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id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliamentarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Parliamentarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_of_Elizabeth's_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_of_Elizabeth's_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Final years of Elizabeth's reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_of_Elizabeth's_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-James_I_comes_to_the_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#James_I_comes_to_the_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>James I comes to the throne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-James_I_comes_to_the_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lord_Chancellor_and_public_disgrace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lord_Chancellor_and_public_disgrace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Lord Chancellor and public disgrace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lord_Chancellor_and_public_disgrace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Religious beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Architectural projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_to_Alice_Barnham" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_to_Alice_Barnham"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.3</span> <span>Marriage to Alice Barnham</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_to_Alice_Barnham-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.4</span> <span>Sexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_and_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_and_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Philosophy and works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_and_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Influence and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_of_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_of_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Organization of knowledge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_of_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical debates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_debates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical debates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bacon_and_Shakespeare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacon_and_Shakespeare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bacon and Shakespeare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacon_and_Shakespeare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occult_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occult_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Occult theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occult_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Francis Bacon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(wetenskaplike,_1561)" title="Francis Bacon (wetenskaplike, 1561) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Francis Bacon (wetenskaplike, 1561)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B2%E1%88%B5_%E1%89%A4%E1%8A%A8%E1%8A%95" title="ፍራንሲስ ቤከን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፍራንሲስ ቤከን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86" title="فرانسيس بيكون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانسيس بيكون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frensis_Bekon" title="Frensis Bekon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Frensis Bekon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8" title="ফ্রান্সিস বেকন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রান্সিস বেকন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Фрэнсіс Бэкан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрэнсіс Бэкан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Фрэнсіс Бэкан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фрэнсіс Бэкан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Френсис Бейкън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Френсис Бейкън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧྥ་རན་སི་ཨི་སི་བྷེ་ཀན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧྥ་རན་སི་ཨི་སི་བྷེ་ཀན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(prederour)" title="Francis Bacon (prederour) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Francis Bacon (prederour)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Бэкон Фрэнсис – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бэкон Фрэнсис" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(filosof)" title="Francis Bacon (filosof) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Francis Bacon (filosof)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Σερ Φράνσις Μπέικον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σερ Φράνσις Μπέικον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86" title="فرانسیس بیکن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسیس بیکن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(philosophe)" title="Francis Bacon (philosophe) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Francis Bacon (philosophe)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(fil%C3%B3sofo)" title="Francis Bacon (filósofo) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Francis Bacon (filósofo)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%9C%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%BB%A8" title="프랜시스 베이컨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랜시스 베이컨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ֆրենսիս Բեկոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրենսիս Բեկոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="फ्रांसिस बेकन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रांसिस बेकन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(heimspekingur)" title="Francis Bacon (heimspekingur) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Francis Bacon (heimspekingur)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Bacone" title="Francesco Bacone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francesco Bacone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פרנסיס בייקון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנסיס בייקון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸಿಸ್ ಬೆಕನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸಿಸ್ ಬೆಕನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ფრენსის ბეკონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრენსის ბეკონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фрэнсис Бэкон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фрэнсис Бэкон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransis_Bacon" title="Fransis Bacon – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fransis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фрэнсис Бэкон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фрэнсис Бэкон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Baco" title="Franciscus Baco – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Franciscus Baco" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C4%81nsiss_B%C4%93kons" title="Frānsiss Bēkons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Frānsiss Bēkons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(filoz%C3%B3fus)" title="Francis Bacon (filozófus) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Francis Bacon (filozófus)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Френсис Бејкон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Френсис Бејкон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BA" title="ഫ്രാൻസിസ് ബേക്കൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രാൻസിസ് ബേക്കൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="फ्रांसिस बेकन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रांसिस बेकन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ფრენსის ბეკონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფრენსის ბეკონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86" title="فرانسيس بيكون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانسيس بيكون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(fil%C3%B3sofo)" title="Francis Bacon (filósofo) – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Francis Bacon (filósofo)" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фрэнсис Бэкон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фрэнсис Бэкон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဖရန်စစ် ဘေကွန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖရန်စစ် ဘေကွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(filosoof)" title="Francis Bacon (filosoof) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Francis Bacon (filosoof)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="फ्रान्सिस बेकन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फ्रान्सिस बेकन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85)" title="フランシス・ベーコン (哲学者) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランシス・ベーコン (哲学者)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸਿਸ ਬੇਕਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸਿਸ ਬੇਕਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B3_%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86" title="فرانسس بیکن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرانسس بیکن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%90%D8%B3_%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86" title="فرانسېس بیکن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فرانسېس بیکن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(filozof)" title="Francis Bacon (filozof) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Francis Bacon (filozof)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Бэкон, Фрэнсис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бэкон, Фрэнсис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Бэкон Фрэнсис – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бэкон Фрэнсис" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa-lan-si-se.pei-ken" title="Fa-lan-si-se.pei-ken – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Fa-lan-si-se.pei-ken" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%86" title="فرانسس بيڪن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فرانسس بيڪن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A8%DB%95%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86" title="فرانسیس بەیکن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فرانسیس بەیکن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Франсис Бејкон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Франсис Бејкон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரான்சிஸ் பேக்கன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரான்சிஸ் பேக்கன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фрэнсис Бэкон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фрэнсис Бэкон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫ్రాన్సిస్ బేకన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫ్రాన్సిస్ బేకన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ฟรานซิส เบคอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟรานซิส เบคอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фрэнсис Бэкон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фрэнсис Бэкон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frensis_Bekon" title="Frensis Bekon – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Frensis Bekon" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Френсіс Бекон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Френсіс Бекон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B3_%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86" title="فرانسس بیکن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانسس بیکن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%B9%E6%A0%B9" title="培根 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="培根" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Francis Bacon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other people named Francis Bacon, see <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Francis Bacon (disambiguation)">Francis Bacon (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Viscount St Alban</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Somer_Francis_Bacon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Somer_Francis_Bacon.jpg/220px-Somer_Francis_Bacon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Somer_Francis_Bacon.jpg/330px-Somer_Francis_Bacon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Somer_Francis_Bacon.jpg/440px-Somer_Francis_Bacon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1629" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait, 1617</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord High Chancellor of England</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 March 1617 – 3 May 1621<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1617-03-07</span> – <span class="dtend">1621-05-03</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Egerton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Egerton">Sir Thomas Egerton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Williams,_Bishop_of_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="John Williams, Bishop of Lincoln">John Williams</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of England and Wales">Attorney General of England and Wales</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 October 1613 – 7 March 1617<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1613-10-26</span> – <span class="dtend">1617-03-07</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Hobart" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Henry Hobart">Sir Henry Hobart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Yelverton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Henry Yelverton">Sir Henry Yelverton</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1561-01-22</span>)</span>22 January 1561<br /><a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">The Strand</a>, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 April 1626<span style="display:none">(1626-04-09)</span> (aged 65)<br /><a href="/wiki/Highgate,_Middlesex" class="mw-redirect" title="Highgate, Middlesex">Highgate, Middlesex</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Church,_St_Albans" title="St Michael's Church, St Albans">St Michael's Church, St Albans</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Barnham" title="Alice Barnham">Alice Barnham</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1604)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bacon_(Lord_Keeper)" title="Nicholas Bacon (Lord Keeper)">Sir Nicholas Bacon</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Anne_Bacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Anne Bacon">Lady Anne Bacon</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn" title="Gray's Inn">Gray's Inn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Works_by_Francis_Bacon" title="Works by Francis Bacon">Works by Francis Bacon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Bacon_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francis Bacon's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Francis_Bacon_Signature.svg/128px-Francis_Bacon_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Francis_Bacon_Signature.svg/192px-Francis_Bacon_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Francis_Bacon_Signature.svg/256px-Francis_Bacon_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="107" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><b>Philosophy career</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Lord Verulam</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Organum" title="Novum Organum">Novum Organum</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/17th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="17th-century philosophy">17th-century philosophy</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">Philosophical logic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baconian_method" title="Baconian method">Baconian method</a></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Idola_fori" title="Idola fori">Idola fori</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Idola_theatri" title="Idola theatri">Idola theatri</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Idola_specus" title="Idola specus">Idola specus</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Idola_tribus" title="Idola tribus">Idola tribus</a></i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_is_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge is power">Knowledge is power</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon%27s_House" title="Salomon's House">Salomon's House</a></li></ul></div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Francis Bacon</b>, <b>1st Viscount St Alban,</b><sup id="cite_ref-title_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-title-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>1st Lord Verulam</b>, <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">PC</a> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher and statesman who served as <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">Attorney General</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Chancellor of England">Lord Chancellor of England</a> under <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James I</a>. Bacon argued the importance of <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>, guided by <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>, and his works remained influential throughout the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bacon has been called the father of <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued for the possibility of scientific knowledge based only upon <a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">inductive reasoning</a> and careful observation of events in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a>. He believed that science could be achieved by the use of a sceptical and methodical approach whereby scientists aim to avoid misleading themselves. Although his most specific proposals about such a method, the <a href="/wiki/Baconian_method" title="Baconian method">Baconian method</a>, did not have long-lasting influence, the general idea of the importance and possibility of a sceptical methodology makes Bacon one of the later founders of the scientific method. His portion of the method based in scepticism was a new rhetorical and theoretical framework for science, whose practical details are still central to debates on science and <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a>. He is famous for his role in the scientific revolution, promoting scientific experimentation as a way of glorifying God and fulfilling scripture. </p><p>Bacon was a patron of libraries and developed a system for cataloguing books under three categories – <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> – <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which could further be divided into specific subjects and subheadings. About books he wrote: "Some books are to be tasted; others swallowed; and some few to be chewed and digested."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Shakespearean authorship thesis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">fringe theory</a> which was first proposed in the mid-19th century, contends that Bacon wrote at least some and possibly all of the plays conventionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bacon was educated at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, where he rigorously followed the medieval curriculum, which was presented largely in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. He was the first recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's counsel">Queen's counsel</a> designation, conferred in 1597 when <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> reserved him as her legal advisor. After the accession of <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> in 1603, Bacon was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a>, then created <a href="/wiki/Baron_Verulam" title="Baron Verulam">Baron Verulam</a> in 1618<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson1878200_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson1878200-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Viscount St Alban in 1621.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeltonen2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeltonen2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had no heirs, and so both titles became extinct on his death of pneumonia in 1626 at the age of 65. He is buried at <a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Church,_St_Albans" title="St Michael's Church, St Albans">St Michael's Church, St Albans</a>, Hertfordshire.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anne_Bacon" title="Anne Bacon">Anne Bacon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bacon_(Lord_Keeper)" title="Nicholas Bacon (Lord Keeper)">Nicholas Bacon (Lord Keeper)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18-year_old_Francis_Bacon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/18-year_old_Francis_Bacon.jpg/220px-18-year_old_Francis_Bacon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/18-year_old_Francis_Bacon.jpg/330px-18-year_old_Francis_Bacon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/18-year_old_Francis_Bacon.jpg/440px-18-year_old_Francis_Bacon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>A young Francis Bacon depicted in a <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a> painting; the inscription around Bacon's head reads: <i>Si tabula daretur digna animum mallem</i>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for "If one could but paint his mind".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Water_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/York_Water_Gate.jpg/220px-York_Water_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/York_Water_Gate.jpg/330px-York_Water_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/York_Water_Gate.jpg/440px-York_Water_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate</a> entry to <a href="/wiki/York_House,_Strand" title="York House, Strand">York House</a>, built around 1626 in <a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">Strand</a>, the year of Bacon's death</figcaption></figure> <p>Francis Bacon was born on 22 January 1561<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/York_House,_Strand" title="York House, Strand">York House</a> near <a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">Strand</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bacon_(Lord_Keeper)" title="Nicholas Bacon (Lord Keeper)">Sir Nicholas Bacon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lord_Keeper_of_the_Great_Seal" title="Lord Keeper of the Great Seal">Lord Keeper of the Great Seal</a>) by his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Bacon" title="Anne Bacon">Anne (Cooke) Bacon</a>, the daughter of the noted <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanist</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Cooke" title="Anthony Cooke">Anthony Cooke</a>. His mother's sister was married to <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley</a>, making Burghley Bacon's uncle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biographers believe that Bacon was educated at home in his early years owing to poor health, which would plague him throughout his life. He received tuition from John Walsall, a graduate of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> with a strong leaning toward <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritanism</a>. He attended <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> on 5 April 1573 at the age of 12,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> living there for three years along with his older brother <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bacon_(1558%E2%80%931601)" title="Anthony Bacon (1558–1601)">Anthony Bacon (1558–1601)</a> under the personal tutelage of <a href="/wiki/John_Whitgift" title="John Whitgift">John Whitgift</a>, future <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>. Bacon's education was conducted largely in Latin and followed the medieval curriculum. It was at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> that Bacon first met <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth</a>, who was impressed by his precocious intellect, and was accustomed to calling him "The young lord keeper".