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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polymer_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Polymer chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polymer_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chemical elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chemical compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substances_versus_mixtures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substances_versus_mixtures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Substances versus mixtures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substances_versus_mixtures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemicals_versus_chemical_substances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemicals_versus_chemical_substances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Chemicals versus chemical substances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemicals_versus_chemical_substances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming_and_indexing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_and_indexing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Naming and indexing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_and_indexing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isolation,_purification,_characterization,_and_identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isolation,_purification,_characterization,_and_identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Isolation, purification, characterization, and identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isolation,_purification,_characterization,_and_identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chemical substance</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مادة كيميائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مادة كيميائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%A9" title="Նիւթ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նիւթ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustancia_qu%C3%ADmico" title="Sustancia químico – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sustancia químico" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madd%C9%99" title="Maddə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maddə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2a-ha%CC%8Dk_bu%CC%8Dt-chit" title="Hòa-ha̍k bu̍t-chit – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hòa-ha̍k bu̍t-chit" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Хімічнае рэчыва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хімічнае рэчыва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Рэчыва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэчыва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="रासायनिक पदार्थ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रासायनिक पदार्थ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Химично вещество – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химично вещество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijska_supstanca" title="Hemijska supstanca – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hemijska supstanca" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subst%C3%A0ncia_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Substància química – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Substància química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8)" title="Япалалăх (хими) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Япалалăх (хими)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1tka" title="Látka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Látka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushonga" title="Mushonga – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mushonga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisk_stof" title="Kemisk stof – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kemisk stof" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoff_(Chemie)" title="Stoff (Chemie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stoff (Chemie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemiline_aine" title="Keemiline aine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keemiline aine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Χημική ουσία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χημική ουσία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustancia_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Sustancia química – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sustancia química" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia%C4%B5o" title="Kemiaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kemiaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gai_kimiko" title="Gai kimiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gai kimiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ماده شیمیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماده شیمیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_chimique" title="Substance chimique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Substance chimique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substaint_cheimiceach" title="Substaint cheimiceach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Substaint cheimiceach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substancia_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Substancia química – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Substancia química" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" title="화학 물질 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화학 물질" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubuwan_sunadarai" title="Abubuwan sunadarai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Abubuwan sunadarai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9" title="Նյութ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նյութ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemijska_tvar" title="Kemijska tvar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kemijska tvar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zat_kimia" title="Zat kimia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zat kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantia_chimic" title="Substantia chimic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Substantia chimic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isiqa" title="Isiqa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isiqa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostanza_pura" title="Sostanza pura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sostanza pura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C" title="כימיקל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כימיקל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zat_Kimia" title="Zat Kimia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Zat Kimia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ნივთიერება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნივთიერება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Химикаттар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химикаттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemikali" title="Kemikali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kemikali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibstans" title="Sibstans – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sibstans" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Зат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Зат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiska_l%C4%ABtne" title="Kimiska lītne – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Kimiska lītne" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_viela" title="Ķīmiskā viela – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīmiskā viela" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemin%C4%97_med%C5%BEiaga" title="Cheminė medžiaga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cheminė medžiaga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_sjtof" title="Chemische sjtof – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chemische sjtof" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Супстанција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Супстанција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="रासायनिक पदार्थ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रासायनिक पदार्थ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_kimia" title="Bahan kimia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahan kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Химийн бодис – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Химийн бодис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainimate" title="Wainimate – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Wainimate" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stof_(scheikunde)" title="Stof (scheikunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stof (scheikunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="रासायनिक पदार्थ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रासायनिक पदार्थ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="化学物質 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化学物質" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemisk_substans" title="Kjemisk substans – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjemisk substans" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemisk_stoff" title="Kjemisk stoff – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjemisk stoff" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Эмен – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Эмен" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5" title="ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਪਦਾਰਥ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਪਦਾਰਥ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%92" title="کیمیائی شے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیمیائی شے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8" title="សារធាតុគីមី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សារធាតុគីមី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheemsch_Stoff" title="Cheemsch Stoff – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Cheemsch Stoff" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substancja_chemiczna" title="Substancja chemiczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Substancja chemiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subst%C3%A2ncia" title="Substância – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Substância" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substan%C8%9B%C4%83_chimic%C4%83" title="Substanță chimică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Substanță chimică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Вещество (химия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вещество (химия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BA" title="Сэк – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сэк" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chemical substance" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substanca" title="Substanca – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Substanca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chemical substance" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%C3%A1_l%C3%A1tka" title="Chemická látka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chemická látka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ماددەی کیمیایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماددەی کیمیایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Хемијска супстанца – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хемијска супстанца" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijska_supstanca" title="Hemijska supstanca – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hemijska supstanca" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_kimia" title="Bahan kimia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bahan kimia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiallinen_aine" title="Kemiallinen aine – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kemiallinen aine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustansiyang_kimikal" title="Sustansiyang kimikal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sustansiyang kimikal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="வேதிப்பொருள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேதிப்பொருள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanga_takrurant" title="Tanga takrurant – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tanga takrurant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="สารเคมี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สารเคมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Модда (химия) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Модда (химия)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyasal_madde" title="Kimyasal madde – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kimyasal madde" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Речовина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Речовина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%92" title="کیمیائی شے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیمیائی شے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostansa" title="Sostansa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sostansa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_ch%E1%BA%A5t" title="Hóa chất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hóa chất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollus" title="Ollus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ollus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_stoffe" title="Chemische stoffe – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Chemische stoffe" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="化学物质 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="化学物质" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A5" title="כעמישע סובסטאנץ – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Chemical" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chemical_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chemical (disambiguation)">Chemical (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kochendes_wasser02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kochendes_wasser02.jpg/220px-Kochendes_wasser02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kochendes_wasser02.jpg/330px-Kochendes_wasser02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kochendes_wasser02.jpg/440px-Kochendes_wasser02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Steam and liquid water are two different forms of the same pure chemical substance, water.