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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Agitating against Abdul Hamid II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agitating_against_Abdul_Hamid_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lead_up_to_1908" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lead_up_to_1908"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lead up to 1908</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lead_up_to_1908-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkan_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkan_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Balkan Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkan_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Last years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktor_Nazim" title="Doktor Nazim – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Doktor Nazim" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Назъм бей Селаникли – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Назъм бей Селаникли" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Bey" title="Nâzım Bey – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nâzım Bey" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktor_N%C3%A2z%C4%B1m" title="Doktor Nâzım – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Doktor Nâzım" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A8%D5%B4_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B5" title="Նազըմ Բեյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նազըմ Բեյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktor_N%C3%A2z%C4%B1m" title="Doktor Nâzım – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Doktor Nâzım" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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politician, and genocide perpetrator</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a> style name, the <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a> is <i> Nâzım</i>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_titles_and_appellations" title="List of Ottoman titles and appellations">title</a> is <i><a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a></i>, and there is no family name.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dr." class="mw-redirect" title="Dr.">Dr.</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Mehmed Nazım</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Doktor_N%C3%A2zim_Bey.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Doktor_N%C3%A2zim_Bey.png/220px-Doktor_N%C3%A2zim_Bey.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Doktor_N%C3%A2zim_Bey.png/330px-Doktor_N%C3%A2zim_Bey.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Doktor_N%C3%A2zim_Bey.png/440px-Doktor_N%C3%A2zim_Bey.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="880" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um%C3%BBr-%C4%B1_N%C3%A2fia_Nez%C3%A2reti" class="extiw" title="tr:Umûr-ı Nâfia Nezâreti">Minister of Education</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 July 1918 – 8 October 1918</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Talat_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Talat Pasha">Talat Pasha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ali_M%C3%BCnif_Ye%C4%9Fena%C4%9Fa" title="Ali Münif Yeğenağa">Ali Münif Yeğenağa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelenbevizade_Mehmet_Said" class="extiw" title="tr:Gelenbevizade Mehmet Said">Gelenbevizade Mehmet Said</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Secretary General of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Union and Progress Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 July 1909 – 23 Jule 1910</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1870<br /><a href="/wiki/Selanik" class="mw-redirect" title="Selanik">Selanik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salonica_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonica Vilayet">Salonica Vilayet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 August 1926 (aged 55/56)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_hanging" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution by hanging">Execution by hanging</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Evliyazade Beria <a href="/wiki/Khanum" title="Khanum">Hanım</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Selanikli</a> Mehmed Nâzım <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a></b> also known as <b>Doktor Nazım</b> (1870 – 26 August 1926) was a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> physician, politician, and revolutionary. Nazım Bey was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a>, and served on its central committee for over ten years. He played a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">expulsion of Greeks</a> in Western Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-Totten_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Totten-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fuat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was convicted for allegedly conspiring to <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_plot" title="İzmir plot">assassinate Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> and was hanged in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> on 26 August 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as the chairman of the Turkish sports club <a href="/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_S.K." title="Fenerbahçe S.K.">Fenerbahçe S.K.</a> between 1916 and 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Naz%C4%B1m&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in 1872 to a <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a> family,<sup id="cite_ref-David_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mehmed Nazım was raised in <a href="/wiki/Salonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonica">Salonica</a>; his family were longtime residents of the city, and were successful in running various businesses. His father <a href="/wiki/Hajji" title="Hajji">Hacı</a> Abdülhamid <a href="/wiki/Effendi" title="Effendi">Efendi</a> was from a Vardar <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">(Macedonian) Turk</a> clan<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and died while he was a baby. His mother was Ayşe <a href="/wiki/Khanum" title="Khanum">Hanım</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agitating_against_Abdul_Hamid_II">Agitating against Abdul Hamid II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Naz%C4%B1m&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Agitating against Abdul Hamid II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After completing his secondary school education in Salonica, Nazım entered the Istanbul