4. However, in a later interview, Deleuze commented: "I don't know what Foucault meant, I never asked him" (<i>Negotiations</i>, p. 88).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes in the same sentence: "one is thus traversed, broken, fucked by the <a href="/wiki/Socius_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socius (philosophy)">socius</a>" (<i>Anti-Oedipus</i>, p. 347).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langlab.wayne.edu/CStivale/D-G/ABC1.html">"Charles J. Stivale -- A-F Summary of L'Abecedaire de Gilles Deleuze"</a>. <i>www.langlab.wayne.edu</i>. 6 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.langlab.wayne.edu&rft.atitle=Charles+J.+Stivale+--+A-F+Summary+of+L%27Abecedaire+de+Gilles+Deleuze&rft.date=2021-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.langlab.wayne.edu%2FCStivale%2FD-G%2FABC1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=405956&sectioncode=26">"The most cited authors of books in the humanities"</a>. timeshighereducation.co.uk. 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+most+cited+authors+of+books+in+the+humanities&rft.pub=timeshighereducation.co.uk&rft.date=2009-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fstory.asp%3FstoryCode%3D405956%26sectioncode%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., Simon Glendinning, <i>The Idea of Continental Philosophy</i> (Edinburgh University Press, 2006), p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry Smith (ed.), <i>European Philosophy and the American Academy</i>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen1995" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Stanley (1995). <i>The Mask of Enlightenment</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. ix–x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-49546-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-49546-6"><bdi>0-521-49546-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mask+of+Enlightenment&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=ix-x&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-49546-6&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDescombes1998" class="citation book cs1">Descombes, Vincent (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernfrenchphil0000desc"><i>Modern French Philosophy</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernfrenchphil0000desc/page/155">155</a>–6, 175–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29672-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29672-2"><bdi>0-521-29672-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+French+Philosophy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=155-6%2C+175-8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-29672-2&rft.aulast=Descombes&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernfrenchphil0000desc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Žižek 2004, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Žižek 2004, pp. 32, 20, and 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallward2006" class="citation book cs1">Hallward, Peter (2006). <i>Out of This World</i>. New York: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844675555" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844675555"><bdi>978-1844675555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+This+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1844675555&rft.aulast=Hallward&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slavoj Žižek, <i>Organs without Bodies</i>, 2004, pp. 19–32, esp. p. 21: "Is this opposition not, yet again, that of materialism versus idealism? In Deleuze, this means <i>The Logic of Sense</i> versus <i>Anti-Oedipus</i>." See also p. 28 for "Deleuze's oscillation between the two models" of becoming.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadiou2000" class="citation book cs1">Badiou, Alain (2000). <i>Deleuze: the clamor of being</i>. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-3139-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-3139-5"><bdi>0-8166-3139-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deleuze%3A+the+clamor+of+being&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8166-3139-5&rft.aulast=Badiou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay1997" class="citation book cs1">May, Todd (1 July 1997). <i>Reconsidering Difference: Nancy, Derrida, Levinas, and Deleuze</i>. Pennsylvania State Univ Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01657-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01657-3"><bdi>978-0-271-01657-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconsidering+Difference%3A+Nancy%2C+Derrida%2C+Levinas%2C+and+Deleuze&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+Univ+Pr&rft.date=1997-07-01&rft.isbn=978-0-271-01657-3&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmberg2022" class="citation journal cs1">Holmberg, Rafael (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/1059">"The Indifference of Objectivity to Difference and Identity: The Paradox of Subject-Object Obfuscation Between Schelling and Deleuze"</a>. <i>Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 112–128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cosmos+and+History%3A+The+Journal+of+Natural+and+Social+Philosophy&rft.atitle=The+Indifference+of+Objectivity+to+Difference+and+Identity%3A+The+Paradox+of+Subject-Object+Obfuscation+Between+Schelling+and+Deleuze&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=112-128&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Holmberg&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcosmosandhistory.org%2Findex.php%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1989" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Manfred (1989). <i>What Is Neostructuralism?</i>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816616022" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816616022"><bdi>978-0816616022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+Neostructuralism%3F&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0816616022&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Žižek 2004, p. 68: "This brings us to the topic of the <i>subject</i> that, according to Lacan, emerges in the interstice of the 'minimal difference,' in the minimal gap between two signifiers. In this sense, the subject is 'a nothingness, a void, which exists.' ... This, then, is what Deleuze seems to get wrong in his reduction of the subject to (just another) substance. Far from belonging to the level of actualization, of distinct entities in the order of constituted reality, the dimension of the 'subject' designates the <i>reemergence of the virtual within the order of actuality</i>. 'Subject' names the unique space of the explosion of virtuality within constituted reality."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SokalBricmont1999-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SokalBricmont1999_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_SokalJean_Bricmont1999" class="citation book cs1">Alan Sokal; Jean Bricmont (29 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SM8zAd3z3ugC"><i>Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of Science</i></a>. St Martins Press (ny). pp. 22–25, 154–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-20407-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-20407-5"><bdi>978-0-312-20407-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashionable+Nonsense%3A+Postmodern+Intellectuals%27+Abuse+of+Science&rft.pages=22-25%2C+154-169&rft.pub=St+Martins+Press+%28ny%29&rft.date=1999-10-29&rft.isbn=978-0-312-20407-5&rft.au=Alan+Sokal&rft.au=Jean+Bricmont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSM8zAd3z3ugC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilles+Deleuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alison Moore, Recovering Difference in the Deleuzian Dichotomy of Masochism-without-Sadism, <i>Angelaki</i> volume 14, issue 3</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Deleuze&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gilles_Deleuze" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Gilles_Deleuze" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060111103417/http://www.webdeleuze.com/php/sommaire.html">Webdeleuze</a> – Courses & audio <span class="languageicon">(in French, English, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese)</span>, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/deleuze/">Gilles Deleuze</a>", by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Smith_(philosopher)" title="Daniel W. Smith (philosopher)">Daniel Smith</a> & John Protevi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/deleuze.htm">Gilles Deleuze</a>", by Jon Roffe.