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>chemical substance</b> is a unique form of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> with constant <a href="/wiki/Chemical_composition" title="Chemical composition">chemical composition</a> and characteristic <a href="/wiki/Chemical_property" title="Chemical property">properties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemical substances may take the form of a single <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a>. If two or more chemical substances can be combined without <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">reacting</a>, they may form a chemical <a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">mixture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a mixture is separated to isolate one chemical substance to a desired degree, the resulting substance is said to be <a href="/wiki/Chemical_purity" title="Chemical purity">chemically pure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chemical substances can exist in several different physical <a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">states</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">phases</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a>) without changing their chemical composition. Substances <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">transition</a> between these <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Phases of matter">phases of matter</a> in response to changes in <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>. Some chemical substances can be combined or converted into new substances by means of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reactions</a>. Chemicals that do not possess this ability are said to be <a href="/wiki/Inert_gas" title="Inert gas">inert</a>. </p><p>Pure <a href="/wiki/Water_(molecule)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (molecule)">water</a> is an example of a chemical substance, with a constant composition of two hydrogen <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">bonded</a> to a single oxygen atom (i.e. H<sub>2</sub>O). The <a href="/wiki/Atomic_ratio" title="Atomic ratio">atomic ratio</a> of hydrogen to oxygen is always 2:1 in every <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> of water. Pure water will tend to <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boil</a> near 100 °C (212 °F), an example of one of the characteristic properties that define it. Other notable chemical substances include <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> (a form of the element <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">table salt</a> (NaCl; an <a href="/wiki/Ionic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic compound">ionic compound</a>), and refined <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sugar</a> (C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub>; an <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compound</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_substance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nile_red_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Nile_red_01.jpg/220px-Nile_red_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Nile_red_01.jpg/330px-Nile_red_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Nile_red_01.jpg/440px-Nile_red_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="1913" /></a><figcaption>Colors of a single chemical (<a href="/wiki/Nile_red" title="Nile red">Nile red</a>) in different solvents, under visible and UV light, showing how the chemical interacts dynamically with its solvent environment</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the generic definition offered above, there are several niche fields where the term "chemical substance" may take alternate usages that are widely accepted, some of which are outlined in the sections below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inorganic_chemistry">Inorganic chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_substance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Inorganic chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Abstracts_Service" title="Chemical Abstracts Service">Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)</a> lists several <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> of uncertain composition within their chemical substance index.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While an <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> could be more closely defined as a <a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">mixture</a>, referencing them in the chemical substances index allows CAS to offer specific guidance on <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">standard naming</a> of alloy compositions. <a href="/wiki/Non-stoichiometric_compound" title="Non-stoichiometric compound">Non-stoichiometric compounds</a> are another special case from <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">inorganic chemistry</a>, which violate the requirement for constant composition. For these substances, it may be difficult to draw the line between a mixture and a compound, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Palladium_hydride" title="Palladium hydride">palladium hydride</a>. Broader definitions of chemicals or chemical substances can be found, for example: "the term 'chemical substance' means any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including – (i) any combination of such substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of a chemical reaction or occurring in nature".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_substance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the field of <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, inorganic solid substances of uniform composition are known as <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When two or more minerals are combined to form <a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">mixtures</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Aggregate_(geology)" title="Aggregate (geology)">aggregates</a>), they are defined as <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many minerals, however, mutually dissolve into <a href="/wiki/Solid_solution" title="Solid solution">solid solutions</a>, such that a single rock is a uniform substance despite being a mixture in stoichiometric terms. <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">Feldspars</a> are a common example: <a href="/wiki/Anorthoclase" title="Anorthoclase">anorthoclase</a> is an alkali aluminum silicate, where the alkali metal is interchangeably either sodium or potassium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_substance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In law, "chemical substances" may include both pure substances and mixtures with a defined composition or manufacturing process. For example, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> regulation <a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorization_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals">REACH</a> defines "monoconstituent substances", "multiconstituent substances" and "substances of unknown or variable composition". The latter two consist of multiple