Military Medical High School in 1885 at the age of 15. After three years of education in this school, he entered the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_School_of_Medicine_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Imperial School of Medicine (Ottoman Empire)">Military Medicine Academy</a>. Influenced by the writings of <a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Namık Kemal</a>, and he founded the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ottoman_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of Ottoman Union">Society of Ottoman Union</a> in the academy on 4 June 1889 with a group of friends, and took active roles in the society in its early years. While continuing his education, in 1893, together with his classmates Ahmet Verdani and Ali Zühtü Bey, he went to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to establish connection with <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_R%C4%B1za" title="Ahmet Rıza">Ahmet Rıza</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turk</a> faction, and united the two societies there and established the "<a href="/wiki/Union_and_Progress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Union and Progress Committee">Ottoman Progress and Union Committee</a>" (later known as the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a>) (CUP). Ahmed Rıza became the society's first president, and on 1 December 1895 Nazım helped Rıza to debut the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Me%C5%9Fveret" title="Meşveret">Meşveret</a></i>, which criticized Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>'s regime, advocating for a democratic and secular "French style" of government and society instead. </p><p>The future of the Young Turks was put in jeopardy in 1896, when Abdul Hamid found out of an <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ttihat_ve_Terakki#II._Abdülhamid'e_darbe_girişimi_ve_"Şeref_Kurbanları"" class="extiw" title="tr:İttihat ve Terakki">planned coup d'état by the Unionists</a>. While a massive crackdown on opposition took place in Constantinople, <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Palace" title="Yıldız Palace">Yıldız Palace</a> also put European governments under heavy pressure to deport the Young Turks. The French government affirmed the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a>'s demands of deporting the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Unionists</a>, who settled in Switzerland after being deported from Belgium also. Rıza lost his chairmanship to <a href="/wiki/Mizanc%C4%B1_Murat" title="Mizancı Murat">Mizancı Murad</a> during this time, who expelled Nazım and Rıza from the organization, but Rıza returned to the CUP chairmanship after Murad and several other Young Turks defected and returned to Constantinople to accept a pardon from Abdul Hamid.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nazım and Rıza's CUP eventually returned to Paris in 1899 with more personnel and capital than before.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Prince_Sabahaddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Sabahaddin">Prince Sabahaddin</a>'s flight to Paris to join the Young Turks, a division surfaced in <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6n_T%C3%BCrk_Kongresi_(1902)" class="extiw" title="tr:Jön Türk Kongresi (1902)">a 1902 congress</a> that split the group between federalists and nationalists. An imperial <a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">firman</a> declared Doctor Nâzım a traitor and sentenced him to death at this time for his role in <i>Meşveret</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of politics, Nazım enrolled in the Medical Faculty of <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne University</a> and completed his education in 1895. He became a <a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">gynecologist</a> and started working at the Paris Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lead_up_to_1908">Lead up to 1908</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Naz%C4%B1m&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lead up to 1908"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B6n_T%C3%BCrk_Komitesi_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/J%C3%B6n_T%C3%BCrk_Komitesi_1909.jpg/220px-J%C3%B6n_T%C3%BCrk_Komitesi_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/J%C3%B6n_T%C3%BCrk_Komitesi_1909.jpg/330px-J%C3%B6n_T%C3%BCrk_Komitesi_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/J%C3%B6n_T%C3%BCrk_Komitesi_1909.jpg/440px-J%C3%B6n_T%C3%BCrk_Komitesi_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2354" /></a><figcaption>Proclaimers the Second Constitutional Monarchy in 1909 Doctor Nazım, <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_R%C4%B1za" title="Ahmet Rıza">Ahmed Rıza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Faz%C4%B1l_Pasha" title="Mustafa Fazıl Pasha">Prince Mustafa Fazıl Pasha</a>, Ahmed Saib, <a href="/wiki/Samipa%C5%9Fazade_Sezai" title="Samipaşazade Sezai">Samipaşazade Sezai</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nazım secretly returned to the Ottoman Empire and with <a href="/wiki/Bahattin_%C5%9Eakir" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahattin Şakir">Bahattin Şakir</a> they organized CUP branches in Salonica and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">Smyrna</a> with the aim to start a revolution. Staying in <a href="/wiki/Mithat_%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Bleda" title="Mithat Şükrü Bleda">Midhat Şükrü</a>'s house in Salonica, Nazım was instrumental in the 1907 merger between the CUP and <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_H%C3%BCrriyet_Cemiyeti" class="extiw" title="tr:Osmanlı Hürriyet Cemiyeti">Ottoman Freedom Committee</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talat Bey</a>. In Smyrna, he opened a shop that was a front for anti-Hamidian propaganda. He met with <a href="/wiki/Bursal%C4%B1_Mehmet_Tahir_Bey" title="Bursalı Mehmet Tahir Bey">Mehmet Tahir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halil_Mente%C5%9Fe" title="Halil Menteşe">Halil Menteşe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Gendarmerie" title="Ottoman Gendarmerie">gendarme</a> commander <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%9Fref_Sencer_Ku%C5%9F%C3%A7uba%C5%9F%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:Eşref Sencer Kuşçubaşı">Eşref Kuşçubaşı</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ak%C4%B1rcal%C4%B1_Mehmet_Efe" title="Çakırcalı Mehmet Efe">Çakırcalı Mehmet Efe</a> in the lead up to 1908 revolution. When the revolution kicked off with <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Niyazi_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Niyazi Bey">Niyazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver</a>'s