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<button aria-controls="toc-Cause-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cause subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thermal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Thermal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Chemical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Electrical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Radiation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-accidental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-accidental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Non-accidental </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-accidental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pathophysiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Diagnosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diagnosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Size </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Severity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Severity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Severity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Severity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Management </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Management subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intravenous_fluids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intravenous_fluids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Intravenous fluids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intravenous_fluids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wound_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wound_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Wound care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wound_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Medications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Surgery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Alternative medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patient_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patient_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Patient support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patient_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Prognosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prognosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Complications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Epidemiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Epidemiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Developed_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developed_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Developed countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developed_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developing_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developing_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Developing countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developing_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 General and cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Burn</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" > 75 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%82_(%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9)" title="حرق (إصابة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرق (إصابة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մորթի այրուածքներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մորթի այրուածքներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quemadura" title="Quemadura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Quemadura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1i" title="Kái – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kái" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%C4%B1q" title="Yanıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yanıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="পোড়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোড়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%91%D0%BA" title="Апёк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Апёк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%91%D0%BA" title="Апёк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Апёк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Изгаряне – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изгаряне" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremada_(lesi%C3%B3)" title="Cremada (lesió) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cremada (lesió)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop%C3%A1lenina" title="Popálenina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Popálenina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brands%C3%A5r" title="Brandsår – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brandsår" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbrennung_(Medizin)" title="Verbrennung (Medizin) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verbrennung (Medizin)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A8%DE%80%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ފިހުން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފިހުން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5letus" title="Põletus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põletus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Έγκαυμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έγκαυμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quemadura" title="Quemadura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Quemadura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erredura" title="Erredura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erredura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="سوختگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوختگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BBlure" title="Brûlure – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brûlure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B3_(m%C3%ADochaine)" title="Dó (míochaine) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dó (míochaine)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queimadura" title="Queimadura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Queimadura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9" title="દાહ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દાહ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%83%81" title="화상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98onewa" title="Ƙonewa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ƙonewa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84" title="Այրվածք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Այրվածք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE)" title="जलना (चिकित्सा) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जलना (चिकित्सा)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opeklina" title="Opeklina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Opeklina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_bakar" title="Luka bakar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Luka bakar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustione" title="Ustione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ustione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="כווייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כווייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="დამწვრობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დამწვრობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Күйік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Күйік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeraha_la_moto" title="Jeraha la moto – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jeraha la moto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%B9%D2%AF%D0%BA" title="Күйүк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Күйүк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apdegums" title="Apdegums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apdegums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudegimas" title="Nudegimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nudegimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89g%C3%A9si_s%C3%A9r%C3%BCl%C3%A9s" title="Égési sérülés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Égési sérülés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%BD" title="പൊള്ളൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൊള്ളൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecur" title="Lecur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lecur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandwond" title="Brandwond – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brandwond" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" 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badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queimadura" title="Queimadura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Queimadura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsur%C4%83" title="Arsură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arsură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Ожог – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ожог" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/File:Burn_en.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Injury to flesh or skin, often caused by excessive heat</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the injury. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Burn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Burn (disambiguation)">Burn (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Burn</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand2ndburn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hand2ndburn.jpg/220px-Hand2ndburn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Hand2ndburn.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="191" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Second-degree burn of the hand</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Critical_care_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical care medicine">critical care medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgery</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">First degree: Red without <a href="/wiki/Blisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Blisters">blisters</a><a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> Second degree: Blisters and pain<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> Third degree: Area stiff and not painful<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> Fourth degree: Bone and tendon loss<a href="#cite_note-Singer_666–671-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a><a href="#cite_note-TBCChp3-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Days to weeks<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data">First degree, second degree, third degree,<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> fourth degree<a href="#cite_note-Singer_666–671-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold" title="Cold">cold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemicals">chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a><a href="#cite_note-TBCChp4-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Open cooking fires, unsafe <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">cooking stoves</a>, smoking, <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>, dangerous work environment<a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Depends on the severity<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pain medication, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous fluid">intravenous fluids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetanus_toxoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetanus toxoid">tetanus toxoid</a><a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">67 million (2015)<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">176,000 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-8">[8]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> A burn is an <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a> to <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, or other tissues, caused by <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold" title="Cold">cold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemicals">chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a>, or ionizing <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">sunburn</a>, caused by <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet radiation</a>).