chemical substances; however, their identity can be established either by direct chemical analysis or reference to a single manufacturing process. For example, <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> is an extremely complex, partially polymeric mixture that can be defined by its manufacturing process. Therefore, although the exact chemical identity is unknown, identification can be made with a sufficient accuracy. The CAS index also includes mixtures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polymer_chemistry">Polymer chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_substance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Polymer chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">Polymers</a> almost always appear as mixtures of molecules of multiple molar masses, each of which could be considered a separate chemical substance. However, the polymer may be defined by a known precursor or reaction(s) and the <a href="/wiki/Molar_mass_distribution" title="Molar mass distribution">molar mass distribution</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> is a mixture of very long chains of -CH<sub>2</sub>- repeating units, and is generally sold in several molar mass distributions, <a href="/wiki/LDPE" class="mw-redirect" title="LDPE">LDPE</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDPE" class="mw-redirect" title="MDPE">MDPE</a>, <a href="/wiki/HDPE" class="mw-redirect" title="HDPE">HDPE</a> and <a href="/wiki/UHMWPE" class="mw-redirect" title="UHMWPE">UHMWPE</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_substance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concept</a> of a "chemical substance" became firmly established in the late eighteenth century after work by the chemist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Proust" title="Joseph Proust">Joseph Proust</a> on the composition of some pure chemical compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Basic_copper_carbonate" title="Basic copper carbonate">basic copper carbonate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_et_al_p37_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill_et_al_p37-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He deduced that, "All samples of a compound have the same composition; that is, all samples have the same proportions, by mass, of the elements present in the compound." This is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_constant_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of constant composition">law of constant composition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later with the advancement of methods for <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">chemical synthesis</a> particularly in the realm of <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>; the discovery of many more chemical elements and new techniques in the realm of <a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">analytical chemistry</a> used for isolation and purification of elements and compounds from chemicals that led to the establishment of modern <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, the concept was defined as is found in most chemistry textbooks. However, there are some controversies regarding this definition mainly because the large number of chemical substances reported in chemistry literature need to be indexed. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isomerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomerism">Isomerism</a> caused much consternation to early researchers, since <a href="/wiki/Isomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomers">isomers</a> have exactly the same composition, but differ in configuration (arrangement) of the atoms. For example, there was much speculation about the chemical identity of <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>, until the correct structure was described by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich August Kekulé">Friedrich August Kekulé</a>. Likewise, the idea of <a href="/wiki/Stereoisomerism" title="Stereoisomerism">stereoisomerism</a> – that atoms have rigid three-dimensional structure and can thus form isomers that differ only in their three-dimensional arrangement – was another crucial step in understanding the concept of distinct chemical substances. For example, <a href="/wiki/Tartaric_acid" title="Tartaric acid">tartaric acid</a> has three distinct isomers, a pair of <a href="/wiki/Diastereomer" title="Diastereomer">diastereomers</a> with one diastereomer forming two <a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">enantiomers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_elements">Chemical elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_substance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chemical elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schwefel_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Schwefel_01.jpg/220px-Schwefel_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Schwefel_01.jpg/330px-Schwefel_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Schwefel_01.jpg/440px-Schwefel_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption>Native sulfur crystals. Sulfur occurs naturally as elemental sulfur, in <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> minerals and in <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of elements">List of elements</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a> is a chemical substance made up of a particular kind of atom and hence cannot be broken down or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different element, though it can be transmuted into another element through a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">nuclear reaction</a>. This is because all of the atoms in a sample of an element have the same number of <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a>, though they may be different <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>, with differing numbers of <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>. </p><p>As of 2019, there are 118 known elements, about 80 of which are stable – that is, they do not change by <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a> into other elements. Some elements can occur as more than a single chemical substance (<a href="/wiki/Allotropes" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotropes">allotropes</a>). For instance, oxygen exists as both diatomic oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> (O<sub>3</sub>). The majority of elements are classified as <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>. These are elements with a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">lustre</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>. Metals typically conduct electricity and heat well, and they are <a href="/wiki/Malleability" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleability">malleable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_et_al_pp44-45_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill_et_al_pp44-45-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 14 to 21 elements,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, are classified as <a href="/wiki/Non-metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-metal">non-metals</a>. Non-metals lack the metallic properties described above, they also have a