flight into Albanian foothills, the Smyrna army corps was sent to Salonica to put down the revolt, but upon landing in the Salonican docks they defected in favor of the Young Turk revolutionaries. By July 23, Abdul Hamid II capitulated to the revolutionaries, and proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Monarchy</a>. Nazım heard the news of the revolution when he was at <a href="/wiki/Milas" title="Milas">Milas</a> and rushed to Salonica to gave a speech from the balcony of the London Hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-ipekci3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipekci3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Balkan_Wars">Balkan Wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Naz%C4%B1m&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Balkan Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the revolution, Nazım became a permanent member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_CUP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Committee of the CUP (page does not exist)">CUP's central committee</a> while also continuing his medicinal career as the Chief Physician of the Municipal Hospital of Salonica, and was affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Crescent</a>. He was offered general director of Anatolian Vilayets, but declined administrative work.<sup id="cite_ref-ipekci3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipekci3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the CUP being suppressed after the <a href="/wiki/1912_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1912 Ottoman coup d'état">1912 coup d'état</a>, Nazım laid low in Salonica, but was taken prisoner by the Greeks on 9 November when they occupied the city during the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a>. He was imprisoned in an <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> prison as a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalist</a>, only being repatriated two months before the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> after the CUP <a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">reclaimed power</a> and pressured the Greek government.<sup id="cite_ref-Ugur_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ugur-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guards abused him and told him that his family had been killed, and that Constantinople was already occupied, while Anatolia would soon fall to the Greeks. He was deeply troubled by his family's fate (and that of his baby daughter) and the exile from his hometown. Upon returning, he called attention to Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Komitadji" title="Komitadji">komitadji</a> atrocities committed against Muslims and "call[ed] for vengeance against the remaining Ottoman Christians" in his newspaper articles .<sup id="cite_ref-Ugur_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ugur-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman defeat and the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> of Muslims was traumatic for many Young Turks and led to a desire for revenge; Nazım's "transformation from a patriotic doctor into a rabid, vindictive nationalist... symbolized the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">fate</a> of many others".<sup id="cite_ref-Ugur_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ugur-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Naz%C4%B1m&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doktor_Nazim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Doktor_Nazim.jpg/220px-Doktor_Nazim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Doktor_Nazim.jpg/330px-Doktor_Nazim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Doktor_Nazim.jpg/440px-Doktor_Nazim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="1908" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Dr. Mehmed Nazım</figcaption></figure> <p>Doctor Nazım's return led to his concern that the Turks were economically poor here. He organized economic congresses and encouraged entrepreneurship. He established a collective grocery company in <a href="/wiki/Rumelihisar%C4%B1" title="Rumelihisarı">Rumelihisarı</a>. Although he wanted to join the army to fight, it was found more appropriate he remained in the central committee. Sources don't agree on whether Nazım supported joining World War I or staying neutral. Upon the suggestions of <a href="/wiki/Hamit_H%C3%BCsn%C3%BC_Kayacan" title="Hamit Hüsnü Kayacan">Dr. Hamid Hüsnü (Kayacan)</a>, a close friend and former president of <a href="/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_S.K." title="Fenerbahçe S.K.">Fenerbahçe</a>, with whom he worked with during their exile in Paris Nazım became president of Fenerbahçe Sports Club between 1915 and 1916. Later, together with Celâl Sahir (Erozan), he first published the "<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halka_Do%C4%9Fru" class="extiw" title="tr:Halka Doğru">Halka Doğru</a>" magazine in Smyrna and helped in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Hearths" title="Turkish Hearths">Turkish Hearths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 21, 1918, Talat Pasha insisted Nazım join his cabinet, which he reluctantly did as <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um%C3%BBr-%C4%B1_N%C3%A2fia_Nez%C3%A2reti" class="extiw" title="tr:Umûr-ı Nâfia Nezâreti">Minister of Education</a>. Nazım meticulously protected state property and was never transported by the car reserved for cabinet members.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_the_Armenian_genocide">Role in the Armenian genocide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Naz%C4%B1m&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Role in the Armenian genocide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nazım was a leading figure in the <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Totten_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Totten-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Te%C5%9Fkil%C3%A2t-%C4%B1_Mahsusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa">Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa</a> (<i>Special Organization</i> in the Ottoman Empire).<sup id="cite_ref-Kuper_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuper-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many members of this organization eventually participated in the Turkish national movement and had played special roles in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Genocide">Armenian Genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a speech delivered on during the closing remarks of a Committee of Union and Progress meeting, Nazım said:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewy_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewy-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If we remain satisfied with the sort of local massacres which took place in <a href="/wiki/Adana_massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana massacres">Adana and elsewhere in 1909</a>...if this purge is not general and final, it will inevitably lead to problems. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to eliminate the Armenian people in its entirety, so there is no further Armenian on this earth and the very concept of Armenia is extinguished.</p></blockquote> <p>And continued by saying, "the procedure this time will be one of total annihilation-it is necessary that not even one single Armenian survive this annihilation".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During one of the secret meetings of the Young Turks, Nazım was quoted as saying, "The massacre is necessary. All the <a href="/wiki/Millet_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Millet system">non-Turkish elements</a>, whatever nation they belong to, should be exterminated".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1915, two months prior to the commencement of the Armenian Genocide, Nazım declared a new government policy which would "produce total annihilation" in which would be "essential that no <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> survives".<sup id="cite_ref-Totten_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Totten-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been noted to have said that the Ottoman Empire should be "freeing the fatherland of the aspirations of this cursed race" when referring to the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile_in_Russia_and_Germany">Exile in Russia and Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Naz%C4%B1m&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exile in Russia and Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Doctor Nazım was one of the eight Unionists that fled the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> on a German torpedo boat on 2 November 1918 following the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Mudros Armistice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his role in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, Nazım was sentenced to death <i><a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">in absentia</a></i> by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Courts-Martial_of_1919%E2%80%931920" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–1920">Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–1920</a>, but this was never carried out due to him having fled to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Berlin, he participated in the establishment of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_Islamic_Revolutions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society of Islamic Revolutions (page does not exist)">Society of Islamic Revolutions</a>, an anti-<a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> organization. When he learned that <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a> had been arrested by the Bolsheviks, he went to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and after negotiating his release from prison, he returned to Berlin to open an office to support the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish nationalists</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">fight against Entente forces</a>. He went to Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> in 1921, where he carried out the work of the Islamic Revolution Society. Nazım convinced <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a> from entering <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and becoming an opponent of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Pasha</a>. Meanwhile, he too wrote to Mustafa Kemal Pasha multiple times that he wished to return to Anatolia to help the Turkish revolutionaries but did not get a response. </p><p>He met with <a href="/wiki/Djemal_Pasha" title="Djemal Pasha">Djemal Pasha</a> in Çarçu and worked to organize the Turks of Bukhara with Enver and also told Djemal to convince the <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviets</a> to support the Turkish nationalists. Hearing the news that the Turks won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sakarya" title="Battle of the Sakarya">Battle of Sakarya</a>, he and Enver Pasha parted ways.<sup id="cite_ref-ipekci3_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipekci3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nazım then lived in <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a> for a while with police protection due to his fellow Unionists Talat Pasha, <a href="/wiki/Said_Halim_Pasha" title="Said Halim Pasha">Sait Halim Pasha</a>, Bahattin Şakir, <a href="/wiki/Cemal_Azmi" title="Cemal Azmi">Cemal Azmi</a> and Cemal Pasha, being assassinated by Armenian <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Dashnaks</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nemesis" title="Operation Nemesis">Operation Nemesis</a>). He tried to have a bust of Talat Pasha made following <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Talaat_Pasha" title="Assassination of Talaat Pasha">his assassination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ipekci3_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipekci3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the help of his close friend, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Hikmet" title="Nâzım Hikmet">Nâzım Hikmet</a>, he began to write his memoirs, but he could not complete them or publish them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_years">Last years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Naz%C4%B1m&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Last years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Smyrna" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Smyrna">recapture of Smyrna</a> by the Turks, he was allowed to return to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> provided that he did not engage in political activities.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Returning in 1922, he continued meeting with former Unionists, especially with his brother-in-law the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Foreign Minister</a> Dr. <a href="/wiki/Tevfik_R%C3%BC%C5%9Ft%C3%BC_Aras" title="Tevfik Rüştü Aras">Tevfik Rüştü Aras</a>. </p><p>On 17 June 1926 Doctor Nazım was among the Unionists arrested for being accused of organizing a <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_plot" title="İzmir plot">plot against Mustafa Kemal's life in Smyrna</a>. He was brought to Ankara after he was arrested on 1 July, and was tried by the Ankara <a href="/wiki/Independence_Tribunal" title="Independence Tribunal">Independence Tribunal</a>. He denied the allegations against him, saying that he had no knowledge or guilt about this incident. No questions were asked about his involvement in the alleged assassination, and he was questioned throughout the court only about his activities during the period of Unionist rule.