<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp4-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Most burns are due to heat from hot liquids (called <a href="/wiki/Scalding" title="Scalding">scalding</a>), solids, or fire.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2014-10">[10]</a> Burns occur mainly in the home or the workplace. In the home, risks are associated with domestic kitchens, including stoves, flames, and hot liquids.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-6">[6]</a> In the workplace, risks are associated with fire and chemical and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_injury" title="Electrical injury">electric burns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a> and smoking are other risk factors.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-6">[6]</a> Burns can also occur as a result of <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-harm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a> between people (assault).<a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-6">[6]</a> Burns that affect only the superficial skin layers are known as superficial or first-degree burns.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-EMP2009-11">[11]</a> They appear red without blisters, and pain typically lasts around three days.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-EMP2009-11">[11]</a> When the injury extends into some of the underlying skin layer, it is a partial-thickness or second-degree burn.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> Blisters are frequently present and they are often very painful.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> Healing can require up to eight weeks and <a href="/wiki/Scarring" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarring">scarring</a> may occur.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> In a full-thickness or third-degree burn, the injury extends to all layers of the skin.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> Often there is no pain and the burnt area is stiff.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> Healing typically does not occur on its own.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> A fourth-degree burn additionally involves injury to deeper tissues, such as <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendons</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> The burn is often black and frequently leads to loss of the burned part.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Burns are generally preventable.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-6">[6]</a> Treatment depends on the severity of the burn.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> Superficial burns may be managed with little more than <a href="/wiki/Analgesics" class="mw-redirect" title="Analgesics">simple pain medication</a>, while major burns may require prolonged treatment in specialized <a href="/wiki/Burn_center" title="Burn center">burn centers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> Cooling with tap water may help pain and decrease damage; however, prolonged cooling may result in <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">low body temperature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-EMP2009-11">[11]</a> Partial-thickness burns may require cleaning with soap and water, followed by <a href="/wiki/Dressing_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dressing (medical)">dressings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> It is not clear how to manage blisters, but it is probably reasonable to leave them intact if small and drain them if large.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> Full-thickness burns usually require surgical treatments, such as <a href="/wiki/Skin_grafting" title="Skin grafting">skin grafting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> Extensive burns often require large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous fluid">intravenous fluid</a>, due to <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillary</a> fluid leakage and <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">tissue swelling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EMP2009-11">[11]</a> The most common complications of burns involve <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp3-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetanus_toxoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetanus toxoid">Tetanus toxoid</a> should be given if not up to date.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> In 2015, fire and heat resulted in 67 million injuries.<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-7">[7]</a> This resulted in about 2.9 million hospitalizations and 176,000 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-GBD2016-13">[13]</a> Among women in much of the world, burns are most commonly related to the use of open cooking fires or unsafe <a href="/wiki/Improved_cookstove" class="mw-redirect" title="Improved cookstove">cook stoves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-6">[6]</a> Among men, they are more likely a result of unsafe workplace conditions.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-6">[6]</a> Most deaths due to burns occur in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-6">[6]</a> While large burns can be fatal, treatments developed since 1960 have improved outcomes, especially in children and young adults.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp1-14">[14]</a> In the United States, approximately 96% of those admitted to a <a href="/wiki/Burn_center" title="Burn center">burn center</a> survive their injuries.<a href="#cite_note-ABA2012-15">[15]</a> The long-term outcome is related to the size of burn and the age of the person affected.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guillaume_Dupuytren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Guillaume_Dupuytren.jpg/180px-Guillaume_Dupuytren.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Guillaume_Dupuytren.jpg/270px-Guillaume_Dupuytren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Guillaume_Dupuytren.jpg/360px-Guillaume_Dupuytren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="1308" /></a><figcaption>Guillaume Dupuytren (1777–1835), who developed the degree classification of burns</figcaption></figure> Cave paintings from more than 3,500 years ago document burns and their management.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp1-14">[14]</a> The earliest Egyptian records on treating burns describes dressings prepared with milk from mothers of baby boys,<a href="#cite_note-Pećanac--16">[16]</a> and the 1500 BCE <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Smith_Papyrus" title="Edwin Smith Papyrus">Edwin Smith Papyrus</a> describes treatments using honey and the <a href="/wiki/Salve" title="Salve">salve</a> of resin.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp1-14">[14]</a> Many other treatments have been used over the ages, including the use of tea leaves by the Chinese documented to 600 BCE, pig fat and vinegar by <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> documented to 400 BCE, and wine and <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a> by <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus" title="Aulus Cornelius Celsus">Celsus</a> documented to the 1st century CE.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp1-14">[14]</a> French barber-surgeon <a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Par%C3%A9" title="Ambroise Paré">Ambroise Paré</a> was the first to describe different degrees of burns in the 1500s.<a href="#cite_note-David2012-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Dupuytren" title="Guillaume Dupuytren">Guillaume Dupuytren</a> expanded these degrees into six different severities in 1832.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp1-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The first hospital to treat burns opened in 1843 in London, England, and the development of modern burn care began in the late 1800s and early 1900s.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp1-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-David2012-17">[17]</a> During World War I, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Drysdale_Dakin" title="Henry Drysdale Dakin">Henry D. Dakin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a> developed standards for the cleaning and disinfecting of burns and wounds using <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">sodium hypochlorite</a> solutions, which significantly reduced mortality.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp1-14">[14]</a> In the 1940s, the importance of early excision and skin grafting was acknowledged, and around the same time, fluid resuscitation and formulas to guide it were developed.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp1-14">[14]</a> In the 1970s, researchers demonstrated the significance of the hypermetabolic state that follows large burns.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp1-14">[14]</a> The "Evans formula", described in 1952, was the first burn <a href="/wiki/Resuscitation" title="Resuscitation">resuscitation</a> formula based on body weight and surface area (BSA) damaged. The first 24 hours of treatment entails 1ml/kg/% BSA of crystalloids plus 1 ml/kg/% BSA colloids plus 2000ml glucose in water, and in the next 24 hours, crystalloids at 0.5 ml/kg/% BSA, colloids at 0.5 ml/kg/% BSA, and the same amount of glucose in water.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a>]</div> The characteristics of a burn depend upon its depth. Superficial burns cause pain lasting two or three days, followed by peeling of the skin over the next few days.<a href="#cite_note-EMP2009-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-TBCChp10-21">[21]</a> Individuals with more severe burns may indicate discomfort or complain of feeling pressure rather than pain. Full-thickness burns may be entirely insensitive to light touch or puncture.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp10-21">[21]</a> While superficial burns are typically red in color, severe burns may be pink, white or black.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp10-21">[21]</a> Burns around the mouth or singed hair inside the nose may indicate that burns to the airways have occurred, but these findings are not definitive.<a href="#cite_note-Schw2010-22">[22]</a> More worrisome signs include: <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>, hoarseness, and <a href="/wiki/Stridor" title="Stridor">stridor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wheezing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheezing">wheezing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schw2010-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pruritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruritus">Itchiness</a> is common during the healing process, occurring in up to 90% of adults and nearly all children.<a href="#cite_note-Itchy2009-23">[23]</a> Numbness or tingling may persist for a prolonged period of time after an electrical injury.<a href="#cite_note-RosenChp140-24">[24]</a> Burns may also produce emotional and psychological distress.<a href="#cite_note-Epi2011-25">[25]</a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a></th> <th>Layers involved</th> <th>Appearance</th> <th>Texture</th> <th>Sensation</th> <th>Healing time</th> <th>Prognosis and complications</th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>Superficial (first-degree)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">Epidermis</a><a href="#cite_note-EMP2009-11">[11]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">Red</a> without blisters<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a></td> <td>Dry</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Painful</a><a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a></td> <td>5–10 days<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFP2012-26">[26]</a></td> <td>Heals well.