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His studies brought him to the belief that the methods and results of science as then practised were erroneous. His reverence for <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> conflicted with his rejection of <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian philosophy</a>, which seemed to him barren, argumentative and wrong in its objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 June 1576, he and Anthony entered <i>de societate magistrorum</i> at <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn" title="Gray's Inn">Gray's Inn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few months later, Francis went abroad with Sir <a href="/wiki/Amias_Paulet" title="Amias Paulet">Amias Paulet</a>, the English ambassador at Paris, while Anthony continued his studies at home. The state of government and society in France under <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a> afforded him valuable political instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911136_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911136-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the next three years he visited <a href="/wiki/Blois" title="Blois">Blois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, Italy, and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-travels_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-travels-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence that he studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Poitiers" title="University of Poitiers">University of Poitiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his travels, Bacon studied language, statecraft, and civil law while performing routine diplomatic tasks. On at least one occasion he delivered diplomatic letters to England for <a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Walsingham</a>, Burghley, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Leicester</a>, and for the queen.<sup id="cite_ref-travels_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-travels-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sudden death of his father in February 1579 prompted Bacon to return to England. Sir Nicholas had laid up a considerable sum of money to purchase an estate for his youngest son, but he died before doing so, and Francis was left with only a fifth of that money.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911136_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911136-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having borrowed money, Bacon got into debt. To support himself, he took up his residence in law at Gray's Inn in 1579,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911136_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911136-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his income being supplemented by a grant from his mother Lady Anne of the manor of <a href="/wiki/Marks_(manor_house)" title="Marks (manor house)">Marks</a> near <a href="/wiki/Romford" title="Romford">Romford</a> in Essex, which generated a rent of £46.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliamentarian">Parliamentarian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Parliamentarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Francis_Bacon_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Statue_of_Francis_Bacon_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Francis_Bacon_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Statue_of_Francis_Bacon_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Francis_Bacon_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Statue_of_Francis_Bacon_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Francis_Bacon_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2771" data-file-height="3692" /></a><figcaption>Bacon's statue at <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn" title="Gray's Inn">Gray's Inn</a> in London's South Square</figcaption></figure> <p>Bacon stated that he had three goals: to uncover truth, to serve his country, and to serve his church. He sought to achieve these goals by seeking a prestigious post. In 1580, through his uncle, <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">Lord Burghley</a>, he applied for a post at court that might enable him to pursue a life of learning, but his application failed. For two years he worked quietly at <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn" title="Gray's Inn">Gray's Inn</a>, until he was admitted as an <a href="/wiki/Outer_barrister" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer barrister">outer barrister</a> in 1582.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His parliamentary career began when he was elected <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament (UK)">MP</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bossiney_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bossiney (UK Parliament constituency)">Bossiney, Cornwall</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-election</a> in 1581. In 1584 he took his seat in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Melcombe_Regis_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melcombe Regis (UK Parliament constituency)">Melcombe</a> in Dorset, and in 1586 for <a href="/wiki/Taunton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Taunton (UK Parliament constituency)">Taunton</a>. At this time, he began to write on the condition of parties in the church, as well as on the topic of philosophical reform in the lost tract <i>Temporis Partus Maximus</i>. Yet he failed to gain a position that he thought would lead him to success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911136_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911136-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He showed signs of sympathy to Puritanism, attending the sermons of the Puritan chaplain of Gray's Inn and accompanying his mother to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Church" title="Temple Church">Temple Church</a> to hear <a href="/wiki/Walter_Travers" title="Walter Travers">Walter Travers</a>. This led to the publication of his earliest surviving tract, which criticized the English church's suppression of the Puritan clergy. In the Parliament of 1586, he openly urged execution for the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About this time, he again approached his powerful uncle for help; this move was followed by his rapid progress at the bar. He became a <a href="/wiki/Bencher" title="Bencher">bencher</a> in 1586 and was elected a <a href="/wiki/Reader_(Inns_of_Court)" title="Reader (Inns of Court)">Reader</a> in 1587, delivering his first set of lectures in Lent the following year. In 1589, he received the valuable appointment of <a href="/wiki/Reversion_(law)" title="Reversion (law)">reversion</a> to the Clerkship of the <a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a>, although he did not formally take office until 1608; the post was worth £1,600 a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911136_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911136-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeltonen2007_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeltonen2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1588 he became MP for <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Liverpool (UK Parliament constituency)">Liverpool</a> and then for <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Middlesex (UK Parliament constituency)">Middlesex</a> in 1593. He later sat three times for <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Ipswich (UK Parliament constituency)">Ipswich</a> (1597, 1601, 1604) and once for <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)">Cambridge University</a> (1614).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He became known as a liberal-minded reformer, eager to amend and simplify the law. Though a friend of the crown, he opposed feudal privileges and dictatorial powers. He spoke against religious persecution. He struck at the House of Lords in its usurpation of the Money Bills. He advocated for the union of England and Scotland, which made him a significant influence toward the consolidation of the United Kingdom; and he later would advocate for the integration of Ireland into the Union. Closer constitutional ties, he believed, would bring greater peace and strength to these countries.<sup id="cite_ref-letters_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letters-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ecc.015_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecc.015-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years_of_Elizabeth's_reign"><span id="Final_years_of_Elizabeth.27s_reign"></span>Final years of Elizabeth's reign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Final years of Elizabeth's reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StatueOfFrancisBacon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/StatueOfFrancisBacon.jpg/220px-StatueOfFrancisBacon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/StatueOfFrancisBacon.jpg/330px-StatueOfFrancisBacon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/StatueOfFrancisBacon.jpg/440px-StatueOfFrancisBacon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to Bacon in the chapel of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bacon soon became acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex">Robert Devereux, the 2nd Earl of Essex</a>, Queen Elizabeth's favourite.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammer_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1591 he acted as the earl's confidential adviser.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911136_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911136-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammer_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1592, he was commissioned to write a tract in response to the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Parsons_(Jesuit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Parsons (Jesuit)">Robert Parson</a>'s anti-government polemic, which he titled <i>Certain Observations Made upon a Libel</i>, identifying England with the ideals of democratic <a href="/wiki/History_of_Athens" title="History of Athens">Athens</a> against the belligerence of Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacon took his third parliamentary seat for <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a> when in February 1593 Elizabeth summoned Parliament to investigate a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> plot against her. Bacon's opposition to a bill that would levy triple subsidies in half the usual time offended the Queen: opponents accused him of seeking popularity, and for a time the Court excluded him from favour.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the office of <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_for_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney-General for England and Wales">Attorney General</a> fell vacant in 1594, Lord Essex's influence was not enough to secure the position for Bacon and it was given to Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Edward Coke</a>. Likewise, Bacon failed to secure the lesser office of <a href="/wiki/Solicitor-General_for_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Solicitor-General for England and Wales">Solicitor General</a> in 1595, the Queen pointedly snubbing him by appointing Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(judge)" title="Thomas Fleming (judge)">Thomas Fleming</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeltonen2007_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeltonen2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To console him for these disappointments, Essex presented him with a property at <a href="/wiki/Twickenham" title="Twickenham">Twickenham</a>, which Bacon subsequently sold for £1,800.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1597 Bacon became the first <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">Queen's Counsel</a> designate, when Queen Elizabeth reserved him as her legal counsel.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1597, he was also given a patent, giving him precedence at the Bar.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his designations, he was unable to gain the status and notoriety of others. In a plan to revive his position he unsuccessfully courted the wealthy young widow Lady <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Hatton" title="Elizabeth Hatton">Elizabeth Hatton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His courtship failed after she broke off their relationship upon accepting marriage to Sir Edward Coke, a further spark of enmity between the men.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1598 Bacon was arrested for debt. Afterward, however, his standing in the Queen's eyes improved. Gradually, Bacon earned the standing of one of the learned counsels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911137_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911137-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His relationship with the Queen further improved when he severed ties with Essex—a shrewd move, as Essex would be executed for treason in 1601.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With others, Bacon was appointed to investigate the charges against Essex. A number of Essex's followers confessed that Essex had planned a rebellion against the Queen.<sup id="cite_ref-Character_Assassination_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Character_Assassination-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacon was subsequently a part of the legal team headed by the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">Attorney General</a> Sir Edward Coke at Essex's treason trial.<sup id="cite_ref-Character_Assassination_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Character_Assassination-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the execution, the Queen ordered Bacon to write the official government account of the trial, which was later published as <i>A DECLARATION of the Practices and Treasons attempted and committed by Robert late Earle of Essex and his Complices, against her Majestie and her Kingdoms ...</i> after Bacon's first draft was heavily edited by the Queen and her ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911138_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911138-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to his personal secretary and chaplain, <a href="/wiki/William_Rawley" title="William Rawley">William Rawley</a>, as a judge Bacon was always tender-hearted, "looking upon the examples with the eye of severity, but upon the person with the eye of pity and compassion". And also that "he was free from malice", "no revenger of injuries", and "no defamer of any man".<sup id="cite_ref-Rawley_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawley-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="James_I_comes_to_the_throne">James I comes to the throne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: James I comes to the throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Bacon,_Viscount_St_Alban_from_NPG_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Sir Francis Bacon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Francis_Bacon%2C_Viscount_St_Alban_from_NPG_%282%29.jpg/220px-Francis_Bacon%2C_Viscount_St_Alban_from_NPG_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Francis_Bacon%2C_Viscount_St_Alban_from_NPG_%282%29.jpg/330px-Francis_Bacon%2C_Viscount_St_Alban_from_NPG_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Francis_Bacon%2C_Viscount_St_Alban_from_NPG_%282%29.jpg/440px-Francis_Bacon%2C_Viscount_St_Alban_from_NPG_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2993" /></a><figcaption>Bacon, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1618</figcaption></figure> <p>The succession of <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a> brought Bacon into greater favour. He was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> in 1603. In another shrewd move, Bacon wrote his <i>Apologies</i> in defence of his proceedings in the case of Essex, as Essex had favoured James to succeed to the throne. The following year, during the course of the uneventful first parliamentary session, Bacon married <a href="/wiki/Alice_Barnham" title="Alice Barnham">Alice Barnham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911139_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911139-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1607, he was at last rewarded with the office of Solicitor General<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeltonen2007_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeltonen2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1608 he began working as the Clerkship of the <a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a>. Despite a generous income, old debts still could not be paid. He sought further promotion and wealth by supporting King James and his arbitrary policies. In 1610 the fourth session of James's first <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England_and_the_English_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England and the English Parliament">Parliament</a> met. Despite Bacon's advice to him, James and the Commons found themselves at odds over royal prerogatives and the King's embarrassing extravagance. The House was finally dissolved in February 1611. Throughout this period Bacon managed to stay in favour with the King while retaining the confidence of the Commons. </p><p>In 1613 Bacon was finally appointed <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">Attorney General</a>, after advising the King to shuffle judicial appointments. As Attorney General, Bacon, by his zealous efforts—which included torture—to obtain the conviction of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Peacham" title="Edmund Peacham">Edmund Peacham</a> for treason, raised legal controversies of high constitutional importance.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacon and <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn" title="Gray's Inn">Gray's Inn</a> produced <i><a href="/wiki/The_Masque_of_Flowers" title="The Masque of Flowers">The Masque of Flowers</a></i> to celebrate the wedding of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset">Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Howard,_Countess_of_Somerset" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Howard, Countess of Somerset">Frances Howard, Countess of Somerset</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he successfully prosecuted them for murder in 1616. </p><p>The so-called Prince's Parliament of April 1614 objected to Bacon's presence in the seat for <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Cambridge (UK Parliament constituency)">Cambridge</a> and to the various royal plans that Bacon had supported. Although he was allowed to stay, Parliament passed a law that forbade the Attorney General to sit in Parliament. His influence over the King had evidently inspired resentment or apprehension in many of his peers. Bacon, however, continued to receive the King's favour, which led to his appointment in March 1617 as temporary Regent of England (for a period of a month), and in 1618 as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 July 1618 the King created Bacon <a href="/wiki/Baron_Verulam" title="Baron Verulam">Baron Verulam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">Verulam</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage of England</a>; he then became known as Francis, Lord Verulam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeltonen2007_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeltonen2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bacon continued to use his influence with the King to mediate between the throne and Parliament, and in this capacity he was further elevated in the same peerage as <a href="/wiki/Viscount_St_Alban" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount St Alban">Viscount St Alban</a> on 27 January 1621.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lord_Chancellor_and_public_disgrace">Lord Chancellor and public disgrace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lord Chancellor and public disgrace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacon_vs_Parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bacon_vs_Parliament.jpg/220px-Bacon_vs_Parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bacon_vs_Parliament.jpg/330px-Bacon_vs_Parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bacon_vs_Parliament.jpg/440px-Bacon_vs_Parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>Bacon and members of <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament (UK)">Parliament</a> on the day of his 1621 political fall</figcaption></figure> <p>Bacon's public career ended in disgrace in 1621. After he fell into debt, a parliamentary committee on the administration of the law charged him with 23 separate counts of corruption. His lifelong enemy, Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Edward Coke</a>, who had instigated these accusations,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was one of those appointed to prepare the charges against the chancellor.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the lords, who sent a committee to enquire whether a confession was really his, he replied, "My lords, it is my act, my hand, and my heart; I beseech your lordships to be merciful to a broken reed." He was sentenced to a fine of £40,000 and committed to the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> at the king's pleasure; the imprisonment lasted only a few days and the fine was remitted by the king.<sup id="cite_ref-mpkm_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpkm-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More seriously, parliament declared Bacon incapable of holding future office or sitting in parliament. He narrowly escaped undergoing <a href="/wiki/Cashiering" title="Cashiering">degradation</a>, which would have stripped him of his titles of nobility. Subsequently, the disgraced viscount devoted himself to study and writing. </p><p>There seems little doubt that Bacon had accepted gifts from litigants, but this was an accepted custom of the time and not necessarily evidence of deeply corrupt behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-pz_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pz-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While acknowledging that his conduct had been lax, he countered that he had never <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">allowed gifts to influence his judgement</a> and, indeed, he had on occasion given a verdict against those who had paid him. He even had an interview with King James in which he assured: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The law of nature teaches me to speak in my own defence: With respect to this charge of bribery I am as innocent as any man born on St. Innocents Day. I never had a bribe or reward in my eye or thought when pronouncing judgment or order... I am ready to make an oblation of myself to the King</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>17 April 1621<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>He also wrote the following to <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My mind is calm, for my fortune is not my felicity. I know I have clean hands and a clean heart, and I hope a clean house for friends or servants; but Job himself, or whoever was the justest judge, by such hunting for matters against him as hath been used against me, may for a time seem foul, especially in a time when greatness is the mark and accusation is the game.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler1885347_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler1885347-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>As the conduct of accepting gifts was ubiquitous and common practice, and the Commons was zealously inquiring into judicial corruption and malfeasance, it has been suggested that Bacon served as a scapegoat to divert attention from Buckingham's own ill practice and alleged corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The true reason for his acknowledgement of guilt is the subject of debate, but some authors speculate that it may have been prompted by his sickness, or by a view that through his fame and the greatness of his office he would be spared harsh punishment. He may even have been blackmailed, with a threat to charge him with <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>, into confession.<sup id="cite_ref-pz_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pz-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British jurist <a href="/wiki/Basil_Montagu" title="Basil Montagu">Basil Montagu</a> wrote in Bacon's defense, concerning the episode of his public disgrace: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Bacon has been accused of servility, of dissimulation, of various base motives, and their filthy brood of base actions, all unworthy of his high birth, and incompatible with his great wisdom, and the estimation in which he was held by the noblest spirits of the age. It is true that there were men in his own time, and will be men in all times, who are better pleased to count spots in the sun than to rejoice in its glorious brightness. Such men have openly libelled him, like Dewes and Weldon, whose falsehoods were detected as soon as uttered, or have fastened upon certain ceremonious compliments and dedications, the fashion of his day, as a sample of his servility, passing over his noble letters to the Queen, his lofty contempt for the Lord Keeper Puckering, his open dealing with Sir Robert Cecil, and with others, who, powerful when he was nothing, might have blighted his opening fortunes for ever, forgetting his advocacy of the rights of the people in the face of the court, and the true and honest counsels, always given by him, in times of great difficulty, both to Elizabeth and her successor. When was a "base sycophant" loved and honoured by piety such as that of Herbert, Tennison, and Rawley, by noble spirits like Hobbes, Ben Jonson, and Selden, or followed to the grave, and beyond it, with devoted affection such as that of Sir Thomas Meautys.