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following crimes were attributed to him by the court board and the prosecution's indictment: </p> <ul><li>Working abroad with Enver Pasha against the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Ankara Government</a> in a secret organization during the armistice years as well as participation in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batumi_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batumi Congress (page does not exist)">Batumi Congress</a>.</li> <li>Attending the meeting held at <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Cavid" title="Mehmed Cavid">Cavit Bey</a>'s house.</li> <li>Providing material and moral support to the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Republican_Party_(Turkey)" title="Progressive Republican Party (Turkey)">Progressive Republican Party</a> and to write a letter to Şükrü Bey about the election results in İzmir.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>He was sentenced to death for the third time of his life and was executed by hanging at <a href="/wiki/Cebeci_Asri_Cemetery" title="Cebeci Asri Cemetery">Cebeci</a> on Thursday night, 26 August 1926. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Naz%C4%B1m&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mehmed Nazım met Beria Hanım, the daughter of <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evliyazade_Refik_Bey" class="extiw" title="tr:Evliyazade Refik Bey">Refik Bey</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evliyazade_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evliyazade family (page does not exist)">Evliyazade family</a> in Smyrna, and later married her in 1909. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Naz%C4%B1m&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Totten-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Totten_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Totten_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Totten_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTottenBartrop,_Paul_R.2008" class="citation book cs1">Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_02aVgTaFDYC"><i>Dictionary of genocide</i></a> (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. pp. 303–304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804768672" title="Special:BookSources/9780804768672"><bdi>9780804768672</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+genocide&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=303-304&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780804768672&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Bartrop%2C+Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_02aVgTaFDYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoctor+Naz%C4%B1m" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1993" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Donald E. Miller, Lorna Touryan (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520079847"><i>Survivors an oral history of the Armenian genocide</i></a></span>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520923270" title="Special:BookSources/9780520923270"><bdi>9780520923270</bdi></a>. <q>In addition to Nazim and Shakir, other physicians were involved in the genocide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survivors+an+oral+history+of+the+Armenian+genocide&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780520923270&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.+Miller%2C+Lorna+Touryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780520079847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoctor+Naz%C4%B1m" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuat-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fuat_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDündar2011" class="citation book cs1">Dündar, Fuat (31 December 2011). <i>Crime of Numbers</i>. Transaction Publishers. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412843416" title="Special:BookSources/9781412843416"><bdi>9781412843416</bdi></a>. <q>Dr. Nazım Selanikli (1870–1926), one of the oldest members of the Committee (Istanbul 1899), was one of the responsible for the expulsion of the Ottoman Greeks from Western Anatolia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime+of+Numbers&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.isbn=9781412843416&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCndar&rft.aufirst=Fuat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoctor+Naz%C4%B1m" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323021222/http://www.belgeler.com/blg/pfw/dr-nazim-beyin-siyasi-yasami-dr-nazims-political-life">"Dr. Nazım's political life {{in lang|tr}}"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belgeler.com/blg/pfw/dr-nazim-beyin-siyasi-yasami-dr-nazims-political-life">the original</a> on 2012-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Naz%C4%B1m%27s+political+life+%7B%7Bin+lang%7Ctr%7D%7D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belgeler.com%2Fblg%2Fpfw%2Fdr-nazim-beyin-siyasi-yasami-dr-nazims-political-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoctor+Naz%C4%B1m" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fenerbahce.org/kurumsaldetay.asp?ContentID=18">Past Presidents</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-David_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaer2010" class="citation book cs1">Baer, Marc David (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/donmejewishconve00baer"><i>The Dönme: Jewish Converts, Muslim Revolutionaries, and Secular Turks</i></a></span> (1st pbk. ed.). Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/donmejewishconve00baer/page/91">91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804768672" title="Special:BookSources/9780804768672"><bdi>9780804768672</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+D%C3%B6nme%3A+Jewish+Converts%2C+Muslim+Revolutionaries%2C+and+Secular+Turks&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=91&rft.edition=1st+pbk.