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id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pharma_hub" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharma_hub"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Pharma hub</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharma_hub-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Broad-gauge_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broad-gauge_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Broad-gauge lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broad-gauge_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narrow-gauge_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narrow-gauge_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Narrow-gauge lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrow-gauge_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>State profile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Himachal Pradesh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 121 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">121 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%82%E1%88%9B%E1%89%B8%E1%88%8D_%E1%8D%95%E1%88%A8%E1%8B%B4%E1%88%BD" title="ሂማቸል ፕረዴሽ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሂማቸል ፕረዴሽ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="हिमाचल प्रदेश – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हिमाचल प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="هيماجل برديش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيماجل برديش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="হিমাচল প্ৰদেশ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হিমাচল প্ৰদেশ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hima%C3%A7al_Prade%C5%9F" title="Himaçal Pradeş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Himaçal Pradeş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4" title="هیماچال پرادش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیماچال پرادش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="হিমাচল প্রদেশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিমাচল প্রদেশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%88" title="Хімачал-Прадэш – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хімачал-Прадэш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%88" title="Гімачал-Прадэш – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гімачал-Прадэш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="हिमाचल प्रदेश – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हिमाचल प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Химачал Прадеш – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химачал Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧི་མ་ཅལ་མངའ་སྡེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧི་མ་ཅལ་མངའ་སྡེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Him%C4%81chal_Pradesh" title="State of Himāchal Pradesh – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="State of Himāchal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Him%C3%A1%C4%8Dalprad%C3%A9%C5%A1" title="Himáčalpradéš – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Himáčalpradéš" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%97%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0_%DE%95%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%8B%DE%AD%DE%9D%DE%B0" title="ހިމާޗަލް ޕްރަދޭޝް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހިމާޗަލް ޕްރަދޭޝް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="हिमाचल प्रदेश – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हिमाचल प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BB_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Χιμάτσαλ Πραντές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χιμάτσαλ Πραντές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hima%C4%89al-Prade%C5%9Do" title="Himaĉal-Pradeŝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Himaĉal-Pradeŝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4" title="هیماچال پرادش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیماچال پرادش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B6" title="હિમાચલ પ્રદેશ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હિમાચલ પ્રદેશ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradex" title="Himachal Pradex – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Himachal Pradex" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%EB%A7%88%EC%B0%B0%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%EB%8D%B0%EC%8B%9C%EC%A3%BC" title="히마찰프라데시주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="히마찰프라데시주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B7" title="Հիմաչալ Պրադեշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիմաչալ Պրադեշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="हिमाचल प्रदेश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिमाचल प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hima%C4%8Dal_Prade%C5%A1" title="Himačal Pradeš – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Himačal Pradeš" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="হিমাচল প্রদেশ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="হিমাচল প্রদেশ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Химачал-Прадеш – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Химачал-Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A6%27%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A9" title="הימאצ'ל פרדש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הימאצ'ל פרדש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B2_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6" title="ಹಿಮಾಚಲ ಪ್ರದೇಶ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಮಾಚಲ ಪ್ರದೇಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ჰიმაჩალ-პრადეში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიმაჩალ-პრადეში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%90%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%8E%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%8E%D9%9B%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="ہِماچَل پرَٛدیش – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہِماچَل پرَٛدیش" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Him%C4%81cala_Prade%C5%9Ba" title="Himācala Pradeśa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Himācala Pradeśa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Him%C4%81%C4%8Dala_Prad%C4%93%C5%A1a" title="Himāčala Pradēša – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Himāčala Pradēša" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hima%C4%8Dal_Prade%C5%A1as" title="Himačal Pradešas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Himačal Pradešas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Him%C3%A1csal_Prades" title="Himácsal Prades – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Himácsal Prades" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="हिमाचल प्रदेश – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हिमाचल प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Химачал Прадеш – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Химачал Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ഹിമാചൽ പ്രദേശ്‌ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിമാചൽ പ്രദേശ്‌" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="हिमाचल प्रदेश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिमाचल प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ჰიმაჩალ-პრადეში – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰიმაჩალ-პრადეში" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4" title="هیماچال پرادش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هیماچال پرادش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%9C_%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81" title="ꯍꯤꯃꯥꯆꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯗꯦꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯤꯃꯥꯆꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯗꯦꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Химачал Прадеш – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Химачал Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%9C%E1%80%95%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ဟိမာစလပဒေသပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟိမာစလပဒေသပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="हिमाचल प्रदेश – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिमाचल प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="हिमाचल प्रदेश – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हिमाचल प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E5%B7%9E" title="ヒマーチャル・プラデーシュ州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒマーチャル・プラデーシュ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Химачал-Прадеш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Химачал-Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%B3_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B6" title="ହିମାଚଳ ପ୍ରଦେଶ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହିମାଚଳ ପ୍ରଦେଶ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximachalpradesh" title="Ximachalpradesh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ximachalpradesh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="ہماچل پردیش – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہماچل پردیش" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="هماچل پرديش – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هماچل پرديش" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradexe" title="Himachal Pradexe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Himachal Pradexe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Химачал-Прадеш – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Химачал-Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="हिमाचलप्रदेशराज्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हिमाचलप्रदेशराज्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A" title="හිමාචල් ප්‍රදේශ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හිමාචල් ප්‍රදේශ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="هماچل پرديش – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هماچل پرديش" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Him%C3%A1%C4%8Dalprad%C3%A9%C5%A1" title="Himáčalpradéš – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Himáčalpradéš" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hima%C4%8Dal_Prade%C5%A1" title="Himačal Pradeš – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Himačal Pradeš" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="ھیماچال پرادیش – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھیماچال پرادیش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Химачал Прадеш – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Химачал Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hima%C4%8Dal_Prade%C5%A1" title="Himačal Pradeš – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Himačal Pradeš" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Һимачал-Прадеш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һимачал-Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D" title="హిమాచల్ ప్రదేశ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హిమాచల్ ప్రదేశ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" title="รัฐหิมาจัลประเทศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐหิมาจัลประเทศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Ҳимочал Прадеш – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳимочал Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B2_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6" title="ಹಿಮಾಚಲ ಪ್ರದೇಶ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಹಿಮಾಚಲ ಪ್ರದೇಶ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hima%C3%A7el_Prade%C5%9F" title="Himaçel Pradeş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Himaçel Pradeş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Гімачал-Прадеш – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гімачал-Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="ہماچل پردیش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہماچل پردیش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E5%81%95%E5%B0%94%E9%82%A6" title="喜马偕尔邦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="喜马偕尔邦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Himachal Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A6%AC%E5%81%95%E7%88%BE%E9%82%A6" title="喜馬偕爾邦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="喜馬偕爾邦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Himachal_Pradesh&params=31_6_12_N_77_10_20_E_region:IN-HP_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°6′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°10′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.10333°N 77.17222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.10333; 77.17222</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in northern India</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in North India, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Himachal Pradesh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State of Himachal Pradesh</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style=";height:116px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HPCA_Stadium_Dharamsala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HPCA_Stadium_Dharamsala.jpg/288px-HPCA_Stadium_Dharamsala.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HPCA_Stadium_Dharamsala.jpg/432px-HPCA_Stadium_Dharamsala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HPCA_Stadium_Dharamsala.jpg/576px-HPCA_Stadium_Dharamsala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3306" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Cricket_Association_Stadium" title="Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium">HPCA Stadium</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style=";height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinnaur_Kailash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kinnaur_Kailash.jpg/142px-Kinnaur_Kailash.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kinnaur_Kailash.jpg/213px-Kinnaur_Kailash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kinnaur_Kailash.jpg/284px-Kinnaur_Kailash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7568" data-file-height="5032" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kinnaur_Kailash" title="Kinnaur Kailash">Kinnaur Kailash</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style=";height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kullu_Valley_near_Manali,_Himachal_Pradesh,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kullu_Valley_near_Manali%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_India.jpg/142px-Kullu_Valley_near_Manali%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kullu_Valley_near_Manali%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_India.jpg/213px-Kullu_Valley_near_Manali%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kullu_Valley_near_Manali%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_India.jpg/284px-Kullu_Valley_near_Manali%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3994" data-file-height="2663" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kullu_Valley" title="Kullu Valley">Kullu Valley</a> near <a href="/wiki/Manali,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Manali, Himachal Pradesh">Manali</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style=";height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BaijNath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BaijNath.jpg/142px-BaijNath.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BaijNath.jpg/213px-BaijNath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BaijNath.jpg/284px-BaijNath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Baijnath_Temple" title="Baijnath Temple">Baijnath Temple</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style=";height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kee_monastery_Spiti_Valley_(edited).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kee_monastery_Spiti_Valley_%28edited%29.jpg/142px-Kee_monastery_Spiti_Valley_%28edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kee_monastery_Spiti_Valley_%28edited%29.jpg/213px-Kee_monastery_Spiti_Valley_%28edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kee_monastery_Spiti_Valley_%28edited%29.jpg/284px-Kee_monastery_Spiti_Valley_%28edited%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3181" data-file-height="2370" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kye_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Kye Monastery">Kye Monastery</a> at <a href="/wiki/Spiti" title="Spiti">Spiti</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div style=";height:95px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarahan-Bhimakali-10-alter_Turm-gje_(edited).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sarahan-Bhimakali-10-alter_Turm-gje_%28edited%29.jpg/144px-Sarahan-Bhimakali-10-alter_Turm-gje_%28edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sarahan-Bhimakali-10-alter_Turm-gje_%28edited%29.jpg/216px-Sarahan-Bhimakali-10-alter_Turm-gje_%28edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sarahan-Bhimakali-10-alter_Turm-gje_%28edited%29.jpg/288px-Sarahan-Bhimakali-10-alter_Turm-gje_%28edited%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2730" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bhimakali_Temple" title="Bhimakali Temple">Bhimakali Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sarahan" title="Sarahan">Sarahan</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style=";height:95px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalpa_(8512894537).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kalpa_%288512894537%29.jpg/140px-Kalpa_%288512894537%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kalpa_%288512894537%29.jpg/210px-Kalpa_%288512894537%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kalpa_%288512894537%29.jpg/280px-Kalpa_%288512894537%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kalpa,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Kalpa, Himachal Pradesh">Kalpa</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style=";height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shimla_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shimla_night.jpg/288px-Shimla_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shimla_night.jpg/432px-Shimla_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shimla_night.jpg/576px-Shimla_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8723" data-file-height="2922" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a> at Night</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Himachal_Pradesh_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Himachal Pradesh"><img alt="Official emblem of Himachal Pradesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Himachal_Pradesh_seal.svg/125px-Himachal_Pradesh_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Himachal_Pradesh_seal.svg/188px-Himachal_Pradesh_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Himachal_Pradesh_seal.svg/250px-Himachal_Pradesh_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="272" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Emblem of Himachal Pradesh">Emblem of Himachal Pradesh</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Etymology: "Land of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayas" title="Western Himalayas">snow-clad mountains</a>"</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Mountain State"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_mottos" title="List of Indian state mottos">Motto(s)</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Satyameva Jayate <br /> (Truth alone triumphs)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IN-HP.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Himachal Pradesh in India"><img alt="The map of India showing Himachal Pradesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/IN-HP.svg/300px-IN-HP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/IN-HP.svg/450px-IN-HP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/IN-HP.svg/600px-IN-HP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="583" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Himachal Pradesh in India</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Himachal_Pradesh&params=31_6_12_N_77_10_20_E_region:IN-HP_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°6′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°10′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.10333°N 77.17222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.10333; 77.17222</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="height:0px"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before was</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Punjab_States_Agency" title="Punjab States Agency">Punjab States Agency</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">As state</th><td class="infobox-data">25 January 1971</td></tr><tr class="[[Punjab States Agency]] mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_foundation_days" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state foundation days">Formation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 1956</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Dharamshala" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a> (winter)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Largest city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="List of districts of Himachal Pradesh">12</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Government of Himachal Pradesh">Government of Himachal Pradesh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="List of governors of Himachal Pradesh">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Pratap_Shukla" title="Shiv Pratap Shukla">Shiv Pratap Shukla</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="List of chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh">Chief minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu" title="Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu">Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_chief_ministers_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="List of deputy chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh">Deputy chief minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mukesh_Agnihotri" title="Mukesh Agnihotri">Mukesh Agnihotri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/State_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislature">State Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Unicameral</b></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly">68 seats</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National Parliament</th><td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a></b></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_Rajya_Sabha#Himachal_Pradesh" title="List of current members of the Rajya Sabha">3 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_18th_Lok_Sabha#Himachal_Pradesh" title="List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha">4 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Court</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_High_Court" title="Himachal Pradesh High Court">Himachal Pradesh High Court</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-area_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-area-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">55,673 km<sup>2</sup> (21,495 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">18th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">300 km (200 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">200 km (100 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">350 m (1,150 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Reo_Purgyil" title="Reo Purgyil">Reo Purgyil</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,813 m (22,352 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">232 m (761 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2011)<sup