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sunburn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A sunburn is a typical first-degree burn."><img alt="A sunburn is a typical first-degree burn." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sunburn.jpg/70px-Sunburn.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sunburn.jpg/105px-Sunburn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sunburn.jpg/140px-Sunburn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1034" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superficial partial thickness (second-degree)</td> <td>Extends into superficial (papillary) <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a><a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a></td> <td>Redness with clear <a href="/wiki/Blister" title="Blister">blister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blanch_(medical)" title="Blanch (medical)">Blanches</a> with pressure.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a></td> <td>Moist<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a></td> <td>Very painful<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a></td> <td>2–3 weeks<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-TBCChp10-21">[21]</a></td> <td>Local infection (<a href="/wiki/Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">cellulitis</a>) but no scarring typically<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp10-21">[21]</a></td> <td> <a href="/wiki/File:Scaldburn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second-degree burn of the thumb"><img alt="Second-degree burn of the thumb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Scaldburn.jpg/70px-Scaldburn.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Scaldburn.jpg/105px-Scaldburn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Scaldburn.jpg/140px-Scaldburn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="771" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deep partial thickness (second-degree)</td> <td>Extends into deep (reticular) dermis<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a> or <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">white</a>. Less blanching. May be <a href="/wiki/Blister" title="Blister">blistering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a></td> <td>Fairly dry<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp10-21">[21]</a></td> <td>Pressure and discomfort<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp10-21">[21]</a></td> <td>3–8 weeks<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a></td> <td>Scarring, <a href="/wiki/Burn_scar_contracture" title="Burn scar contracture">contractures</a> (may require excision and <a href="/wiki/Skin_grafting" title="Skin grafting">skin grafting</a>)<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp10-21">[21]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Major-2nd-degree-burn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second-degree burn caused by contact with boiling water"><img alt="Second-degree burn caused by contact with boiling water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Major-2nd-degree-burn.jpg/70px-Major-2nd-degree-burn.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Major-2nd-degree-burn.jpg/105px-Major-2nd-degree-burn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Major-2nd-degree-burn.jpg/140px-Major-2nd-degree-burn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Full thickness (third-degree)</td> <td>Extends through entire dermis<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a></td> <td>Stiff and <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">white</a>/<a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">brown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> No blanching.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp10-21">[21]</a></td> <td>Leathery<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a></td> <td>Painless<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a></td> <td>Prolonged (months) and unfinished/incomplete<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a></td> <td>Scarring, contractures, amputation (early excision recommended)<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp10-21">[21]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:8-day-old-3rd-degree-burn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eight day old third-degree burn caused by motorcycle muffler."><img alt="Eight day old third-degree burn caused by motorcycle muffler." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/8-day-old-3rd-degree-burn.jpg/70px-8-day-old-3rd-degree-burn.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/8-day-old-3rd-degree-burn.jpg/105px-8-day-old-3rd-degree-burn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/8-day-old-3rd-degree-burn.jpg/140px-8-day-old-3rd-degree-burn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fourth-degree</td> <td>Extends through entire skin, and into underlying fat, muscle and bone<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a>; charred with <a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">eschar</a></td> <td>Dry</td> <td>Painless</td> <td>Does not <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">heal</a>; Requires excision<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">Amputation</a>, significant functional impairment and, in some cases, death.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="4th-degree electrical burn"><img alt="4th-degree electrical burn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D0%9E%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C.jpg/70px-%D0%9E%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D0%9E%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C.jpg/105px-%D0%9E%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D0%9E%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C.jpg/140px-%D0%9E%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="459" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cause">edit</a>]</div> Burns are caused by a variety of external sources classified as thermal (heat-related), chemical, electrical, and radiation.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In the United States, the most common causes of burns are: fire or flame (44%), scalds (33%), hot objects (9%), electricity (4%), and chemicals (3%).<a href="#cite_note-ABA2012pgi-28">[28]</a> Most (69%) burn injuries occur at home or at work (9%),<a href="#cite_note-ABA2012-15">[15]</a> and most are accidental, with 2% due to assault by another, and 1–2% resulting from a <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> attempt.<a href="#cite_note-Epi2011-25">[25]</a> These sources can cause inhalation injury to the airway and/or lungs, occurring in about 6%.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp3-4">[4]</a> Burn injuries occur more commonly among the poor.<a href="#cite_note-Epi2011-25">[25]</a> Smoking and alcoholism are other risk factors.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2014-10">[10]</a> Fire-related burns are generally more common in colder climates.<a href="#cite_note-Epi2011-25">[25]</a> Specific risk factors in the developing world include <a href="/wiki/Energy_poverty_and_cooking" title="Energy poverty and cooking">cooking with open fires or on the floor</a><a href="#cite_note-TBCChp4-5">[5]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Developmental_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Developmental disabilities">developmental disabilities</a> in children and chronic diseases in adults.<a href="#cite_note-LMIC2006-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal">Thermal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Thermal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thermal_burn" title="Thermal burn">Thermal burn</a></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:522px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:520px;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> See or edit <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:Fire_Death_Rate.tab" class="extiw" title="c:Data:Fire Death Rate.tab">source data</a>. </div><div class="thumbcaption">Rate of deaths (per 100,000) due to fire between 1990 and 2017.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></div></div></div> In the United States, fire and hot liquids are the most common causes of burns.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp3-4">[4]</a> Of house fires that result in death, smoking causes 25% and heating devices cause 22%.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp4-5">[5]</a> Almost half of injuries are due to efforts to fight a fire.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp4-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scalding" title="Scalding">Scalding</a> is caused by hot liquids or gases and most commonly occurs from exposure to hot drinks, high temperature <a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">tap water</a> in baths or showers, hot cooking oil, or steam.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Scald injuries are most common in children under the age of five<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> and, in the United States and Australia, this population makes up about two-thirds of all burns.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp3-4">[4]</a> Contact with hot objects is the cause of about 20–30% of burns in children.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp3-4">[4]</a> Generally, scalds are first- or second-degree burns, but third-degree burns may also result, especially with prolonged contact.<a href="#cite_note-Mag2008-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">Fireworks</a> are a common cause of burns during holiday seasons in many countries.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> This is a particular risk for adolescent males.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In the United States, for non-fatal burn injuries to children, white males under the age of 6 comprise most cases.<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[35]</a>  Thermal burns from grabbing/touching and spilling/splashing were the most common type of burn and mechanism, while the bodily areas most impacted were hands and fingers followed by head/neck.<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chemical">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_burn" title="Chemical burn">Chemical burn</a></div> Chemical burns can be caused by over 25,000 substances,<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> most of which are either a strong <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">base</a> (55%) or a strong <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> (26%).<a href="#cite_note-Hard2012-36">[36]</a> Most chemical burn deaths are secondary to <a href="/wiki/Ingestion" title="Ingestion">ingestion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> Common agents include: <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> as found in toilet cleaners, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">sodium hypochlorite</a> as found in bleach, and <a href="/wiki/Halogenated_hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Halogenated hydrocarbons">halogenated hydrocarbons</a> as found in paint remover, among others.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">Hydrofluoric acid</a> can cause particularly deep burns that may not become symptomatic until some time after exposure.<a href="#cite_note-HF2008-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a> may cause the breakdown of significant numbers of <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schw2010-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical">Electrical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Electrical">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electrical_burn" title="Electrical burn">Electrical burn</a></div> Electrical burns or injuries are classified as high voltage (greater than or equal to 1000 <a href="/wiki/Volts" class="mw-redirect" title="Volts">volts</a>), low voltage (less than 1000 <a href="/wiki/Volts" class="mw-redirect" title="Volts">volts</a>), or as <a href="/wiki/Flash_burn" title="Flash burn">flash burns</a> secondary to an <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">electric arc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> The most common causes of electrical burns in children are electrical cords (60%) followed by electrical outlets (14%).