&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780804768672&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=Marc+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdonmejewishconve00baer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoctor+Naz%C4%B1m" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmet Eyicil, <i>Doktor Nazım Bey</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> 2004, pp. 24–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Kemal_Beyatl%C4%B1" title="Yahya Kemal Beyatlı">Yahya Kemal Beyatlı</a></i>, <i>Siyâsî ve Edebî Portreler</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></i> 1968, pp. 112–120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kazım Karabekir</a>, <i>İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti</i>, 1896–1909, Istanbul 1982, sy: 467</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Kemal_Beyatl%C4%B1" title="Yahya Kemal Beyatlı">Yahya Kemal Beyatlı</a>, <i>Siyasi ve Edebi Portreler</i>, Istanbul 1987, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kâzım Nami Duru, <i>İttihat ve Terakki Hatıraları</i>, Istanbul 1957, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ankara <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0stikl%C3%A2l_mahkemesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İstiklâl mahkemesi (page does not exist)">İstiklal Mahkemesi</a> Zabıtnamesi, <i>Doktor Nazım Bey'in Birinci Defteri</i>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi">TBMM</a> Arşivi, Dosya No: 239/31, Defter No: 1/8, sy: 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmet_Bedevi_Kuran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmet Bedevi Kuran (page does not exist)">Ahmet Bedevi Kuran</a>, <i>İnkılap Tarihimiz ve <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6n_T%C3%BCrkler" class="mw-redirect" title="Jön Türkler">Jön Türkler</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> 1945, p.31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=E%C5%9Fref_Sencer_Ku%C5%9F%C3%A7uba%C5%9F%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eşref Sencer Kuşçubaşı (page does not exist)">Eşref Kuşçubaşı</a>, <i>Doktor Nazım ve Hizmetleri, Karakteri Hakkındaki Görüşlerim</i> (El Yazması) sy.28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mithat_%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Bleda" title="Mithat Şükrü Bleda">Mithat Şükrü Bleda</a>, <i>İmparatorluğun Çöküşü</i>, Istanbul 1986, pp. 14–18, 24–25, 101–102, 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kâzım Karabekir</a>, <i>İstiklal Harbimizde Enver Paşa ve İttihat Terakki Erkanı</i>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> 1990, pp. 318–319</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipekci3-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ipekci3_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipekci3_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipekci3_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipekci3_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vahit İpekçi, Dr. Nâzım Bey’in Siyasal Yaşamı, Yeditepe Üniversitesi Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü, Istanbul 2006]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ugur-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ugur_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ugur_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ugur_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÜngör2012" class="citation book cs1">Üngör, Ugur Ümit (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7yx_5WysUbMC&q=balkan+wars+dr+nazim&pg=PA45"><i>The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950</i></a> (1st pbk. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 45–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199655229" title="Special:BookSources/9780199655229"><bdi>9780199655229</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Turkey%3A+Nation+and+State+in+Eastern+Anatolia%2C+1913-1950&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=45-49&rft.edition=1st+pbk.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199655229&rft.aulast=%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=Ugur+%C3%9Cmit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7yx_5WysUbMC%26q%3Dbalkan%2Bwars%2Bdr%2Bnazim%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoctor+Naz%C4%B1m" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Me%C5%9Fveret" title="Meşveret"><i>Meşveret Gazetesi</i></a>, 6 Kanun-i Sani 108, 10 Receb, 1313 Birinci sene numara 3, 5.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyicil" class="citation web cs1">Eyicil, Ahmet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nazim-bey">"NÂZIM BEY"</a>. <i>İslâm Ansiklkopedisi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323191436/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nazim-bey">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m+Ansiklkopedisi&rft.atitle=N%C3%82ZIM+BEY&rft.aulast=Eyicil&rft.aufirst=Ahmet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fnazim-bey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoctor+Naz%C4%B1m" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuper-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuper_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Melson_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Melson (political scientist)">Melson, Robert</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zekyebn_tDYC"><i>Revolution and genocide : on the origins of the Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</i></a> (1st pbk. ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226519913" title="Special:BookSources/9780226519913"><bdi>9780226519913</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+genocide+%3A+on+the+origins+of+the+Armenian+genocide+and+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=1st+pbk.&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780226519913&rft.aulast=Melson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZekyebn_tDYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoctor+Naz%C4%B1m" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am" title="Taner Akçam">Taner Akçam</a>, <i>Türk Ulusal Kimliği ve Ermeni Sorunu</i>, İletişim Yayınları, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789754702897" title="Special:BookSources/9789754702897">9789754702897</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TjwaAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Ermeni+k%C4%B1r%C4%B1m%C4%B1nda+belli+roller+oynam%C4%B1%C5%9F%22">p. 155.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRıfat1993" class="citation book cs1">Rıfat, Mevlânzade (1993). Metin Hasırcı (ed.). <i>Türkiye inkılâbının içyüzü</i>. Pınar Yayınları.