id="cite_ref-HPOP_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPOP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral increase"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 6,864,602</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">21st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">123/km<sup>2</sup> (320/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10.03%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rural<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">89.97%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Himachalis</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Additional official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Official_scripts_of_the_Indian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Official scripts of the Indian Republic">Official script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari script">Devanagari script</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2024–2025)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a></span>2.27 lakh crore</span> (US$27 billion)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">22nd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a></span>286,401</span> (US$3,400) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">14th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:30" title="UTC+05:30">UTC+05:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN" title="ISO 3166-2:IN">IN-HP</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Regional_Transport_Office_districts_in_India" title="List of Regional Transport Office districts in India">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">HP</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2021)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.703 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#0c0">High</span> <sup id="cite_ref-snhdi-gdl_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snhdi-gdl-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index">7th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2011)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral increase"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 86.06%<sup id="cite_ref-lit_Ind_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lit_Ind-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_literacy_rate" title="List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate">10th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">Sex ratio</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2011)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">972<a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">♀</a>/1000 <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">♂</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_sex_ratio" title="List of states and union territories of India by sex ratio">32nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himachal.nic.in">himachal<wbr />.nic<wbr />.in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Symbols of Himachal Pradesh</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Himachal_Pradesh_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Himachal_Pradesh_seal.svg/80px-Himachal_Pradesh_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Himachal_Pradesh_seal.svg/120px-Himachal_Pradesh_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Himachal_Pradesh_seal.svg/160px-Himachal_Pradesh_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="272" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Emblem of Himachal Pradesh">Emblem of Himachal Pradesh</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="height:0px"></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Western_tragopan" title="Western tragopan">Western tragopan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fish</th><td class="infobox-data">Golden Mahseer<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pink rhododendron</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Mammal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cedrus_deodara" title="Cedrus deodara">Deodar cedar</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>State highway mark</b></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SH_IN-HP.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SH_IN-HP.png/90px-SH_IN-HP.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SH_IN-HP.png/135px-SH_IN-HP.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SH_IN-HP.png/180px-SH_IN-HP.png 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State highway of Himachal Pradesh <br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="List of state highways in Himachal Pradesh">HP SH1 - HP SH43</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">List of Indian state symbols</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Himachal Pradesh</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hindi:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ɦɪˈmäːtʃəl<span class="wrap"> </span>pɾəˈd̪eːʃ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a6\/Himachal.ogg\/Himachal.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Himachal.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Himachal.ogg/Himachal.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Himachal.ogg" title="File:Himachal.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "Snow-laden Mountain Province"<sup id="cite_ref-indiatoday-2021_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiatoday-2021-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state</a> in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Situated in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayas" title="Western Himalayas">Western Himalayas</a>, it is one of the thirteen <a href="/wiki/Indian_Himalayan_Region" title="Indian Himalayan Region">mountain states</a> and is characterised by an extreme landscape featuring <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="List of mountain peaks of Himachal Pradesh">several peaks</a> and extensive <a href="/wiki/River_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="River systems">river systems</a>. Himachal Pradesh is the northernmost state of India and shares borders with the <a href="/wiki/Union_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Union territories">union territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> to the north, and the states of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (India)">Punjab</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> to the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> to the southeast and a very narrow border with <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> to the south. The state also shares an international border to the east with the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Himachal Pradesh is also known as <i>Dev Bhoomi</i>, meaning 'Land of Gods'<sup id="cite_ref-Sankrit_Mag-2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sankrit_Mag-2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Veer Bhoomi</i> which means 'Land of the Brave'.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The predominantly mountainous region comprising the present-day Himachal Pradesh has been inhabited since pre-historic times, having witnessed multiple waves of human migrations from other areas.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through its history, the region was mostly ruled by local kingdoms, some of which accepted the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of larger <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empires</a>. Prior to <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">India's independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British</a>, Himachal comprised the hilly regions of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>. After independence, many of the hilly territories were organised as the Chief Commissioner's province of Himachal Pradesh, which later became a Union Territory. In 1966, hilly areas of the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> state were merged into Himachal and it was ultimately granted full statehood in 1971. </p><p>Himachal Pradesh is spread across valleys with many perennial rivers flowing through them. <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a>, horticulture, hydropower, and tourism are important constituents of the state's economy. The hilly state is almost universally electrified, with 99.5% of households having <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_households_having_electricity" title="List of states and union territories of India by households having electricity">electricity</a> as of 2016. The state was declared India's second <a href="/wiki/Open-defecation" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-defecation">open-defecation</a>-free state in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a survey of CMS-India Corruption Study in 2017, Himachal Pradesh is India's least <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">corrupt</a> state.<sup id="cite_ref-leastcorrupt1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leastcorrupt1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leastcorrupt2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leastcorrupt2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Himachal Pradesh is divided into 12 districts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of the state is a reference to its setting: Himachal means "snowy slopes" (Sanskrit: <i>hima</i>, meaning "snow"; <i>acala/achala meaning</i> "slopes", or "land", or "abode"). Himachal Pradesh (ɦɪˈmaːtʃəl pɾəˈdeːʃ; literally "snow-laden province"). Himachal refers to being in the "<i>aanchal</i>" of the Himalayas hence, sheltered by the Himalayas or by the snow. It means "the land in the lap of snowy Himalayas". <a href="/wiki/Pradesh" title="Pradesh">Pradesh</a> means "state". Himachal was referenced by Diwakar Datt Sharma, a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> scholar, after independence, when "Jan Gan Man" was revealed publicly by Pt. Nehru from Gurudev <a href="/wiki/Tagore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagore">Tagore</a>'s diary. The word was added in the national anthem of India "Jan Gan Man" by Gurudev <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> when he was writing and composing it. Later after independence of India, Punjab province was divided and the name was given officially to the mountain state as <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Himachal Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="History of Himachal Pradesh">History of Himachal Pradesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_view_of_Masroor_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Full_view_of_Masroor_temple.jpg/220px-Full_view_of_Masroor_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Full_view_of_Masroor_temple.jpg/330px-Full_view_of_Masroor_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Full_view_of_Masroor_temple.jpg/440px-Full_view_of_Masroor_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5111" data-file-height="3408" /></a><figcaption>8th-century CE rock-cut <a href="/wiki/Masrur_Temples" title="Masrur Temples">temples at Masroor</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli</a>, Hali, Dagi, Dhaugri, <a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">Dasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khasas" title="Khasas">Khasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanaura" title="Kanaura">Kanaura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kirata" title="Kirata">Kirata</a> inhabited the region from the prehistoric era.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foothills of the modern state of Himachal Pradesh were inhabited by people from the <a href="/wiki/Indus_valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus valley civilisation">Indus valley civilisation</a>, which flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-nichist_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kols and <a href="/wiki/Munda_people" title="Munda people">Mundas</a> are believed to be the original inhabitants to the hills of present-day Himachal Pradesh, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Bhotiya" title="Bhotiya">Bhotas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirata" title="Kirata">Kiratas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nichist_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>, several small republics known as <i>Janapada</i> existed which were later conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>. After a brief period of supremacy by King <a href="/wiki/Harshavardhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Harshavardhana">Harshavardhana</a>, the region was divided into several local powers headed by chieftains, including some <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> principalities. These kingdoms enjoyed a large degree of independence and were invaded by <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> several times.<sup id="cite_ref-nichist_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Ghaznavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Ghaznavi">Mahmud Ghaznavi</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Kangra,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Kangra, Himachal Pradesh">Kangra</a> at the beginning of the 11th century. <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikander_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikander Lodi">Sikander Lodi</a> also marched through the lower hills of the state, captured several forts, and fought many battles.<sup id="cite_ref-nichist_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several hill states acknowledged <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> and paid regular <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> to the Mughals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerma199528–35,_''Historical_Perspective''_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerma199528–35,_''Historical_Perspective''-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajput_states_in_Himachal_Pradesh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rajput_states_in_Himachal_Pradesh.svg/230px-Rajput_states_in_Himachal_Pradesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rajput_states_in_Himachal_Pradesh.svg/345px-Rajput_states_in_Himachal_Pradesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rajput_states_in_Himachal_Pradesh.svg/460px-Rajput_states_in_Himachal_Pradesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption>A map of the major Rajput kingdoms in Himachal Pradesh</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gorkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Gorkha">Kingdom of Gorkha</a> conquered many kingdoms and came to power in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> in 1768.<sup id="cite_ref-nichist_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They consolidated their military power and began to expand their territory.<sup id="cite_ref-nichist_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradually, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> annexed <a href="/wiki/Sirmaur_district" title="Sirmaur district">Sirmour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a>. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Thapa" title="Amar Singh Thapa">Amar Singh Thapa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Army" title="Nepali Army">Nepali army</a> laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra</a>. They managed to defeat <a href="/wiki/Sansar_Chand" title="Sansar Chand">Sansar Chand</a> <a href="/wiki/Katoch" title="Katoch">Katoch</a>, the ruler of Kangra, in 1806 with the help of many provincial chiefs. However, the Nepali army could not capture <a href="/wiki/Kangra_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangra fort">Kangra fort</a> which came under <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh</a> in 1809. After the defeat, they expanded towards the south of the state. However, Raja Ram Singh, Raja of <a href="/wiki/Siba_State" title="Siba State">Siba State</a>, captured the fort of Siba from the remnants of <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> Darbar in Samvat 1846,<sup id="cite_ref-nichist_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a>. </p><p>They came into direct conflict with the British along the <i><a href="/wiki/Tarai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarai">tarai</a></i> belt, after which the British expelled them from the provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Satluj" class="mw-redirect" title="Satluj">Satluj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nichist_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British gradually emerged as the paramount power in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-nichist_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the revolt of 1857, or first <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian war of independence</a>, arising from several grievances against the British,<sup id="cite_ref-nichist_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the people of the hill states were not as politically active as were those in other parts of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-nichist_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They and their rulers, except Bushahr, remained more or less inactive.<sup id="cite_ref-nichist_19-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, including the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Chamba,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Chamba, Himachal Pradesh">Chamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh">Bilaspur</a>, Bhagal and Dhami, rendered help to the British government during the revolt. </p><p>The British territories came under the British Crown after <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>'s proclamation of 1858. The states of <a href="/wiki/Chamba_State" title="Chamba State">Chamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandi,_Himachal_Pradesh,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India">Mandi</a> and Bilaspur made good progress in many fields during the British rule.<sup id="cite_ref-nichist_19-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During World War I, virtually all rulers of the hill states remained loyal and contributed to the British war effort, both in the form of men and materials. Among these were the states of <a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra</a>, Jaswan, Datarpur, Guler, <a href="/wiki/Rajgarh_State" title="Rajgarh State">Rajgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nurpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurpur State">Nurpur</a>, Chamba, Suket, Mandi, and Bilaspur.<sup id="cite_ref-nichist_19-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partition_and_post-independence">Partition and post-independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Partition and post-independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After independence, the Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh was organised on 15 April 1948 as a result of the integration of 30 petty princely states (including feudal princes and <i>zaildars</i>) in the promontories of the western <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>. These were known as the Simla Hills States and four <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> southern hill states under the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 and 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). The State of Bilaspur was merged into Himachal Pradesh on 1 July 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerma1995239–254,_''Territorial_Gains''_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerma1995239–254,_''Territorial_Gains''-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Himachal became a Part 'C' state on 26 January 1950 when the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> came into effect and the Lieutenant Governor was appointed. The Legislative Assembly was elected in 1952. Himachal Pradesh became a <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a> on 1 November 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-nichist_19-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some areas of the Punjab State, namely, Simla, Kangra, Kullu and Lahul and Spiti Districts, Lohara, Amb and Una Kanungo circles, some areas of Santokhgarh Kanungo circle and some other specified area of Una Tehsil of <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoshiarpur District">Hoshiarpur District</a>, as well as Kandaghat and Nalagarh Tehsils of erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Patiala_and_East_Punjab_States_Union" title="Patiala and East Punjab States Union">PEPSU State</a>, besides some parts of Dhar Kalan Kanungo circle of Pathankot District—were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on the enactment by Parliament of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Reorganisation_Act,_1966" title="Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966">Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerma1995239–254,_''Territorial_Gains''_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerma1995239–254,_''Territorial_Gains''-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament, and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Himachal became the 18th state of the Indian Union with <a href="/wiki/Yashwant_Singh_Parmar" title="Yashwant Singh Parmar">Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar</a> as its first chief minister.