high <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a> and a tendency to form <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">negative ions</a>. Certain elements such as <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> sometimes resemble metals and sometimes resemble non-metals, and are known as <a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">metalloids</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_compounds">Chemical compounds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_substance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chemical compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potassium-ferricyanide-sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Potassium-ferricyanide-sample.jpg/220px-Potassium-ferricyanide-sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Potassium-ferricyanide-sample.jpg/330px-Potassium-ferricyanide-sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Potassium-ferricyanide-sample.jpg/440px-Potassium-ferricyanide-sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferricyanide" title="Potassium ferricyanide">Potassium ferricyanide</a> is a compound of potassium, iron, carbon and nitrogen; although it contains cyanide anions, it does not release them and is nontoxic.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compound</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="List of organic compounds">List of organic compounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds" title="List of inorganic compounds">List of inorganic compounds</a></div> <p>A chemical compound is a chemical substance that is composed of a particular set of <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>. Two or more elements combined into one substance through a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a> form a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compound</a>. All compounds are substances, but not all substances are compounds. </p><p>A chemical compound can be either atoms <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">bonded</a> together in <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystals</a> in which atoms, molecules or ions form a <a href="/wiki/Crystalline_lattice" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline lattice">crystalline lattice</a>. Compounds based primarily on carbon and hydrogen atoms are called <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a>, and all others are called <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic compounds</a>. Compounds containing bonds between carbon and a metal are called <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organometallic compound">organometallic compounds</a>. </p><p>Compounds in which components share electrons are known as <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent</a> compounds. Compounds consisting of oppositely charged <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> are known as <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic bond">ionic</a> compounds, or <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">Coordination complexes</a> are compounds where a <a href="/wiki/Dative_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative bond">dative bond</a> keeps the substance together without a covalent or ionic bond. Coordination complexes are distinct substances with distinct properties different from a simple mixture. Typically these have a metal, such as a copper ion, in the center and a nonmetals atom, such as the nitrogen in an ammonia molecule or oxygen in water in a water molecule, forms a dative bond to the metal center, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tetraamminecopper(II)_sulfate" title="Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate">tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate</a> [Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>]SO<sub>4</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O. The metal is known as a "metal center" and the substance that coordinates to the center is called a "ligand". However, the center does not need to be a metal, as exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Boron_trifluoride_etherate" title="Boron trifluoride etherate">boron trifluoride etherate</a> BF<sub>3</sub>OEt<sub>2</sub>, where the highly <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acidic</a>, but non-metallic boron center takes the role of the "metal". If the ligand bonds to the metal center with multiple atoms, the complex is called a <a href="/wiki/Chelate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelate">chelate</a>. </p><p>In organic chemistry, there can be more than one chemical compound with the same composition and molecular weight. Generally, these are called <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomers</a>. Isomers usually have substantially different chemical properties, and often may be isolated without spontaneously interconverting. A common example is <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>. The former is an <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehyde</a>, the latter is a <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketone</a>. Their interconversion requires either <a href="/wiki/Glucose_isomerase" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucose isomerase">enzymatic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lobry_de_Bruyn%E2%80%93Van_Ekenstein_transformation" title="Lobry de Bruyn–Van Ekenstein transformation">acid-base catalysis</a>. </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Tautomer" title="Tautomer">tautomers</a> are an exception: the isomerization occurs spontaneously in ordinary conditions, such that a pure substance cannot be isolated into its tautomers, even if these can be identified spectroscopically or even isolated in special conditions. A common example is <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, which has open-chain and ring forms. One cannot manufacture pure open-chain glucose because glucose spontaneously cyclizes to the <a href="/wiki/Hemiacetal" title="Hemiacetal">hemiacetal</a> form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Substances_versus_mixtures">Substances versus mixtures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_substance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Substances versus mixtures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">Mixture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vintage_cranberry_glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vintage_cranberry_glass.jpg/220px-Vintage_cranberry_glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vintage_cranberry_glass.jpg/330px-Vintage_cranberry_glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vintage_cranberry_glass.jpg/440px-Vintage_cranberry_glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Cranberry glass, while appearing homogeneous, is a <i>mixture</i> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> and colloidal <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> particles of about 40<span class="nowrap"> </span>nm in diameter, giving it a red color.