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_beliefs">Religious beliefs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religious beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bacon was a devout <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>. He believed that philosophy and the natural world must be studied inductively, but argued that we can only study arguments for the existence of God. Information about God's attributes (such as nature, action, and purposes) can only come from <a href="/wiki/Special_revelation" title="Special revelation">special revelation</a>. Bacon also held that knowledge was cumulative, that study encompassed more than a simple preservation of the past. "Knowledge is the rich storehouse for the glory of the Creator and the relief of man's estate," he wrote. In his Essays, he affirms that "a little philosophy inclineth man's mind to atheism, but depth in philosophy bringeth men's minds about to religion."<sup id="cite_ref-EssayesOrCovnsels_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EssayesOrCovnsels-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bacon's idea of <a href="/wiki/Novum_Organum#The_Idols_(Idola)" title="Novum Organum">idols of the mind</a> may have self-consciously represented an attempt to Christianize science at the same time as developing a new, reliable scientific method; Bacon gave worship of <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a> as an example of the <a href="/wiki/Idola_tribus" title="Idola tribus">idola tribus</a> fallacy, hinting at the religious dimensions of his critique of the idols.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201748–49_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201748–49-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bacon was against the splintering within Christianity, believing that it would ultimately lead to the creation of atheism as a dominant worldview, as indicated with his quote that "The causes of atheism are: divisions in religion, if they be many; for any one main division, addeth zeal to both sides; but many divisions introduce atheism. Another is, scandal of priests; when it is come to that which St. Bernard saith "One cannot now say the priest is as the people, for the truth is that the people are not so bad as the priest". A third is, custom of profane scoffing in holy matters; which doth by little and little deface the reverence of religion. And lastly, learned times, specially with peace and prosperity; for troubles and adversities do more bow men's minds to religion."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Architectural_projects">Architectural projects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Architectural projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bacon built <a href="/wiki/Verulam_House,_St_Alban%27s_(17th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Verulam House, St Alban's (17th century)">Verulam House</a> in St Albans to his own designs.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that this building was derivative of <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill_(MP)" title="Rowland Hill (MP)">Sir Rowland Hill</a>'s building at <a href="/wiki/Soulton_Hall" title="Soulton Hall">Soulton Hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marriage_to_Alice_Barnham">Marriage to Alice Barnham</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Marriage to Alice Barnham"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alice_Barnham" title="Alice Barnham">Alice Barnham</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_Barnham.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Alice_Barnham.gif/220px-Alice_Barnham.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Alice_Barnham.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of <a href="/wiki/Alice_Barnham" title="Alice Barnham">Alice Barnham</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When he was 36, Bacon courted <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Hatton" title="Elizabeth Hatton">Elizabeth Hatton</a>, a young widow of 20. Reportedly, she broke off their relationship upon accepting marriage to a wealthier man, Bacon's rival, Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Edward Coke</a>. Years later, Bacon still wrote of his regret that the marriage to Hatton had not taken place.<sup id="cite_ref-Dodd-Life-Story_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodd-Life-Story-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the age of 45, Bacon married <a href="/wiki/Alice_Barnham" title="Alice Barnham">Alice Barnham</a>, the 13-year-old daughter of a well-connected London <a href="/wiki/Alderman" title="Alderman">alderman</a> and MP. Bacon wrote two sonnets proclaiming his love for Alice. The first was written during his courtship and the second on his wedding day, 10 May 1606. When Bacon was appointed lord chancellor, "by special Warrant of the King", Lady Bacon was given precedence over all other Court ladies. Bacon's personal secretary and chaplain, William Rawley, wrote in his biography of Bacon that his marriage was one of "much conjugal love and respect", mentioning a robe of honour that he gave to Alice and which "she wore unto her dying day, being twenty years and more after his death".<sup id="cite_ref-Rawley_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawley-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, an increasing number of reports circulated about friction in the marriage, with speculation that this may have been due to Alice's making do with less money than she had once been accustomed to. It was said that she was strongly interested in fame and fortune, and when household finances dwindled, she complained bitterly. Bunten wrote in her <i>Life of Alice Barnham</i> <sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that, upon their descent into debt, she went on trips to ask for financial favours and assistance from their circle of friends. Bacon disinherited her upon discovering her secret romantic relationship with <a href="/wiki/John_Underhill_(courtier)" title="John Underhill (courtier)">Sir John Underhill</a>, rewriting his will (which had generously planned to leave her lands, goods, and income) and revoking her entirely as a beneficiary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several authors believe that, despite his marriage,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacon was primarily attracted to men.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forker,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, has explored the "historically documentable sexual preferences" of both Francis Bacon and <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James I</a> and concluded they were both oriented to "masculine love", a contemporary term that "seems to have been used exclusively to refer to the sexual preference of men for members of their own gender."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacon's sexuality has been disputed by others, who point to lack of consistent evidence and consider the sources to be more open to interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-Character_Assassination_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Character_Assassination-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jacobean antiquary and Bacon's fellow parliament member Sir <a href="/wiki/Simonds_D%27Ewes" class="mw-redirect" title="Simonds D'Ewes">Simonds D'Ewes</a> implied there had been a question of bringing Bacon to trial for buggery,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with which his brother Anthony Bacon had also been charged.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Bacon's brother "apparently also was homosexual", according to literature and sexuality scholar Joseph Cady.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECady199214_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECady199214-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i>Autobiography and Correspondence</i> diary entry for 3 May 1621, the date of Bacon's censure by Parliament, D'Ewes describes Bacon's love for his Welsh serving-men, in particular his servant Mr. Henry Godrick or Goodrick,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a "very effeminate-faced youth" whom he calls "his <a href="/wiki/Catamite" title="Catamite">catamite</a> and bedfellow".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacon's own mother complained to Anthony on Bacon's affection for another servant of his, named Percy, whom she wrote Bacon kept as "a coach companion and bed companion."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Brief_Lives" title="Brief Lives">Brief Lives</a></i> sketches (likely composed during 1665–1690 and published as a book in 1813), the antiquary <a href="/wiki/John_Aubrey" title="John Aubrey">John Aubrey</a> wrote that Bacon was a <a href="/wiki/Pederast" class="mw-redirect" title="Pederast">pederast</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECady199214,_35n9_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECady199214,_35n9-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "whose Ganimeds and Favourites tooke Bribes".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While pederast strictly denoted "boy-lover" in earlier times, Cady wrote that Aubrey deployed the term discreetly in the original Greek to signify "male homosexual".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECady199214,_35n9_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECady199214,_35n9-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The figure of <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)" title="Ganymede (mythology)">Ganymede</a>, he continued, was another of many common ways of referring obliquely to homosexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECady199235n13_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECady199235n13-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/New_Atlantis" title="New Atlantis">New Atlantis</a></i>, Bacon described his <a href="/wiki/Utopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian">utopian</a> island as being "the chastest nation under heaven", with "no touch" of "masculine love".<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantis1627_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantis1627-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cady argued that Bacon's reference to male homosexuality in the <i>New Atlantis</i> deliberately gave the appearance of coming from "outside the phenomenon" due to prevalent opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECady199215_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECady199215-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contrasted deliberately with "veiled" praise of the topic elsewhere in Bacon's work, he asserted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECady199215_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECady199215-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cady offered several examples, including that Bacon discussed only male beauty in his short essay "Of Beauty".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECady199215_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECady199215-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also noted that Bacon ended his monologue <i>The Masculine Birth of Time</i> with an older man asking a younger one (from his "inmost heart") to "give yourself to me so that I may restore you to yourself" and "secure [you] an increase beyond all hopes and prayers of ordinary marriages".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECady199215_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECady199215-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20040912-001-francis-bacon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/20040912-001-francis-bacon.jpg/220px-20040912-001-francis-bacon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/20040912-001-francis-bacon.jpg/330px-20040912-001-francis-bacon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/20040912-001-francis-bacon.jpg/440px-20040912-001-francis-bacon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Monument to Bacon at his burial place in <a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Church,_St_Albans" title="St Michael's Church, St Albans">St Michael's Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a></figcaption></figure><p> On 9 April 1626, Bacon died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Highgate" title="Highgate">Highgate</a> outside London, specifically at Arundel House, a country residence of his friend the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_14th_Earl_of_Arundel" title="Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Arundel">Earl of Arundel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though Arundel was then imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-death_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-death-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An influential account of the circumstances of his death was given by John Aubrey's <i>Brief Lives</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-death_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-death-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aubrey's vivid account, which portrays Bacon as a martyr to experimental scientific method, has him journeying to High-gate through the snow with the King's physician when he is suddenly inspired by the possibility of using the snow to preserve meat:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They were resolved they would try the experiment presently. They alighted out of the coach and went into a poor woman's house at the bottom of Highgate hill, and bought a fowl, and made the woman <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exenterate" class="extiw" title="wikt:exenterate">exenterate</a> it.</p></blockquote><p> After stuffing the fowl with snow, Bacon contracted a fatal case of pneumonia. Some people, including Aubrey, consider these two contiguous, possibly coincidental events as related and causative of his death:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Snow so chilled him that he immediately fell so extremely ill, that he could not return to his Lodging ... but went to the Earle of Arundel's house at Highgate, where they put him into ... a damp bed that had not been layn-in ... which gave him such a cold that in 2 or 3 days as I remember Mr Hobbes told me, he died of Suffocation.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Aubrey has been criticized for his evident credulousness in this and other works; on the other hand, he knew <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, Bacon's fellow-philosopher and friend. Being unwittingly on his deathbed, the philosopher dictated his last letter to the Earl:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My very good Lord,—I was likely to have had the fortune of <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Caius Plinius the elder</a>, who lost his life by trying an experiment about the burning of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a>; for I was also desirous to try an experiment or two touching the conservation and in-duration of bodies. As for the experiment itself, it succeeded excellently well; but in the journey between London and High-gate, I was taken with such a fit of <a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">casting</a> as I know not whether it were the Stone, or some surfeit or cold, or indeed a touch of them all three. But when I came to your Lordship's House, I was not able to go back, and therefore was forced to take up my lodging here, where your housekeeper is very careful and diligent about me, which I assure myself your Lordship will not only pardon towards him, but think the better of him for it. For indeed your Lordship's House was happy to me, and I kiss your noble hands for the welcome which I am sure you give me to it. I know how unfit it is for me to write with any other hand than mine own, but by my troth my fingers are so disjointed with sickness that I cannot steadily hold a pen.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><span class="anchor" id="William_Rawley"></span>Another account appears in a biography by William Rawley, Bacon's personal secretary and chaplain:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He died on the ninth day of April in the year 1626, in the early morning of the day then celebrated for our Savior's resurrection, in the sixty-sixth year of his age, at the Earl of Arundel's house in Highgate, near London, to which place he casually repaired about a week before; God so ordaining that he should die there of a gentle fever, accidentally accompanied with a great cold, whereby the defluxion of <a href="/wiki/Rheum" title="Rheum">rheum</a> fell so plentifully upon his breast, that he died by suffocation.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawley-bio_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawley-bio-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He was buried in <a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Church,_St_Albans" title="St Michael's Church, St Albans">St Michael's Church</a> in St Albans. At the news of his death, over 30 great minds collected together their eulogies of him, which were then later published in Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left personal assets of about £7,000 and lands that realised £6,000 when sold.<sup id="cite_ref-BGL_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGL-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His debts amounted to more than £23,000, equivalent to more than £4m at current value.<sup id="cite_ref-BGL_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGL-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy_and_works">Philosophy and works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Philosophy and works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Works_by_Francis_Bacon" title="Works by Francis Bacon">Works by Francis Bacon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacon_-_Sylva_sylvarum,_1658_-_3887855_301161_00006.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bacon_-_Sylva_sylvarum%2C_1658_-_3887855_301161_00006.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Bacon_-_Sylva_sylvarum%2C_1658_-_3887855_301161_00006.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bacon_-_Sylva_sylvarum%2C_1658_-_3887855_301161_00006.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Bacon_-_Sylva_sylvarum%2C_1658_-_3887855_301161_00006.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bacon_-_Sylva_sylvarum%2C_1658_-_3887855_301161_00006.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Bacon_-_Sylva_sylvarum%2C_1658_-_3887855_301161_00006.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2834" data-file-height="4289" /></a><figcaption><i>Sylva sylvarum</i>, Bacon's history of ten centuries</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylva_sylvarum_-_or,_A_naturall_history.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Front page text of the book Sylva Sylvarum, with black text on a white page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sylva_sylvarum_-_or%2C_A_naturall_history.jpg/220px-Sylva_sylvarum_-_or%2C_A_naturall_history.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sylva_sylvarum_-_or%2C_A_naturall_history.jpg/330px-Sylva_sylvarum_-_or%2C_A_naturall_history.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sylva_sylvarum_-_or%2C_A_naturall_history.jpg/440px-Sylva_sylvarum_-_or%2C_A_naturall_history.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Front page of a 1651 copy of <i>Sylva sylvarum</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Francis Bacon's philosophy is displayed in the vast and varied writings he left, which might be divided into three great branches: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Works_by_Francis_Bacon#Scientific_works" title="Works by Francis Bacon">Scientific works</a></i> in which his ideas for a universal reform of knowledge into <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific methodology</a> and the improvement of mankind's state using the Scientific method are presented.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrington1964_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrington1964-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Great_Instauration_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Great_Instauration-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Works_by_Francis_Bacon#Religious_and_literary_works" title="Works by Francis Bacon">Religious and literary works</a></i> in which he presents his moral philosophy and theological meditations.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Works_by_Francis_Bacon#Juridical_works" title="Works by Francis Bacon">Juridical works</a></i> in which his reforms in English law are proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-Jurisprudence_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jurisprudence-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_legacy">Influence and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Influence and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Baconian_method" title="Baconian method">Baconian method</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idola_fori" title="Idola fori">Idola fori</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loc-bacon-highsmith_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Loc-bacon-highsmith_cropped.jpg/220px-Loc-bacon-highsmith_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Loc-bacon-highsmith_cropped.jpg/330px-Loc-bacon-highsmith_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Loc-bacon-highsmith_cropped.jpg/440px-Loc-bacon-highsmith_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Bacon in the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frontispiece_to_%27The_History_of_the_Royal-Society_of_London%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Frontispiece_to_%27The_History_of_the_Royal-Society_of_London%27.jpg/220px-Frontispiece_to_%27The_History_of_the_Royal-Society_of_London%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Frontispiece_to_%27The_History_of_the_Royal-Society_of_London%27.jpg/330px-Frontispiece_to_%27The_History_of_the_Royal-Society_of_London%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Frontispiece_to_%27The_History_of_the_Royal-Society_of_London%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a> painting of the front cover of <i>The History of Royal-Society of London</i>, picturing Bacon (right) among the founding influences of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bacon's seminal work the <i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Organum" title="Novum Organum">Novum Organum</a></i> was highly influential in the 17th century among scholars, in particular Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne" title="Thomas Browne">Thomas Browne</a>, who in his encyclopedia <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudodoxia_Epidemica" title="Pseudodoxia Epidemica">Pseudodoxia Epidemica</a></i> (1646–72) frequently adheres to a Baconian approach to his scientific enquiries. This book entails the basis of the scientific method as a means of observation and induction. Also <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> was highly influenced by Bacon, using Baconian language and ideas in his book, "<a href="/wiki/Micrographia" title="Micrographia">Micrographia</a>." </p><p>According to Bacon, learning and knowledge all derive from inductive reasoning. Through his belief in experimentally-derived data, he theorised that all the knowledge that was necessary to fully understand a concept could be attained using induction. "Induction" in this context can be thought of as "reasoning from evidence," as opposed to "deduction," or "top-down reasoning," which can be thought of as "reasoning from a pre-existing premise, or hypothesis." In order to get to the point of an inductive conclusion, one must consider the importance of observing the particulars (specific parts of nature). "Once these particulars have been gathered together, the interpretation of Nature proceeds by sorting them into a formal arrangement so that they may be presented to the understanding."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experimentation is essential to discovering the truths of Nature. When an experiment happens, the data is used to form a result and conclusion. Note that this process does not involve a pre-existing hypothesis. On the contrary, inductive reasoning starts with data, not a prior premise or hypothesis. Through this conclusion of particulars, an understanding of Nature can be formed. Now that an understanding of Nature has been arrived at, an inductive conclusion can be drawn. "There are and can be only two ways of searching into and discovering truth. The one flies from the senses and particulars to the most general axioms, and from these principles, the truth of which it takes for settled and immovable, proceeds to judgment and to the discovery of middle axioms. And this way is now in fashion. The other derives axioms from the senses and particulars, rising by a gradual and unbroken ascent, so that it arrives at the most general axioms last of all. This is the true way, but as yet untried." (Bacon's axiom XIX from the Novum Organum) <sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bacon explains how we come to this understanding and knowledge because of this process in comprehending the complexities of nature. "Bacon sees nature as an extremely subtle complexity, which affords all the energy of the natural philosopher to disclose her secrets."