<sup id="cite_ref-nichist_19-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Geography of Himachal Pradesh">Geography of Himachal Pradesh</a></div> <p>Himachal is in the western <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> situated between 30°22′N and 33°12′N latitude and 75°47′E and 79°04′E longitude. Covering an area of 55,673 square kilometres (21,495 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-area_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-area-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is a mountainous state. The <a href="/wiki/Zanskar_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanskar range">Zanskar range</a> runs in the northeastern part of the state and the great Himalayan range run through the eastern and northern parts, while the <a href="/wiki/Dhauladhar" title="Dhauladhar">Dhauladhar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pir_Panjal_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Pir Panjal range">Pir Panjal ranges</a> of the lesser Himalayas, and their valleys, form much of the core regions. The outer Himalayas, or the <a href="/wiki/Shiwalik_hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiwalik hills">Shiwalik range</a>, form southern and western Himachal Pradesh. At 6,816 m, <a href="/wiki/Reo_Purgyil" title="Reo Purgyil">Reo Purgyil</a> is the highest mountain peak in the state of Himachal Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-Mount_Tourism_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mount_Tourism-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a> system of Himachal is composed both of rivers and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>. Himalayan rivers criss-cross the entire mountain chain. Himachal Pradesh provides water to both the <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">basins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-geo3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geo3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drainage systems of the region are the Chandra Bhaga or the <a href="/wiki/Chenab_River" title="Chenab River">Chenab</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a>. These rivers are <a href="/wiki/Perennial_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial stream">perennial</a> and are fed by snow and rainfall. They are protected by an extensive cover of natural vegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-geo3_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geo3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four of the five Punjab rivers flow through Himachal Pradesh, three of them originating in the state. These rivers run through a maze of valleys separated by the mountain ranges of the state. The <a href="/wiki/Satluj_Valley" title="Satluj Valley">Satluj Valley</a> is formed by the Satluj river entering the state near <a href="/wiki/Shipki_La" title="Shipki La">Shipki La</a>, while the Spiti and <a href="/wiki/Baspa_Valley" title="Baspa Valley">Baspa Valleys</a> are formed by the river's two major tributaries in the state. The Beas river flows though the <a href="/wiki/Kullu_Valley" title="Kullu Valley">Kullu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kangra_Valley" title="Kangra Valley">Kangra Valleys</a>, with tributary Parvati forming the <a href="/wiki/Parvati_Valley" title="Parvati Valley">Parvati Valley</a>. The Chenab river, formed by the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga, forms much of the northern regions of Lahaul and <a href="/wiki/Pangi,_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangi, Himachal Pradesh">Pangi</a>, and the Ravi river flows principally through Chamba. The <a href="/wiki/Pabbar_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pabbar River">Pabbar</a> and Giri rivers in the southeast are part of the Yamuna basin. </p><p>Due to extreme variation in elevation, great variation occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh. The climate varies from hot and humid subtropical in the southern tracts to, with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-geo1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geo1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state's winter capital, <a href="/wiki/Dharamsala,_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh">Dharamsala</a> receives very heavy rainfall, while areas like <a href="/wiki/Lahaul_and_Spiti_district" title="Lahaul and Spiti district">Lahaul and Spiti</a> are cold and almost rainless. Broadly, Himachal experiences three seasons: summer, winter, and rainy season. Summer lasts from mid-April until the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine</a> zone which experiences a mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 to 32 °C (82 to 90 °F). Winter lasts from late November until mid-March. <a href="/wiki/Snowfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowfall">Snowfall</a> is common in alpine tracts. Pollution is affecting the climate of almost all the states of India. Due to steps taken by governments to prevent pollution, Himachal Pradesh has become the first smoke-free state in India which means cooking in the entire state is free of traditional <a href="/wiki/Chulha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chulha">chulhas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Himachal_Pradesh_relief_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Topographic map of Himachal Pradesh. Most of the state is mountainous."><img alt="Topographic map of Himachal Pradesh. Most of the state is mountainous." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/India_Himachal_Pradesh_relief_map.svg/200px-India_Himachal_Pradesh_relief_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/India_Himachal_Pradesh_relief_map.svg/300px-India_Himachal_Pradesh_relief_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/India_Himachal_Pradesh_relief_map.svg/400px-India_Himachal_Pradesh_relief_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="931" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Topographic map of Himachal Pradesh. Most of the state is mountainous.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shivaliks_Himalayas_Aerial_Dehaze_Himachal_Feb20_R16_02827.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the Shivalik Hills and the Middle Himalayas in Himachal Pradesh"><img alt="View of the Shivalik Hills and the Middle Himalayas in Himachal Pradesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Shivaliks_Himalayas_Aerial_Dehaze_Himachal_Feb20_R16_02827.jpg/200px-Shivaliks_Himalayas_Aerial_Dehaze_Himachal_Feb20_R16_02827.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Shivaliks_Himalayas_Aerial_Dehaze_Himachal_Feb20_R16_02827.jpg/300px-Shivaliks_Himalayas_Aerial_Dehaze_Himachal_Feb20_R16_02827.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Shivaliks_Himalayas_Aerial_Dehaze_Himachal_Feb20_R16_02827.jpg/400px-Shivaliks_Himalayas_Aerial_Dehaze_Himachal_Feb20_R16_02827.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the <a href="/wiki/Shivalik_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivalik Hills">Shivalik Hills</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Himalayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser Himalayas">Middle Himalayas</a> in Himachal Pradesh</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Himachal Pradesh">Protected areas of Himachal Pradesh</a></div> <p>Himachal Pradesh is one of the states that lies in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), one of the richest reservoirs of biological diversity in the world. As of 2002, the IHR is undergoing large scale irrational extraction of wild, medicinal herbs, thus endangering many of its high-value gene stock. To address this, a workshop on 'Endangered Medicinal Plant Species in Himachal Pradesh' was held in 2002 and the conference was attended by forty experts from diverse disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to 2003 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Survey_of_India" title="Forest Survey of India">Forest Survey of India</a> report, legally defined forest areas constitute 66.52% of the area of Himachal Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-hpfdforests_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hpfdforests-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vegetation in the state is dictated by elevation and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a>. The state is endowed with a high diversity of medicinal and aromatic plants.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lahaul-Spiti region of the state, being a cold desert, supports unique plants of medicinal value including <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferula_jaeschkeana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferula jaeschkeana (page does not exist)">Ferula jaeschkeana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lancea_tibetica" title="Lancea tibetica">Lancea tibetica</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Saussurea" title="Saussurea">Saussurea</a> bracteata</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Himachal is also said to be the fruit bowl of the country,<sup id="cite_ref-Fruitbowl_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fruitbowl-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with widespread orchards. Meadows and pastures are also seen clinging to steep slopes. After the winter season, the hillsides and orchards bloom with wild flowers, white gladiolas, <a href="/wiki/Carnations" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnations">carnations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagetes" title="Tagetes">marigolds</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-marigolds_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marigolds-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">roses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemums" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysanthemums">chrysanthemums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulips" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulips">tulips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilies">lilies</a> are carefully cultivated. Himachal Pradesh Horticultural Produce Marketing and Processing Corporation Ltd. (HPMC) is a state body that markets fresh and processed fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-HPMC_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPMC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Himachal Pradesh has around 463 birds, and Tragopan melanocephalus is the state bird of Himanchal Pradesh<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 77 mammalian, 44 reptile and 80 fish species. Himachal Pradesh has currently five <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National Parks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pro1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pro1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayan_National_Park" title="Great Himalayan National Park">Great Himalayan National Park</a>, oldest and largest National park in the state, is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pin_Valley_National_Park" title="Pin Valley National Park">Pin Valley National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inderkilla_National_Park" title="Inderkilla National Park">Inderkilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khirganga_National_Park" title="Khirganga National Park">Khirganga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simbalbara_National_Park" title="Simbalbara National Park">Simbalbara</a> are the other <a href="/wiki/National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="National Park">national Parks</a> located in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-pro1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pro1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pro2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pro2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pro3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pro3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pro_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pro-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state also has 30 <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife Sanctuary">wildlife sanctuaries</a> and 3 conservation reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-Pro_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pro-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state bird of Himachal Pradesh is the <a href="/wiki/Western_tragopan" title="Western tragopan">Western tragopan</a>, locally known as the <i>jujurana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the rarest living pheasants in the world. The state animal is the <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">snow leopard</a>, which is even rarer to find than the <i>jujurana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Snow_Leopards_-_Ghost_of_the_Mountains_for_Ministry_of_Tourism_(MOT)_India_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Spiti"><img alt="Snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Spiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Snow_Leopards_-_Ghost_of_the_Mountains_for_Ministry_of_Tourism_%28MOT%29_India_2.png/200px-Snow_Leopards_-_Ghost_of_the_Mountains_for_Ministry_of_Tourism_%28MOT%29_India_2.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Snow_Leopards_-_Ghost_of_the_Mountains_for_Ministry_of_Tourism_%28MOT%29_India_2.png/300px-Snow_Leopards_-_Ghost_of_the_Mountains_for_Ministry_of_Tourism_%28MOT%29_India_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Snow_Leopards_-_Ghost_of_the_Mountains_for_Ministry_of_Tourism_%28MOT%29_India_2.png/400px-Snow_Leopards_-_Ghost_of_the_Mountains_for_Ministry_of_Tourism_%28MOT%29_India_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard</a> (<i>Panthera uncia</i>) in Spiti</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_Paradise_Flycatcher-_Male_at_Himachal_I2_IMG_2939.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi) in Kullu"><img alt="Indian paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi) in Kullu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Asian_Paradise_Flycatcher-_Male_at_Himachal_I2_IMG_2939.jpg/196px-Asian_Paradise_Flycatcher-_Male_at_Himachal_I2_IMG_2939.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Asian_Paradise_Flycatcher-_Male_at_Himachal_I2_IMG_2939.jpg/294px-Asian_Paradise_Flycatcher-_Male_at_Himachal_I2_IMG_2939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Asian_Paradise_Flycatcher-_Male_at_Himachal_I2_IMG_2939.jpg/393px-Asian_Paradise_Flycatcher-_Male_at_Himachal_I2_IMG_2939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Indian_paradise_flycatcher" title="Indian paradise flycatcher">Indian paradise flycatcher</a> (<i>Terpsiphone paradisi</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Kullu" title="Kullu">Kullu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Bulbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Black bulbul (Hypsipetes leucocephalus)"><img alt="Black bulbul (Hypsipetes leucocephalus)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Black_Bulbul.jpg/200px-Black_Bulbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Black_Bulbul.jpg/300px-Black_Bulbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Black_Bulbul.jpg/400px-Black_Bulbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="854" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Black_bulbul" title="Black bulbul">Black bulbul</a> (<i>Hypsipetes leucocephalus</i>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Government of Himachal Pradesh">Government of Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assembly_election_results_of_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly election results of Himachal Pradesh">Assembly election results of Himachal Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Politics of Himachal Pradesh">Politics of Himachal Pradesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Court_of_Himachal_Pradesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/High_Court_of_Himachal_Pradesh.jpg/208px-High_Court_of_Himachal_Pradesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/High_Court_of_Himachal_Pradesh.jpg/312px-High_Court_of_Himachal_Pradesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/High_Court_of_Himachal_Pradesh.jpg/416px-High_Court_of_Himachal_Pradesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2956" data-file-height="1868" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">High Court of Himachal Pradesh</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shimla_Mayor%E2%80%99s_Office_(edited).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shimla_Mayor%E2%80%99s_Office_%28edited%29.jpg/176px-Shimla_Mayor%E2%80%99s_Office_%28edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shimla_Mayor%E2%80%99s_Office_%28edited%29.jpg/264px-Shimla_Mayor%E2%80%99s_Office_%28edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shimla_Mayor%E2%80%99s_Office_%28edited%29.jpg/352px-Shimla_Mayor%E2%80%99s_Office_%28edited%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Shimla's <a href="/wiki/Mall_Road,_Shimla#Town_Hall" title="Mall Road, Shimla">Town Hall</a>, which houses the <a href="/wiki/Shimla_Municipal_Corporation" title="Shimla Municipal Corporation">Shimla Municipal Corporation</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh">Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh</a> has no pre-constitution history. The State itself is a post-independence creation. It came into being as a centrally administered territory on 15 April 1948 from the integration of thirty erstwhile princely states.<sup id="cite_ref-gov1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Himachal Pradesh is governed through a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a> is granted to residents. The legislature consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_High_Court" title="Himachal Pradesh High Court">Himachal Pradesh High Court</a> and a system of lower courts. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive authority</a> is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh">Chief Minister</a>, although the titular head of government is the <a href="/wiki/Governors_of_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Governors of Himachal Pradesh">Governor</a>. The governor is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a>. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> with 68 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)">Members of the Legislative Assembly</a> (MLA).<sup id="cite_ref-295mla_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295mla-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terms of office run for five years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as <i><a href="/wiki/Panchayati_raj_in_India" title="Panchayati raj in India">panchayats</a></i>, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs. </p><p>In the assembly elections held in November 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> secured an absolute majority, winning 40 of the 68 seats while the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a> won only 25 of the 68 seats. <a href="/wiki/Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu" title="Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu">Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu</a> was sworn in as Himachal Pradesh's 15th Chief Minister in Shimla on 11 December 2022. <a href="/wiki/Mukesh_Agnihotri" title="Mukesh Agnihotri">Mukesh Agnihotri</a> was sworn in as his deputy the same day. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:302px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:300px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Himachal_Pradesh_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Subdivisions of Himachal Pradesh"><img alt="Map showing the subdivisions of Himachal Pradesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Himachal_Pradesh_locator_map.svg/300px-Himachal_Pradesh_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Himachal_Pradesh_locator_map.svg/450px-Himachal_Pradesh_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Himachal_Pradesh_locator_map.svg/600px-Himachal_Pradesh_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="1057" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_90x195" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:195px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_district,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh">Bilaspur</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_63x70" style="position:absolute; left:63px; top:70px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chamba_district" title="Chamba district">Chamba</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_80x162" style="position:absolute; left:80px; top:162px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Hamirpur_district,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh">Hamirpur</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_63x115" style="position:absolute; left:63px; top:115px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_235x165" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:165px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kinnaur_district" title="Kinnaur district">Kinnaur</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_153x132" style="position:absolute; left:153px; top:132px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kullu_district" title="Kullu district">Kullu</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_145x75" style="position:absolute; left:145px; top:75px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Lahaul_and_Spiti_district" title="Lahaul and Spiti district">Lahaul and Spiti</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_128x152" style="position:absolute; left:128px; top:152px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mandi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandi District">Mandi</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_162x203" style="position:absolute; left:162px; top:203px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Shimla_district" title="Shimla district">Shimla</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_150x255" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:255px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sirmaur_district" title="Sirmaur district">Sirmaur</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_117x215" style="position:absolute; left:117px; top:215px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Solan_district" title="Solan district">Solan</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_55x162" style="position:absolute; left:55px; top:162px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Una_district" title="Una district">Una</a></span></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Himachal_Pradesh_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing the subdivisions of Himachal Pradesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Himachal_Pradesh_locator_map.svg/300px-Himachal_Pradesh_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Himachal_Pradesh_locator_map.svg/450px-Himachal_Pradesh_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Himachal_Pradesh_locator_map.svg/600px-Himachal_Pradesh_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="1057" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Himachal_Pradesh_locator_map.svg" title="File:Himachal Pradesh locator map.svg"> </a></div>Subdivisions of Himachal Pradesh</div> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="List of districts of Himachal Pradesh">List of districts of Himachal Pradesh</a></div> <p>The state of Himachal Pradesh is divided into 12 districts<sup id="cite_ref-HPATGL_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPATGL-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are grouped into three divisions, Shimla, Kangra and Mandi.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The districts are further divided into 73 subdivisions, 78 blocks and 172 Tehsils.