</figcaption></figure> <p>All matter consists of various elements and chemical compounds, but these are often intimately mixed together. Mixtures contain more than one chemical substance, and they do not have a fixed composition. <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> are common examples of mixtures. Sometimes, mixtures can be separated into their component substances by <a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">mechanical</a> processes, such as <a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">chromatography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grey iron metal and yellow <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> are both chemical elements, and they can be mixed together in any ratio to form a yellow-grey mixture. No chemical process occurs, and the material can be identified as a mixture by the fact that the sulfur and the iron can be separated by a mechanical process, such as using a <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a> to attract the iron away from the sulfur. </p><p>In contrast, if iron and sulfur are heated together in a certain ratio (1 atom of iron for each atom of sulfur, or by weight, 56 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a> (1 <a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mol</a>) of iron to 32 grams (1 mol) of sulfur), a chemical reaction takes place and a new substance is formed, the compound <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfide" title="Iron(II) sulfide">iron(II) sulfide</a>, with chemical formula FeS. The resulting compound has all the properties of a chemical substance and is not a mixture. Iron(II) sulfide has its own distinct properties such as <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubility</a>, and the two elements cannot be separated using normal mechanical processes; a magnet will be unable to recover the iron, since there is no metallic iron present in the compound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemicals_versus_chemical_substances">Chemicals versus chemical substances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_substance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chemicals versus chemical substances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chemical_compounds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Chemical_compounds.jpg/220px-Chemical_compounds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Chemical_compounds.jpg/330px-Chemical_compounds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Chemical_compounds.jpg/440px-Chemical_compounds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Chemicals in graduated cylinders and beaker </figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_free" title="Chemical free">Chemical free</a></div> <p>While the term <i>chemical substance</i> is a precise technical term that is synonymous with <i>chemical</i> for chemists, the word <i>chemical</i> is used in general usage to refer to both (pure) chemical substances and mixtures (often called <i>compounds</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and especially when produced or purified in a laboratory or an industrial process.<sup id="cite_ref-chemical_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemical-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rh_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rh-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, the chemical substances of which fruits and vegetables, for example, are naturally composed even when growing wild are not called "chemicals" in general usage. In countries that require a list of ingredients in products, the "chemicals" listed are industrially produced "chemical substances". The word "chemical" is also often used to refer to addictive, narcotic, or mind-altering drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-chemical_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemical-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rh_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rh-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the chemical industry, manufactured "chemicals" are chemical substances, which can be classified by production volume into bulk chemicals, <a href="/wiki/Fine_chemical" title="Fine chemical">fine chemicals</a> and chemicals found in research only: </p> <ul><li>Bulk chemicals are produced in very large quantities, usually with highly optimized continuous processes and to a relatively low price.</li> <li>Fine chemicals are produced at a high cost in small quantities for special low-volume applications such as biocides, pharmaceuticals and <a href="/wiki/Speciality_chemicals" title="Speciality chemicals">speciality chemicals</a> for technical applications.</li> <li>Research chemicals are produced individually for research, such as when searching for synthetic routes or screening substances for pharmaceutical activity. In effect, their price per gram is very high, although they are not sold.</li></ul> <p>The cause of the difference in production volume is the complexity of the molecular structure of the chemical. Bulk chemicals are usually much less complex. While fine chemicals may be more complex, many of them are simple enough to be sold as "building blocks" in the synthesis of more complex molecules targeted for single use, as named above. The <i>production</i> of a chemical includes not only its synthesis but also its purification to eliminate by-products and impurities involved in the synthesis. The last step in production should be the analysis of batch lots of chemicals in order to identify and quantify the percentages of impurities for the buyer of the chemicals. The required purity and analysis depends on the application, but higher tolerance of impurities is usually expected in the production of bulk chemicals. Thus, the user of the chemical in the US might choose between the bulk or "technical grade" with higher amounts of impurities or a much purer "pharmaceutical grade" (labeled "USP", <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pharmacopeia" title="United States Pharmacopeia">United States Pharmacopeia</a>). "Chemicals" in the commercial and legal sense may also include mixtures of highly variable composition, as they are products made to a technical specification instead of particular chemical substances. For example, <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> is not a single chemical compound or even a particular mixture: different gasolines can have very different chemical compositions, as "gasoline" is primarily defined through source, properties and <a href="/wiki/Octane_rating" title="Octane rating">octane rating</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_and_indexing">Naming and indexing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_substance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Naming and indexing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every chemical substance has one or more <a href="/wiki/Systematic_name" title="Systematic name">systematic names</a>, usually named according to the <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC nomenclature">IUPAC rules for naming</a>. An alternative system is used by the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Abstracts_Service" title="Chemical Abstracts Service">Chemical Abstracts Service</a> (CAS). </p><p>Many compounds are also known by their more common, simpler names, many of which predate the systematic name. For example, the long-known <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> is now systematically named 6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol. <a