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacon described the evidence and proof revealed through taking a specific example from nature and expanding that example into a general, substantial claim of nature. Once we understand the particulars in nature, we can learn more about it and become surer of things occurring in nature, gaining knowledge and obtaining new information all the while. "It is nothing less than a revival of Bacon's supremely confident belief that inductive methods can provide us with ultimate and infallible answers concerning the laws and nature of the universe."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacon states that when we come to understand parts of nature, we can eventually understand nature better as a whole because of induction. Because of this, Bacon concludes that all learning and knowledge must be drawn from inductive reasoning. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a>, Bacon was commonly invoked as a guiding spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> founded under Charles II in 1660.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/French_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="French Enlightenment">French Enlightenment</a>, Bacon's non-metaphysical approach to science became more influential than the dualism of his French contemporary <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a>, and was associated with criticism of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i>. In 1733 <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> introduced him to a French audience as the "father" of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>, an understanding which had become widespread by the 1750s.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century his emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Induction_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Induction (philosophy)">induction</a> was revived and developed by <a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a>, among others. He has been reputed as the "Father of Experimental Philosophy".<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also wrote a long treatise on Medicine, <i>History of Life and Death</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with natural and experimental observations for the prolongation of life. </p><p>One of his biographers, the historian <a href="/wiki/William_Hepworth_Dixon" title="William Hepworth Dixon">William Hepworth Dixon</a>, states: "Bacon's influence in the modern world is so great that every man who rides in a train, sends a telegram, follows a <a href="/wiki/Steam_plough" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam plough">steam plough</a>, sits in an easy chair, crosses the channel or the Atlantic, eats a good dinner, enjoys a beautiful garden, or undergoes a painless surgical operation, owes him something."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1902 <a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">Hugo von Hofmannsthal</a> published a fictional letter, known as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_Chandos_Letter" title="The Lord Chandos Letter">The Lord Chandos Letter</a></i>, addressed to Bacon and dated 1603, about a writer who is experiencing a crisis of language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Bacon_-_the_guiding_spirit_of_colonization_scheme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lord_Bacon_-_the_guiding_spirit_of_colonization_scheme.jpg/220px-Lord_Bacon_-_the_guiding_spirit_of_colonization_scheme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Lord_Bacon_-_the_guiding_spirit_of_colonization_scheme.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a> stamp, which reads: "Lord Bacon – the guiding spirit in colonization scheme"</figcaption></figure> <p>Bacon played a leading role in establishing the <a href="/wiki/British_colonies_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="British colonies in North America">British colonies in North America</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Carolinas">the Carolinas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a> in northeastern Canada. His government report on "The Virginia Colony" was submitted in 1609. In 1610 Bacon and his associates received a charter from the king to form <i>the Tresurer and the Companye of Adventurers and planter of the Cittye of London and Bristoll for the Collonye or plantacon in Newfoundland</i>, and sent <a href="/wiki/John_Guy_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Guy (governor)">John Guy</a> to found a colony there.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, the third President of the United States, wrote: "Bacon, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a>. I consider them as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the <a href="/wiki/Physical_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical science">Physical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moral_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral science">Moral sciences</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1910, Newfoundland issued a postage stamp to commemorate Bacon's role in establishing the colony. The stamp describes Bacon as "the guiding spirit in Colonization Schemes in 1610".<sup id="cite_ref-Dodd-Life-Story_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodd-Life-Story-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, some scholars believe he was largely responsible for the drafting, in 1609 and 1612, of two charters of government for the Virginia Colony.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Hepworth Dixon considered that Bacon's name could be included in the list of Founders of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although few of his proposals for law reform were adopted during his lifetime, Bacon's legal legacy was considered by the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i> in 1961 as having influenced the drafting of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a> as well as the law reforms introduced by 19th-century British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/William_Hepworth_Dixon" title="William Hepworth Dixon">William Hepworth Dixon</a> referred to the Napoleonic Code as "the sole embodiment of Bacon's thought", saying that Bacon's legal work "has had more success abroad than it has found at home", and that in France "it has blossomed and come into fruit".<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Wheeler" title="Harvey Wheeler">Harvey Wheeler</a> attributed to Bacon, in <i>Francis Bacon's Verulamium—the Common Law Template of The Modern in English Science and Culture</i>, the creation of these distinguishing features of the modern <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> system: </p> <ul><li>using cases as repositories of evidence about the "unwritten law";</li> <li>determining the relevance of precedents by exclusionary principles of evidence and logic;</li> <li>treating opposing legal briefs as adversarial hypotheses about the application of the "unwritten law" to a new set of facts.</li></ul> <p>As late as the 18th century, some juries still declared the law rather than the facts, but already before the end of the 17th century <a href="/wiki/Sir_Matthew_Hale" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Matthew Hale">Sir Matthew Hale</a> explained modern common law adjudication procedure and acknowledged Bacon as the inventor of the process of discovering unwritten laws from the evidences of their applications. The method combined empiricism and inductivism in a new way that was to imprint its signature on many of the distinctive features of modern <a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">English society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Kocher" title="Paul H. Kocher">Paul H. Kocher</a> writes that Bacon is considered by some jurists to be the father of modern <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jurisprudence_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jurisprudence-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bacon is commemorated with a statue in <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn" title="Gray's Inn">Gray's Inn</a>, South Square in London where he received his legal training, and where he was elected Treasurer of the Inn in 1608.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recent scholarship on Bacon's jurisprudence has focused on his advocating torture as a legal recourse for the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacon himself was not a stranger to the torture chamber; in his various legal capacities in both Elizabeth I's and James I's reigns, Bacon was listed as a commissioner on five torture warrants. In 1613(?), in a letter addressed to King James I on the question of torture's place within English law, Bacon identifies the scope of torture as a means to further the investigation of threats to the state: "In the cases of treasons, torture is used for discovery, and not for evidence."<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Bacon, torture was not a punitive measure, an intended form of state repression, but instead offered a modus operandi for the government agent tasked with uncovering acts of treason. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization_of_knowledge">Organization of knowledge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Organization of knowledge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Francis_Bacon" title="Special:EditPage/Francis Bacon">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Francis Bacon developed the idea that a classification of knowledge must be universal while handling all possible resources. In his progressive view, humanity would be better if access to educational resources were provided to the public, hence the need to organise it. His approach to learning reshaped the Western view of knowledge theory from an individual to a social interest. </p><p>The original classification proposed by Bacon organised all types of knowledge into three general groups: history, poetry, and philosophy. He did that based on his understanding of how information is processed: memory, imagination, and reason, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His methodical approach to the categorization of knowledge goes hand-in-hand with his principles of scientific methods. Bacon's writings were the starting point for <a href="/wiki/William_Torrey_Harris" title="William Torrey Harris">William Torrey Harris</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Library_classification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Library classification system">classification system for libraries</a> in the United States by the second half of the 1800s. </p><p>The phrase "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">scientia potentia est</i></span>" (or "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">scientia est potentia</i></span>"), meaning "<a href="/wiki/Knowledge_is_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge is power">knowledge is power</a>", is commonly attributed to Bacon: the expression "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ipsa scientia potestas est</i></span>" ("knowledge itself is power") occurs in his <i>Meditationes Sacrae</i> (1597).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201746–47_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201746–47-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_debates">Historical debates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Historical debates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacon_and_Shakespeare">Bacon and Shakespeare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bacon and Shakespeare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bacon%27s_cipher" title="Bacon's cipher">Bacon's cipher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baconian_theory_of_Shakespeare_authorship" title="Baconian theory of Shakespeare authorship">Baconian theory of Shakespeare authorship</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prince_Tudor_theory" title="Prince Tudor theory">Prince Tudor theory</a></div> <p>The Baconian hypothesis of <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Shakespearean authorship</a>, first proposed in the mid-19th century, contends that Francis Bacon wrote some or even all of the plays conventionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occult_theories">Occult theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Occult theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Occult_theories_about_Francis_Bacon" title="Occult theories about Francis Bacon">Occult theories about Francis Bacon</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Idola_theatri" title="Idola theatri">Idola theatri</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacon-Rose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bacon-Rose.jpg/220px-Bacon-Rose.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bacon-Rose.jpg/330px-Bacon-Rose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bacon-Rose.jpg/440px-Bacon-Rose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>An old volume of Bacon and a rose</figcaption></figure> <p>Francis Bacon often gathered with the men at Gray's Inn to discuss politics and philosophy, and to try out various theatrical scenes that he admitted writing.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacon's alleged connection to the <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a> has been widely discussed by authors and scholars in many books.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, others, including <a href="/wiki/Daphne_du_Maurier" title="Daphne du Maurier">Daphne du Maurier</a> in her biography of Bacon, have argued that there is no substantive evidence to support claims of involvement with the Rosicrucians.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frances_Yates" title="Frances Yates">Frances Yates</a><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> does not make the claim that Bacon was a Rosicrucian, but presents evidence that he was nevertheless involved in some of the more closed intellectual movements of his day. She argues that Bacon's movement for the advancement of learning was closely connected with the German Rosicrucian movement, while Bacon's <i>New Atlantis</i> portrays a land ruled by Rosicrucians. He apparently saw his own movement for the advancement of learning to be in conformity with Rosicrucian ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-Yates_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yates-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The link between Bacon's work and the Rosicrucians' ideals which Yates allegedly found was the conformity of the purposes expressed by the <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucian_Manifestos" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosicrucian Manifestos">Rosicrucian Manifestos</a> and Bacon's plan of a "<a href="/wiki/Works_by_Francis_Bacon#The_Great_Instauration" title="Works by Francis Bacon">Great Instauration</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Yates_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yates-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the two were calling for a reformation of both "divine and human understanding",<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as both, had in view the purpose of mankind's return to the "state before the Fall".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another major link is said to be the resemblance between Bacon's <i>New Atlantis</i> and the German Rosicrucian <a href="/wiki/Johann_Valentin_Andreae" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Valentin Andreae">Johann Valentin Andreae</a>'s <i>Description of the Republic of Christianopolis</i> (1619).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreae1619_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreae1619-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andreae describes a utopic island in which Christian <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Boehmian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Boehmian)">theosophy</a> and applied science ruled, and in which the spiritual fulfilment and intellectual activity constituted the primary goals of each individual, the scientific pursuits being the highest intellectual calling—linked to the achievement of spiritual perfection. Andreae's island also depicts a great advancement in technology, with many industries separated in different zones which supplied the population's needs—which shows great resemblance to Bacon's scientific methods and purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Farrington_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrington-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While rejecting occult <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> surrounding Bacon and the claim Bacon personally identified as a Rosicrucian, intellectual historian Paolo Rossi has argued for an occult influence on Bacon's scientific and religious writing. He argues that Bacon was familiar with early modern <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemical</a> texts and that Bacon's ideas about the application of science had roots in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance magical</a> ideas about science and magic facilitating humanity's domination of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossi1968Chapter_1_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossi1968Chapter_1-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rossi further interprets Bacon's search for hidden meanings in myth and fables in such texts as <i>The Wisdom of the Ancients</i> as succeeding earlier occultist and <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonic</a> attempts to locate hidden wisdom in pre-Christian myths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossi1968Chapter_3_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossi1968Chapter_3-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As indicated by the title of his study, however, Rossi claims Bacon ultimately rejected the philosophical foundations of occultism as he came to develop a form of modern science.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossi1968Chapter_1_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossi1968Chapter_1-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rossi's analysis and claims have been extended by <a href="/wiki/Jason_Josephson-Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Jason Josephson-Storm">Jason Josephson-Storm</a> in his study, <i>The Myth of Disenchantment</i>. Josephson-Storm also rejects conspiracy theories surrounding Bacon and does not make the claim that Bacon was an active Rosicrucian. However, he argues that Bacon's "rejection" of magic actually constituted an attempt to purify magic of Catholic, demonic, and esoteric influences and to establish magic as a field of study and application paralleling Bacon's vision of science. Furthermore, Josephson-Storm argues that Bacon drew on magical ideas when developing his experimental method.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201746_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201746-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephson-Storm finds evidence that Bacon considered nature a living entity, populated by spirits, and argues Bacon's views on the human domination and application of nature actually depend on his spiritualism and personification of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201750–51_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201750–51-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bacon's influence can also be seen on a variety of religious and spiritual authors, and on groups that have utilized his writings in their own belief systems.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Sir Francis Bacon, Viscount St Alban<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg/150px-Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg/225px-Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg/300px-Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="179" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Sir_Francis_Bacon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Arms_of_Sir_Francis_Bacon.svg/150px-Arms_of_Sir_Francis_Bacon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Arms_of_Sir_Francis_Bacon.svg/225px-Arms_of_Sir_Francis_Bacon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Arms_of_Sir_Francis_Bacon.svg/300px-Arms_of_Sir_Francis_Bacon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Coronet</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Coronet#British_coronet_rankings" title="Coronet">Coronet of a Viscount</a></dd> <dt>Crest</dt> <dd>A Boar passant Ermine, a Crescent for difference.</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Quarterly: 1st and 4th, Gules a Chief Argent with 2 mullets Sable (Bacon); 2nd and 3rd, Barry of 6 Or and Azure, a Bend Gules (Quaplode). A Crescent Argent in fess point for difference.</dd> <dt>Supporters</dt> <dd>On either sides, a Roman Centurion.</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>Mediocria Firma</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon_bibliography" title="Francis Bacon bibliography">Francis Bacon bibliography</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Essays_(Francis_Bacon)" title="Essays (Francis Bacon)">Essays (Francis Bacon)</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Reign_of_King_Henry_VII" title="History of the Reign of King Henry VII">History of the Reign of King Henry VII</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Atlantis" title="New Atlantis">New Atlantis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novum_Organum" title="Novum Organum">Novum Organum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salomon%27s_House" title="Salomon's House">Salomon's House</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Advancement_of_Learning" title="The Advancement of Learning">The Advancement of Learning</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisci_Baconi,_baronis_de_Verulamio_Novum_organum_scientiarum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Francisci_Baconi%2C_baronis_de_Verulamio_Novum_organum_scientiarum.jpg/220px-Francisci_Baconi%2C_baronis_de_Verulamio_Novum_organum_scientiarum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Francisci_Baconi%2C_baronis_de_Verulamio_Novum_organum_scientiarum.jpg/330px-Francisci_Baconi%2C_baronis_de_Verulamio_Novum_organum_scientiarum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Francisci_Baconi%2C_baronis_de_Verulamio_Novum_organum_scientiarum.jpg/440px-Francisci_Baconi%2C_baronis_de_Verulamio_Novum_organum_scientiarum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Front page of a 1779 copy of Bacon's <i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Organum" title="Novum Organum">Novum Organum</a></i>, authored in 1620</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the more notable works by Bacon are: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Essays_(Francis_Bacon)" title="Essays (Francis Bacon)">Essays</a></i> <ul><li>1st edition with 10 essays (1597)</li> <li>2nd edition with 38 essays (1612)</li> <li>3rd/final edition with 58 essays (1625)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advancement_of_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Advancement of Learning">The Advancement and Proficience of Learning Divine and Human</a></i> (1605)</li> <li><i>Instauratio magna</i> (The Great Instauration) (1620) – a multi-part work including <i>Distributio operis</i> (Plan of the Work); <i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Organum" title="Novum Organum">Novum Organum</a></i> (The New <i><a href="/wiki/Organon" title="Organon">Organon</a></i>); <i>Parasceve ad historiam naturalem</i> (Preparatory for Natural History) and <i>Catalogus historiarum particularium</i> (Catalogue of Particular Histories)<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>De augmentis scientiarum</i> (1623) – an enlargement of <i>The Advancement of Learning</i> translated into Latin</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Atlantis" title="New Atlantis">New Atlantis</a></i> (1626)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cestui_que" title="Cestui que">Cestui que</a></i> (defence and comment on Chudleigh's Case)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Romanticism and Bacon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scientia_potentia_est" title="Scientia potentia est">Scientia potentia est</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_by_Francis_Bacon" title="Works by Francis Bacon">Works by Francis Bacon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-title-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-title_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is confusion over the spelling of Bacon's title. Some sources, such as the 2007 <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica,_9th_edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th edition">9th edition</a> of the <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>, spell it "St Alban";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeltonen2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeltonen2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson1878200_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson1878200-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others, such as the <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i> (1885) and the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica,_11th_edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th edition">11th edition</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, spell the title "St Albans".