<sup id="cite_ref-HPATGL_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPATGL-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Divisions</th> <th>Districts<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kangra</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamba_district" title="Chamba district">Chamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Una_district" title="Una district">Una</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mandi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_district,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh">Bilaspur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamirpur_district,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh">Hamirpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kullu_district" title="Kullu district">Kullu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahaul_and_Spiti_district" title="Lahaul and Spiti district">Lahaul and Spiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandi_district" title="Mandi district">Mandi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shimla</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kinnaur_district" title="Kinnaur district">Kinnaur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shimla_district" title="Shimla district">Shimla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirmaur_district" title="Sirmaur district">Sirmaur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solan_district" title="Solan district">Solan</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Administrative Structure<sup id="cite_ref-hpr_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hpr-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Divisions </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Districts </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tehsils/ Sub-Tehsils </td> <td>172 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Developmental Blocks </td> <td>78 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Urban Local Bodies </td> <td>54<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Towns </td> <td>59 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gram Panchayats </td> <td>3615 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Villages </td> <td>20690 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Police Stations </td> <td>130<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lok Sabha seats </td> <td>4<sup id="cite_ref-hpa_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hpa-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rajya Sabha seats </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Assembly Constituencies </td> <td>68<sup id="cite_ref-hpa_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hpa-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Economy of Himachal Pradesh</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 300px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"> <caption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><b>Gross State Domestic Product at Current Prices</b> <ul><li>figures in crores of <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupees</a></li></ul> </div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Gross State Domestic Product </th></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>794 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td>1,372 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>2,815 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td>6,698 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>13,590 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>23,024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>25,435 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>57,452 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>82,585 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>92,589 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>101,108 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>110,511<sup id="cite_ref-growth_ToI_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-growth_ToI-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>124,570<sup id="cite_ref-HPG_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPG-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>135,914<sup id="cite_ref-HPG1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPG1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>172,174 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Planning in Himachal Pradesh started in 1951 along with the rest of India with the implementation of the first <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans of India">five-year plan</a>. The First Plan allocated <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>52.7 million to Himachal Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 50% of this expenditure was incurred on transport and communication; while the power sector got a share of just 4.6%, though it had steadily increased to 7% by the Third Plan.<sup id="cite_ref-PLA_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLA-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expenditure on agriculture and allied activities increased from 14.4% in the First Plan to 32% in the Third Plan, showing a progressive decline afterwards from 24% in the Fourth Plan to less than 10% in the Tenth Plan.<sup id="cite_ref-PLA_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLA-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expenditure on energy sector was 24.2% of the total in the Tenth Plan.<sup id="cite_ref-PLA_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLA-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shimla_Mall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Shimla_Mall.jpg/220px-Shimla_Mall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Shimla_Mall.jpg/330px-Shimla_Mall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Shimla_Mall.jpg/440px-Shimla_Mall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2839" data-file-height="1893" /></a><figcaption>The Mall Road is the central business district of Shimla, Himachal Pradesh's capital city.</figcaption></figure> <p>The total GDP for 2005–06 was estimated at <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>254 billion as against <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>230 billion in the year 2004–05, showing an increase of 10.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-ecogdp_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecogdp-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GDP for fiscal 2015–16 was estimated at <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>1.110 trillion,<sup id="cite_ref-growth_ToI_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-growth_ToI-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which increased to <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>1.247 trillion in 2016–17, recording growth of 6.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-HPG_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPG-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The per capita income increased from <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>130,067 in 2015–16 to <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>147,277 in 2016–17.<sup id="cite_ref-growth_ToI_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-growth_ToI-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HPG_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPG-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state government's advance estimates for fiscal 2017–18 stated the total GDP and per capita income as <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>1.359 trillion and <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>158,462, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-HPG1_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPG1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, Himachal is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">22nd-largest state economy</a> in India with <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>1.52 lakh crore</span> (US$18 billion) in <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> and has the 13th-highest per capita income (<span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>160,000</span> (US$1,900)) among <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">the states and union territories of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MOSPI_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOSPI-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Himachal Pradesh also ranks as the second-best performing state in the country on human development indicators after <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HPHDI_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPHDI-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the Indian government's key initiatives to tackle unemployment is the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA). The participation of women in the NREGA has been observed to vary across different regions of the nation. As of the year 2009–2010, Himachal Pradesh joined the category of high female participation, recording a 46% share of NREGS (National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme) workdays for women. This was a drastic increase from the 13% that was recorded in 2006–2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Sudarshan.2011_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sudarshan.2011-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terrace_Farming_(2877646816).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Terrace_Farming_%282877646816%29.jpg/220px-Terrace_Farming_%282877646816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Terrace_Farming_%282877646816%29.jpg/330px-Terrace_Farming_%282877646816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Terrace_Farming_%282877646816%29.jpg/440px-Terrace_Farming_%282877646816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Terrace farming is the most common form of agricultural practice in the state.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh">Agriculture</a> accounts for 9.4% of the net state domestic product.<sup id="cite_ref-admis.hp.nic.in_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-admis.hp.nic.in-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the main source of income and employment in Himachal. About 90% of the population in Himachal depends directly upon agriculture, which provides direct employment to 62% of total workers of state.<sup id="cite_ref-admis.hp.nic.in_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-admis.hp.nic.in-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main cereals grown include <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> with major cropping systems being maize-wheat, rice-wheat and maize-potato-wheat.<sup id="cite_ref-HPCrop_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPCrop-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pulses" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulses">Pulses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruits" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruits">fruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oilseeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Oilseeds">oilseeds</a> are among the other crops grown in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-HPCrop_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPCrop-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Centuries-old traditional <a href="/wiki/Kuhl_irrigation_(Himachal_Pradesh)" title="Kuhl irrigation (Himachal Pradesh)">Kuhl irrigation</a> system is prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Kangra_Valley" title="Kangra Valley">Kangra valley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though in recent years these Kuhls have come under threat from hydroprojects on small streams in the valley.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Land husbandry initiatives such as the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Himalayan_Watershed_Development_Project" title="Mid-Himalayan Watershed Development Project">Mid-Himalayan Watershed Development Project</a>, which includes the Himachal Pradesh Reforestation Project (HPRP), the world's largest clean development mechanism (CDM) undertaking, have improved agricultural yields and productivity, and raised rural household incomes.<sup id="cite_ref-WB20120927_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB20120927-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kullu_Valley,_Vashisht,_Manali,_Apples,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kullu_Valley%2C_Vashisht%2C_Manali%2C_Apples%2C_India.jpg/220px-Kullu_Valley%2C_Vashisht%2C_Manali%2C_Apples%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kullu_Valley%2C_Vashisht%2C_Manali%2C_Apples%2C_India.jpg/330px-Kullu_Valley%2C_Vashisht%2C_Manali%2C_Apples%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kullu_Valley%2C_Vashisht%2C_Manali%2C_Apples%2C_India.jpg/440px-Kullu_Valley%2C_Vashisht%2C_Manali%2C_Apples%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">Apples</a> at an orchard in <a href="/wiki/Vashisht,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Vashisht, Himachal Pradesh">Vashisht</a>; the state is the second-largest producer of apples in India</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">Apple</a> is the principal cash crop of the state grown principally in the districts of Shimla, Kinnaur, Kullu, Mandi, Chamba and some parts of Sirmaur and Lahaul-Spiti with an average annual production of five <a href="/wiki/Lakh" title="Lakh">lakh</a> tonnes and per hectare production of 8 to 10 tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-APP_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APP-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apple cultivation constitute 49 per cent of the total area under fruit crops and 85% of total fruit production in the state with an estimated economy of <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>3500 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-APP_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APP-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apples from Himachal are exported to other <a href="/wiki/Indian_states_and_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian states and territories">Indian states</a> and even other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Apple_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011–12, the total area under apple cultivation was 104,000 hectares, increased from 90,347 hectares in 2000–01.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the provisional estimates of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_%26_Farmers_Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare">Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare</a>, the annual apple production in Himachal for fiscal 2015–16 stood at 753,000 tonnes, making it India's second-largest apple-producing state after <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state is also among the leading producers of other fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Apricots" class="mw-redirect" title="Apricots">apricots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherries" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherries">cherries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Peaches">peaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pears" class="mw-redirect" title="Pears">pears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plums" class="mw-redirect" title="Plums">plums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strawberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberries">strawberries</a> in India. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tea_Gardens_Dharamshala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tea_Gardens_Dharamshala.jpg/220px-Tea_Gardens_Dharamshala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tea_Gardens_Dharamshala.jpg/330px-Tea_Gardens_Dharamshala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tea_Gardens_Dharamshala.jpg/440px-Tea_Gardens_Dharamshala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2860" /></a><figcaption>Tea gardens in Dharamsala</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kangra_tea" title="Kangra tea">Kangra tea</a> is grown in the Kangra valley. Tea plantation began in 1849, and production peaked in the late 19th century with the tea becoming popular across the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production dipped sharply after the <a href="/wiki/1905_Kangra_earthquake" title="1905 Kangra earthquake">1905 Kangra earthquake</a> and continues to decline.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tea received <a href="/wiki/Geographical_Indication" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical Indication">geographical indication</a> status in 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Industry in Himachal Pradesh">Industry in Himachal Pradesh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pharma_hub">Pharma hub</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pharma hub"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Himachal Pradesh is renowned as Asia's pharmaceutical hub, housing a total of 652 <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceutical units</a>. The state hosts a thriving ₹40,000 crore drug manufacturing industry.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Hydroelectric power in Himachal Pradesh">Hydroelectric power in Himachal Pradesh</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a> is one of the major sources of income generation for the state.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state has an abundance of hydropower resources because of the presence of various perennial rivers. Many high-capacity hydropower plants have been constructed which produce surplus electricity that is sold to other states, such as <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HPHYD_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPHYD-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The income generated from exporting the electricity to other states is being provided as subsidy to the consumers in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Aggarwal-2010_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aggarwal-2010-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rich hydropower resources of Himachal have resulted in the state becoming almost universally electrified with around 94.8% houses receiving electricity as of 2001, as compared to the national average of 55.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-Aggarwal-2010_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aggarwal-2010-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himachal's hydro-electric power production is, however, yet to be fully utilised.<sup id="cite_ref-ET_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ET-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identified hydroelectric potential for the state is 27,436 MW in five river basins<sup id="cite_ref-HPHYD_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPHYD-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the hydroelectric capacity in 2016 was 10,351 MW.<sup id="cite_ref-ET_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ET-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Tourism in Himachal Pradesh">Tourism in Himachal Pradesh</a></div> <p>Tourism in Himachal Pradesh is a major contributor to the state's economy and growth. The <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> attracts tourists from all over the world. Hill stations like <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manali,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Manali, Himachal Pradesh">Manali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharamshala" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalhousie,_India" title="Dalhousie, India">Dalhousie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamba,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Chamba, Himachal Pradesh">Chamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khajjiar" title="Khajjiar">Khajjiar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kullu" title="Kullu">Kullu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kasauli" title="Kasauli">Kasauli</a> are popular destinations for both domestic and foreign tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state also has many important <a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Hindu pilgrimage sites</a> with prominent temples like <a href="/wiki/Shri_Chamunda_Devi_Mandir" title="Shri Chamunda Devi Mandir">Shri Chamunda Devi Mandir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naina_Devi" title="Naina Devi">Naina Devi</a> Temple, <a href="/wiki/Bajreshwari_Mata_Temple,_Kangra" title="Bajreshwari Mata Temple, Kangra">Bajreshwari Mata Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jwala_Ji" title="Jwala Ji">Jwala Ji</a> Temple, <a href="/wiki/Chintpurni" title="Chintpurni">Chintpurni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baijnath_Temple" title="Baijnath Temple">Baijnath Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhimakali_Temple" title="Bhimakali Temple">Bhimakali Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bijli_Mahadev" title="Bijli Mahadev">Bijli Mahadev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jakhoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakhoo">Jakhoo</a> Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Manimahesh_Lake" title="Manimahesh Lake">Manimahesh Lake</a> situated in the <a href="/wiki/Bharmour" title="Bharmour">Bharmour</a> region of Chamba district is the venue of an annual Hindu pilgrimage trek held in the month of August which attracts lakhs of devotees.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state is also referred to as "Dev Bhoomi" (literally meaning <i>Abode of Gods</i>) due to its mention as such in ancient Hindu texts and occurrence of a large number of historical temples in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Himachal is also known for its adventure tourism activities like <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">ice skating</a> in Shimla, <a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">paragliding</a> in Bir Billing and Solang Valley, <a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">rafting</a> in Kullu, <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a> in Manali, boating in Bilaspur, <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> in Tirthan Valley, <a href="/wiki/Trekking" class="mw-redirect" title="Trekking">trekking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">horse riding</a> in different parts of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a>, the state's capital, is home to Asia's only natural <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">ice-skating</a> rink.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spiti Valley in Lahaul and Spiti District situated at an altitude of over 3000 metres with its picturesque landscapes is popular destination for adventure seekers. The region also has some of the oldest Buddhist monasteries in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himachal hosted the first <a href="/wiki/Paragliding_World_Cup" title="Paragliding World Cup">Paragliding World Cup</a> in India from 24 to 31 October in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-PARA_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PARA-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The venue for the paragliding world cup was Bir Billing, which is 70 km from the tourist town <a href="/wiki/McLeod_Ganj" title="McLeod Ganj">Macleod Ganj</a>, located in the heart of Himachal in Kangra District. Bir Billing is the centre for aero sports in Himachal and considered as best for paragliding.<sup id="cite_ref-PARA_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PARA-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhist monasteries, trekking to tribal villages and mountain biking are other local possibilities. </p><p>There are a variety of festivals celebrated by the locals of Himachal Pradesh who worship gods and goddesses. There are over 2000 villages in Himachal Pradesh which celebrate festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Kullu_Dussehra" title="Kullu Dussehra">Kullu Dussehra</a>, Chamba's Minjar, Renuka ji Fair, <a href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halda" class="mw-redirect" title="Halda">Halda</a>, Phagli, <a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandi_Shivaratri_Fair" title="Mandi Shivaratri Fair">Mandi Shivratri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There approximately 6000 temples in Himachal Pradesh with a known one being <a href="/wiki/Bijli_Mahadev" title="Bijli Mahadev">Bijli Mahadev</a>. The temple is seen as a 20-meter structure built in stone which, according to locals, is known to attract lighting. They say that this is a way the Gods show their blessings.