href="/wiki/Secondary_metabolite" title="Secondary metabolite">Natural products</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceuticals</a> are also given simpler names, for example the mild pain-killer <a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">Naproxen</a> is the more common name for the chemical compound (S)-6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">Chemists</a> frequently refer to <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a> using <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formulae</a> or <a href="/wiki/Molecular_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular structure">molecular structure</a> of the compound. There has been a phenomenal growth in the number of chemical compounds being synthesized (or isolated), and then reported in the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">scientific literature</a> by professional chemists around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An enormous number of chemical compounds are possible through the chemical combination of the known chemical elements. As of Feb 2021, about "177 million organic and inorganic substances" (including 68 million defined-sequence biopolymers) are in the scientific literature and registered in public databases.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The names of many of these compounds are often nontrivial and hence not very easy to remember or cite accurately. Also, it is difficult to keep track of them in the literature. Several international organizations like <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> and CAS have initiated steps to make such tasks easier. CAS provides the abstracting services of the chemical literature, and provides a numerical identifier, known as <a href="/wiki/CAS_registry_number" class="mw-redirect" title="CAS registry number">CAS registry number</a> to each chemical substance that has been reported in the chemical literature (such as <a href="/wiki/Chemistry_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemistry journal">chemistry journals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>). This information is compiled as a <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> and is popularly known as the Chemical substances index. Other computer-friendly systems that have been developed for substance information are: <a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular input line entry specification">SMILES</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">International Chemical Identifier</a> or InChI. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Identification of a typical chemical substance </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name</th> <th><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC nomenclature">Systematic name</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">Chemical structure</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/CAS_registry_number" class="mw-redirect" title="CAS registry number">CAS registry number</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Alcohol, or<br />ethyl alcohol </td> <td>Ethanol </td> <td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg/80px-Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg/120px-Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg/160px-Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>[64-17-5] </td> <td>1/C2H6O/c1-2-3/h3H,2H2,1H3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isolation,_purification,_characterization,_and_identification"><span id="Isolation.2C_purification.2C_characterization.2C_and_identification"></span>Isolation, purification, characterization, and identification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_substance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Isolation, purification, characterization, and identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often a pure substance needs to be isolated from a <a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">mixture</a>, for example from a <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">natural source</a> (where a sample often contains numerous chemical substances) or after a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a> (which often gives mixtures of chemical substances). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_substance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">Stoichiometry</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoichiometry&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg/400px-Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg/600px-Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg/800px-Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>A stoichiometric diagram of the <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> reaction of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">Stoichiometry</a> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is the relationships among the weights of <a href="/wiki/Reactant" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactant">reactants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Product_(chemistry)" title="Product (chemistry)">products</a> before, during, and following <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reactions</a>. </p><p>Stoichiometry is founded on the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_conservation_of_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of conservation of mass">law of conservation of mass</a> where the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products, leading to the insight that the relations among quantities of reactants and products typically form a ratio of positive integers. This means that if the amounts of the separate reactants are known, then the amount of the product can be calculated. Conversely, if one reactant has a known quantity and the quantity of the products can be empirically determined, then the amount of the other reactants can also be calculated. </p><p>This is illustrated in the image here, where the balanced equation is: </p> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> + 2 O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p>Here, one <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> reacts with two molecules of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> gas to yield one molecule of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and two molecules of <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">water</a>. This particular chemical equation is an example of <a href="/wiki/Combustion#Complete" title="Combustion">complete combustion</a>. Stoichiometry measures these quantitative relationships, and is used to determine the amount of products and reactants that are produced or needed in a given reaction. Describing the quantitative relationships among substances as they participate in chemical reactions is known as <i>reaction stoichiometry</i>. In the example above, reaction stoichiometry measures the relationship between the quantities of methane and oxygen that react to form carbon dioxide and water. </p><p>Because of the well known relationship of <a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">moles</a> to <a href="/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass" title="Relative atomic mass">atomic weights</a>, the ratios that are arrived at by stoichiometry can be used to determine quantities by weight in a reaction described by a balanced equation. This is called <i>composition stoichiometry</i>. </p> <i>Gas stoichiometry</i> deals with reactions involving gases, where the gases are at a known temperature, pressure, and volume and can be assumed to be <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas" title="Ideal gas">ideal gases</a>. For gases, the volume ratio is ideally the same by the <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas_law" title="Ideal gas law">ideal gas law</a>, but the mass ratio of a single reaction has to be calculated from the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mass" title="Molecular mass">molecular masses</a> of the reactants and products. In practice, because of the existence of <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">molar masses</a> are used instead in calculating the mass ratio.