<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp3-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">Lightning</a> may also result in electrical burns.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Risk factors for being struck include involvement in outdoor activities such as mountain climbing, golf and field sports, and working outside.<a href="#cite_note-RosenChp140-24">[24]</a> Mortality from a lightning strike is about 10%.<a href="#cite_note-RosenChp140-24">[24]</a> While electrical injuries primarily result in burns, they may also cause <a href="/wiki/Fractures" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractures">fractures</a> or <a href="/wiki/Joint_dislocation" title="Joint dislocation">dislocations</a> secondary to <a href="/wiki/Blunt_force_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Blunt force trauma">blunt force trauma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">muscle contractions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RosenChp140-24">[24]</a> In high voltage injuries, most damage may occur internally and thus the extent of the injury cannot be judged by examination of the skin alone.<a href="#cite_note-RosenChp140-24">[24]</a> Contact with either low voltage or high voltage may produce <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmias" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac arrhythmias">cardiac arrhythmias</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RosenChp140-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiation">Radiation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Radiation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radiation_burn" title="Radiation burn">Radiation burn</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Radiation_burn" title="Radiation burn">Radiation burns</a> may be caused by protracted exposure to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a> (such as from the sun, <a href="/wiki/Tanning_booth" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanning booth">tanning booths</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arc_welding" title="Arc welding">arc welding</a>) or from <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a> (such as from <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_fallout" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive fallout">radioactive fallout</a>).<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Sun exposure is the most common cause of radiation burns and the most common cause of superficial burns overall.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> There is significant variation in how easily people <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">sunburn</a> based on their <a href="/wiki/Skin_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin type">skin type</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Skin effects from ionizing radiation depend on the amount of exposure to the area, with hair loss seen after 3 <a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">Gy</a>, redness seen after 10 Gy, wet skin peeling after 20 Gy, and necrosis after 30 Gy.<a href="#cite_note-RosenChp144-43">[43]</a> Redness, if it occurs, may not appear until some time after exposure.<a href="#cite_note-RosenChp144-43">[43]</a> Radiation burns are treated the same as other burns.<a href="#cite_note-RosenChp144-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microwave_burn" title="Microwave burn">Microwave burns</a> occur via thermal heating caused by the <a href="/wiki/Microwaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwaves">microwaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Micro2001-44">[44]</a> While exposures as short as two seconds may cause injury, overall this is an uncommon occurrence.<a href="#cite_note-Micro2001-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-accidental">Non-accidental</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Non-accidental">edit</a>]</div> In those hospitalized from scalds or fire burns, 3–10% are from assault.<a href="#cite_note-Peck2012-45">[45]</a> Reasons include: <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a>, personal disputes, spousal abuse, <a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">elder abuse</a>, and business disputes.<a href="#cite_note-Peck2012-45">[45]</a> An immersion injury or immersion scald may indicate child abuse.<a href="#cite_note-Mag2008-32">[32]</a> It is created when an extremity, or sometimes the buttocks are held under the surface of hot water.<a href="#cite_note-Mag2008-32">[32]</a> It typically produces a sharp upper border and is often symmetrical,<a href="#cite_note-Mag2008-32">[32]</a> known as "sock burns", "glove burns", or "zebra stripes" - where folds have prevented certain areas from burning.<a href="#cite_note-Scielo2011-46">[46]</a> Deliberate <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_burns" title="Cigarette burns">cigarette burns</a> most often found on the face, or the back of the hands and feet.<a href="#cite_note-Scielo2011-46">[46]</a> Other high-risk signs of potential abuse include: circumferential burns, the absence of splash marks, a burn of uniform depth, and association with other signs of neglect or abuse.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp61-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bride_burning" title="Bride burning">Bride burning</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, occurs in some cultures, such as India where women have been burned in revenge for what the husband or his family consider an inadequate <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Acid_throwing" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid throwing">acid burns</a> represent 13% of intentional burns, and are frequently related to domestic violence.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp61-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">Self-immolation</a> (setting oneself on fire) is also used as a form of protest in various parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Epi2011-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burn_Degree_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Burn_Degree_Diagram.svg/220px-Burn_Degree_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Burn_Degree_Diagram.svg/330px-Burn_Degree_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Burn_Degree_Diagram.svg/440px-Burn_Degree_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Three degrees of burns</figcaption></figure> At temperatures greater than 44 °C (111 °F), proteins begin <a href="/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)" title="Denaturation (biochemistry)">losing their three-dimensional shape</a> and start breaking down.<a href="#cite_note-Rosen2009-50">[50]</a> This results in cell and tissue damage.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> Many of the direct health effects of a burn are caused by failure of the skin to perform its normal functions, which include: protection from bacteria, skin sensation, <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">body temperature regulation</a>, and prevention of evaporation of the body's water. Disruption of these functions can lead to infection, <a href="/wiki/Hypoesthesia" title="Hypoesthesia">loss of skin sensation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hypovolemic_shock" title="Hypovolemic shock">hypovolemic shock</a> via dehydration (i.e. water in the body evaporated away).<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> Disruption of cell membranes causes cells to lose potassium to the spaces outside the cell and to take up water and sodium.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> In large burns (over 30% of the total body surface area), there is a significant <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflammatory response">inflammatory response</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roj2012-51">[51]</a> This results in increased <a href="/wiki/Extravasation" title="Extravasation">leakage of fluid</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Schw2010-22">[22]</a> and subsequent tissue <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> This causes overall <a href="/wiki/Hypovolemia" title="Hypovolemia">blood volume loss</a>, with the remaining blood suffering significant <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">plasma</a> loss, making the blood more concentrated.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">Poor blood flow</a> to organs like the kidneys and <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> may result in <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gastric_ulcers" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric ulcers">stomach ulcers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Increased levels of <a href="/wiki/Catecholamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Catecholamines">catecholamines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a> can cause a <a href="/wiki/Hypermetabolism" title="Hypermetabolism">hypermetabolic state</a> that can last for years.<a href="#cite_note-Roj2012-51">[51]</a> This is associated with increased <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">cardiac output</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">a fast heart rate</a>, and poor <a href="/wiki/Immune_suppression" class="mw-redirect" title="Immune suppression">immune function</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roj2012-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> Burns can be classified by depth, mechanism of injury, extent, and associated injuries. The most commonly used classification is based on the depth of injury. The depth of a burn is usually determined via examination, although a biopsy may also be used.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> It may be difficult to accurately determine the depth of a burn on a single examination and repeated examinations over a few days may be necessary.<a href="#cite_note-Schw2010-22">[22]</a> In those who have a <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a> or are dizzy and have a fire-related burn, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">carbon monoxide poisoning</a> should be considered.<a href="#cite_note-CEM2012-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning" title="Cyanide poisoning">Cyanide poisoning</a> should also be considered.<a href="#cite_note-Schw2010-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Size">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallace_rule_of_nines-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wallace_rule_of_nines-en.svg/220px-Wallace_rule_of_nines-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wallace_rule_of_nines-en.svg/330px-Wallace_rule_of_nines-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wallace_rule_of_nines-en.svg/440px-Wallace_rule_of_nines-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Burn grade is determined through, among other things, the size of the skin affected. The image shows the makeup of different body parts, to help assess burn size.</figcaption></figure> The size of a burn is measured as a percentage of <a href="/wiki/Total_body_surface_area" title="Total body surface area">total body surface area</a> (TBSA) affected by partial thickness or full thickness burns.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> First-degree burns that are only red in color and are not blistering are not included in this estimation.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> Most burns (70%) involve less than 10% of the TBSA.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp3-4">[4]</a> There are a number of methods to determine the TBSA, including the <a href="/wiki/Wallace_rule_of_nines" title="Wallace rule of nines">Wallace rule of nines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lund_and_Browder_chart" title="Lund and Browder chart">Lund and Browder chart</a>, and estimations based on a person's palm size.<a href="#cite_note-EMP2009-11">[11]</a> The rule of nines is easy to remember but only accurate in people over 16 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-EMP2009-11">[11]</a> More accurate estimates can be made using Lund and Browder charts, which take into account the different proportions of body parts in adults and children.