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrkiye+ink%C4%B1l%C3%A2b%C4%B1n%C4%B1n+i%C3%A7y%C3%BCz%C3%BC&rft.pub=P%C4%B1nar+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=R%C4%B1fat&rft.aufirst=Mevl%C3%A2nzade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoctor+Naz%C4%B1m" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummins2009" class="citation book cs1">Cummins, Joseph (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BaqmFQtvC-oC"><i>The World's Bloodiest History: Massacre, Genocide, and The Scars They Left on Civilization</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Fair Winds. pp. 132–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781616734633" title="Special:BookSources/9781616734633"><bdi>9781616734633</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Bloodiest+History%3A+Massacre%2C+Genocide%2C+and+The+Scars+They+Left+on+Civilization&rft.pages=132-133&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Fair+Winds&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781616734633&rft.aulast=Cummins&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBaqmFQtvC-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoctor+Naz%C4%B1m" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewy-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewy_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewy2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guenter_Lewy" title="Guenter Lewy">Lewy, Guenter</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Armenian_massacres_in_Ottoman_Turkey_:_a_disputed_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="The Armenian massacres in Ottoman Turkey : a disputed genocide">The Armenian massacres in Ottoman Turkey : a disputed genocide</a></i> ([Nachdr.]. ed.). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874808490" title="Special:BookSources/9780874808490"><bdi>9780874808490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+massacres+in+Ottoman+Turkey+%3A+a+disputed+genocide&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pages=51&rft.edition=%5BNachdr.%5D.&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780874808490&rft.aulast=Lewy&rft.aufirst=Guenter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoctor+Naz%C4%B1m" class="Z3988"></span> - access date 16 February 2013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w0Dm4Nl5k08C">Profile</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rifat, Türkiye, pp. 159–60, quoted in Sarkisian and Sahakian, Vital Issues in Modern Armenian History, p. 32. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.237/current_category.50/affirmation_detail.html">"Verdict ("Kararname") of the Turkish Military Tribunal"</a> (in Ottoman Turkish). Translated into English by Haigazn Kazarian. Published in the Official Gazette of Turkey(Takvimi Vekayi),no. 3604 (supplement), July 22, 1919<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2013</span>. <q>In accordance therefore with the above mentioned paragraphs in the law code, Talaat, Enver, Djemal and Dr. Nazim are sentenced to death</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Verdict+%28%22Kararname%22%29+of+the+Turkish+Military+Tribunal&rft.pub=Published+in+the+Official+Gazette+of+Turkey%28Takvimi+Vekayi%29%2Cno.+3604+%28supplement%29%2C+July+22%2C+1919&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenian-genocide.org%2FAffirmation.237%2Fcurrent_category.50%2Faffirmation_detail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoctor+Naz%C4%B1m" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Hovannisian2011" class="citation book cs1">G. Hovannisian, Richard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CB4Bh0-zrgoC"><i>The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412835923" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412835923"><bdi>978-1412835923</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2013</span>. <q>During one of the secret meetings the Young Turkish ideologist Nazım said: "The massacre is necessary. All the non-Turkish elements, whatever nation they belong to, should be exterminated."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide%3A+Cultural+and+Ethical+Legacies&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1412835923&rft.aulast=G.+Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCB4Bh0-zrgoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoctor+Naz%C4%B1m" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayaslian2005" class="citation book cs1">Payaslian, Simon (2005). <i>United States policy toward the Armenian question and the Armenian genocide</i> ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). New York [u.a.]: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403970985" title="Special:BookSources/9781403970985"><bdi>9781403970985</bdi></a>. <q>Nuri Bey quoted Nazim as stating that the CUP had decided to shoulder the responsibility of "freeing the fatherland of the aspirations of this cursed race."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+policy+toward+the+Armenian+question+and+the+Armenian+genocide&rft.place=New+York+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=60&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D.&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781403970985&rft.aulast=Payaslian&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoctor+Naz%C4%B1m" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevag2010" class="citation book cs1">Sevag, <a href="/wiki/Grigoris_Balakian" title="Grigoris Balakian">Grigoris Balakian</a> ; translated by Peter Balakian with Aris (2010). <i><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Golgotha_:_a_memoir_of_the_Armenian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Golgotha : a memoir of the Armenian genocide">Armenian Golgotha : a memoir of the Armenian genocide, 1915-1918</a></i> (1st Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400096770" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400096770"><bdi>978-1400096770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenian+Golgotha+%3A+a+memoir+of+the+Armenian+genocide%2C+1915-1918&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+Vintage+Books&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1400096770&rft.aulast=Sevag&rft.aufirst=Grigoris+Balakian+%3B+translated+by+Peter+Balakian+with+Aris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoctor+Naz%C4%B1m" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e3llu-RtIKwC">Profile</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDadrianAkçam2011" class="citation book cs1">Dadrian, Vahakn N.; Akçam, Taner (2011). <i>Judgment at Istanbul: The Armenian Genocide Trials</i>. Berghahn Books. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-251-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-251-1"><bdi>978-0-85745-251-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judgment+at+Istanbul%3A+The+Armenian+Genocide+Trials&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-251-1&rft.aulast=Dadrian&rft.aufirst=Vahakn+N.