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler1885346_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler1885346-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911135_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911135-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Contemporary spelling, used by Bacon himself in his letter of thanks to the king for his elevation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i><a href="/wiki/New_Atlantis" title="New Atlantis">New Atlantis</a></i>, Bacon's Joabin writes of men who "marry late, when the prime of strength and their years is past". "[W]hat is marriage to them but a very bargain; wherein is sought alliance, or portion, or reputation", he argues, since they continue to visit "dissolute places" for "meretricious embracements (where sin is turned into art)", a custom "no more punished ... than in bachelors".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECady199217–18,_quoting_''New_Atlantis''_281–283_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECady199217–18,_quoting_''New_Atlantis''_281–283-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literature and sexuality scholar Joseph Cady noted that Bacon may have written this from a personal perspective, as his own marriage was "'late', childless, and <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">pro forma</i></span>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECady199218_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECady199218-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Arundel_House" title="Arundel House">his central London residence of the same name</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Ben: "son"; Salem: "peace", "peaceful" or "at peace".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Howbeit we know after a time there wil now be <b>a general reformation, both of divine and humane things</b>, according to our desire, and the expectation of others: for it's fitting, that before the rising of the Sun, there should appear and break forth Aurora, or some clearness, or divine light in the sky" – <i><a href="/wiki/Fama_Fraternitatis" title="Fama Fraternitatis">Fama Fraternitatis</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/sro/rhr/rhr06.htm">sacred-texts.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214062121/http://www.sacred-texts.com/sro/rhr/rhr06.htm">Archived</a> 14 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Like good and faithful guardians, we may yield up their fortune to mankind upon the emancipation and majority of their understanding, from which must necessarily follow an improvement of their estate [...]. For man, by the fall, fell at the same time from his state of innocency and from his dominion over creation. Both of these losses however can even in this life be in some part repaired; the former by religion and faith, the latter by arts and sciences. – Francis Bacon, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Novum_Organum" class="extiw" title="s:Novum Organum">Novum Organum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"We ought therefore here to observe well, and make it known unto everyone, that God hath certainly and most assuredly concluded to send and grant to the whole world before her end ... such a truth, light, life, and glory, as the first man Adam had, which he lost in Paradise, after which his successors were put and driven, with him, to misery. Wherefore there shall cease all servitude, falsehood, lies, and darkness, which by little and little, with the great world's revolution, was crept into all arts, works, and governments of men, and have darkened most part of them". – <i><a href="/wiki/Confessio_Fraternitatis" title="Confessio Fraternitatis">Confessio Fraternitatis</a></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeltonen2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeltonen2007_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeltonen2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeltonen2007_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeltonen2007_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeltonen2007_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeltonen2007_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeltonen2007">Peltonen 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson1878200-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson1878200_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson1878200_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamson1878">Adamson 1878</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler1885346-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler1885346_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1885">Fowler 1885</a>, p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911135-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911135_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamsonMitchell1911">Adamson & Mitchell 1911</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bacon">"Bacon"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032613/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bacon">Archived</a> 15 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> entry in <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKlein2012" class="citation cs2">Klein, Jürgen (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/francis-bacon/">"Francis Bacon"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Winter 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Francis+Bacon&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Winter+2016&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2016%2Fentries%2Ffrancis-bacon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartnerFoot2013" class="citation book cs1">Partner, Nancy; Foot, Sarah, eds. (31 January 2013). 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Kindle Edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeltonen2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Peltonen, Markku (23 September 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/990">"Bacon, Francis, Viscount St Alban (1561–1626)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F990">10.1093/ref:odnb/990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bacon%2C+Francis%2C+Viscount+St+Alban+%281561%E2%80%931626%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F990&rft.aulast=Peltonen&rft.aufirst=Markku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard1911">Pollard 1911</a>, p. 816.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADBCN573F" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=BCN573F&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Bacon, Francis (BCN573F)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. 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Robert DeMaria Jr., Heesok Chang, and Samantha Zacher, vol 2. (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014), 231-248. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://hcommons.org/deposits/objects/hc:58062/datastreams/CONTENT/content">https://hcommons.org/deposits/objects/hc:58062/datastreams/CONTENT/content</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114163930/https://hcommons.org/deposits/objects/hc:58062/datastreams/CONTENT/content">Archived</a> 14 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Montmorency1905" class="citation journal cs1">de Montmorency, J.E.G (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/752041">"Francis Bacon"</a>. <i>Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 264. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/752041">752041</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Comparative+Legislation&rft.atitle=Francis+Bacon&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=264&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F752041%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=de+Montmorency&rft.aufirst=J.E.G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F752041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911136-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911136_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911136_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911136_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911136_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911136_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911136_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamsonMitchell1911">Adamson & Mitchell 1911</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-travels-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-travels_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-travels_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gaukroger" title="Stephen Gaukroger">Stephen Gaukroger</a> (2001). <i>Francis Bacon and the Transformation of Early-Modern Philosophy</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+the+Right+Honorable+Francis+Bacon+Baron+of+Verulam%2C+Viscount+St.+Alban&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thomas+Johns&rft.date=1670&rft.aulast=Rawley&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhiwaay.net%2F~paul%2Fbacon%2Fbiographies%2Frawley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911139-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsonMitchell1911139_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamsonMitchell1911">Adamson & Mitchell 1911</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1895" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (1895). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Peacham, Edmond"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Peacham,_Edmond">"Peacham, Edmond" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. 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(2011). <i>The Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction</i> (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199567416" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199567416"><bdi>978-0199567416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Revolution%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=128&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199567416&rft.aulast=Principe&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>CSPD James I, 1619-1623</i>. p. 116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CSPD+James+I%2C+1619-1623&rft.pages=116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOusby1996" class="citation cs2">Ousby, Ian (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=43oBE1nJXaMC"><i>The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Literature in English</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 22, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43627-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43627-4"><bdi>978-0-521-43627-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Paperback+Guide+to+Literature+in+English&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43627-4&rft.aulast=Ousby&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D43oBE1nJXaMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagorin1999" class="citation cs2">Zagorin, Perez (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IoKwR_8FBYcC"><i>Francis Bacon</i></a>, Princeton University Press, p. 22, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00966-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00966-7"><bdi>978-0-691-00966-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Bacon&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00966-7&rft.aulast=Zagorin&rft.aufirst=Perez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIoKwR_8FBYcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mpkm-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mpkm_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrisMaguire2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parris" title="Matthew Parris">Parris, Matthew</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Maguire_(journalist)" title="Kevin Maguire (journalist)">Maguire, Kevin</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatparliamenta0000parr/page/8">"Francis Bacon – 1621"</a>. <i>Great Parliamentary Scandals</i>. London: Chrysalis. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatparliamenta0000parr/page/8">8–9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86105-736-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86105-736-5"><bdi>978-1-86105-736-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Francis+Bacon+%E2%80%93+1621&rft.btitle=Great+Parliamentary+Scandals&rft.place=London&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=Chrysalis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86105-736-5&rft.aulast=Parris&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Maguire%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatparliamenta0000parr%2Fpage%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pz-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pz_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pz_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagorin1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Perez_Zagorin" title="Perez Zagorin">Zagorin, Perez</a> (1999). <i>Francis Bacon</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00966-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00966-7"><bdi>978-0-691-00966-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Bacon&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00966-7&rft.aulast=Zagorin&rft.aufirst=Perez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, John; Baron Campbell (1818), J. Murray. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8GMoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA404">The Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of England</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler1885347-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler1885347_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1885">Fowler 1885</a>, p. 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExpress" class="citation web cs1">Express, Britain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britainexpress.com/History/Buckingham-Bacon.htm">"The Duke of Buckingham and Sir Francis Bacon"</a>. <i>Britain Express</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britain+Express&rft.atitle=The+Duke+of+Buckingham+and+Sir+Francis+Bacon&rft.aulast=Express&rft.aufirst=Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britainexpress.com%2FHistory%2FBuckingham-Bacon.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/A._L._Rowse" title="A. L. Rowse">A. L. Rowse</a>, quoted in Parris; Maguire (2004: 8): "a charge of sodomy was... to be brought against the sixty-year-old Lord Chancellor".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontagu1837" class="citation book cs1">Montagu, Basil (1837). <i>Essays and Selections</i>. Kessinger. pp. 325–326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4368-3777-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4368-3777-4"><bdi>978-1-4368-3777-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+and+Selections&rft.pages=325-326&rft.pub=Kessinger&rft.date=1837&rft.isbn=978-1-4368-3777-4&rft.aulast=Montagu&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EssayesOrCovnsels-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EssayesOrCovnsels_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon1625" class="citation book cs1">Bacon, Francis (1625). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LdsAYAAACAAJ"><i>The Essayes Or Covnsels, Civill and Morall, of Francis Lo. Vervlam, Viscovnt St. Alban</i></a>. London. p. 90<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essayes+Or+Covnsels%2C+Civill+and+Morall%2C+of+Francis+Lo.+Vervlam%2C+Viscovnt+St.+Alban&rft.place=London&rft.pages=90&rft.date=1625&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLdsAYAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201748–49-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201748–49_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017">Josephson-Storm 2017</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon1909–1914" class="citation book cs1">Bacon, Francis (1909–1914). <i>Essays, Civil and Moral. The Harvard Classics</i> (Vol III. Part 1 ed.). New York: PF Collier and Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays%2C+Civil+and+Moral.+The+Harvard+Classics&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Vol+III.+Part+1&rft.pub=PF+Collier+and+Son&rft.date=1909%2F1914&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bartleby.com/lit-hub/reference/of-atheism/">"XVI Of Atheism"</a>. <i>Francis Bacon. (1561–1626). Essays, Civil and Moral. The Harvard Classics. 1909–14</i>. 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Francis+Bacon.+%281561%E2%80%931626%29.+Essays%2C+Civil+and+Moral.+The+Harvard+Classics.+1909%E2%80%9314.&rft.atitle=XVI+Of+Atheism&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2Flit-hub%2Freference%2Fof-atheism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gardenvisit.com/gardens/old_gorhambury_water_gardens">"Old Gorhambury Water Gardens"</a>. <i>www.gardenvisit.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gardenvisit.com&rft.atitle=Old+Gorhambury+Water+Gardens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gardenvisit.com%2Fgardens%2Fold_gorhambury_water_gardens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhV4z4eRklw"><i>Garnet as Emblem of Goodness | Philosophical architecture from Henry III to George III</i></a>, 19 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garnet+as+Emblem+of+Goodness+%7C+Philosophical+architecture+from+Henry+III+to+George+III&rft.date=2023-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DNhV4z4eRklw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dodd-Life-Story-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dodd-Life-Story_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dodd-Life-Story_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Dodd, <i>Francis Bacon's Personal Life Story', Volume 2 – The Age of James</i>, England: Rider & Co., 1949, 1986. pp. 157–158, 425, 502–503, 518–532</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alice Chambers Bunten, <i>Life of Alice Barnham, Wife of Sir Francis Bacon</i>, London: Oliphants Ltd. 1928.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECady199217–18,_quoting_''New_Atlantis''_281–283-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECady199217–18,_quoting_''New_Atlantis''_281–283_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCady1992">Cady 1992</a>, 17–18, quoting <i>New Atlantis</i> 281–283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECady199218-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECady199218_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCady1992">Cady 1992</a>, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. L. Rowse, <i>Homosexuals in History</i>, New York: Carroll & Garf, 1977. p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jardine, Lisa; Stewart, Alan <i>Hostage To Fortune: The Troubled Life of Francis Bacon</i> Hill & Wang, 1999. p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles R. Forker, "'Masculine Love', Renaissance Writing, and the 'New Invention' of Homosexuality: An Addendum" in the <i>Journal of Homosexuality</i> (1996), Indiana University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Journal of Homosexuality</i>, Volume: 31 Issue: 3, 1996, pp. 85–93, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0091-8369">0091-8369</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross Jackson, <i>The Companion to Shaker of the Speare: The Francis Bacon Story</i>, England: Book Guild Publishing, 2005. pp. 45–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryan Bevan, <i>The Real Francis Bacon</i>, England: Centaur Press, 1960</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helen Veale, <i>Son of England</i>, India: Indo Polish Library, 1950</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Dawkins, <i>Dedication to the Light</i>, England: Francis Bacon Research Trust, 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulton Anderson, <i>Francis Bacon: His career and his thought</i>, Los Angeles, 1962</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdu_Maurier1975" class="citation book cs1">du Maurier, Daphne (1975). <i>Golden Lads: A Study of Anthony Bacon, Francis and Their Friends</i>. London: Gollancz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84408-073-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84408-073-1"><bdi>978-1-84408-073-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golden+Lads%3A+A+Study+of+Anthony+Bacon%2C+Francis+and+Their+Friends&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Gollancz&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-1-84408-073-1&rft.aulast=du+Maurier&rft.aufirst=Daphne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECady199214-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECady199214_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCady1992">Cady 1992</a>, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2015" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Robert. P. (2015). <i>Francis Bacon: The Double-Edged Life of the Philosopher and Statesman</i>. McFarland. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Bacon%3A+The+Double-Edged+Life+of+the+Philosopher+and+Statesman&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Robert.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrichWotherspoon2005" class="citation book cs1">Aldrich, Robert; Wotherspoon, Gary (2005). <i>Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History Vol.1: From Antiquity to the Mid-Twentieth Century</i>. London and New York: Routledge. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15982-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15982-1"><bdi>978-0-415-15982-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Gay+and+Lesbian+History+Vol.1%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Mid-Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15982-1&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Wotherspoon%2C+Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSasso2022" class="citation thesis cs1">Sasso, Beatrice (2022). "Homosexuality in the English Renaissance: Religion, History, Society, and Science". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/44186?mode=simple"><i>Queer Elements in Renaissance English Poetry</i></a> (Lauree triennali thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Padua" title="University of Padua">University of Padua</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Queer+Elements+in+Renaissance+English+Poetry&rft.degree=Lauree+triennali&rft.inst=University+of+Padua&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Sasso&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthesis.unipd.it%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12608%2F44186%3Fmode%3Dsimple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECady199214,_35n9-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECady199214,_35n9_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECady199214,_35n9_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCady1992">Cady 1992</a>, 14, 35n9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver Lawson Dick, ed. <i>Aubrey's Brief Lives. Edited from the Original Manuscripts</i>, 1949, <i>s.v.</i> "Francis Bacon, Viscount of St. Albans" p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECady199235n13-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECady199235n13_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCady1992">Cady 1992</a>, 35n13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlantis1627-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atlantis1627_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bacon, Francis. <i>The New Atlantis</i>. 1627</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECady199215-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECady199215_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECady199215_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECady199215_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECady199215_87-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCady1992">Cady 1992</a>, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-death-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-death_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-death_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Broadview Anthology of Seventeenth-Century Prose</i>. Broadview Press. 2001. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Broadview+Anthology+of+Seventeenth-Century+Prose&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen1993" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Catherine (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/francisbacontem000bowe"><i>Francis Bacon: The Temper of a Man</i></a></span>. Fordham University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/francisbacontem000bowe/page/225">225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Bacon%3A+The+Temper+of+a+Man&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrancisbacontem000bowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon1825–1834" class="citation book cs1">Bacon, Francis (1825–1834). Montagu, Basil (ed.). <i>The works of Francis Bacon, lord chancellor of England</i>. Vol. 12. London: W. Pickering. p. 274.