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120525150452/http://www.webdeleuze.com/php/texte.php?cle=187&groupe=Bibliographie%20et%20mondes%20in%E9dits&langue=2">Near complete bibliography</a> including various translations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Alain Badiou</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lacan.com/baddel.htm">The Event in Deleuze.</a>" (English translation).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.protevi.com/john/DG/index.html">Lectures and notes on work by Deleuze and Guattari.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhizomes.net">Rhizomes.</a> Online journal inspired by Deleuzian thought.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langlab.wayne.edu/CStivale/D-G/index.html">Web resources</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpdeleuze7.htm">Capitalism: A Very Special Delirium (1995).</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Art_and_Ideas" title="Institute of Art and Ideas">Institute of Art and Ideas</a>: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iai.tv/articles/deleuze-and-the-time-for-non-reason-auid-1243">Deleuze and the Time for Non-Reason</a>", by James R. Williams.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gilles_Deleuze_–_Félix_Guattari" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deleuze-Guattari" title="Template:Deleuze-Guattari"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deleuze-Guattari" title="Template talk:Deleuze-Guattari"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deleuze-Guattari" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deleuze-Guattari"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gilles_Deleuze_–_Félix_Guattari" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gilles Deleuze</a> – <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Félix Guattari</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(philosophy)" title="Affect (philosophy)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Arborescent">Arborescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(philosophy)#Deleuze_and_Guattari" title="Assemblage (philosophy)">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_without_organs" title="Body without organs">Body without organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiring-production" title="Desiring-production">Desiring-production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterritorialization" title="Deterritorialization">Deterritorialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)#Difference_and_différance_in_poststructuralism" title="Difference (philosophy)">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erewhon#Deleuze_and_Guattari" title="Erewhon">Erewhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_evaluation" title="Immanent evaluation">Immanent evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">Individuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_flight" title="Line of flight">Line of flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_(philosophy)" title="Minority (philosophy)">Minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_(philosophy)" title="Minority (philosophy)">Molar configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplicity_(philosophy)" title="Multiplicity (philosophy)">Multiplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_of_immanence" title="Plane of immanence">Plane of immanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reterritorialization" title="Reterritorialization">Reterritorialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome_(philosophy)" title="Rhizome (philosophy)">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoanalysis" title="Schizoanalysis">Schizoanalysis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Values">Societies of control</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Values">Socius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)#Continental_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">Subjectification</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Metaphysics">Transcendental empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univocity_of_being" title="Univocity of being">Univocity of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuality_(philosophy)" title="Virtuality (philosophy)">Virtual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works by Deleuze and Guattari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Schizophrenia" title="Capitalism and Schizophrenia">Capitalism and Schizophrenia</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Thousand_Plateaus" title="A Thousand Plateaus">A Thousand Plateaus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafka:_Toward_a_Minor_Literature" title="Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature">Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhizome_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhizome (book) (page does not exist)">Rhizome</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Thousand_Plateaus" title="A Thousand Plateaus">Nomadology: The War Machine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_Philosophy%3F_(Deleuze_and_Guattari_book)" title="What Is Philosophy? (Deleuze and Guattari book)">What Is Philosophy?</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works by Deleuze</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empiricism_and_Subjectivity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empiricism and Subjectivity (page does not exist)">Empiricism and Subjectivity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nietzsche_and_Philosophy" title="Nietzsche and Philosophy">Nietzsche and Philosophy </a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kant%27s_Critical_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kant's Critical Philosophy (page does not exist)">Kant's Critical Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proust_and_Signs" title="Proust and Signs">Proust and Signs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nietzsche_(Gilles_Deleuze)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nietzsche (Gilles Deleuze) (page does not exist)">Nietzsche</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bergsonism_(Gilles_Deleuze)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bergsonism (Gilles Deleuze) (page does not exist)">Bergsonism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masochism:_Coldness_and_Cruelty" title="Masochism: Coldness and Cruelty">Masochism: Coldness and Cruelty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Difference_and_Repetition" title="Difference and Repetition">Difference and Repetition</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Expressionism_in_Philosophy:_Spinoza" title="Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza">Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Logic_of_Sense" title="The Logic of Sense">The Logic of Sense</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinoza:_Practical_Philosophy" title="Spinoza: Practical Philosophy">Spinoza: Practical Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Intellectuals_and_Power:_A_Discussion_Between_Gilles_Deleuze_and_Michel_Foucault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Intellectuals and Power: A Discussion Between Gilles Deleuze and Michel Foucault (page does not exist)">The Intellectuals and Power: A Discussion Between Gilles Deleuze and Michel Foucault</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_(Gilles_Deleuze)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialogues (Gilles