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayan_National_Park" title="Great Himalayan National Park">Great Himalayan National Park</a> is found in the <a href="/wiki/Kullu_district" title="Kullu district">Kullu districts</a> of Himachal Pradesh. It has an area of 620 km<sup>2</sup> and ranging from an altitude of 1500 meters to 4500 meters and was created in 1984. There are various forest types found here such as <a href="/wiki/Cedrus_deodara" title="Cedrus deodara">Deodar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abies_pindrow" title="Abies pindrow">Himalayan Fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a> and Alpine pastures. In the <a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayan_National_Park" title="Great Himalayan National Park">Great Himalayan National Park</a>, there are a variety of animals found such as <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_black_bear" title="Himalayan black bear">Himalayan black bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_tragopan" title="Western tragopan">Western tragopan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monal" title="Monal">Monal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">Musk deer</a>. This National Park is a trail to many hikers and trekkers too. Moreover, there are sanctuaries which are tourist spots such as Naina Devi and Gobind Sagar Sanctuary in the <a href="/wiki/Una_district" title="Una district">Una</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_district,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh">Bilaspur</a> districts with an area of 220 km<sup>2</sup>. There are animals such as <a href="/wiki/Indian_crested_porcupine" title="Indian crested porcupine">Indian porcupine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_giant_flying_squirrel" title="Indian giant flying squirrel">giant flying squirrel</a> found here. The <a href="/wiki/Gobind_Sagar" title="Gobind Sagar">Gobind Sagar Lake</a> has fish species such as <a href="/wiki/Mrigal_carp" title="Mrigal carp">Mrigal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">Silver carp</a>, Katla, <a href="/wiki/Mahseer" title="Mahseer">Mahaseer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rohu" title="Rohu">Rohu</a> are found here. <a href="/wiki/Narkanda" title="Narkanda">Narkanda</a> located in at an altitude of around 8850 feet is known for its apple orchards. It is located between the river valleys of Giri and <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paragliding_at_Bir,_HP.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paragliding in Bir"><img alt="Paragliding in Bir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Paragliding_at_Bir%2C_HP.jpg/280px-Paragliding_at_Bir%2C_HP.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Paragliding_at_Bir%2C_HP.jpg/421px-Paragliding_at_Bir%2C_HP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Paragliding_at_Bir%2C_HP.jpg/561px-Paragliding_at_Bir%2C_HP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Paragliding in <a href="/wiki/Bir,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Bir, Himachal Pradesh">Bir</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solang_valley_under_snow,_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Solang, a popular ski resort near Manali"><img alt="Solang, a popular ski resort near Manali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Solang_valley_under_snow%2C_2015.jpg/281px-Solang_valley_under_snow%2C_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Solang_valley_under_snow%2C_2015.jpg/423px-Solang_valley_under_snow%2C_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Solang_valley_under_snow%2C_2015.jpg/563px-Solang_valley_under_snow%2C_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Solang" class="mw-redirect" title="Solang">Solang</a>, a popular ski resort near Manali</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterrafting_in_kasol.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rafting in the Parvati river near Kasol"><img alt="Rafting in the Parvati river near Kasol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Waterrafting_in_kasol.jpg/281px-Waterrafting_in_kasol.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Waterrafting_in_kasol.jpg/422px-Waterrafting_in_kasol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Waterrafting_in_kasol.jpg/562px-Waterrafting_in_kasol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3274" data-file-height="2180" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">Rafting</a> in the Parvati river near <a href="/wiki/Kasol" title="Kasol">Kasol</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triund_(22356802630).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Campsite for trekkers at Triund"><img alt="Campsite for trekkers at Triund" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Triund_%2822356802630%29.jpg/281px-Triund_%2822356802630%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Triund_%2822356802630%29.jpg/422px-Triund_%2822356802630%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Triund_%2822356802630%29.jpg/561px-Triund_%2822356802630%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2449" data-file-height="1633" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Campsite for trekkers at <a href="/wiki/Triund" title="Triund">Triund</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Transport in Himachal Pradesh">Transport in Himachal Pradesh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kangra_airport_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kangra_airport_1.jpg/220px-Kangra_airport_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kangra_airport_1.jpg/330px-Kangra_airport_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kangra_airport_1.jpg/440px-Kangra_airport_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gaggal_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaggal Airport">Gaggal Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Himachal has three domestic airports in Kangra, Kullu and Shimla districts, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The air routes connect the state with <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kullu%E2%80%93Manali_Airport" title="Kullu–Manali Airport">Kullu–Manali Airport</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Kullu_district" title="Kullu district">Kullu district</a>, around 10 kilometres (6 mi) from district headquarters <a href="/wiki/Kullu" title="Kullu">Kullu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangra_Airport" title="Kangra Airport">Kangra Airport</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra district</a>, around 15 kilometres (9 mi) from district headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Dharamshala" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a>, which is around 10 kilometres (6 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Kangra,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Kangra, Himachal Pradesh">Kangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimla_Airport" title="Shimla Airport">Shimla Airport</a> is around 22 kilometres (14 mi) west of the <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla city</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himalayan_Queen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Himalayan_Queen.jpg/220px-Himalayan_Queen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Himalayan_Queen.jpg/330px-Himalayan_Queen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Himalayan_Queen.jpg/440px-Himalayan_Queen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalka-Shimla Railway">Kalka-Shimla Railway</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kangra_Valley_train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kangra_Valley_train.jpg/220px-Kangra_Valley_train.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kangra_Valley_train.jpg/330px-Kangra_Valley_train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kangra_Valley_train.jpg/440px-Kangra_Valley_train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kangra_Valley_Railway" title="Kangra Valley Railway">Kangra Valley Railway</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Broad-gauge_lines">Broad-gauge lines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Broad-gauge lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only broad-gauge railway line in the whole state connects <a href="/wiki/Amb_Andaura_railway_station" title="Amb Andaura railway station">Amb Andaura</a>–<a href="/wiki/Una_Himachal_railway_station" title="Una Himachal railway station">Una Himachal railway station</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nangal_Dam_railway_station" title="Nangal Dam railway station">Nangal Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> and runs all the way to <a href="/wiki/Daulatpur,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Daulatpur, Himachal Pradesh">Daulatpur, Himachal Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an electrified track since 1999. While a tiny portion of line adjacent to Kandrori(KNDI) station on either side on Pathankot-Jalandhar Section, under Ferozepur Division of Northern Railway also crosses into Himachal Pradesh, before venturing out to Punjab again. </p><p>Future constructions: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Una_Himachal_railway_station" title="Una Himachal railway station">Una Himachal</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hamirpur,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh">Hamirpur</a> rail project via Dhundla</li> <li>Bhanupali (Punjab)–Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh_Junction_railway_station" title="Chandigarh Junction railway station">Chandigarh</a>–Baddi</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Narrow-gauge_lines">Narrow-gauge lines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Narrow-gauge lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Himachal is known for its <a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">narrow-gauge railways</a>. One is the <a href="/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalka-Shimla Railway">Kalka-Shimla Railway</a>, a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, and another is the <a href="/wiki/Kangra_Valley_Railway" title="Kangra Valley Railway">Kangra Valley Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IT_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IT-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total length of these two tracks is 259 kilometres (161 mi). The Kalka-Shimla Railway passes through many tunnels and bridges, while the Pathankot–Jogindernagar one meanders through a maze of hills and valleys. The total route length of the operational railway network in the state is 296.26 kilometres (184.09 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NH22_Shimla_Chandigarh_Mountain_Highway_through_Forests,_Roads_in_Himachal_Pradesh_India_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NH22_Shimla_Chandigarh_Mountain_Highway_through_Forests%2C_Roads_in_Himachal_Pradesh_India_2014.jpg/220px-NH22_Shimla_Chandigarh_Mountain_Highway_through_Forests%2C_Roads_in_Himachal_Pradesh_India_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NH22_Shimla_Chandigarh_Mountain_Highway_through_Forests%2C_Roads_in_Himachal_Pradesh_India_2014.jpg/330px-NH22_Shimla_Chandigarh_Mountain_Highway_through_Forests%2C_Roads_in_Himachal_Pradesh_India_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NH22_Shimla_Chandigarh_Mountain_Highway_through_Forests%2C_Roads_in_Himachal_Pradesh_India_2014.jpg/440px-NH22_Shimla_Chandigarh_Mountain_Highway_through_Forests%2C_Roads_in_Himachal_Pradesh_India_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_5_(India)" title="National Highway 5 (India)">NH 5</a> in Himachal Pradesh</figcaption></figure> <p>Roads are the major mode of transport in Himachal Pradesh due to its hilly terrain. The state has road network of 28,208 kilometres (17,528 mi),<sup id="cite_ref-pppiinfr_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pppiinfr-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including eight <a href="/wiki/National_highways_of_India" title="National highways of India">National Highways</a> (NH) that constitute 1,234 kilometres (767 mi) and 19 <a href="/wiki/List_of_State_Highways_in_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of State Highways in Himachal Pradesh">State Highways</a> with a total length of 1,625 kilometres (1,010 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-pppiinfr_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pppiinfr-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hamirpur_district,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh">Hamirpur district</a> has the highest road density in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamirpur-rd_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamirpur-rd-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some roads are closed during winter and <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> seasons due to snow and <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a>. The state-owned <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Himachal Road Transport Corporation">Himachal Road Transport Corporation</a> with a fleet of over 3,100,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> operates bus services connecting important cities and towns with villages within the state and also on various interstate routes. In addition, around 5,000 private buses ply in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-PVT_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PVT-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Population Growth</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,920,294</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,896,944</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,928,206</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,029,113</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1941 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,263,245</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+11.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,385,981</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,812,463</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,460,434</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,280,818</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">5,170,877</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+20.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,077,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,864,602</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.9%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">Census of India</a><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Himachal Pradesh has a total population of 6,864,602 including 3,481,873 males and 3,382,729 females according to the Census of India 2011. It has only 0.57 per cent of India's total population, recording a growth of 12.81 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-HPOP_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPOP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-POPS_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POPS-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The child sex ratio increased from 896 in 2001 to 909 in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-HP_profile_2011_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP_profile_2011-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total fertility rate (TFR) per woman in 2015 stood at 1.7, one of the lowest in India.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled caste">scheduled castes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled tribe">scheduled tribes</a> account for 25.19 per cent and 5.71 per cent of the population, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-statabs_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statabs-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sex ratio stood at 972 females per 1,000 males, recording a marginal increase from 968 in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-HP_profile_2011_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP_profile_2011-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main caste groups in Himachal Pradesh are <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajputs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajputs">Rajputs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanet" title="Kanet">Kanets</a>, Kulindas, Girths, Raos, Rathis, <a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Kolis</a>, Hollis, <a href="/wiki/Chamar" title="Chamar">Chamars</a>, Drains, Rehars, Chanals, Lohars, Baris, Julahas, Dhakhis, Turis, Batwals<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The <a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli</a> forms the largest caste-cluster, comprising 30% of the total population of Himachal Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ved_Prakash_-_Solang_Valley_2014-05-10_2547.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ved_Prakash_-_Solang_Valley_2014-05-10_2547.JPG/170px-Ved_Prakash_-_Solang_Valley_2014-05-10_2547.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ved_Prakash_-_Solang_Valley_2014-05-10_2547.JPG/255px-Ved_Prakash_-_Solang_Valley_2014-05-10_2547.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ved_Prakash_-_Solang_Valley_2014-05-10_2547.JPG/340px-Ved_Prakash_-_Solang_Valley_2014-05-10_2547.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016" /></a><figcaption>A man in <a href="/wiki/Kullu_district" title="Kullu district">Kullu</a>, wearing a traditional <a href="/wiki/Himachali_cap" title="Himachali cap">Himachali cap</a>.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 100px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"> <caption>Literacy rates<sup id="cite_ref-lit_Ind_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lit_Ind-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>1971</td> <td>31.96 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981</td> <td>42.48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td>63.86 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>76.48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>83.78 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the census, the state is placed 21st on the population chart, followed by <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> at 22nd place.<sup id="cite_ref-census_2011_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census_2011-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kangra_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangra District">Kangra District</a> was top-ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 (21.98%), <a href="/wiki/Mandi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandi District">Mandi District</a> 999,518 (14.58%), <a href="/wiki/Shimla_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimla District">Shimla District</a> 813,384 (11.86%), <a href="/wiki/Solan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Solan District">Solan District</a> 576,670 (8.41%), <a href="/wiki/Sirmaur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirmaur District">Sirmaur District</a> 530,164 (7.73%), <a href="/wiki/Una_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Una District">Una District</a> 521,057 (7.60%), <a href="/wiki/Chamba_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamba District">Chamba District</a> 518,844 (7.57%), <a href="/wiki/Hamirpur_district,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh">Hamirpur district</a> 454,293 (6.63%), <a href="/wiki/Kullu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kullu District">Kullu District</a> 437,474 (6.38%), <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_district,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh">Bilaspur district</a> 382,056 (5.57%), <a href="/wiki/Kinnaur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinnaur District">Kinnaur District</a> 84,298 (1.23%) and <a href="/wiki/Lahaul_and_Spiti_district" title="Lahaul and Spiti district">Lahaul Spiti</a> 31,528 (0.46%).<sup id="cite_ref-Dist_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dist-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> at birth in Himachal Pradesh increased significantly from 52.6 years in the period from 1970 to 1975 (above the national average of 49.7 years) to 72.0 years for the period 2011–15 (above the national average of 68.3 years).<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant mortality rate">infant mortality rate</a> stood at 40 in 2010, and the crude <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> has declined from 37.3 in 1971 to 16.9 in 2010, below the national average of 26.5 in 1998. The crude <a href="/wiki/Death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Death rate">death rate</a> was 6.9 in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-demoHDR_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demoHDR-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himachal Pradesh's literacy rate has almost doubled between 1981 and 2011 (see table to right). The state is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_literacy_rate" title="List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate">most literate states of India</a> with a literacy rate of 83.78% as of 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-lit_Ind_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lit_Ind-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 114">: 114 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 298.17653892067px; border-left-color:turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:turquoise"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 241.42135623731px; border-left-color:aqua"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:aqua"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:aqua"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 198.41359591194px; border-left-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 165.98141803533px; border-left-color:orchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:orchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 138.91898936465px; border-left-color:darkblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:darkblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 113.57150778894px; border-left-color:magenta"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:magenta"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:magenta"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 90.420359373902px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 67.684728818419px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 44.096916068437px; border-left-color:purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 14.552774652202px; border-left-color:pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:pink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.114151975839px 13.280996879387px 0 0; border-top-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:76.366082754171px 64.561764263247px 0 0; border-top-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 856.41886411388px 100px 0; border-right-color:lightblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:lightblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 46.291232890772px 100px 0; border-right-color:coral"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:coral"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Languages of Himachal Pradesh (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-2011Census_Languages_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011Census_Languages-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:coral; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Pahadi</a> (31.90%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lightblue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a> (16.25%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (15.68%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mandeali" title="Mandeali">Mandeali</a> (9.05%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:pink; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> (4.42%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:purple; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bilaspuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilaspuri language">Bilaspuri (Kahluri)</a> (4.31%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kullui" title="Kullui">Kullui</a> (2.86%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a> (2.23%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:magenta; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a> (1.81%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkblue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sirmauri_language" title="Sirmauri language">Sirmauri</a> (1.56%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orchid; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> (1.30%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:brown; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kinnauri_language" title="Kinnauri language">Kinnauri</a> (1.20%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:aqua; color:black;"> </span> "Other" Hindi (1.18%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:turquoise; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Churahi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Churahi language">Churahi</a> (1.10%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> Others (5.15%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> is the <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> official language of Himachal Pradesh and is spoken by the majority of the population as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-langoff_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langoff-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> is the additional official language of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanskrit_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanskrit-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although mostly encountered in academic and symbolic contexts, the government of Himachal Pradesh is encouraging its wider study and use.