&rft.au=Ak%C3%A7am%2C+Taner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoctor+Naz%C4%B1m" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmet Eyicil, <i>“Doktor Nazım Bey”, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti’nin Kuruluş ve Gelişmesine Hizmeti Geçen Türk Dünyası Aydınları Sempozyumu Bildirileri</i> (haz. Abdulkadir Yuvalı), Kayseri 1996, s. 197-206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A2kimiyet-i_Milliye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hâkimiyet-i Milliye (page does not exist)">Hâkimiyet-i Milliye</a>, 3 Ağustos 1926, Sayı: 1821</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Falih_R%C4%B1fk%C4%B1_Atay" title="Falih Rıfkı Atay">Falih Rıfkı Atay</a>, <i>Zeytindağı</i>, Istanbul 1981, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Falih_R%C4%B1fk%C4%B1_Atay" title="Falih Rıfkı Atay">Falih Rıfkı Atay</a>, "İddianame", "<a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A2kimiyet-i_Milliye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hâkimiyet-i Milliye (page does not exist)">Hâkimiyet-i Milliye</a>", 3 Ağustos 1926, Sayı: 1821</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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S.K.</span></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fenerbah%C3%A7e_S.K._presidents" title="List of Fenerbahçe S.K. presidents"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFED00">presidents</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziya_Song%C3%BClen" title="Ziya Songülen">Ziya Songülen</a> (1907–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayetullah_Bey" title="Ayetullah Bey">Ayetullah Bey</a> (1908–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tevfik_Ta%C5%9F%C3%A7%C4%B1" title="Tevfik Taşçı">Tevfik Taşçı</a> (1909–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galip_Kulaks%C4%B1zo%C4%9Flu" title="Galip Kulaksızoğlu">Galip Kulaksızoğlu</a> (1910–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Fuad" class="mw-redirect" title="Osman Fuad">Osman Fuat Efendi</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamit_H%C3%BCsn%C3%BC_Kayacan" title="Hamit Hüsnü Kayacan">Hamit Hüsnü Kayacan</a> (1912–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Sabri_Toprak" title="Mehmet Sabri Toprak">Mehmet Sabri Toprak</a> (1915–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doktor_N%C3%A2z%C4%B1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Doktor Nâzım">Doktor Nâzım</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refik_Ahmet_Nuri_Sekizinci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Refik Ahmet Nuri Sekizinci (page does not exist)">Refik Ahmet Nuri Sekizinci</a> (1918–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_%C3%96mer_Faruk" title="Şehzade Ömer Faruk">Şehzade Ömer Faruk</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasuhi_Baydar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasuhi Baydar (page does not exist)">Nasuhi Baydar</a> (1924–1927)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muvaffak_Menemencio%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muvaffak Menemencioğlu (page does not exist)">Muvaffak Menemencioğlu</a> (1928–1932)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sait_Selahattin_Cihano%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sait Selahattin Cihanoğlu (page does not exist)">Sait Selahattin Cihanoğlu</a> (1932–1933)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayri_Celal_Atamer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hayri Celal Atamer (page does not exist)">Hayri Celal Atamer</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Saraco%C4%9Flu" title="Şükrü Saracoğlu">Şükrü Saracoğlu</a> (1934–1950)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Muhittin_Hac%C4%B1_Bekir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Muhittin Hacı Bekir (page does not exist)">Ali Muhittin Hacı Bekir</a> (1950–1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osman_Kavrako%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osman Kavrakoğlu (page does not exist)">Osman Kavrakoğlu</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bedii_Yaz%C4%B1c%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bedii Yazıcı (page does not exist)">Bedii Yazıcı</a> (1953–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_R%C4%B1za_Sporel" title="Zeki Rıza Sporel">Zeki Rıza Sporel</a> (1955–1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agah_Erozan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agah Erozan (page does not exist)">Agah Erozan</a> (1958–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medeni_Berk" title="Medeni Berk">Medeni Berk</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Kamil_Sporel" title="Hasan Kamil Sporel">Hasan Kamil Sporel</a> (1960–1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razi_Trak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Razi Trak (page does not exist)">Razi Trak</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_Ulu%C4%9F" title="İsmet Uluğ">İsmet Uluğ</a> (1962–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faruk_Ilgaz" title="Faruk Ilgaz">Faruk Ilgaz</a> (1966–1974)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emin_Cankurtaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emin Cankurtaran (page does not exist)">Emin Cankurtaran</a> (1974–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faruk_Ilgaz" title="Faruk Ilgaz">Faruk Ilgaz</a> (1976–1980)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razi_Trak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Razi Trak (page does not exist)">Razi Trak</a> (1980–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Haydar_%C5%9Een" title="Ali Haydar Şen">Ali Şen</a> (1981–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faruk_Ilgaz" title="Faruk Ilgaz">Faruk Ilgaz</a> (1983–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fikret_Ar%C4%B1can" title="Fikret Arıcan">Fikret Arıcan</a> (1984–1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahsin_Kaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahsin Kaya (page does not exist)">Tahsin Kaya</a> (1986–1989)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metin_A%C5%9F%C4%B1k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metin Aşık (page does not exist)">Metin Aşık</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCven_Sazak" title="Güven Sazak">Güven Sazak</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasan_%C3%96zayd%C4%B1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasan Özaydın (page does not exist)">Hasan Özaydın</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Haydar_%C5%9Een" title="Ali Haydar Şen">Ali Şen</a> (1994–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Aziz Yıldırım">Aziz Yıldırım</a> (1998–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Ko%C3%A7" title="Ali Koç">Ali Koç</a> (2018–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3135377#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3135377#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3135377#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/132204444">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006014833">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nazim-bey">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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