Deleuze)">Dialogues</a></i><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superpositions_(Gilles_Deleuze_book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superpositions (Gilles Deleuze book) (page does not exist)">Superpositions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon:_The_Logic_of_Sensation" title="Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation">Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cinema_1:_The_Movement_Image" title="Cinema 1: The Movement Image">Cinema 1: The Movement Image</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cinema_2:_The_Time-Image" title="Cinema 2: The Time-Image">Cinema 2: The Time-Image</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foucault_(Gilles_Deleuze)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foucault (Gilles Deleuze)">Foucault</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fold:_Leibniz_and_the_Baroque" title="The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque">The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9ricl%C3%A8s_et_Verdi:_La_philosophie_de_Francois_Ch%C3%A2telet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Périclès et Verdi: La philosophie de Francois Châtelet (page does not exist)">Périclès et Verdi: La philosophie de Francois Châtelet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negotiations_(Gilles_Deleuze)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negotiations (Gilles Deleuze) (page does not exist)">Negotiations</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essays_Critical_and_Clinical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Essays Critical and Clinical (page does not exist)">Essays Critical and Clinical</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartleby,_la_formula_della_creazione&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartleby, la formula della creazione (page does not exist)">Bartleby, la formula della creazione</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pure_Immanence:_Essays_on_a_Life&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pure Immanence: Essays on a Life (page does not exist)">Pure Immanence: Essays on a Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desert_Islands_and_Other_Texts_1953-1974&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desert Islands and Other Texts 1953-1974 (page does not exist)">Desert Islands and Other Texts 1953-1974</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_Regimes_of_Madness:_Texts_and_Interviews_1975-1995&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Two Regimes of Madness: Texts and Interviews 1975-1995 (page does not exist)">Two Regimes of Madness</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works by Guattari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychanalyse_et_transversalit%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychanalyse et transversalité (page does not exist)">Psychanalyse et transversalité</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_Revolution:_Psychiatry_and_Politics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecular Revolution: Psychiatry and Politics (page does not exist)">Molecular Revolution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desire_and_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desire and Revolution (page does not exist)">Desire and Revolution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27inconscient_machinique._Essais_de_Schizoanalyse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'inconscient machinique. Essais de Schizoanalyse (page does not exist)">L'inconscient machinique. Essais de Schizoanalyse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%E2%80%99intervention_institutionnelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L’intervention institutionnelle (page does not exist)">L’intervention institutionnelle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_ann%C3%A9es_d%27hiver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les années d'hiver (page does not exist)">Les années d'hiver</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratique_de_l%27institutionnel_et_politique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pratique de l'institutionnel et politique (page does not exist)">Pratique de l'institutionnel et politique</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communists_Like_Us&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communists Like Us (page does not exist)">Communists Like Us</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_Revolution_in_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecular Revolution in Brazil (page does not exist)">Molecular Revolution in Brazil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Three_Ecologies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Three Ecologies (page does not exist)">The Three Ecologies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartographies_schizoanalytiques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartographies schizoanalytiques (page does not exist)">Cartographies schizoanalytiques</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaosmose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaosmose (page does not exist)">Chaosmose</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaosophy (page does not exist)">Chaosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soft_Subversions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soft Subversions (page does not exist)">Soft Subversions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Guattari_Reader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Guattari Reader (page does not exist)">The Guattari Reader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anti-%C5%92dipus_Papers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Anti-Œdipus Papers">The Anti-Œdipus Papers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaos_and_Complexity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaos and Complexity (page does not exist)">Chaos and Complexity</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Ab%C3%A9c%C3%A9daire_de_Gilles_Deleuze" title="L'Abécédaire de Gilles Deleuze">L'Abécédaire de Gilles Deleuze</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Borde_clinic" title="La Borde clinic">La Borde clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deleuze_and_Guattari" title="Deleuze and Guattari">Deleuze and Guattari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_New_Philosophy_of_Society" title="A New Philosophy of Society">A New Philosophy of Society: Assemblage Theory and Social Complexity</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continental_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_philosophy" title="Template talk:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continental_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Blanchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Koyré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-philosophy" title="Non-philosophy">Non-philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_already" title="Always already">Always already</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_oppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary oppositions">Binary oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of God">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">Différance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(philosophy)" title="Interpellation (philosophy)">Interpellation (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">Master–slave dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">Ontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontopoetics" title="Ontopoetics">Ontopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" title="Trace (deconstruction)">Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence#Philosophical_perspectives" title="Violence">Violence § Philosophical perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">Hermeneutics of suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic theory">Linguistic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_philosophy" title="Category:Continental