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the population, however, speaks natively one or another of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Pahari languages">Western Pahari languages</a> (locally also known as <i>Himachali</i> or just <i>Pahari</i>), a subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> that includes <a href="/wiki/Bhattiyali_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhattiyali dialect">Bhattiyali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilaspuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilaspuri language">Bilaspuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Churahi" title="Churahi">Churahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduri_language" title="Hinduri language">Hinduri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kullu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kullu language">Kullu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahasu_Pahari" title="Mahasu Pahari">Mahasu Pahari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandeali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandeali language">Mandeali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahari_Kinnauri_language" title="Pahari Kinnauri language">Pahari Kinnauri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangwali" title="Pangwali">Pangwali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sirmauri_language" title="Sirmauri language">Sirmauri</a>. Additional Indo-Aryan languages spoken include <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> (native to 4.4% of the population), <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> (1.3%), <a href="/wiki/Chinali_language" title="Chinali language">Chinali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahul_Lohar_language" title="Lahul Lohar language">Lahul Lohar</a>, and others. In parts of the state there are speakers of <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman languages</a> like <a href="/wiki/Kinnauri_language" title="Kinnauri language">Kinnauri</a> (1.2%), <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan languages">Tibetan</a> (0.3%), <a href="/wiki/Lahuli%E2%80%93Spiti_languages" title="Lahuli–Spiti languages">Lahuli–Spiti languages</a> (0.16%), <a href="/wiki/Pattani_language" title="Pattani language">Pattani</a> (0.12%), <a href="/wiki/Bhoti_Kinnauri" title="Bhoti Kinnauri">Bhoti Kinnauri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chitkuli_Kinnauri_language" title="Chitkuli Kinnauri language">Chitkuli Kinnauri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunan_language" title="Bunan language">Bunan</a> (or Gahri), <a href="/wiki/Jangshung" class="mw-redirect" title="Jangshung">Jangshung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanashi_language" title="Kanashi language">Kanashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shumcho" class="mw-redirect" title="Shumcho">Shumcho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiti_Bhoti" title="Spiti Bhoti">Spiti Bhoti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunam_language" title="Sunam language">Sunam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinani_language" title="Tinani language">Tinani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tukpa_language" title="Tukpa language">Tukpa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2011Census_Languages_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011Census_Languages-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:gray; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 12242.415657572px; border-left-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 9946.8488377695px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 4680.315621996px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1065.03150684px; border-left-color:darkkhaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkkhaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:darkkhaki"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 595.02425868362px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 319.33475053594px; border-left-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Himachal Pradesh (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-census2011_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (95.17%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (2.18%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkkhaki; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (1.16%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (1.15%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (0.18%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:brown; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> (0.03%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:gray; color:black;"> </span> Others or not stated (0.13%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>Hinduism is the major religion in Himachal Pradesh. More than 95% of the total population adheres to the Hindu faith and majorly follows <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> traditions,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the distribution of which is evenly spread throughout the state.<sup id="cite_ref-HPREL_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPREL-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himachal Pradesh has the highest proportion of Hindu population among all the states and union territories in India.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other religions that form a smaller percentage are <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> are mainly concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Sirmaur_district" title="Sirmaur district">Sirmaur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamba_district" title="Chamba district">Chamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Una_district" title="Una district">Una</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solan_district" title="Solan district">Solan</a> districts where they form 2.5-6.3% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-HPREL_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPREL-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sikhs mostly live in towns and cities and constitute 1.16% of the state population. The Buddhists, who constitute 1.15%, are mainly natives and tribals from <a href="/wiki/Lahaul_and_Spiti_district" title="Lahaul and Spiti district">Lahaul and Spiti</a>, where they form a majority of 62%, and <a href="/wiki/Kinnaur_district" title="Kinnaur district">Kinnaur</a>, where they form 21.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-HPREL_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPREL-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Culture of Himachal Pradesh">Culture of Himachal Pradesh</a></div> <p>Himachal Pradesh was one of the few states that had remained largely untouched by external customs, largely due to its difficult terrain. With remarkable economic and social advancements, the state has changed rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-HPS2_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPS2-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himachal Pradesh is a multilingual state like other Indian states. <a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western Pahari</a> languages also known as Himachali languages are widely spoken in the state. Some of the most commonly spoken Pahadi lects are <a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandeali" title="Mandeali">Mandyali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kullu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kullu language">Kulvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chambeali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambeali language">Chambeali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharmauri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharmauri language">Bharmauri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinnauri_language" title="Kinnauri language">Kinnauri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dem2_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dem2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:193px;max-width:193px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama,_Sita,_and_Lakshmana_at_the_Hermitage_of_Bharadvaja_Page_from_a_dispersed_Ramayana_(Story_of_King_Rama),_ca._1780.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rama%2C_Sita%2C_and_Lakshmana_at_the_Hermitage_of_Bharadvaja_Page_from_a_dispersed_Ramayana_%28Story_of_King_Rama%29%2C_ca._1780.jpg/191px-Rama%2C_Sita%2C_and_Lakshmana_at_the_Hermitage_of_Bharadvaja_Page_from_a_dispersed_Ramayana_%28Story_of_King_Rama%29%2C_ca._1780.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rama%2C_Sita%2C_and_Lakshmana_at_the_Hermitage_of_Bharadvaja_Page_from_a_dispersed_Ramayana_%28Story_of_King_Rama%29%2C_ca._1780.jpg/287px-Rama%2C_Sita%2C_and_Lakshmana_at_the_Hermitage_of_Bharadvaja_Page_from_a_dispersed_Ramayana_%28Story_of_King_Rama%29%2C_ca._1780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rama%2C_Sita%2C_and_Lakshmana_at_the_Hermitage_of_Bharadvaja_Page_from_a_dispersed_Ramayana_%28Story_of_King_Rama%29%2C_ca._1780.jpg/382px-Rama%2C_Sita%2C_and_Lakshmana_at_the_Hermitage_of_Bharadvaja_Page_from_a_dispersed_Ramayana_%28Story_of_King_Rama%29%2C_ca._1780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3403" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kangra_painting" title="Kangra painting">Kangra painting</a> depicting a scene from the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, ca. 1780</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Facade_of_Lakshana_Devi_Temple,_Bharmour_(edited).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Facade_of_Lakshana_Devi_Temple%2C_Bharmour_%28edited%29.jpg/193px-Facade_of_Lakshana_Devi_Temple%2C_Bharmour_%28edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Facade_of_Lakshana_Devi_Temple%2C_Bharmour_%28edited%29.jpg/290px-Facade_of_Lakshana_Devi_Temple%2C_Bharmour_%28edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Facade_of_Lakshana_Devi_Temple%2C_Bharmour_%28edited%29.jpg/386px-Facade_of_Lakshana_Devi_Temple%2C_Bharmour_%28edited%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4343" data-file-height="2894" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Intricate wood carvings of 7-century <a href="/wiki/Lakshana_Devi_Temple,_Bharmour" title="Lakshana Devi Temple, Bharmour">Lakshana Devi Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bharmour" title="Bharmour">Bharmour</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Himachal is well known for its handicrafts. The carpets, leather works, <a href="/wiki/Kullu_shawl" title="Kullu shawl">Kullu shawls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangra_painting" title="Kangra painting">Kangra paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamba_Rumal" title="Chamba Rumal">Chamba Rumals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shawl#stole" title="Shawl">stoles</a>, embroidered grass footwear (<i>Pullan chappal</i>), silver jewellery, metal ware, knitted woolen socks, <i>Pattoo</i>, basketry of cane and bamboo (<i>Wicker</i> and <i>Rattan</i>) and woodwork are among the notable ones.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NISCAIR_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NISCAIR-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of late, the demand for these handicrafts has increased within and outside the country.<sup id="cite_ref-NISCAIR_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NISCAIR-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Himachali caps of various colour bands are also well-known local art work, and are often treated as a symbol of the Himachali identity.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colour of the Himachali caps has been an indicator of political loyalties in the hill state for a long period of time with <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress party</a> leaders like <a href="/wiki/Virbhadra_Singh" title="Virbhadra Singh">Virbhadra Singh</a> donning caps with green band and the rival <a href="/wiki/BJP" class="mw-redirect" title="BJP">BJP</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Prem_Kumar_Dhumal" title="Prem Kumar Dhumal">Prem Kumar Dhumal</a> wearing a cap with maroon band.<sup id="cite_ref-caphp_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caphp-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former has served six terms as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister (India)">Chief Minister</a> of the state while the latter is a two-time Chief Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local music and dance also reflect the cultural identity of the state. Through their dance and music, the Himachali people entreat their gods during local festivals and other special occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-MOI1_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOI1-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinnauri_Nati_dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kinnauri_Nati_dance.jpg/203px-Kinnauri_Nati_dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kinnauri_Nati_dance.jpg/305px-Kinnauri_Nati_dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kinnauri_Nati_dance.jpg/406px-Kinnauri_Nati_dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Kinnauri <a href="/wiki/Nati_(dance)" title="Nati (dance)">Nati</a> performance</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaddi_shepherds_having_a_good_time_(16260304116).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gaddi_shepherds_having_a_good_time_%2816260304116%29.jpg/181px-Gaddi_shepherds_having_a_good_time_%2816260304116%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gaddi_shepherds_having_a_good_time_%2816260304116%29.jpg/272px-Gaddi_shepherds_having_a_good_time_%2816260304116%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gaddi_shepherds_having_a_good_time_%2816260304116%29.jpg/362px-Gaddi_shepherds_having_a_good_time_%2816260304116%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Gaddi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaddi people">Gaddi</a> nomads smoking <a href="/wiki/Hookah" title="Hookah">hookah</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>There are national and regional fairs and festivals, including temple fairs in nearly every region.<sup id="cite_ref-MOI1_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOI1-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KULF_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KULF-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kullu_Dussehra" title="Kullu Dussehra">Kullu Dussehra, Minjar mela and Mahashivratri Mandi</a> festival is nationally known.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day-to-day cuisine of <i>Himachalis</i> is similar to the rest of northern India with <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a> influences.<sup id="cite_ref-MOI_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOI-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentils</a> (<i>Dāl</i>), <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">chāwal</i></span> or <span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">bhāț</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">sabzī</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Chapati" title="Chapati">chapati</a> (wheat flatbread) form the staple food of the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-MOI_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOI-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-vegetarian food is more widely accepted in Himachal Pradesh than elsewhere in India, partly due to the scarcity of fresh vegetables on the hilly terrain of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-HPfood_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPfood-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Himachali specialities include Siddu, Babru, Khatta, Mhanee, Channa Madra, Patrode, Mah ki dal, Chamba-style fried fish, Kullu trout, Chha Gosht, Pahadi Chicken, Sepu Badi, Auriya Kaddu, Aloo palda, Pateer, <a href="/wiki/Makki_di_roti" class="mw-redirect" title="Makki di roti">Makki di roti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarson_ka_saag" title="Sarson ka saag">Sarson ka saag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamba_Chukh" title="Chamba Chukh">Chamba Chukh</a> (Chouck), Bhagjery, <a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">Chutney</a> of Til, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Himachal_Pradesh" title="List of people from Himachal Pradesh">List of people from Himachal Pradesh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Education in Himachal Pradesh">Education in Himachal Pradesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="List of institutions of higher education in Himachal Pradesh">List of institutions of higher education in Himachal Pradesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira_Gandhi_Medical_College_and_Hospital_at_Shimla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Indira_Gandhi_Medical_College_and_Hospital_at_Shimla.jpg/330px-Indira_Gandhi_Medical_College_and_Hospital_at_Shimla.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Indira_Gandhi_Medical_College_and_Hospital_at_Shimla.jpg/495px-Indira_Gandhi_Medical_College_and_Hospital_at_Shimla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Indira_Gandhi_Medical_College_and_Hospital_at_Shimla.jpg/660px-Indira_Gandhi_Medical_College_and_Hospital_at_Shimla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Indira Gandhi Medical College">Indira Gandhi Medical College</a> and Hospital at <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the time of Independence, Himachal Pradesh had a literacy rate of 8% – one of the lowest in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Planning_Commission_-2017_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planning_Commission_-2017-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2011, the literacy rate surged to 82.8%,<sup id="cite_ref-HPOP_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPOP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making Himachal one of the most-literate states in the country. There are over 10,000 primary schools, 1,000 secondary schools and more than 1,300 high schools in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-eduprofile22_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eduprofile22-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In meeting the constitutional obligation to make primary education compulsory, Himachal became the first state in India to make elementary education accessible to every child.<sup id="cite_ref-eduprofile32_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eduprofile32-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himachal Pradesh is an exception to the nationwide gender bias in education levels.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state has a female literacy rate of around 76%.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, school enrolment and participation rates for girls are almost universal at the primary level. While higher levels of education do reflect a gender-based disparity, Himachal is still significantly ahead of other states at bridging the gap.<sup id="cite_ref-Dreze-1999_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dreze-1999-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hamirpur,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh">Hamirpur</a> District in particular stands out for high literacy rates across all metrics of measurement.<sup id="cite_ref-eduprofile4_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eduprofile4-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state government has played an instrumental role in the rise of literacy in the state by spending a significant proportion of the state's GDP on education. During the first six five-year plans, most of the development expenditure in the education sector was utilised in quantitative expansion, but after the seventh five-year-plan the state government switched emphasis on qualitative improvement and modernisation of education.<sup id="cite_ref-Planning_Commission_-2017_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planning_Commission_-2017-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To raise the number of the teaching staff at primary schools they appointed over 1000 teacher aids through the Vidya Upasak Yojna in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-Planning_Commission_-2017_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planning_Commission_-2017-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is another HP government initiative that not only aims for universal elementary education but also encourages communities to engage in the management of schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Edumis-2018_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edumis-2018-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rashtriya Madhayamic Shiksha Abhiyan launched in 2009, is a similar scheme but focuses on improving access to quality secondary education.<sup id="cite_ref-Edumis-2018_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edumis-2018-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Institue_OF_Advance_Studues_In_Shimla.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Institue_OF_Advance_Studues_In_Shimla.JPG/220px-Institue_OF_Advance_Studues_In_Shimla.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Institue_OF_Advance_Studues_In_Shimla.JPG/330px-Institue_OF_Advance_Studues_In_Shimla.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Institue_OF_Advance_Studues_In_Shimla.JPG/440px-Institue_OF_Advance_Studues_In_Shimla.JPG 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Advanced_Study" title="Indian Institute of Advanced Study">Indian Institute of Advanced Study</a> at <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IIT_Mandi_Campus_from_Griffon_Peak_Jan_2020_D72_13785.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/IIT_Mandi_Campus_from_Griffon_Peak_Jan_2020_D72_13785.jpg/220px-IIT_Mandi_Campus_from_Griffon_Peak_Jan_2020_D72_13785.