<a href="#cite_note-EMP2009-11">[11]</a> The size of a person's handprint (including the palm and fingers) is approximately 1% of their TBSA.<a href="#cite_note-EMP2009-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Severity">Severity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Severity">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"> <caption>American Burn Association severity classification<a href="#cite_note-CEM2012-53">[53]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Minor</th> <th>Moderate</th> <th>Major </th></tr> <tr> <td>Adult <10% TBSA</td> <td>Adult 10–20% TBSA</td> <td>Adult >20% TBSA </td></tr> <tr> <td>Young or old < 5% TBSA</td> <td>Young or old 5–10% TBSA</td> <td>Young or old >10% TBSA </td></tr> <tr> <td><2% full thickness burn</td> <td>2–5% full thickness burn</td> <td>>5% full thickness burn </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>High voltage injury</td> <td>High voltage burn </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Possible inhalation injury</td> <td>Known inhalation injury </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Circumferential burn</td> <td>Significant burn to face, joints, hands, or feet </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Other health problems</td> <td>Associated injuries </td></tr></tbody></table> To determine the need for referral to a specialized burn unit, the American Burn Association devised a classification system. Under this system, burns can be classified as major, moderate, and minor. This is assessed based on a number of factors, including total body surface area affected, the involvement of specific anatomical zones, the age of the person, and associated injuries.<a href="#cite_note-CEM2012-53">[53]</a> Minor burns can typically be managed at home, moderate burns are often managed in a hospital, and major burns are managed by a burn center.<a href="#cite_note-CEM2012-53">[53]</a> Severe burn injury represents one of the most devastating forms of trauma.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Despite improvements in burn care, patients can be left to suffer for as many as three years post-injury.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> Historically, about half of all burns were deemed preventable.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp4-5">[5]</a> Burn prevention programs have significantly decreased rates of serious burns.<a href="#cite_note-Rosen2009-50">[50]</a> Preventive measures include: limiting hot water temperatures, smoke alarms, sprinkler systems, proper construction of buildings, and fire-resistant clothing.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp4-5">[5]</a> Experts recommend setting water heaters below 48.8 °C (119.8 °F).<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp3-4">[4]</a> Other measures to prevent scalds include using a thermometer to measure bath water temperatures, and splash guards on stoves.<a href="#cite_note-Rosen2009-50">[50]</a> While the effect of the regulation of fireworks is unclear, there is tentative evidence of benefit<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> with recommendations including the limitation of the sale of fireworks to children.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp3-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Management">edit</a>]</div> Resuscitation begins with the assessment and stabilization of the person's airway, breathing and circulation.<a href="#cite_note-EMP2009-11">[11]</a> If inhalation injury is suspected, early <a href="/wiki/Intubation" title="Intubation">intubation</a> may be required.<a href="#cite_note-Schw2010-22">[22]</a> This is followed by care of the burn wound itself. People with extensive burns may be wrapped in clean sheets until they arrive at a hospital.<a href="#cite_note-Schw2010-22">[22]</a> As burn wounds are prone to infection, a tetanus booster shot should be given if an individual has not been immunized within the last five years.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In the United States, 95% of burns that present to the emergency department are treated and discharged; 5% require hospital admission.<a href="#cite_note-Epi2011-25">[25]</a> With major burns, early feeding is important.<a href="#cite_note-Roj2012-51">[51]</a> Protein intake should also be increased, and trace elements and vitamins are often required.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_oxygenation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric oxygenation">Hyperbaric oxygenation</a> may be useful in addition to traditional treatments.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intravenous_fluids">Intravenous fluids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Intravenous fluids">edit</a>]</div> In those with poor <a href="/wiki/Tissue_perfusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue perfusion">tissue perfusion</a>, boluses of <a href="/wiki/Fluid_replacement" title="Fluid replacement">isotonic crystalloid solution</a> should be given.<a href="#cite_note-EMP2009-11">[11]</a> In children with more than 10–20% TBSA (Total Body Surface Area) burns, and adults with more than 15% TBSA burns, formal fluid resuscitation and monitoring should follow.<a href="#cite_note-EMP2009-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Enoch2009-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> This should be begun pre-hospital if possible in those with burns greater than 25% TBSA.<a href="#cite_note-Enoch2009-60">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Parkland_formula" title="Parkland formula">Parkland formula</a> can help determine the volume of intravenous fluids required over the first 24 hours. The formula is based on the affected individual's TBSA and weight. Half of the fluid is administered over the first 8 hours, and the remainder over the following 16 hours. The time is calculated from when the burn occurred, and not from the time that fluid resuscitation began. Children require additional maintenance fluid that includes <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schw2010-22">[22]</a> Additionally, those with inhalation injuries require more fluid.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> While inadequate fluid resuscitation may cause problems, over-resuscitation can also be detrimental.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The formulas are only a guide, with infusions ideally tailored to a <a href="/wiki/Urinary_output" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary output">urinary output</a> of >30 mL/h in adults or >1mL/kg in children and <a href="/wiki/Mean_arterial_pressure" title="Mean arterial pressure">mean arterial pressure</a> greater than 60 mmHg.<a href="#cite_note-Schw2010-22">[22]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Lactated_Ringer%27s_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactated Ringer's solution">lactated Ringer's solution</a> is often used, there is no evidence that it is superior to <a href="/wiki/Normal_saline" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal saline">normal saline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EMP2009-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crystalloid_fluids" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalloid fluids">Crystalloid fluids</a> appear just as good as <a href="/wiki/Colloid_fluids" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloid fluids">colloid fluids</a>, and as colloids are more expensive they are not recommended.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusions" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood transfusions">Blood transfusions</a> are rarely required.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> They are typically only recommended when the <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> level falls below 60-80 g/L (6-8 g/dL)<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> due to the associated risk of complications.<a href="#cite_note-Schw2010-22">[22]</a> Intravenous catheters may be placed through burned skin if needed or <a href="/wiki/Intraosseous_infusion" title="Intraosseous infusion">intraosseous infusions</a> may be used.<a href="#cite_note-Schw2010-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wound_care">Wound care</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Wound care">edit</a>]</div> Early cooling (within 30 minutes of the burn) reduces burn depth and pain, but care must be taken as over-cooling can result in hypothermia.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-EMP2009-11">[11]</a> It should be performed with cool water 10–25 °C (50.0–77.0 °F) and not ice water as the latter can cause further injury.<a href="#cite_note-EMP2009-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rosen2009-50">[50]</a> Chemical burns may require extensive irrigation.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> Cleaning with soap and water, <a href="/wiki/Debridement" title="Debridement">removal of dead tissue</a>, and application of dressings are important aspects of wound care. If intact blisters are present, it is not clear what should be done with them. Some tentative evidence supports leaving them intact. Second-degree burns should be re-evaluated after two days.<a href="#cite_note-Rosen2009-50">[50]</a> In the management of first and second-degree burns, little quality evidence exists to determine which dressing type to use.<a href="#cite_note-The_Cochrane_Database_of_Systematic_Reviews-67">[67]</a> It is reasonable to manage first-degree burns without dressings.<a href="#cite_note-Rosen2009-50">[50]</a> While topical antibiotics are often recommended, there is little evidence to support their use.<a href="#cite_note-Anti2010-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Silver_sulfadiazine" title="Silver sulfadiazine">Silver sulfadiazine</a> (a type of antibiotic) is not recommended as it potentially prolongs healing time.<a href="#cite_note-The_Cochrane_Database_of_Systematic_Reviews-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> There is insufficient evidence to support the use of dressings containing <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Negative-pressure_wound_therapy" title="Negative-pressure wound therapy">negative-pressure wound therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Silver sulfadiazine does not appear to differ from silver containing foam dressings with respect to healing.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medications">Medications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Medications">edit</a>]</div> Burns can be very painful and a number of different options may be used for <a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">pain management</a>. These include simple analgesics (such as <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acetaminophen" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetaminophen">acetaminophen</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Opioids" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioids">opioids</a> such as morphine. <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">Benzodiazepines</a> may be used in addition to <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesics</a> to help with anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-Rosen2009-50">[50]</a> During the healing process, <a href="/wiki/Antihistamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihistamines">antihistamines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">massage</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Transcutaneous_nerve_stimulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcutaneous nerve stimulation">transcutaneous nerve stimulation</a> may be used to aid with itching.<a href="#cite_note-Itchy2009-23">[23]</a> Antihistamines, however, are only effective for this purpose in 20% of people.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> There is tentative evidence supporting the use of <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a><a href="#cite_note-Itchy2009-23">[23]</a> and its use may be reasonable in those who do not improve with antihistamines.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp64-75">[75]</a> Intravenous <a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">lidocaine</a> requires more study before it can be recommended for pain.