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+works+of+Francis+Bacon%2C+lord+chancellor+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=W.+Pickering&rft.date=1825%2F1834&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rawley-bio-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rawley-bio_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawley1657" class="citation cs2">Rawley, William (Bacon's personal secretary and chaplain) (1657), <i>Resuscitatio, or, Bringing into Publick Light Several Pieces of the Works, Civil, Historical, Philosophical, & Theological, Hitherto Sleeping; of the Right Honourable Francis Bacon. ...Together with his Lordship's Life</i>, <q>Francis Bacon, the glory of his age and nation, the adorner and ornament of learning, was born in York House, or York Place, in the Strand, on the two and twentieth day of January, in the year of our Lord 1560.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resuscitatio%2C+or%2C+Bringing+into+Publick+Light+Several+Pieces+of+the+Works%2C+Civil%2C+Historical%2C+Philosophical%2C+%26+Theological%2C+Hitherto+Sleeping%3B+of+the+Right+Honourable+Francis+Bacon.+...Together+with+his+Lordship%27s+Life&rft.date=1657&rft.aulast=Rawley&rft.aufirst=William+%28Bacon%27s+personal+secretary+and+chaplain%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGundry" class="citation cs2">Gundry, W.G.C. (ed.), <i>Manes Verulamani</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manes+Verulamani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span> This important volume consists of 32 eulogies originally published in Latin shortly after Bacon's funeral in 1626. Bacon's peers refer to him as "a supreme poet" and "a concealed poet", and also link him with the theatre.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BGL-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BGL_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGL_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovejoy1888" class="citation book cs1">Lovejoy, Benjamin (1888). <i>Francis Bacon: A Critical Review</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/T._Fisher_Unwin" title="T. Fisher Unwin">Unwin</a>. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/79886184">79886184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Bacon%3A+A+Critical+Review&rft.place=London&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Unwin&rft.date=1888&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F79886184&rft.aulast=Lovejoy&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOfficerWilliamson" class="citation web cs1">Officer, Lawrence; Williamson, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/">"Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present"</a>. Measuring Worth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purchasing+Power+of+British+Pounds+from+1264+to+Present&rft.pub=Measuring+Worth&rft.aulast=Officer&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fppoweruk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrington1964-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrington1964_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarrington1964">Farrington 1964</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Great_Instauration-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Great_Instauration_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon1620" class="citation cs1">Bacon, Francis (1620). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Great Instauration"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Great_Instauration"><i>The Great Instauration</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Instauration&rft.date=1620&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon" class="citation cs2">Bacon, Francis, <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Essays, civil and moral (Harvard Classics)/Of Superstition"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Essays,_civil_and_moral_(Harvard_Classics)/Of_Superstition">"Of Superstition" </a></span>, <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Essays, civil and moral (Harvard Classics)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Essays,_civil_and_moral_(Harvard_Classics)"><i>Essays, civil and moral</i> </a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+Superstition&rft.btitle=Essays%2C+civil+and+moral&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Ben.html">"Ben"</a>, <i>Meaning</i>, Abarim</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ben&rft.btitle=Meaning&rft.pub=Abarim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abarim-publications.com%2FMeaning%2FBen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Salem.html">"Salem"</a>, <i>Meaning</i>, Abarim</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Salem&rft.btitle=Meaning&rft.pub=Abarim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abarim-publications.com%2FMeaning%2FSalem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon1996" class="citation book cs1">Bacon, Francis (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ieO2NjBGmewC&q=meditationes+sacrae+francis+bacon"><i>Meditationes Sacrae</i></a>. Kessinger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1564596413" title="Special:BookSources/978-1564596413"><bdi>978-1564596413</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meditationes+Sacrae&rft.pub=Kessinger&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1564596413&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DieO2NjBGmewC%26q%3Dmeditationes%2Bsacrae%2Bfrancis%2Bbacon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jurisprudence-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jurisprudence_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jurisprudence_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKocher1957" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Kocher" title="Paul H. Kocher">Kocher, Paul</a> (1957). "Francis Bacon and the Science of Jurisprudence". <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>. <b>8</b> (1). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press: 3–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2707577">10.2307/2707577</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5037">0022-5037</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2707577">2707577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Francis+Bacon+and+the+Science+of+Jurisprudence&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-26&rft.date=1957&rft.issn=0022-5037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2707577%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2707577&rft.aulast=Kocher&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2013" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Henry S. (2013). "Francis Bacon's Common Notion". <i>Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 7–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjem.2013.0023">10.1353/jem.2013.0023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-3786">1553-3786</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153693271">153693271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Early+Modern+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Francis+Bacon%27s+Common+Notion&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=7-32&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153693271%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1553-3786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjem.2013.0023&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Henry+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon1902" class="citation book cs1">Bacon, Francis (1902). Devey, Joseph (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/17510"><i>Novum Organum</i></a>. New York: Collier. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.17510">10.5962/bhl.title.17510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Novum+Organum&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Collier&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.17510&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F17510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1993" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks, Christopher (1993). "Daniel R. Coquillette. Francis Bacon. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. 1992. pp. x, 358". <i>Albion</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 484–485. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4050890">10.2307/4050890</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0095-1390">0095-1390</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4050890">4050890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albion&rft.atitle=Daniel+R.+Coquillette.+Francis+Bacon.+Stanford%2C+Calif.%3A+Stanford+University+Press.+1992.+pp.+x%2C+358.&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=484-485&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0095-1390&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4050890%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4050890&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNisbet1967" class="citation journal cs1">Nisbet, H. 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(January 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteel1930" class="citation journal cs1">Steel, Byron (1930). "Sir Francis Bacon: The First Modern Mind". Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sir+Francis+Bacon%3A+The+First+Modern+Mind&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Steel&rft.aufirst=Byron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hundert, EJ. (1987), "Enlightenment and the decay of common sense." In: Frits van Holthoon & David R. Olson (Eds.), <i>Common Sense: The Foundations for Social Science</i> (pp. 133–154). Lanham, MD: University Press of America. p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbach1987" class="citation book cs1">Urbach, Peter (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/francisbaconsphi0000urba"><i>Francis Bacon's Philosophy of Science: An Account and a Reappraisal</i></a></span>. La Salle, Ill.: Open Court Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912050-44-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912050-44-7"><bdi>978-0-912050-44-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Bacon%27s+Philosophy+of+Science%3A+An+Account+and+a+Reappraisal&rft.place=La+Salle%2C+Ill.&rft.pub=Open+Court+Publishing+Co&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-912050-44-7&rft.aulast=Urbach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrancisbaconsphi0000urba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span> p. 192. "Bacon's celebrity as a philosopher of science has sunk since the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, when he earned the title of 'Father of Experimental Philosophy<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon2003" class="citation book cs1">Bacon, Francis (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dW5lJ9-LeBAC"><i>History of Life and Death</i></a>. Kessinger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-6272-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-6272-3"><bdi>978-0-7661-6272-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Life+and+Death&rft.pub=Kessinger&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-6272-3&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdW5lJ9-LeBAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepworth_Dixon1862" class="citation book cs1">Hepworth Dixon, William (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zd05AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP1"><i>"The story of Lord Bacon's Life" (1862)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+story+of+Lord+Bacon%27s+Life%22+%281862%29&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Hepworth+Dixon&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzd05AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021163440/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/law/lab4/labvol4_1701.html">"Lab"</a> (law). <b>4</b>. NF, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">CA</a>: Heritage. 1701. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/law/lab4/labvol4_1701.html">the original</a> on 21 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lab&rft.volume=4&rft.date=1701&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Flaw%2Flab4%2Flabvol4_1701.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon,_Locke,_and_Newton" class="citation journal cs1">Bacon, Locke, and Newton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/presidents/thomas-jefferson/letters-of-thomas-jefferson/jefl74.php">"The Letters of Thomas Jefferson: 1743–1826"</a>. Netherlands: RUG<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2009</span>. <q>Bacon, Locke and Newton, whose pictures I will trouble you to have copied for me: and as I consider them as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the Physical & Moral sciences</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Letters+of+Thomas+Jefferson%3A+1743%E2%80%931826&rft.au=Bacon%2C+Locke%2C+and+Newton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.let.rug.nl%2Fusa%2Fpresidents%2Fthomas-jefferson%2Fletters-of-thomas-jefferson%2Fjefl74.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131131208/http://www.fbrt.org.uk/pages/essays/essay-fb-life.html">"FB life"</a> (essay). UK: FBRT. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fbrt.org.uk/pages/essays/essay-fb-life.html">the original</a> on 31 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FB+life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbrt.org.uk%2Fpages%2Fessays%2Fessay-fb-life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepworth_Dixon2003" class="citation book cs1">Hepworth Dixon, William (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BE4dalMQX-cC&pg=PA200"><i>Personal History of Lord Bacon from Unpublished Papers</i></a>. Kessinger. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-2798-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-2798-2"><bdi>978-0-7661-2798-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+History+of+Lord+Bacon+from+Unpublished+Papers&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Kessinger&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-2798-2&rft.aulast=Hepworth+Dixon&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBE4dalMQX-cC%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowther1961" class="citation web cs1">Crowther, J. G. (19 January 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ODBtWGjxXH8C&pg=PA146">"Article about Francis Bacon"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Article+about+Francis+Bacon&rft.date=1961-01-19&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DODBtWGjxXH8C%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepworth_Dixon1861" class="citation book cs1">Hepworth Dixon, William (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/personalhistory00dixogoog"><i>Personal history of Lord Bacon: From unpublished papers</i></a>. J. Murray. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/personalhistory00dixogoog/page/n57">35</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+history+of+Lord+Bacon%3A+From+unpublished+papers&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Hepworth+Dixon&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersonalhistory00dixogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wheeler, Harvey. <i>Francis Bacon's 'Verulamium': the Common Law Template of The Modern in English Science and Culture</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.graysinn.org.uk/history/timeline/sir-francis-bacon">"Sir Francis Bacon"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402172004/https://www.graysinn.org.uk/history/timeline/sir-francis-bacon">Archived</a> 2 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. GraysInn.org. Retrieved 21 August 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson1991" class="citation journal cs1">Hanson, Elizabeth (Spring 1991). "Torture and Truth in Renaissance England". <i>Representations</i>. <b>34</b>: 53–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Frep.1991.34.1.99p0046u">10.1525/rep.1991.34.1.99p0046u</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Representations&rft.atitle=Torture+and+Truth+in+Renaissance+England&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=53-84&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Frep.1991.34.1.99p0046u&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangbein1976" class="citation book cs1">Langbein, John H. (1976). <i>Torture and the Law of Proof</i>. The University of Chicago Press. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torture+and+the+Law+of+Proof&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Langbein&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson" class="citation web cs1">Simpson, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/francis-bacon/">"Francis Bacon (1561—1626)"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2023</span>. <q>Bacon outlines his scheme for a new division of human knowledge into three primary categories: History, Poesy, and Philosophy (which he associates respectively with the three fundamental "faculties" of mind – memory, imagination, and reason).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Francis+Bacon+%281561%E2%80%941626%29&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Ffrancis-bacon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201746–47-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201746–47_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017">Josephson-Storm 2017</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frances Yates, <i>Theatre of the World</i>, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daphne du Maurier, <i>The Winding Stair, Biography of Bacon</i> 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frances Yates, <i>The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age</i>, pp. 61–68, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yates-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yates_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yates_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frances Yates, <i>The Rosicrucian Enlightenment</i>, London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Advancement_of_Learning" class="extiw" title="s:The Advancement of Learning">Bacon, Francis. Of the Proficience and Advancement of Learning, Divine and Human</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreae1619-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreae1619_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreae1619">Andreae 1619</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farrington-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farrington_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrington1951" class="citation book cs1">Farrington, Benjamin (1951). <i>Francis Bacon, philosopher of industrial science</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-92706-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-92706-6"><bdi>978-0-374-92706-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Bacon%2C+philosopher+of+industrial+science&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-0-374-92706-6&rft.aulast=Farrington&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/johann-valentin-andreae-criticism/andreae-johann-valentin">"Literary criticism of Johann Valentin Andreae"</a>. Enotes.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Literary+criticism+of+Johann+Valentin+Andreae&rft.pub=Enotes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enotes.com%2Fjohann-valentin-andreae-criticism%2Fandreae-johann-valentin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossi1968Chapter_1-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossi1968Chapter_1_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossi1968Chapter_1_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossi1968">Rossi 1968</a>, Chapter 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossi1968Chapter_3-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossi1968Chapter_3_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossi1968">Rossi 1968</a>, Chapter 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201746-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201746_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017">Josephson-Storm 2017</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201750–51-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201750–51_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017">Josephson-Storm 2017</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saint Germain Foundation. <i>The History of the "I AM" Activity and Saint Germain Foundation</i>. Schaumburg, Illinois: Saint Germain Press 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luk, A.D.K.. <i>Law of Life – Book II</i>. Pueblo, Colorado: A.D. K. Luk Publications 1989, pp. 254–267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>White Paper – Wesak World Congress 2002</i>. Acropolis Sophia Books & Works 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Partridge, Christopher ed. <i>New Religions: A Guide: New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities</i> Oxford University Press, United States 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schroeder, Werner <i>Ascended Masters and Their Retreats</i> Ascended Master Teaching Foundation 2004, pp. 250–255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2020" class="citation web cs1">Dawkins, A. Peter (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbrt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Bacon_Heraldry.pdf">"Bacon Heraldry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Francis Bacon Research Trust</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Francis+Bacon+Research+Trust&rft.atitle=Bacon+Heraldry&rft.date=2020-05&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=A.+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbrt.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F05%2FBacon_Heraldry.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlban1620" class="citation cs2">Alban, Francis Bacon, Viscount St (1620), "Instauratio magna preliminaries", in Rees (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2470477"><i>The Oxford Francis Bacon, Vol. 11: The Instauratio magna Part II: Novum organum and Associated Texts</i></a>, Oxford University Press, pp. 2–495, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foseo%2Finstance.00007240">10.1093/oseo/instance.00007240</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924792-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924792-9"><bdi>978-0-19-924792-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Instauratio+magna+preliminaries&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Francis+Bacon%2C+Vol.+11%3A+The+Instauratio+magna+Part+II%3A+Novum+organum+and+Associated+Texts&rft.pages=2-495&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1620&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foseo%2Finstance.00007240&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924792-9&rft.aulast=Alban&rft.aufirst=Francis+Bacon%2C+Viscount+St&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2470477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bacon, Francis. <i>The Essays and Counsels, Civil and Moral of Francis Bacon: all 3 volumes in a single file.</i> B&R Samizdat Express, 2014.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreae1619" class="citation web cs1">Andreae, Johann Valentin (1619). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianopolis00andr">"Christianopolis"</a>. <i>Description of the Republic of Christianopolis</i>. New York, Oxford university press, American branch; [etc., etc.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Description+of+the+Republic+of+Christianopolis&rft.atitle=Christianopolis&rft.date=1619&rft.aulast=Andreae&rft.aufirst=Johann+Valentin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristianopolis00andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeddingEllisHeath1857–1874" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Spedding" title="James Spedding">Spedding, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Leslie_Ellis" title="Robert Leslie Ellis">Ellis, Robert Leslie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Denon_Heath" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Denon Heath">Heath, Douglas Denon</a> (1857–1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/metabook?id=worksfbacon"><i>The Works of Francis Bacon, Baron of Verulam, Viscount St Albans and Lord High Chancellor of England (15 volumes)</i></a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Francis+Bacon%2C+Baron+of+Verulam%2C+Viscount+St+Albans+and+Lord+High+Chancellor+of+England+%2815+volumes%29&rft.place=London&rft.date=1857%2F1874&rft.aulast=Spedding&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Robert+Leslie&rft.au=Heath%2C+Douglas+Denon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinebooks.library.upenn.edu%2Fwebbin%2Fmetabook%3Fid%3Dworksfbacon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Adamson_(philosopher)" title="Robert Adamson (philosopher)">Adamson, Robert</a> (1878), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Francis Bacon"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Francis_Bacon">"Francis Bacon" </a></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, vol. 3 (9th ed.), pp. 200–218</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Francis+Bacon&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=200-218&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsonMitchell1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Adamson_(philosopher)" title="Robert Adamson (philosopher)">Adamson, Robert</a>; Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911), "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bacon,_Francis" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bacon, Francis">Bacon, Francis</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, vol. 3 (11th ed.), pp. 135–152</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bacon%2C+Francis&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=135-152&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+John+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Pollard" title="Albert Pollard">Pollard, Albert Frederick</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Burghley,_William_Cecil,_Baron" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Burghley, William Cecil, Baron">Burghley, William Cecil, Baron</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 816–817.