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/IIT_Mandi_Campus_from_Griffon_Peak_Jan_2020_D72_13785.jpg/330px-IIT_Mandi_Campus_from_Griffon_Peak_Jan_2020_D72_13785.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/IIT_Mandi_Campus_from_Griffon_Peak_Jan_2020_D72_13785.jpg/440px-IIT_Mandi_Campus_from_Griffon_Peak_Jan_2020_D72_13785.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5578" data-file-height="3754" /></a><figcaption>IIT Mandi campus, Jan '20</figcaption></figure> <p>The standard of education in the state has reached a considerably high level as compared to other states in India<sup id="cite_ref-eduprofile4_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eduprofile4-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with several reputed educational institutes for higher studies. The <a href="/wiki/Baddi_University_of_Emerging_Sciences_and_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies">Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Mandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Mandi">Indian Institute of Technology Mandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Sirmaur" title="Indian Institute of Management Sirmaur">Indian Institute of Management Sirmaur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_University" title="Himachal Pradesh University">Himachal Pradesh University</a> in Shimla, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamsala, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology,_Hamirpur" title="National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur">National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Information_Technology_Una" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Information Technology Una">Indian Institute of Information Technology Una</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alakh_Prakash_Goyal_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Alakh Prakash Goyal University">Alakh Prakash Goyal University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Agrasen_University" title="Maharaja Agrasen University">Maharaja Agrasen University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_National_Law_University" title="Himachal Pradesh National Law University">Himachal Pradesh National Law University</a> are some of the notable universities in the state. <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Indira Gandhi Medical College">Indira Gandhi Medical College</a> and Hospital in Shimla, <a href="/wiki/Dr._Rajendra_Prasad_Government_Medical_College_Kangra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College Kangra">Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kangra,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Kangra, Himachal Pradesh">Kangra</a>, Rajiv Gandhi Government Post Graduate Ayurvedic College in Paprola and Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital in Kumarhatti are the prominent medical institutes in the state. Besides these, there is a Government Dental College in Shimla which is the state's first recognised dental institute.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state government has also decided to start three major nursing colleges to develop the healthcare system of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-eduprofile_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eduprofile-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chaudhary_Sarwan_Kumar_Himachal_Pradesh_Krishi_Vishvavidyalaya" title="Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya">CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur</a> is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in the world. <a href="/wiki/Dr._Yashwant_Singh_Parmar_University_of_Horticulture_and_Forestry" title="Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry">Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry</a> has earned a unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. Further, state-run <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Government_Engineering_College" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College">Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College</a> was inaugurated in 2006 at <a href="/wiki/Sundernagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundernagar">Sundernagar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eduprofile_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eduprofile-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himachal Pradesh also hosts a campus of the fashion college, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Fashion_Technology" title="National Institute of Fashion Technology">National Institute of Fashion Technology</a> (NIFT) in <a href="/wiki/Kangra,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Kangra, Himachal Pradesh">Kangra</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_profile">State profile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: State profile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source: <i>Department of Information and Public Relations.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Himachal_at_a_Glance_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Himachal_at_a_Glance-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Area</td> <td>55,673 km<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total population</td> <td>7,781,244 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Males</td> <td>3,946,646 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Females</td> <td>3,834,598 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Population density</td> <td>123 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sex ratio</td> <td>972<sup id="cite_ref-census_2011_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census_2011-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rural population</td> <td>6,176,050<sup id="cite_ref-HP_profile_2011_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP_profile_2011-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Urban population</td> <td>688,552<sup id="cite_ref-HP_profile_2011_101-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP_profile_2011-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scheduled Caste population</td> <td>1,729,252 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scheduled Tribe population</td> <td>392,126 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Literacy rate</td> <td>83.78%<sup id="cite_ref-HP_profile_2011_101-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP_profile_2011-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Male literacy</td> <td>90.83%<sup id="cite_ref-HP_profile_2011_101-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP_profile_2011-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Female literacy</td> <td>76.60%<sup id="cite_ref-HP_profile_2011_101-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP_profile_2011-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Capitals</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Districts</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sub-divisions</td> <td>71 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tehsils</td> <td>169 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sub-tehsils</td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Developmental blocks</td> <td>78 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Towns</td> <td>59 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Panchayats</td> <td>3,243 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Panchayat smities</td> <td>77 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zila parishad</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Urban local bodies</td> <td>59 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nagar nigams</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nagar parishads</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nagar panchayats</td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Census villages</td> <td>20,690 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inhabited villages</td> <td>17,882 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Health institutions</td> <td>3,866 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Educational institutions</td> <td>17,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Motorable roads</td> <td>33,722 km </td></tr> <tr> <td>National highways</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Identified hydroelectric potential</td> <td>23,000.43 MW in five rivers basins, i.e., Yamuna, Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Himurja </td></tr> <tr> <td>Potential harnessed</td> <td>10,264 MW<sup id="cite_ref-growth_ToI_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-growth_ToI-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Food grain production</td> <td>15.28lakh MT </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vegetable production</td> <td>18.67 lakh MT </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fruit production</td> <td>1,027,000 tonnes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Per capita income</td> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>2,01,854 (2021–22)<sup id="cite_ref-HPG1_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPG1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Social Security pensions</td> <td>237,250 persons, annual expenditure: over <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span> 600 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>Investment in industrial areas</td> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span> 273.80 billion, employment opportunities: Over 337,391 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Employment generated in government sector</td> <td>2,17,142 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Outline of Himachal Pradesh">Outline of Himachal Pradesh</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-himachal-governor-rajendra-arlekar-is-1st-goan-to-occupy-the-post-101625562314406.html">"New Himachal governor Rajendra Arlekar is 1st Goan to occupy the post 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Himachal+Pradesh+Profile&rft.pub=Census+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fcensusinfodashboard%2Fstock%2Fprofiles%2Fen%2FIND002_Himachal%2520Pradesh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snhdi-gdl-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-snhdi-gdl_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">"Sub-national HDI – Area Database"</a>. <i>Global Data Lab</i>. Institute for Management Research, Radboud University. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Data+Lab&rft.atitle=Sub-national+HDI+%E2%80%93+Area+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdi.globaldatalab.org%2Fareadata%2Fshdi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lit_Ind-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lit_Ind_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lit_Ind_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lit_Ind_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Registrar_General_&_Census_Commissioner,_India" class="citation cs2">Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf">"6. State of Literacy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>2011 Census of India - Results</i>, Government of India, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706191931/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2022</span>, <q>[Statement 22(a)] Effective literacy rates – persons: 74.04%; males: 82.14%; females: 65.46%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+State+of+Literacy&rft.btitle=2011+Census+of+India+-+Results&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft.aulast=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft.aufirst=Ministry+of+Home+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011-prov-results%2Fdata_files%2Findia%2FFinal_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFICAR-National_Bureau_of_Fish_Genetic_Resources_(ICAR-NBFGR)" class="citation cs2">ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBFGR), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%20%26%20Fisheries%20of%20India/2.State%20Fishes%20of%20India.pdf"><i>State Fishes of India</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Agricultural_Research" title="Indian Council of Agricultural Research">Indian Council of Agricultural Research</a> (ICAR), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614053436/https://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%20%26%20Fisheries%20of%20India/2.State%20Fishes%20of%20India.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Fishes+of+India&rft.place=Lucknow%2C+Uttar+Pradesh&rft.pub=Indian+Council+of+Agricultural+Research+%28ICAR%29&rft.au=ICAR-National+Bureau+of+Fish+Genetic+Resources+%28ICAR-NBFGR%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnfdb.gov.in%2FPDF%2FFish%2520%2526%2520Fisheries%2520of%2520India%2F2.State%2520Fishes%2520of%2520India.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indiatoday-2021-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indiatoday-2021_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/himchal-pradesh-305386-2016-01-25">"Story of Himachal Pradesh"</a>. <i>indiatoday.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606074153/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/himchal-pradesh-305386-2016-01-25">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sankrit+Magazine&rft.atitle=Himachal+Pradesh+known+as+%27Dev+Bhoomi%27+or+%27Land+of+Gods+and+Goddess%27&rft.date=2014-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskritimagazine.com%2Findia%2Fhimachal-pradesh-dev-bhoomi-land-gods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/anurag-thakur-pays-tribute-at-shaheed-sthal-in-bilaspur-says-himachal-pradesh-also-known-as-veerbhoomi20210820223311/?amp=1&ved=2ahUKEwjbz4PPuMvyAhU24HMBHXJsC2MQyM8BMAB6BAgMEAM&usg=AOvVaw2VDczWXgGwfpVIccD6v0d9&ampcf=1">"Anurag Thakur pays tribute at Shaheed Sthal in Bilaspur, says Himachal Pradesh also known as 'Veerbhoomi'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>ANI</i>. 20 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825053113/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/anurag-thakur-pays-tribute-at-shaheed-sthal-in-bilaspur-says-himachal-pradesh-also-known-as-veerbhoomi20210820223311/?amp=1&ved=2ahUKEwjbz4PPuMvyAhU24HMBHXJsC2MQyM8BMAB6BAgMEAM&usg=AOvVaw2VDczWXgGwfpVIccD6v0d9&ampcf=1">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ANI&rft.atitle=Anurag+Thakur+pays+tribute+at+Shaheed+Sthal+in+Bilaspur%2C+says+Himachal+Pradesh+also+known+as+%27Veerbhoomi%27&rft.date=2021-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aninews.in%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fgeneral-news%2Fanurag-thakur-pays-tribute-at-shaheed-sthal-in-bilaspur-says-himachal-pradesh-also-known-as-veerbhoomi20210820223311%2F%3Famp%3D1%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjbz4PPuMvyAhU24HMBHXJsC2MQyM8BMAB6BAgMEAM%26usg%3DAOvVaw2VDczWXgGwfpVIccD6v0d9%26ampcf%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hppanchayat.nic.in/About%20us.html">"Prehistory and Protohistory"</a>. Official Website of Panchayati Raj Department, Government of Himachal Pradesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180830144826/http://hppanchayat.nic.in/About%20us.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prehistory+and+Protohistory&rft.pub=Official+Website+of+Panchayati+Raj+Department%2C+Government+of+Himachal+Pradesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhppanchayat.nic.in%2FAbout%2520us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshwani_Sharma2016" class="citation news cs1">Ashwani Sharma (28 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/himachal-pradesh-open-defecation-free-state-world-bank-funding-3727500/">"Himachal becomes India's second 'Open Defecation Free' state, to get Rs 9,000 cr funding from World Bank"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. Shimla. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181229171815/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/himachal-pradesh-open-defecation-free-state-world-bank-funding-3727500/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Himachal+becomes+India%27s+second+%27Open+Defecation+Free%27+state%2C+to+get+Rs+9%2C000+cr+funding+from+World+Bank&rft.date=2016-10-28&rft.au=Ashwani+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Findia-news-india%2Fhimachal-pradesh-open-defecation-free-state-world-bank-funding-3727500%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leastcorrupt1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leastcorrupt1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/hp-least-corrupt-state-cms-india-study/articleshow/58439057.cms">"HP least corrupt state: CMS-India study"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 30 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209123514/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/hp-least-corrupt-state-cms-india-study/articleshow/58439057.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=HP+least+corrupt+state%3A+CMS-India+study&rft.date=2017-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fshimla%2Fhp-least-corrupt-state-cms-india-study%2Farticleshow%2F58439057.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leastcorrupt2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leastcorrupt2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zeenews.india.com/economy/corruption-on-decline-in-india-karnataka-ranked-most-corrupt-himachal-pradesh-least-survey-2000205.html">"Corruption on decline in India; Karnataka ranked most corrupt, Himachal Pradesh least: Survey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zee_News" title="Zee News">Zee News</a>. 28 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208064225/http://zeenews.india.com/economy/corruption-on-decline-in-india-karnataka-ranked-most-corrupt-himachal-pradesh-least-survey-2000205.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corruption+on+decline+in+India%3B+Karnataka+ranked+most+corrupt%2C+Himachal+Pradesh+least%3A+Survey&rft.pub=Zee+News&rft.date=2017-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Feconomy%2Fcorruption-on-decline-in-india-karnataka-ranked-most-corrupt-himachal-pradesh-least-survey-2000205.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-%26-current-affairs/story/himchal-pradesh-305386-2016-01-25">"Himachal Pradesh turns 45 today: Some interesting facts about the state"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. 25 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927101426/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-%26-current-affairs/story/himchal-pradesh-305386-2016-01-25">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>Today there are 138 Police Stations in the State..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+History+of+Himachal+Pradesh+Police&rft.pages=4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcitizenportal.hppolice.gov.in%3A8080%2Fcitizen%2Fkv%2FBRIEF%2520HISTORY%2520OF%2520HIMACHAL%2520PRADESH%2520POLICE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hpa-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hpa_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hpa_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himachalpr.gov.in/Index.aspx?Data=31&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1">"MAP (Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of HP)"</a>. <i>Chief Electoral Officer, Himachal Pradesh</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031557/http://himachalpr.gov.in/Index.aspx?Data=31&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Economic+Survey+projects+Himachal+Pradesh%27s+growth+rate+at+7.7%25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fshimla%2FEconomic-Survey-projects-Himachal-Pradeshs-growth-rate-at-7-7%2Farticleshow%2F51266064.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HPG-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HPG_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HPG_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HPG_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/growth-rate-for-hp-estimated-at-6-8/articleshow/57583673.cms">"Growth rate for Himachal Pradesh estimated at 6.8%"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 11 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180711125749/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/growth-rate-for-hp-estimated-at-6-8/articleshow/57583673.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A-2+Decadal+Variation+In+Population+Since+1901&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FPCA%2FA2_Data_Table.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-POPS-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-POPS_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf">"Census 2011:Population size and Decadal change"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2011%3APopulation+size+and+Decadal+change&rft.pub=Census+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FPCA%2FPCA_Highlights%2Fpca_highlights_file%2FIndia%2FChapter-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HP_profile_2011-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HP_profile_2011_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP_profile_2011_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP_profile_2011_101-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP_profile_2011_101-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP_profile_2011_101-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP_profile_2011_101-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP_profile_2011_101-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Registrar_General_&_Census_Commissioner,_India" class="citation cs2">Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND002_Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf">"Himachal Pradesh Profile"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Census of India</i>, Government of India, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124180937/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND002_Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India&rft.atitle=Himachal+Pradesh+Profile&rft.aulast=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft.aufirst=Ministry+of+Home+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fcensusinfodashboard%2Fstock%2Fprofiles%2Fen%2FIND002_Himachal%2520Pradesh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/himachal-pradesh-youth-status-report-sex-ratio-up-but-total-fertility-rate-declining-5013052/">"Himachal Pradesh Youth status report: Sex ratio up but total fertility rate declining"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. Shimla. Express News Service. 5 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092812/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/himachal-pradesh-youth-status-report-sex-ratio-up-but-total-fertility-rate-declining-5013052/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Himachal+Pradesh+Youth+status+report%3A+Sex+ratio+up+but+total+fertility+rate+declining&rft.date=2018-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fhimachal-pradesh-youth-status-report-sex-ratio-up-but-total-fertility-rate-declining-5013052%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statabs-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-statabs_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171024102658/http://admis.hp.nic.in/himachal/economics/REPORTS/StatisticalAbstract_2015_16.pdf">"Statistical Abstract Of Himachal Pradesh 2015–16: I – Area And Population- Table 1.17 And 1.18, XIII – Education- Table 13.07"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Official site of <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Government of Himachal Pradesh">Government of Himachal Pradesh</a>. pp. 35, 36, 87, 88. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://admis.hp.nic.in/himachal/economics/REPORTS/StatisticalAbstract_2015_16.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistical+Abstract+Of+Himachal+Pradesh+2015%E2%80%9316%3A+I+%E2%80%93+Area+And+Population-+Table+1.17+And+1.18%2C+XIII+%E2%80%93+Education-+Table+13.07&rft.pages=35%2C+36%2C+87%2C+88&rft.pub=Official+site+of+Government+of+Himachal+Pradesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadmis.hp.nic.in%2Fhimachal%2Feconomics%2FREPORTS%2FStatisticalAbstract_2015_16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlanning_Commission2005" class="citation book cs1">Planning Commission, India (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jl0qdJYU3LgC&q=Girth"><i>Himachal Pradesh, Development Report</i></a>. Academic Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171884452" title="Special:BookSources/9788171884452"><bdi>9788171884452</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himachal+Pradesh%2C+Development+Report&rft.pub=Academic+Foundation&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788171884452&rft.aulast=Planning+Commission&rft.aufirst=India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJl0qdJYU3LgC%26q%3DGirth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinhas1998" class="citation book cs1">Minhas, Poonam (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_52-WyPfLG0C&dq=Himachal+Koli+population&pg=PA59"><i>Traditional Trade & Trading Centres in Himachal Pradesh: With Trade-routes and Trading Communities</i></a>. Indus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-080-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-080-4"><bdi>978-81-7387-080-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Trade+%26+Trading+Centres+in+Himachal+Pradesh%3A+With+Trade-routes+and+Trading+Communities&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-7387-080-4&rft.aulast=Minhas&rft.aufirst=Poonam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_52-WyPfLG0C%26dq%3DHimachal%2BKoli%2Bpopulation%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census_2011-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census_2011_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_2011_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census2011.co.in/states.php">"States Census 2011"</a>. <i>Census 2011</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181128124940/https://www.census2011.co.in/states.php">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+2011&rft.atitle=States+Census+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census2011.co.in%2Fstates.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dist-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dist_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180411024643/http://census2011.co.in/district.php">"Indian Districts by Population, Sex Ratio, Literacy 2011 Census"</a>. Census 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census2011.co.in/district.php">the original</a> on 11 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Districts+by+Population%2C+Sex+Ratio%2C+Literacy+2011+Census&rft.pub=Census+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census2011.co.in%2Fdistrict.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Life_Table/SRS_11-15/3.Analysis_2011-15.pdf">"ABRIDGED LIFE TABLES- 2011–15"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">Census of India</a>. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219005237/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Life_Table/SRS_11-15/3.Analysis_2011-15.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ABRIDGED+LIFE+TABLES-+2011%E2%80%9315&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Census+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2FVital_Statistics%2FSRS_Life_Table%2FSRS_11-15%2F3.Analysis_2011-15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-demoHDR-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-demoHDR_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615002344/http://www.undp.org.in/media/HDRC/shdr/Himachal%20Pradesh/Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf">"Highlights of Himachal Pradesh HDR (2002)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Government of Himachal Pradesh (2002), Himachal Pradesh Human Development Report 2002, Government of Himachal Pradesh. p. 40. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.undp.org.in/media/HDRC/shdr/Himachal%20Pradesh/Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Highlights+of+Himachal+Pradesh+HDR+%282002%29&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Government+of+Himachal+Pradesh+%282002%29%2C+Himachal+Pradesh+Human+Development+Report+2002%2C+Government+of+Himachal+Pradesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.undp.org.in%2Fmedia%2FHDRC%2Fshdr%2FHimachal%2520Pradesh%2FHimachal%2520Pradesh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011Census_Languages-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2011Census_Languages_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011Census_Languages_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10205/download/13317/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0200.XLSX">C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Himachal Pradesh</a> (Report). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191027033558/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0200.XLSX">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=C-16+Population+By+Mother+Tongue+%E2%80%93+Himachal+Pradesh&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fnada%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F10205%2Fdownload%2F13317%2FDDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0200.XLSX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span> The census returns also include 32% who identify their language as Pahari; this can include speakers of any of the above-listed varieties of Himachali.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-langoff-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-langoff_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171523/http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf">"Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. pp. 33–34. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Commissioner+for+linguistic+minorities%3A+52nd+report+%28July+2014+to+June+2015%29&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities%2C+Ministry+of+Minority+Affairs%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM52ndReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanskrit-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanskrit_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratibha_Chauhan2019" class="citation news cs1">Pratibha Chauhan (17 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bill-to-make-sanskrit-second-official-language-of-hp-passed/730075.html">"Bill to make Sanskrit second official language of HP passed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tribune (Chandigarh)">The Tribune</a></i>. Shimla. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081810/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bill-to-make-sanskrit-second-official-language-of-hp-passed/730075.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Education+Diary&rft.atitle=Government+committed+to+popularise+Sanskrit+language+in+State%3A+Himachal+Pradesh+CM&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft.au=ED+staff+writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiaeducationdiary.in%2Fgovernment-committed-popularise-sanskrit-language-state-himachal-pradesh-cm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2019" class="citation web cs1">Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Statesman&rft.atitle=Cap+likely+on+%27cap+politics%27+in+Himachal+Pradesh&rft.date=2018-01-14&rft.au=Archana+Phull&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestatesman.com%2Fcities%2Fcap-likely-cap-politics-himachal-pradesh-1502563887.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaurav_Bisht2017" class="citation news cs1">Gaurav Bisht (6 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-s-cap-in-israel-takes-political-hue-in-himachal/story-JJH2Dk9H1LQ1xPF2m3hFiM.html">"PM Modi's cap in Israel takes political hue in Himachal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313092408/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-s-cap-in-israel-takes-political-hue-in-himachal/story-JJH2Dk9H1LQ1xPF2m3hFiM.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=General+Overview+of+Education+in+Himachal&rft.atitle=Educational+Profile+of+Himachal+Pradesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.himachaleducation.net%2FEducationProfile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Himachal_at_a_Glance-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Himachal_at_a_Glance_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130816165620/http://himachalpr.gov.in/hpglance.asp">"Himachal at a Glance"</a>. Himachalpr.gov.in. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himachalpr.gov.in/hpglance.asp">the original</a> on 16 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Himachal+at+a+Glance&rft.pub=Himachalpr.gov.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.himachalpr.gov.in%2Fhpglance.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ahluwalia, M.S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tG0fnF0VRk0C&q=himachal+history"><i>Social, Cultural and Economic History of Himachal Pradesh</i></a>. Indus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7387-089-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-7387-089-6"><bdi>81-7387-089-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social%2C+Cultural+and+Economic+History+of+Himachal+Pradesh&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=81-7387-089-6&rft.aulast=Ahluwalia&rft.aufirst=M.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtG0fnF0VRk0C%26q%3Dhimachal%2Bhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Batta, R.N. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lDJrdjwM7qYC&q=himachal"><i>Tourism and the Environment: A Quest for Sustainability</i></a>. Indus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7387-110-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-7387-110-8"><bdi>81-7387-110-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourism+and+the+Environment%3A+A+Quest+for+Sustainability&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-7387-110-8&rft.aulast=Batta&rft.aufirst=R.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlDJrdjwM7qYC%26q%3Dhimachal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Singh, Mian Govardhan (2000). C.L. Gupta; Kulbhushan Chandel (eds.). <i>Himachal Pradesh: History, Culture & Economy</i> (extensively revised ed.). Shimla.: Minerva Publishers & Distributors.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himachal+Pradesh%3A+History%2C+Culture+%26+Economy&rft.place=Shimla.&rft.edition=extensively+revised&rft.pub=Minerva+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Mian+Govardhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Singh, Sarina (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari_1"><i>India</i></a></span>. Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74059-694-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-74059-694-3"><bdi>1-74059-694-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2008</span>. <q>Himachal History.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-74059-694-3&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Sarina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flonelyplanetindi00sari_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tiwari, A.K. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aaXQwI5j9-MC&q=himachal"><i>Infrastructure and Economic Development in Himachal Pradesh</i></a>. Indus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7387-105-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-7387-105-1"><bdi>81-7387-105-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328161836/https://books.google.com/books?id=aaXQwI5j9-MC&q=himachal#v=snippet&q=himachal&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infrastructure+and+Economic+Development+in+Himachal+Pradesh&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-7387-105-1&rft.aulast=Tiwari&rft.aufirst=A.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaaXQwI5j9-MC%26q%3Dhimachal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerma1995" class="citation book cs1">Verma, V. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QpWloqN5LTAC&q=himachal+history"><i>The Emergence of Himachal Pradesh: A Survey of Constitutional Developments</i></a>. Himachal Pradesh (India): Indus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7387-035-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7387-035-7"><bdi>81-7387-035-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328161918/https://books.google.com/books?id=QpWloqN5LTAC&q=himachal+history#v=snippet&q=himachal%20history&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Himachal+Pradesh%3A+A+Survey+of+Constitutional+Developments&rft.place=Himachal+Pradesh+%28India%29&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=81-7387-035-7&rft.aulast=Verma&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQpWloqN5LTAC%26q%3Dhimachal%2Bhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humandevelopment0000unse_h2n6"><i>Himachal Pradesh Human Development Report 2002</i></a></span>. Government of Himachal Pradesh. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-521915-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-521915-5"><bdi>0-19-521915-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himachal+Pradesh+Human+Development+Report+2002&rft.pub=Government+of+Himachal+Pradesh&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-521915-5&rft.au=United+Nations+Development+Programme+%28UNDP%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumandevelopment0000unse_h2n6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimachal+Pradesh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpplanning.nic.in/statistics&data.htm">Statistics and Data, Planning Department, Government of Himachal Pradesh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829084306/http://hpplanning.nic.in/statistics%26data.htm">Archived</a> 29 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Himachal Pradesh</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Himachal_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Himachal Pradesh">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Himachal_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Himachal Pradesh">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Himachal_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Himachal Pradesh">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Himachal_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Himachal Pradesh">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Himachal_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Himachal Pradesh">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Himachal_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Himachal Pradesh">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Himachal_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Himachal Pradesh">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="voy:Himachal Pradesh">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Government</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himachal.nic.in/en-IN/">The official site of Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100324124730/http://himachaltourism.gov.in/">The official tourism site of Himachal Pradesh, India</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>General information</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266009">Himachal Pradesh</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/364186">Himachal Pradesh</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Himachal_Pradesh_topics" title="Template:Himachal Pradesh topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Himachal_Pradesh_topics" title="Template talk:Himachal Pradesh topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Himachal_Pradesh_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Himachal Pradesh topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Himachal_Pradesh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Himachal Pradesh </a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Himachal_Pradesh" title="Category:Himachal Pradesh">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Education in Himachal Pradesh">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="History of Himachal Pradesh">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_and_protohistory_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Prehistory and protohistory of Himachal Pradesh">Prehistory and protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Early history of Himachal Pradesh">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_rule_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Mughal rule in Himachal Pradesh">Mughal rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="British rule in Himachal Pradesh">British rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_struggle_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Freedom struggle in Himachal Pradesh">Freedom struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangra-Lambagraon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangra-Lambagraon">Kangra-Lambagraon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Hill_States_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab Hill States Agency">Punjab Hill States agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge">Guge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Culture of Himachal Pradesh">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_crafts_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Arts and crafts of Himachal Pradesh">Arts and crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Music of Himachal Pradesh">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_dances_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Traditional dances of Himachal Pradesh">Traditional dances</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jurisdiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="List of chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="List of governors of Himachal Pradesh">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_High_Court" title="Himachal Pradesh High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Government of Himachal Pradesh">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Vidhan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Shimla" title="Raj Bhavan, Shimla">Raj Bhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Police" title="Himachal Pradesh Police">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="List of districts of Himachal Pradesh">Districts and divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;">Kangra division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamba_district" title="Chamba district">Chamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Una_district" title="Una district">Una</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;">Mandi division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_district,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh">Bilaspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamirpur_district,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh">Hamirpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullu_district" title="Kullu district">Kullu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahaul_and_Spiti_district" title="Lahaul and Spiti district">Lahul and Spiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandi_district" title="Mandi district">Mandi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;">Shimla division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinnaur_district" title="Kinnaur district">Kinnaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimla_district" title="Shimla district">Shimla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmaur_district" title="Sirmaur district">Sirmaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solan_district" title="Solan district">Solan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solan" title="Solan">Solan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahan" title="Nahan">Nahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandi,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Mandi, Himachal Pradesh">Mandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundar_Nagar" title="Sundar Nagar">Sundar Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamshala" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Animal husbandry in Himachal Pradesh">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Hydroelectric power in Himachal Pradesh">Hydroelectric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Industry in Himachal Pradesh">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_services_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Social services in Himachal Pradesh">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Transport in Himachal Pradesh">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Geography of Himachal Pradesh">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in Himachal Pradesh">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Rivers in Himachal Pradesh">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Climate of Himachal Pradesh">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Himachal Pradesh">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reo_Purgyil" title="Reo Purgyil">Highest point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Images and others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Himachal_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Himachal Pradesh">Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhanupli%E2%80%93Leh_line" title="Bhanupli–Leh line">Bhanupli–Leh line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Tunnel" title="Atal Tunnel">Atal Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Tourism in Himachal Pradesh">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_and_union_territories_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Template:States and union territories of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Template talk:States and union territories of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States and union territories of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_and_union_territories_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capitals in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and union territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_Indian_regions" title="Category:Historical Indian regions">Historical Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidencies_of_British_India" title="Category:Presidencies of British India">British Provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1177#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1177#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1177#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50055502">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Himáčalpradéš (Indie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge453685&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6077434">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90809213">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557378505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/bff0c577-eed0-4496-a0d3-9f34d12fd174">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/865841">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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