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Intravenous <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> are recommended before surgery for those with extensive burns (>60% TBSA).<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp31-77">[77]</a> As of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit">[update]</a>, guidelines do not recommend their general use due to concerns regarding <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic resistance">antibiotic resistance</a><a href="#cite_note-Anti2010-68">[68]</a> and the increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Mycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">fungal infections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schw2010-22">[22]</a> Tentative evidence, however, shows that they may improve survival rates in those with large and severe burns.<a href="#cite_note-Anti2010-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">Erythropoietin</a> has not been found effective to prevent or treat anemia in burn cases.<a href="#cite_note-Schw2010-22">[22]</a> In burns caused by hydrofluoric acid, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_gluconate" title="Calcium gluconate">calcium gluconate</a> is a specific <a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">antidote</a> and may be used intravenously and/or topically.<a href="#cite_note-HF2008-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_human_growth_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Recombinant human growth hormone">Recombinant human growth hormone</a> (rhGH) in those with burns that involve more than 40% of their body appears to speed healing without affecting the risk of death.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroids">steroids</a> is of unclear evidence.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Allogeneic_cultured_keratinocytes_and_dermal_fibroblasts_in_murine_collagen" title="Allogeneic cultured keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts in murine collagen">Allogeneic cultured keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts in murine collagen</a> (Stratagraft) was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2021.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_PR_20210615-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Surgery">edit</a>]</div> Wounds requiring surgical closure with <a href="/wiki/Skin_grafting" title="Skin grafting">skin grafts</a> or flaps (typically anything more than a small full thickness burn) should be dealt with as early as possible.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Circumferential burns of the limbs or chest may need urgent surgical release of the skin, known as an <a href="/wiki/Escharotomy" title="Escharotomy">escharotomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Surgery2009-82">[82]</a> This is done to treat or prevent problems with distal circulation, or ventilation.<a href="#cite_note-Surgery2009-82">[82]</a> It is uncertain if it is useful for neck or digit burns.<a href="#cite_note-Surgery2009-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fasciotomy" title="Fasciotomy">Fasciotomies</a> may be required for electrical burns.<a href="#cite_note-Surgery2009-82">[82]</a> Skin grafts can involve temporary skin substitutes, derived from animal (human donor or pig) skin or synthesized. They are used to cover the wound as a dressing, preventing infection and fluid loss, but will eventually need to be removed. Alternatively, human skin can be treated to be left on permanently without rejection.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> There is no evidence that the use of copper sulphate to visualise phosphorus particles for removal can help with wound healing due to phosphorus burns. Meanwhile, absorption of copper sulphate into the blood circulation can be harmful.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Alternative medicine">edit</a>]</div> Honey has been used since ancient times to aid wound healing and may be beneficial in first- and second-degree burns.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> There is moderate evidence that honey helps heal partial thickness burns.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The evidence for <a href="/wiki/Aloe_vera" title="Aloe vera">aloe vera</a> is of poor quality.<a href="#cite_note-Aloe2012-88">[88]</a> While it might be beneficial in reducing pain,<a href="#cite_note-AFP2012-26">[26]</a> and a review from 2007 found tentative evidence of improved healing times,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> a subsequent review from 2012 did not find improved healing over silver sulfadiazine.<a href="#cite_note-Aloe2012-88">[88]</a> There were only three randomized controlled trials for the use of plants for burns, two for aloe vera and one for oatmeal.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> There is little evidence that <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a> helps with keloids or scarring.<a href="#cite_note-Juck2009-91">[91]</a> Butter is not recommended.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In low income countries, burns are treated up to one-third of the time with <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a>, which may include applications of eggs, mud, leaves or cow dung.<a href="#cite_note-LMIC2006-29">[29]</a> Surgical management is limited in some cases due to insufficient financial resources and availability.<a href="#cite_note-LMIC2006-29">[29]</a> There are a number of other methods that may be used in addition to medications to reduce procedural pain and anxiety including: <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_therapy" title="Virtual reality therapy">virtual reality therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">hypnosis</a>, and behavioral approaches such as distraction techniques.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp64-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patient_support">Patient support</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Patient support">edit</a>]</div> Burn patients require support and care – both physiological and psychological. Respiratory failure, sepsis, and multi-organ system failure are common in hospitalized burn patients. To prevent hypothermia and maintain normal body temperature, burn patients with over 20% of burn injuries should be kept in an environment with the temperature at or above 30 degree Celsius.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Metabolism in burn patients proceeds at a higher than normal speed due to the whole-body process and rapid fatty acid substrate cycles, which can be countered with an adequate supply of energy, nutrients, and antioxidants. Enteral feeding a day after resuscitation is required to reduce risk of infection, recovery time, non-infectious complications, hospital stay, long-term damage, and mortality. Controlling blood glucose levels can have an impact on liver function and survival. Risk of thromboembolism is high and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that does not resolve with maximal ventilator use is also a common complication. Scars are long-term after-effects of a burn injury. Psychological support is required to cope with the aftermath of a fire accident, while to prevent scars and long-term damage to the skin and other body structures consulting with burn specialists, preventing infections, consuming nutritious foods, early and aggressive rehabilitation, and using compressive clothing are recommended. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Prognosis">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"> <caption>Prognosis in the US<a href="#cite_note-ABA2012pg10-94">[94]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>TBSA</th> <th>Mortality </th></tr> <tr> <td>0–9%</td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10–19%</td> <td>2.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>20–29%</td> <td>8.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>30–39%</td> <td>16% </td></tr> <tr> <td>40–49%</td> <td>25% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50–59%</td> <td>37% </td></tr> <tr> <td>60–69%</td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>70–79%</td> <td>57% </td></tr> <tr> <td>80–89%</td> <td>73% </td></tr> <tr> <td>90–100%</td> <td>85% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inhalation</td> <td>23% </td></tr></tbody></table> The prognosis is worse in those with larger burns, those who are older, and females.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> The presence of a <a href="/wiki/Smoke_inhalation" title="Smoke inhalation">smoke inhalation</a> injury, other significant injuries such as long bone fractures, and serious co-morbidities (e.g. heart disease, diabetes, psychiatric illness, and suicidal intent) also influence prognosis.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> On average, of those admitted to burn centers in the United States, 4% die,<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp3-4">[4]</a> with the outcome for individuals dependent on the extent of the burn injury. For example, admittees with burn areas less than 10% TBSA had a mortality rate of less than 1%, while admittees with over 90% TBSA had a mortality rate of 85%.<a href="#cite_note-ABA2012pg10-94">[94]</a> In Afghanistan, people with more than 60% TBSA burns rarely survive.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp3-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Baux_score" title="Baux score">Baux score</a> has historically been used to determine prognosis of major burns. However, with improved care, it is no longer very accurate.<a href="#cite_note-Schw2010-22">[22]</a> The score is determined by adding the size of the burn (% TBSA) to the age of the person and taking that to be more or less equal to the risk of death.<a href="#cite_note-Schw2010-22">[22]</a> Burns in 2013 resulted in 1.2 million <a href="/wiki/Years_lived_with_disability" class="mw-redirect" title="Years lived with disability">years lived with disability</a> and 12.3 million <a href="/wiki/Disability_adjusted_life_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability adjusted life years">disability adjusted life years</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GBD2016-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complications">Complications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Complications">edit</a>]</div> A number of complications may occur, with <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a> being the most common.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp3-4">[4]</a> In order of frequency, potential complications include: <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">cellulitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary tract infections">urinary tract infections</a> and respiratory failure.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp3-4">[4]</a> Risk factors for infection include: burns of more than 30% TBSA, full-thickness burns, extremes of age (young or old), or burns involving the legs or perineum.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Pneumonia occurs particularly commonly in those with inhalation injuries.<a href="#cite_note-Schw2010-22">[22]</a> Anemia secondary to full thickness burns of greater than 10% TBSA is common.<a href="#cite_note-EMP2009-11">[11]</a> Electrical burns may lead to <a href="/wiki/Compartment_syndrome" title="Compartment syndrome">compartment syndrome</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis" title="Rhabdomyolysis">rhabdomyolysis</a> due to muscle breakdown.<a href="#cite_note-Schw2010-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">Blood clotting in the veins of the legs</a> is estimated to occur in 6 to 25% of people.<a href="#cite_note-Schw2010-22">[22]</a> The hypermetabolic state that may persist for years after a major burn can result in a decrease in bone density and a loss of muscle mass.<a href="#cite_note-Roj2012-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Keloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Keloids">Keloids</a> may form subsequent to a burn, particularly in those who are young and dark skinned.