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Burghley%2C+William+Cecil%2C+Baron&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=816-817&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Albert+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFCady1992">Cady, Joseph. 1992. "'Masculine Love', Renaissance Writing, and the 'New Invention' of Homosexuality". <i>Homosexuality in Renaissance and Enlightenment England: Literary Representations in Historical Context</i>, ed. and intro. <a href="/wiki/Claude_J._Summers" title="Claude J. Summers">Claude J. Summers</a>, 9–40. Research on Homosexuality. Originally published in a special issue of <i>Journal of Homosexuality</i>, 23(1–2):9–40, ed. <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_De_Cecco" title="John Paul De Cecco">John Paul De Cecco</a>, by Haworth Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1431077">1431077</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2Fj082v23n01_02">10.1300/j082v23n01_02</a>. Reprinted, New York and London: Routledge. 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56-023019-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56-023019-9">978-1-56-023019-9</a> (pbk).</cite></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jackson, Samuel Macauley, ed. (1908). "Bacon, Francis". <i><a href="/wiki/New_Schaff%E2%80%93Herzog_Encyclopedia_of_Religious_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge">New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge</a></i>. Vol. 2 (third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bacon%2C+Francis&rft.btitle=New+Schaff%E2%80%93Herzog+Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Knowledge&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=Funk+and+Wagnalls&rft.date=1908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrease2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Crease" title="Robert P. Crease">Crease, Robert P.</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bIxgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT20">"One: Francis Bacon's New Atlantis"</a>. <i>The Workshop and the World: What Ten Thinkers Can Teach Us About Science and Authority</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-29244-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-29244-2"><bdi>978-0-393-29244-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=One%3A+Francis+Bacon%27s+New+Atlantis&rft.btitle=The+Workshop+and+the+World%3A+What+Ten+Thinkers+Can+Teach+Us+About+Science+and+Authority&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-393-29244-2&rft.aulast=Crease&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbIxgDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1885" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fowler, Thomas (1885). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bacon, Francis (1561-1626)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Bacon,_Francis_(1561-1626)">"Bacon, Francis (1561–1626)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 2. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 328–360.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bacon%2C+Francis+%281561%E2%80%931626%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=328-360&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeltonen2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Peltonen, Markku (2007) [2004]. "Bacon, Francis, Viscount St Alban (1561–1626)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F990">10.1093/ref:odnb/990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bacon%2C+Francis%2C+Viscount+St+Alban+%281561%E2%80%931626%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F990&rft.aulast=Peltonen&rft.aufirst=Markku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgassi2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Agassi" title="Joseph Agassi">Agassi, Joseph</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01XWIlpsknAC&q=The+Very+Idea+of+Modern+Science%3A+Francis+Bacon+and+Robert+Boyle%2C+Boston+Studies+in+the+Philosophy+and+History+of+Science+volume+29&pg=PR3"><i>The Very Idea of Modern Science: Francis Bacon and Robert Boyle</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5350-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5350-1"><bdi>978-94-007-5350-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Very+Idea+of+Modern+Science%3A+Francis+Bacon+and+Robert+Boyle&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-94-007-5350-1&rft.aulast=Agassi&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D01XWIlpsknAC%26q%3DThe%2BVery%2BIdea%2Bof%2BModern%2BScience%253A%2BFrancis%2BBacon%2Band%2BRobert%2BBoyle%252C%2BBoston%2BStudies%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPhilosophy%2Band%2BHistory%2Bof%2BScience%2Bvolume%2B29%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell2006" class="citation book cs1">Farrell, John (2006). "6: The Science of Suspicion". <i>Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7406-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7406-4"><bdi>978-0-8014-7406-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+The+Science+of+Suspicion&rft.btitle=Paranoia+and+Modernity%3A+Cervantes+to+Rousseau&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7406-4&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrington1964" class="citation book cs1">Farrington, Benjamin (1964). <i>The Philosophy of Francis Bacon</i>. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Francis+Bacon&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Farrington&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span> Contains English translations of <ul><li><i>Temporis Partus Masculus</i></li> <li><i>Cogitata et Visa</i></li> <li><i>Redargutio Philosophiarum</i></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017" class="citation book cs1">Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ5yDgAAQBAJ"><i>The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6"><bdi>978-0-226-40336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Disenchantment%3A+Magic%2C+Modernity%2C+and+the+Birth+of+the+Human+Sciences&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-40336-6&rft.aulast=Josephson-Storm&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZ5yDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeese1968" class="citation book cs1">Heese, Mary (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialarticle0000vick">"Francis Bacon's Philosophy of Science"</a></span>. In Vickers, Brian (ed.). <i>Essential Articles for the Study of Francis Bacon</i>. Hamden, CT: Archon Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialarticle0000vick/page/114">114–139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0208006240" title="Special:BookSources/978-0208006240"><bdi>978-0208006240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Francis+Bacon%27s+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.btitle=Essential+Articles+for+the+Study+of+Francis+Bacon&rft.place=Hamden%2C+CT&rft.pages=114-139&rft.pub=Archon+Books&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0208006240&rft.aulast=Heese&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialarticle0000vick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Rhodri (2014). "Francis Bacon and Ingenuity". <i>Renaissance Quarterly</i>. <b>67</b> (1): 113–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F676154">10.1086/676154</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/676154">10.1086/676154</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170420555">170420555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Francis+Bacon+and+Ingenuity&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-163&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170420555%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F676154%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F676154&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Rhodri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoselleYoung" class="citation book cs1">Roselle, Daniel; Young, Anne P. "5: The 'Scientific Revolution' and the 'Intellectual Revolution'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Our Western Heritage</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%3A+The+%27Scientific+Revolution%27+and+the+%27Intellectual+Revolution%27&rft.btitle=Our+Western+Heritage&rft.aulast=Roselle&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Young%2C+Anne+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2012)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossi1968" class="citation book cs1">Rossi, Paolo (1968). <i>Francis Bacon: from Magic to Science</i>. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Bacon%3A+from+Magic+to+Science&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Serjeantson, Richard. "Francis Bacon and the 'Interpretation of Nature' in the Late Renaissance," <i>Isis</i> (December 2014) 105#4 pp. 681–705.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Francis Bacon</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" class="extiw" title="c:Francis Bacon">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" class="extiw" title="q:Francis Bacon">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Francis_Bacon" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Francis Bacon">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37388" class="extiw" title="d:Q37388">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Klein, Juergen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/francis-bacon/">"Francis Bacon"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Francis+Bacon&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Juergen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ffrancis-bacon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/bacon">"Francis Bacon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Francis+Bacon&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fbacon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/296">Works by Francis Bacon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Bacon%2C%20Francis%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Francis%20Bacon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bacon%2C%20Francis%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Francis%20Bacon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bacon%2C%20F%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Francis%20Bacon%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bacon%2C%20Francis%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Francis%20Bacon%22%29%20OR%20%28%221561-1626%22%20AND%20Bacon%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Francis Bacon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1041">Works by Francis Bacon</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F44932">"Archival material relating to Francis Bacon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Francis+Bacon&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF44932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37388#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlymoderntexts.com">Contains the New Organon, slightly modified for easier reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Macaulay">Lord Macaulay</a>'s essay <i>Lord Bacon</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Review" title="Edinburgh Review">Edinburgh Review</a></i>, 1837) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lordbacon00mac/page/n6">Lord Bacon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924029010219"><i>Francis Bacon of Verulam. Realistic Philosophy and its Age</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Kuno_Fischer" title="Kuno Fischer">Kuno Fischer</a>, translated from the German by <a href="/wiki/John_Oxenford" title="John Oxenford">John Oxenford</a> London 1857</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bacon00fowlgoog"><i>Bacon</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fowler_(academic)" title="Thomas Fowler (academic)">Thomas Fowler</a> (1881) public domain at Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://francisbaconsociety.co.uk/">The Francis Bacon Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sixdegreesoffrancisbacon.com/">Six Degrees of Francis Bacon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/baconiana">Journals of the Francis Bacon Society from 1886 to 1999</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/vienna/documents/Hofmannsthal/Hofmannsthal_Chandos.htm">English translation of Hugo von Hofmannsthal's fictional <i>The Lord Chandos Letter</i>, addressed to Bacon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/073.html">The George Fabyan Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> is rich in the works of Francis Bacon.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbrt.org.uk">Francis Bacon Research Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sirbacon.org">Sir Francis Bacon's New Advancement of Learning</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontmorency1913" class="citation book cs1">Montmorency, James E. G. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13326/page/n161">"Francis Bacon"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Macdonell_(judge)" title="John Macdonell (judge)">Macdonell, John</a>; Manson, Edward William Donoghue (eds.). <i>Great Jurists of the World</i>. London: John Murray. pp. 144–168<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2019</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Francis+Bacon&rft.btitle=Great+Jurists+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=144-168&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Montmorency&rft.aufirst=James+E.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.13326%2Fpage%2Fn161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bacon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079293#description">Letterbook and correspondence by Sir Francis Bacon at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.</a></li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gridpaper.co.uk/origins-of-data-visualisation">Origins of Data Visualisation</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Hobart,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Hobart, 1st Baronet">Sir Henry Hobart</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of England and Wales">Attorney General of England and Wales</a> </b><br />1613–1617 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Yelverton_(attorney-general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Yelverton (attorney-general)">Henry Yelverton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Egerton,_1st_Viscount_Brackley" title="Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley">The Viscount Brackley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord High Chancellor of England</a> </b><br />1617–1621 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>In commission</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Kinwellmarsh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Kinwellmarsh (page does not exist)">Francis Kinwellmarsh</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Doyly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Doyly (page does not exist)">Robert Doyly</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bossiney_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bossiney (UK Parliament constituency)">Bossiney</a> </b><br />1581–1584 <br />With: <b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Redge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Redge (page does not exist)">Robert Redge</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Sir Francis Drake</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Leveson" title="John Leveson">John Leveson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tomson" title="Laurence Tomson">Laurence Tomson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Wolley_(MP)" title="John Wolley (MP)">John Wolley</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_Moyle_Finch,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Moyle Finch, 1st Baronet">Moyle Finch</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hanham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Hanham (page does not exist)">Thomas Hanham</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Weymouth_and_Melcombe_Regis_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Weymouth and Melcombe Regis (UK Parliament constituency)">Weymouth and Melcombe Regis</a> </b><br />1584–1585 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tomson" title="Laurence Tomson">Laurence Tomson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/George_Greenville_(MP_for_Weymouth_and_Melcombe_Regis)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Greenville (MP for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis)">George Grenville</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Penruddock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Penruddock (page does not exist)">Edward Penruddock</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tomson" title="Laurence Tomson">Laurence Tomson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bacon_(died_1618)" title="Edward Bacon (died 1618)">Edward Bacon</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Sprynt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Sprynt (page does not exist)">William Sprynt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_Phelips_(speaker)" title="Edward Phelips (speaker)">Edward Phelips</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Horner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Horner (page does not exist)">Maurice Horner</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Goldwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Goldwell (page does not exist)">William Goldwell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Taunton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Taunton (UK Parliament constituency)">Taunton</a> </b><br />1586–1588 <br />With: <b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Goldwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Goldwell (page does not exist)">John Goldwell</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Fisher_(died_1613)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Fisher (died 1613) (page does not exist)">Thomas Fisher</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Goldwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Goldwell (page does not exist)">John Goldwell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Poole_(died_1601)" title="John Poole (died 1601)">John Poole</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_1st_Earl_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire">William Cavendish</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Liverpool (UK Parliament constituency)">Liverpool</a> </b><br />1588–1593 <br />With: <b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Warren_(MP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Warren (MP) (page does not exist)">Edward Warren</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Doughty_(MP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Doughty (MP) (page does not exist)">Michael Doughty</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wroth_(MP_for_Liverpool)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Wroth (MP for Liverpool) (page does not exist)">John Wroth</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wroth_(Middlesex_MP)" title="Robert Wroth (Middlesex MP)">Robert Wroth</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Fleetwood_(Middlesex_MP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Fleetwood (Middlesex MP) (page does not exist)">William Fleetwood</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Middlesex (UK Parliament constituency)">Middlesex</a> </b><br />1593 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wroth_(Middlesex_MP)" title="Robert Wroth (Middlesex MP)">Robert Wroth</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wroth_(Middlesex_MP)" title="Robert Wroth (Middlesex MP)">Robert Wroth</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Peyton_(soldier)" title="John Peyton (soldier)">Sir John Peyton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barker_(died_1618)" title="Robert Barker (died 1618)">Robert Barker</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Lok" title="Zachariah Lok">Zachariah Lok</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Ipswich (UK Parliament constituency)">Ipswich</a> </b><br />1597–1614 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stanhope_(died_c._1621)" title="Michael Stanhope (died c. 1621)">Michael Stanhope</a> (1597–1604)<br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_Glemham_(politician)" title="Henry Glemham (politician)">Henry Glemham</a> (1604–1614) </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Snelling" title="Robert Snelling">Robert Snelling</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Cage_(Parliamentarian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Cage (Parliamentarian)">William Cage</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Steward_(MP_for_Cambridge_University)" title="Nicholas Steward (MP for Cambridge University)">Nicholas Steward</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Mountlow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Mountlow (page does not exist)">Henry Mountlow</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)">Cambridge University</a> </b><br />1614–1621 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Miles_Sandys,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Miles Sandys, 1st Baronet">Sir Miles Sandys</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Naunton" title="Robert Naunton">Robert Naunton</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Barnabas_Gooch" title="Barnabas Gooch">Barnabas Gooch</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Francis_Bacon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Francis_Bacon" title="Template:Francis Bacon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Francis_Bacon" title="Template talk:Francis Bacon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Francis_Bacon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Francis Bacon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Francis_Bacon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis Bacon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baconian_method" title="Baconian method">Baconian method</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idola_fori" title="Idola fori">Idola fori</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idola_theatri" title="Idola theatri">Idola theatri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idola_specus" title="Idola specus">Idola specus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idola_tribus" title="Idola tribus">Idola tribus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon%27s_House" title="Salomon's House">Salomon's House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Works_by_Francis_Bacon" title="Works by Francis Bacon">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Essays_(Francis_Bacon)" title="Essays (Francis Bacon)">Essays</a></i> (1597)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Advancement_of_Learning" title="The Advancement of Learning">The Advancement of Learning</a></i> (1605)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Organum" title="Novum Organum">Novum Organum</a></i> (1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Reign_of_King_Henry_VII" title="History of the Reign of King Henry VII">History of the Reign of King Henry VII</a></i> (1622)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Atlantis" title="New Atlantis">New Atlantis</a></i> (1627)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon_bibliography" title="Francis Bacon bibliography">Complete bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Barnham" title="Alice Barnham">Alice Barnham</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bacon_(Lord_Keeper)" title="Nicholas Bacon (Lord Keeper)">Nicholas Bacon</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bacon" title="Anne Bacon">Anne Bacon</a> (mother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacon%27s_cipher" title="Bacon's cipher">Bacon's cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baconian_theory_of_Shakespeare_authorship" title="Baconian theory of Shakespeare authorship">Baconian theory of Shakespeare authorship</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Examination_of_the_Philosophy_of_Bacon" title="An Examination of the Philosophy of Bacon">An Examination of the Philosophy of Bacon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_theories_about_Francis_Bacon" title="Occult theories about Francis Bacon">Occult theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Romanticism and Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_science" title="Template:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_science" title="Template talk:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A priori</i> and <i>a posteriori</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mill%27s_Methods" title="Mill's Methods">Mill's Methods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Commensurability (philosophy of science)">Commensurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consilience" title="Consilience">Consilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construct_(philosophy)" title="Construct (philosophy)">Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">Correlation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correlation_function" title="Correlation function">function</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_synthesis" title="Creative synthesis">Creative synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">Empirical evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">Experiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_power" title="Explanatory power">Explanatory power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">Fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_contextualism" title="Functional contextualism">Functional contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">Hypothesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_hypothesis" title="Alternative hypothesis">alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_hypothesis" title="Null hypothesis">null</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignoramus_et_ignorabimus" title="Ignoramus et ignorabimus">Ignoramus et ignorabimus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Inductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertheoretic_reduction" title="Intertheoretic reduction">Intertheoretic reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquiry" title="Inquiry">Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">Paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_practice" title="Evidence-based practice">Evidence-based practice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">Scientific law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_pluralism" title="Scientific pluralism">Scientific pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testability" title="Testability">Testability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">Theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theory_choice" title="Theory choice">choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory-ladenness" title="Theory-ladenness">ladenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underdetermination" title="Underdetermination">Underdetermination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_science" title="Unity of science">Unity of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_and_attribute_(research)" title="Variable and attribute (research)">Variable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable" title="Control variable">control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables" title="Dependent and independent variables">dependent and independent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_science_articles" title="Index of philosophy of science articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_holism" title="Confirmation holism">Confirmation holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_empiricism" title="Constructive empiricism">Constructive empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_realism" title="Constructive realism">Constructive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivist epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deductive-nomological_model" title="Deductive-nomological model">Deductive-nomological model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological anarchism">Epistemological anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionism" title="Evolutionism">Evolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetico-deductive_model" title="Hypothetico-deductive model">Hypothetico-deductive model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductionism" title="Inductionism">Inductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">Instrumentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-dependent_realism" title="Model-dependent realism">Model-dependent realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_view_of_theories" title="Received view of theories">Received view</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semantic_view_of_theories" title="Semantic view of theories">Semantic view of theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_essentialism" title="Scientific essentialism">Scientific essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_formalism" title="Scientific formalism">Scientific formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Structuralism (philosophy of science)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy of...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_chemistry" title="Philosophy of chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Space and time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Social science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_archaeology" title="Philosophy of archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of economics">Economics‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_geography" title="Philosophy of geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics" title="Philosophy of linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_science" title="Criticism of science">Criticism of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_research" title="Descriptive research">Descriptive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exact_sciences" title="Exact sciences">Exact sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_science" title="Hard and soft science">Hard and soft science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_philosophy_of_science" title="History and philosophy of science">History and philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-science" title="Non-science">Non-science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_science" title="Normative science">Normative science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questionable_cause" title="Questionable cause">Questionable cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_science" title="Rhetoric of science">Rhetoric of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_ignorance" title="Sociology of scientific ignorance">Sociology of scientific ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Sociology of scientific knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_science" title="List of philosophers of science">Philosophers of science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Precursors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Duhem" title="Pierre Duhem">Pierre Duhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband">Wilhelm Windelband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">C. D. Broad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi">Michael Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach" title="Hans Reichenbach">Hans Reichenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Hempel" title="Carl Gustav Hempel">Carl Gustav Hempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Lakatos" title="Imre Lakatos">Imre Lakatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hacking" title="Ian Hacking">Ian Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen" title="Bas van Fraassen">Bas van Fraassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Laudan" title="Larry Laudan">Larry Laudan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_science" title="Category:Philosophy of science">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Age_of_Enlightenment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template talk:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Discuss this 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_during_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopédistes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res" title="Lumières">Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Methodological skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Spanish America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)" title="Universality (philosophy)">Universality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">Utopianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley-Cooper</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Tindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">d'Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Chamfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Jaucourt" title="Louis de Jaucourt">Jaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Morelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal">Raynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geneva</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Abauzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonnet" title="Charles Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Burlamaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Prévost (physicist)">Prévost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Saussure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Weishaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Wieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoklitos_Farmakidis" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis">Farmakidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Kairis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">Toland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Galiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Galvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Genovesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Pagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri">Verri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Bekker" title="Balthasar Bekker">Bekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_la_Court" title="Pieter de la Court">de la Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Koerbagh" title="Adriaan Koerbagh">Koerbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Meyer" title="Lodewijk Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Nieuwentyt" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt">Nieuwentyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Swammerdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Konarski" title="Stanisław Konarski">Konarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Niemcewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki">Śniadecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Staszic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wybicki" title="Józef Wybicki">Wybicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Carvalho e Melo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ion Budai-Deleanu">Budai-Deleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Micu-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Șincai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Fonvizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Kantemir" title="Antiochus Kantemir">Kantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kheraskov" title="Mikhail Kheraskov">Kheraskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Radishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Vorontsova-Dashkova" title="Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova">Vorontsova-Dashkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Obradović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Mrazovi%C4%87" title="Avram Mrazović">Mrazović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">Cadalso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o_y_Montenegro" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro">Feijóo y Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Moratín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Villarroel" title="Diego de Torres Villarroel">Villarroel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Beattie_(poet)" title="James Beattie (poet)">Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair" title="Hugh Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a> →</b></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Category:Age of Enlightenment">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English_Lord_Chancellors_under_the_House_of_Stuart_and_the_Interregnum_(1603–1714)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Stuart_Lord_Chancellors" title="Template:House of Stuart Lord Chancellors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:House_of_Stuart_Lord_Chancellors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:House of Stuart Lord Chancellors (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Stuart_Lord_Chancellors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:House of Stuart Lord Chancellors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English_Lord_Chancellors_under_the_House_of_Stuart_and_the_Interregnum_(1603–1714)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellors</a> under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(1649%E2%80%931660)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interregnum (1649–1660)">Interregnum</a> (1603–1714)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a><br />(1603–1625)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Egerton,_1st_Viscount_Brackley" title="Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley">1st Viscount Brackley</a> (1603–1617)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis Bacon</a> (1617–1621)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(judge)" title="Julius Caesar (judge)">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ley,_1st_Earl_of_Marlborough" title="James Ley, 1st Earl of Marlborough">1st Earl of Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Manchester" title="Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of Manchester">1st Earl of Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovic_Stewart,_2nd_Duke_of_Lennox" title="Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox">2nd Duke of Lennox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_21st_Earl_of_Arundel" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel">21st Earl of Arundel</a> (1621)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(archbishop_of_York)" title="John Williams (archbishop of York)">John Williams</a> (1621–1625)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a><br />(1625–1649)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coventry,_1st_Baron_Coventry" title="Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry">1st Baron Coventry</a> (1625–1640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finch,_1st_Baron_Finch" title="John Finch, 1st Baron Finch">1st Baron Finch</a> (1640–1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Littleton,_1st_Baron_Lyttelton" title="Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Lyttelton">1st Baron Lyttelton</a> (1641–1645)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lane_(barrister)" title="Richard Lane (barrister)">Richard Lane</a> (1645–1649)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Council_of_State" title="English Council of State">Council of State</a><br />(1649–1653)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulstrode_Whitelocke" title="Bulstrode Whitelocke">Bulstrode Whitelocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lisle" title="John Lisle">John Lisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Keble" title="Richard Keble">Richard Keble</a> (1649–1653)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a><br />(1653–1658)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulstrode_Whitelocke" title="Bulstrode Whitelocke">Bulstrode Whitelocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lisle" title="John Lisle">John Lisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Keble" title="Richard Keble">Richard Keble</a> (1653–1654)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulstrode_Whitelocke" title="Bulstrode Whitelocke">Bulstrode Whitelocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lisle" title="John Lisle">John Lisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Widdrington" title="Thomas Widdrington">Thomas Widdrington</a> (1654–1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Fiennes" title="Nathaniel Fiennes">Nathaniel Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lisle" title="John Lisle">John Lisle</a> (1656–1658)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a><br />(1658–1659)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Fiennes" title="Nathaniel Fiennes">Nathaniel Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lisle" title="John Lisle">John Lisle</a> (1658–1659)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Council_of_State" title="English Council of State">Council of State</a><br />(1659–1660)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Fiennes" title="Nathaniel Fiennes">Nathaniel Fiennes</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/John_Lisle" title="John Lisle">John Lisle</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Bulstrode_Whitelocke" title="Bulstrode Whitelocke">Bulstrode Whitelocke</a></i> (January–June 1659)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Bradshaw_(judge)" title="John Bradshaw (judge)">John Bradshaw</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tyrrell" title="Thomas Tyrrell">Thomas Tyrrell</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/John_Fountaine" title="John Fountaine">John Fountaine</a></i> (June 1659–1660)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Lenthall" title="William Lenthall">William Lenthall</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Widdrington" title="Thomas Widdrington">Thomas Widdrington</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tyrrell" title="Thomas Tyrrell">Thomas Tyrrell</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/John_Fountaine" title="John Fountaine">John Fountaine</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_2nd_Earl_of_Manchester" title="Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester">2nd Earl of Manchester</a></i> (1660)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a><br />(1660–1685)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">1st Earl of Clarendon</a> (1660–1667)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Orlando_Bridgeman,_1st_Baronet,_of_Great_Lever" title="Sir Orlando Bridgeman, 1st Baronet, of Great Lever">Sir Orlando Bridgeman</a> (1667–1672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">1st Earl of Shaftesbury</a> (1672–1673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heneage_Finch,_1st_Earl_of_Nottingham" title="Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Nottingham">1st Earl of Nottingham</a> (1673–1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_North,_1st_Baron_Guilford" title="Francis North, 1st Baron Guilford">1st Baron Guilford</a> (1682–1685)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a><br />(1685–1688)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Jeffreys,_1st_Baron_Jeffreys" title="George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys">1st Baron Jeffreys</a> (1685–1688)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William</a> & <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary</a><br />(1689–1694)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_(1604%E2%80%931690)" title="John Maynard (1604–1690)">John Maynard</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Keck_(Tiverton_MP)" title="Anthony Keck (Tiverton MP)">Anthony Keck</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/William_Rawlinson_(Commissioner)" title="William Rawlinson (Commissioner)">William Rawlinson</a></i> (1689–1690)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Trevor_(speaker)" title="John Trevor (speaker)">John Trevor</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/William_Rawlinson_(Commissioner)" title="William Rawlinson (Commissioner)">William Rawlinson</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/George_Hutchins_(lawyer)" title="George Hutchins (lawyer)">George Hutchins</a></i> (1690–1693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Somers,_1st_Baron_Somers" title="John Somers, 1st Baron Somers">1st Baron Somers</a> (1693–1694)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a><br />(1694–1702)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Somers,_1st_Baron_Somers" title="John Somers, 1st Baron Somers">1st Baron Somers</a> (1693–1700)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Holt_(Lord_Chief_Justice)" title="John Holt (Lord Chief Justice)">John Holt</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/George_Treby_(judge)" title="George Treby (judge)">George Treby</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ward_(judge)" title="Edward Ward (judge)">Edward Ward</a></i> (1700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Wright_(judge)" title="Nathan Wright (judge)">Nathan Wright</a> (1700–1702)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a><br />(1702–1714)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Wright_(judge)" title="Nathan Wright (judge)">Nathan Wright</a> (1702–1705)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cowper,_1st_Earl_Cowper" title="William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper">1st Earl Cowper</a> (1705–1710)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trevor,_1st_Baron_Trevor" title="Thomas Trevor, 1st Baron Trevor">1st Baron Trevor</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Tracy_(judge)" title="Robert Tracy (judge)">Robert Tracy</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/John_Scrope_(MP)" title="John Scrope (MP)">John Scrope</a></i> (1710)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Harcourt,_1st_Viscount_Harcourt" title="Simon Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt">1st Viscount Harcourt</a> (1710–1714)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate service when the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Great Seal of the Realm">Greal Seal</a> was held in Commission</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37388#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37388#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37388#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118505696">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bacon, Francis, 1561-1626"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79100235">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11889812q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11889812q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00432019">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bacon, Francis <1561-1626>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV005524">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36562635">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000600553&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1165928">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/5547">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068482817">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90543231">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000036028&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000051708&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000071625">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=64697">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000026113">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199601309">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mppcxt4bcc665">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810653191705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/26259">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258030905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511476606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14067226">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00820580?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:bacon.francis">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500330565">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5262e68c-245b-44e1-9dde-22b1ab291f6a">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/439182">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1294138">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118505696.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118505696">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026699982">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6v40s9h">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30067057">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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