philosophy">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_continental_philosophy_articles" title="Index of continental philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metaphysics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metaphysics" title="Template:Metaphysics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metaphysics" title="Template talk:Metaphysics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metaphysics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metaphysics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metaphysics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_object_theory" title="Abstract object theory">Abstract object theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enactivism" title="Enactivism">Enactivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(philosophy)" title="Spiritualism (philosophy)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthmaker_theory" title="Truthmaker theory">Truthmaker theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Category of being">Category of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_closure" title="Causal closure">Causal closure</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity" title="Entity">Entity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">Essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">Intention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Linguistic modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_matter" title="Philosophy of matter">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_necessity" title="Metaphysical necessity">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">Pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_object" title="Physical object">Physical object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations (philosophy)">Relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">Subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">Substantial form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction" title="Type–token distinction">Type–token distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_metaphysics_articles" title="Index of metaphysics articles">more ...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">Metaphysicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lotze" title="Hermann Lotze">Lotze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">more ...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 200 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_rerum_natura" title="De rerum natura">De rerum natura</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 80 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 50)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 270)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daneshnameh-ye_Alai" class="mw-redirect" title="Daneshnameh-ye Alai">Daneshnameh-ye Alai</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1000)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1641)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1677)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Human_Knowledge" title="A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge">A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1710)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monadology" title="Monadology">Monadology</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1714)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1781)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prolegomena_to_Any_Future_Metaphysics" title="Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics">Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1783)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" title="The Phenomenology of Spirit">The Phenomenology of Spirit</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1807)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1818)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments" title="Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments">Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1846)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being and Time</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Simulacra_and_Simulation" title="Simulacra and Simulation">Simulacra and Simulation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Feminist metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">Interpretations of quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mereology" title="Mereology">Mereology</a></li> <li><a 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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Epistemology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epistemology" title="Template:Epistemology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epistemology" title="Template talk:Epistemology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_BonJour" title="Laurence BonJour">Laurence BonJour</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gilles Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_DeRose" title="Keith DeRose">Keith DeRose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gettier" title="Edmund Gettier">Edmund Gettier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Alvin Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Gupta_(philosopher)" title="Anil Gupta (philosopher)">Anil Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack">Susan Haack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Klein" title="Peter D. Klein">Peter Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Kornblith" title="Hilary Kornblith">Hilary Kornblith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">John McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Pritchard" title="Duncan Pritchard">Duncan Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pryor" title="James Pryor">James Pryor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Siegel" title="Susanna Siegel">Susanna Siegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Sosa" title="Ernest Sosa">Ernest Sosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Williamson" title="Timothy Williamson">Timothy Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemological_theories" title="Category:Epistemological theories">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Feminist epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitism" title="Infinitism">Infinitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innatism" title="Innatism">Innatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalized epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliabilism" title="Reliabilism">Reliabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism" title="Direct and indirect realism">Representational realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental idealism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_epistemology" title="Category:Concepts in epistemology">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A priori</i> knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A posteriori</i> knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive knowledge">Descriptive knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_thought" title="Exploratory thought">Exploratory thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_injustice" title="Epistemic injustice">Epistemic injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettier_problem" title="Gettier problem">Gettier problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(epistemology)" title="Justification (epistemology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Privileged access">Privileged access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_knowledge" title="Procedural knowledge">Procedural knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regress_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Regress argument">Regress argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity" title="Simplicity">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_epistemology_articles" title="Index of epistemology articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" title="Outline of epistemology">Outline of epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_epistemology" title="Formal epistemology">Formal epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaepistemology" title="Metaepistemology">Metaepistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">Philosophy of perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_epistemology" title="Virtue epistemology">Virtue epistemology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemology" title="Category:Epistemology">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Epistemology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Epistemology">Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_stubs" title="Category:Philosophy stubs">Stubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aesthetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aesthetics" title="Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aesthetics" title="Template talk:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aesthetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_aesthetics" title="Ancient aesthetics">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_aesthetic" title="African aesthetic">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_aesthetic" title="Internet aesthetic">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 390 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 335 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 100)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 500)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1757)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Relational_art" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gray; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Relational_art" title="Template:Relational art"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Relational_art" title="Template talk:Relational art"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Relational_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Relational art"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Relational_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Relational_art" title="Relational art"><span style="color:white;">Relational art</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gray; color:white;;width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Azcona" title="Abel Azcona">Abel Azcona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Beecroft" title="Vanessa Beecroft">Vanessa Beecroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bond" title="Henry Bond">Henry Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Bulloch" title="Angela Bulloch">Angela Bulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Cattelan" title="Maurizio Cattelan">Maurizio Cattelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Gillick" title="Liam Gillick">Liam Gillick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gordon" title="Douglas Gordon">Douglas Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Haaning" title="Jens Haaning">Jens Haaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_H%C3%B6ller" title="Carsten Höller">Carsten Höller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Huyghe" title="Pierre Huyghe">Pierre Huyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Plenge_Jakobsen" title="Henrik Plenge Jakobsen">Henrik Plenge Jakobsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miltos_Manetas" title="Miltos Manetas">Miltos Manetas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Parreno" title="Philippe Parreno">Philippe Parreno</a></li> <li>Honoré d'O</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Orozco" title="Gabriel Orozco">Gabriel Orozco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Gonzalez-Torres" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Gonzalez-Torres">Felix Gonzalez-Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Gonzalez-Foerster" title="Dominique Gonzalez-Foerster">Dominique Gonzalez-Foerster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Pardo_(artist)" title="Jorge Pardo (artist)">Jorge Pardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Rhoades" title="Jason Rhoades">Jason Rhoades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rirkrit_Tiravanija" title="Rirkrit Tiravanija">Rirkrit Tiravanija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Wearing" title="Gillian Wearing">Gillian Wearing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gray; color:white;;width:1%">Related artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Graham" title="Dan Graham">Dan Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_West" title="Franz West">Franz West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Creed" title="Martin Creed">Martin Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kippenberger" title="Martin Kippenberger">Martin Kippenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Asher_(artist)" title="Michael Asher (artist)"> Michael Asher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gray; color:white;;width:1%">Shows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Backstage</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Traffic_(art_exhibition)" title="Traffic (art exhibition)">Traffic</a></i></li> <li><i>Theanyspacewhatever</i></li> <li><i>Touch: Relational Art from the 1990s to Now</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gray; color:white;;width:1%">Curators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Birnbaum" title="Daniel Birnbaum">Daniel Birnbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bourriaud" title="Nicolas Bourriaud">Nicolas Bourriaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Esche" title="Charles Esche">Charles Esche</a></li> <li>Maria Lind</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Obrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans-Ulrich Obrist">Hans-Ulrich Obrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Peyton-Jones" title="Julia Peyton-Jones">Julia Peyton-Jones</a></li> <li>Jérôme Sans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Spector" title="Nancy Spector">Nancy Spector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Troncy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Troncy">Eric Troncy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gray; color:white;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gilles Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frieze_Art_Fair" title="Frieze Art Fair">Frieze Art Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turner_Prize" title="Turner Prize">Turner Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012277323X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22140703">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1427364/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtRKRmp8W3B73TxP6Dcyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118524534">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79006797">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118993325">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118993325">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00437622">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Deleuze, Gilles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV011822">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an48864229">Australia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35034707">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00046431?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:deleuze.gilles">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500238717">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b30c7361-1432-45a1-89ab-cb3f737a33e9">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/807158">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118524534.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118524534">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026820552">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61z453q">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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