<a href="#cite_note-Juck2009-91">[91]</a> Following a burn, children may have significant psychological trauma and experience <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Psyc2009-96">[96]</a> Scarring may also result in a disturbance in body image.<a href="#cite_note-Psyc2009-96">[96]</a> To treat hypertrophic scars (raised, tense, stiff and itchy scars) and limit their effect on physical function and everyday activities, silicone sheeting and compression garments are recommended.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In the developing world, significant burns may result in social isolation, <a href="/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">extreme poverty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_abandonment" title="Child abandonment">child abandonment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Epi2011-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fires_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Fires_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/310px-Fires_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Fires_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/465px-Fires_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Fires_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/620px-Fires_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life years</a> for fires per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  no data</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  < 50</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  50–100</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  100–150</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  150–200</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  200–250</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  250–300</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  300–350</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  350–400</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  400–450</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  450–500</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  500–600</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  > 600</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> In 2015 fire and heat resulted in 67 million injuries.<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-7">[7]</a> This resulted in about 2.9 million hospitalizations and 238,000 dying.<a href="#cite_note-GBD2016-13">[13]</a> This is down from 300,000 deaths in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> This makes it the fourth leading cause of injuries after <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicle collision">motor vehicle collisions</a>, falls, and <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Epi2011-25">[25]</a> About 90% of burns occur in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Epi2011-25">[25]</a> This has been attributed partly to overcrowding and an unsafe cooking situation.<a href="#cite_note-Epi2011-25">[25]</a> Overall, nearly 60% of fatal burns occur in <a href="/wiki/WHO_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO regions">Southeast Asia</a> with a rate of 11.6 per 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp3-4">[4]</a> The number of fatal burns has changed from 280,000 in 1990 to 176,000 in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Loz2012-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-8">[8]</a> In the developed world, adult males have twice the mortality as females from burns. This is most probably due to their higher risk occupations and greater risk-taking activities. In many countries in the developing world, however, females have twice the risk of males. This is often related to accidents in the kitchen or domestic violence.<a href="#cite_note-Epi2011-25">[25]</a> In children, deaths from burns occur at more than ten times the rate in the developing than the developed world.<a href="#cite_note-Epi2011-25">[25]</a> Overall, in children it is one of the top fifteen leading causes of death.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp4-5">[5]</a> From the 1980s to 2004, many countries have seen both a decrease in the rates of fatal burns and in burns generally.<a href="#cite_note-Epi2011-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developed_countries">Developed countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Developed countries">edit</a>]</div> An estimated 500,000 burn injuries receive medical treatment yearly in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Rosen2009-50">[50]</a> They resulted in about 3,300 deaths in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-TBCChp4-5">[5]</a> Most burns (70%) and deaths from burns occur in males.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABA2012-15">[15]</a> The highest incidence of fire burns occurs in those 18–35 years old, while the highest incidence of scalds occurs in children less than five years old and adults over 65.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-2">[2]</a> Electrical burns result in about 1,000 deaths per year.<a href="#cite_note-Ed2005-103">[103]</a> Lightning results in the death of about 60 people a year.<a href="#cite_note-RosenChp140-24">[24]</a> In Europe, intentional burns occur most commonly in middle aged men.<a href="#cite_note-Peck2012-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developing_countries">Developing countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Developing countries">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, about 700,000 to 800,000 people per year sustain significant burns, though very few are looked after in specialist burn units.<a href="#cite_note-Ahu2004-104">[104]</a> The highest rates occur in women 16–35 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-Ahu2004-104">[104]</a> Part of this high rate is related to unsafe kitchens and loose-fitting clothing typical to India.<a href="#cite_note-Ahu2004-104">[104]</a> It is estimated that one-third of all burns in India are due to clothing catching fire from open flames.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Intentional burns are also a common cause and occur at high rates in young women, secondary to domestic violence and self-harm.<a href="#cite_note-Epi2011-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peck2012-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blister" title="Blister">Blister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">Frostbite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalding" title="Scalding">Scalding</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bapras.org.uk/public/patient-information/surgery-guides/burns">"Burns - British Association of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons"</a>. 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Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. 86 (3): 527–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0365-05962011000300015">10.1590/S0365-05962011000300015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21738970">21738970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anais+Brasileiros+de+Dermatologia&rft.atitle=Child+abuse%3A+skin+markers+and+differential+diagnosis&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=527-36&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS0365-05962011000300015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21738970&rft.aulast=Gondim&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Mu%C3%B1oz%2C+DR&rft.au=Petri%2C+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252FS0365-05962011000300015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TBCChp61-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TBCChp61_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TBCChp61_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerndon_D2012" class="citation book cs1">Herndon D, ed. 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Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156357-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156357-4"><bdi>978-92-4-156357-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617123505/https://books.google.com/books?id=UeXwoNh8sbwC&pg=PA82">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+report+on+child+injury+prevention&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-92-4-156357-4&rft.aulast=Peden&rft.aufirst=Margie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUeXwoNh8sbwC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosen2009-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen2009_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen2009_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen2009_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen2009_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen2009_50-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen2009_50-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen2009_50-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen2009_50-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx2010" class="citation book cs1">Marx J (2010). 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Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 13 (17): 2485–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1517%2F14656566.2012.738195">10.1517/14656566.2012.738195</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3576016">3576016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23121414">23121414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Opinion+on+Pharmacotherapy&rft.atitle=Burns%3A+an+update+on+current+pharmacotherapy&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=2485-94&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3576016%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23121414&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1517%2F14656566.2012.738195&rft.aulast=Rojas&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Finnerty%2C+CC&rft.au=Radhakrishnan%2C+RS&rft.au=Herndon%2C+DN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3576016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannon2010" class="citation book cs1">Hannon R (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2-MFXOEG0lcC&pg=PA1516">Porth pathophysiology : concepts of altered health states</a> (1st Canadian ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1516. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60547-781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60547-781-7"><bdi>978-1-60547-781-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501122809/https://books.google.com/books?id=2-MFXOEG0lcC&pg=PA1516">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Porth+pathophysiology+%3A+concepts+of+altered+health+states&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=1516&rft.edition=1st+Canadian&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health%2FLippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60547-781-7&rft.aulast=Hannon&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2-MFXOEG0lcC%26pg%3DPA1516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CEM2012-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CEM2012_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEM2012_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEM2012_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEM2012_53-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahadevanGarmel2012" class="citation book cs1">Mahadevan SV, Garmel GM, eds. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 216–219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-74776-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-74776-9"><bdi>978-0-521-74776-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520142151/https://books.google.com/books?id=pyAlcOfBhjIC&pg=PA216">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+clinical+emergency+medicine&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=216-219&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-74776-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpyAlcOfBhjIC%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Barayan D, Vinaik R, Auger C, Knuth CM, Abdullahi A, Jeschke MG. 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Springer. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7091-0348-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7091-0348-7"><bdi>978-3-7091-0348-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517021627/https://books.google.com/books?id=olshnFqCI0kC&pg=PA46">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Burns+Volume+1%3A+Acute+Burn+Care&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-7091-0348-7&rft.aulast=Jeschke&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DolshnFqCI0kC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlingensmith_M2007" class="citation book cs1">Klingensmith M, ed. 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class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ed2005-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Ed2005_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdlichFarinholtWintersBritt2005" class="citation journal cs1">Edlich RF, Farinholt HM, Winters KL, Britt LD, Long WB (2005). "Modern concepts of treatment and prevention of electrical burns". Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants. 15 (5): 511–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1615%2Fjlongtermeffmedimplants.v15.i5.50">10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.v15.i5.50</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16218900">16218900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Long-Term+Effects+of+Medical+Implants&rft.atitle=Modern+concepts+of+treatment+and+prevention+of+electrical+burns&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=511-32&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1615%2Fjlongtermeffmedimplants.v15.i5.50&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16218900&rft.aulast=Edlich&rft.aufirst=RF&rft.au=Farinholt%2C+HM&rft.au=Winters%2C+KL&rft.au=Britt%2C+LD&rft.au=Long%2C+WB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahu2004-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahu2004_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahu2004_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahu2004_104-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhujaBhattacharya2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ahuja RB, Bhattacharya S (August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514214">"Burns in the developing world and burn disasters"</a>. BMJ. 329 (7463): 447–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.329.7463.447">10.1136/bmj.329.7463.447</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514214">514214</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15321905">15321905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Burns+in+the+developing+world+and+burn+disasters&rft.volume=329&rft.issue=7463&rft.pages=447-9&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC514214%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15321905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.329.7463.447&rft.aulast=Ahuja&rft.aufirst=RB&rft.au=Bhattacharya%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC514214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2003" class="citation book cs1">Gupta (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eXZznFybjEwC&pg=PR42">Textbook of Surgery</a>. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7179-965-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7179-965-7"><bdi>978-81-7179-965-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427034919/https://books.google.com/books?id=eXZznFybjEwC&pg=PR42">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Surgery&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Jaypee+Brothers+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7179-965-7&rft.au=Gupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeXZznFybjEwC%26pg%3DPR42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurn" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: General and cited references">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225754/http://www.ameriburn.org/2012NBRAnnualReport.pdf">National Burn Repository 2012 Report</a> (PDF). Dataset Version 8.0. Chicago: American Burn Association. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ameriburn.org/2012NBRAnnualReport.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Burn+Repository+2012+Report&rft.place=Chicago&rft.series=Dataset+Version+8.0&rft.pub=American+Burn+Association&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ameriburn.org%2F2012NBRAnnualReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurn" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burn&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <div class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.8em 0.8em; width: 18.55em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 87%; clear: right; line-height:1.3em; background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;float:right;"><div style="float:left;"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Project_Med/App" title="meta:Wiki Project Med/App"><img alt="The offline app allows you to download all of Wikipedia's medical articles in an app to access them when you have no Internet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tango_Phone_medapp.svg/42px-Tango_Phone_medapp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tango_Phone_medapp.svg/63px-Tango_Phone_medapp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tango_Phone_medapp.svg/84px-Tango_Phone_medapp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="47" /></a></div><div style="float:left;width:6px;padding:1px;height:47px;"></div>Wikipedia's health care articles can be viewed offline with the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Project_Med/App" class="extiw" title="meta:Wiki Project Med/App">Medical Wikipedia app</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Burns" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Burns">burns</a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (2 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="145" data-mwtitle="Burn_en.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Burn_en.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Burn_en.ogg/Burn_en.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Burn_en.ogg" title="File:Burn en.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 26 July 2014 (2014-07-26), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns">WHO fact sheet on burns</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdcalc.com/parkland-formula-for-burns/">Parkland Formula</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/burns.html">"Burns"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>. U.S. National Library of Medicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burns&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fburns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurn" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1831158013">ND90</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#764709846%2Funspecified">ND9Z</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#2071994109">NE00</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#163532889%2Funspecified">NE2Z</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T20">T20</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T31">T31</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=940">940</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=949">949</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D002056">D002056</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb1791.htm">1791</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000030.htm">000030</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1278244-overview">article/1278244</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="General_wounds_and_injuries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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id="General_wounds_and_injuries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General <a href="/wiki/Wound" title="Wound">wounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injuries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abrasions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasion (medical)">Abrasion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_injury" title="Avulsion injury">Avulsion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blister" title="Blister">Blisters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_blister" title="Blood blister">Blood blister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma_blister" title="Coma blister">Coma blister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_blister" title="Delayed blister">Delayed blister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edema_blister" title="Edema blister">Edema blister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_blister" title="Fracture blister">Fracture blister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction_blister" title="Friction blister">Friction blister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucking_blister" title="Sucking blister">Sucking blister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bruise" title="Bruise">Bruises</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematoma" title="Hematoma">Hematoma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ecchymosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecchymosis">Ecchymosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle%27s_sign" title="Battle's sign">Battle's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon_eyes" title="Raccoon eyes">Raccoon eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_eye" title="Black eye">Black eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subungual_hematoma" title="Subungual hematoma">Subungual hematoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullen%27s_sign" title="Cullen's sign">Cullen's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Turner%27s_sign" title="Grey Turner's sign">Grey Turner's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroperitoneal_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroperitoneal hemorrhage">Retroperitoneal hemorrhage</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biting" title="Biting">Biting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_bite" title="Animal bite">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_bite" title="Spider bite">Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakebite" title="Snakebite">Snake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistic trauma">Ballistic trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab_wound" title="Stab wound">Stab wound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splinter" title="Splinter">Splinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blunt_trauma" title="Blunt trauma">Blunt trauma</a>/superficial/<a href="/wiki/Wound#Closed" title="Wound">closed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetrating_trauma" title="Penetrating trauma">Penetrating trauma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wound#Open" title="Wound">open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_burn" title="Aerosol burn">Aerosol burn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burn</a>/<a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chemical_burn" title="Chemical burn">Chemical burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">Frostbite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_injury" title="Occupational injury">Occupational injuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amputation#Trauma" title="Amputation">Traumatic amputation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hand_injury" title="Hand injury">Hand injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_injury" title="Head injury">Head injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_injury" title="Chest injury">Chest trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_trauma" title="Abdominal trauma">Abdominal trauma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4062659-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85018164">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938371r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938371r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568111">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124357&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292521405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burn&oldid=1254925285">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burn&oldid=1254925285</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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