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_substance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="Fire diamond">Fire diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_chemical" title="Research chemical">Research chemical</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_substance&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHale2013" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Bob (2013-09-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L7poAgAAQBAJ&q=chemical+substance+is+a+form+of+matter+having+constant+chemical+composition+and+characteristic+properties&pg=PA280"><i>Necessary Beings: An Essay on Ontology, Modality, and the Relations Between Them</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191648342" title="Special:BookSources/9780191648342"><bdi>9780191648342</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113233820/https://books.google.com/books?id=L7poAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA280&dq=chemical+substance+is+a+form+of+matter+having+constant+chemical+composition+and+characteristic+properties&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-k_LI_dXUAhUHyWMKHa8vCowQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=chemical%20substance%20is%20a%20form%20of%20matter%20having%20constant%20chemical%20composition%20and%20characteristic%20properties&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Necessary+Beings%3A+An+Essay+on+Ontology%2C+Modality%2C+and+the+Relations+Between+Them&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013-09-19&rft.isbn=9780191648342&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL7poAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dchemical%2Bsubstance%2Bis%2Ba%2Bform%2Bof%2Bmatter%2Bhaving%2Bconstant%2Bchemical%2Bcomposition%2Band%2Bcharacteristic%2Bproperties%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+substance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/C01039.html">Chemical Substance</a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.C01039">10.1351/goldbook.C01039</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_Online_(Young)/02%3A_The_Physical_and_Chemical_Properties_of_Matter/2.1%3A_Pure_Substances_and_Mixtures">"2.1: Pure Substances and Mixtures"</a>. <i>Chemistry LibreTexts</i>. 2017-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+LibreTexts&rft.atitle=2.1%3A+Pure+Substances+and+Mixtures&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FIntroductory_Chemistry%2FBook%253A_Introductory_Chemistry_Online_%28Young%29%2F02%253A_The_Physical_and_Chemical_Properties_of_Matter%2F2.1%253A_Pure_Substances_and_Mixtures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+substance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2012" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Lawrence E. 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chemistry">Analytical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_chemistry" title="Instrumental chemistry">Instrumental chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroanalytical_methods" title="Electroanalytical methods">Electroanalytical methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy">UV-Vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">NMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_ionization" title="Electron ionization">EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry" title="Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry">ICP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization" title="Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization">MALDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">HPLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization_(materials_science)" title="Characterization (materials science)">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">Titration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_chemistry" title="Wet chemistry">Wet chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_analysis" title="Elemental analysis">Elemental analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_chemistry" title="Theoretical chemistry">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">Quantum chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_chemistry" title="Mathematical chemistry">Mathematical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_modelling" title="Molecular modelling">Molecular modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_mechanics" title="Molecular mechanics">Molecular mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">Molecular dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular geometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VSEPR_theory" title="VSEPR theory">VSEPR theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectroelectrochemistry" title="Spectroelectrochemistry">Spectroelectrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoelectrochemistry" title="Photoelectrochemistry">Photoelectrochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">Chemical thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_science" title="Surface science">Surface science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_and_colloid_science" title="Interface and colloid science">Interface and colloid science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micromeritics" title="Micromeritics">Micromeritics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryochemistry" title="Cryochemistry">Cryochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonochemistry" title="Sonochemistry">Sonochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_chemistry" title="Structural chemistry">Structural chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">Chemical physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_physics" title="Molecular physics">Molecular physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtochemistry" title="Femtochemistry">Femtochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Chemical kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">Photochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_chemistry" title="Spin chemistry">Spin chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_chemistry" title="Microwave chemistry">Microwave chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry" title="Equilibrium chemistry">Equilibrium chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanochemistry" title="Mechanochemistry">Mechanochemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">Coordination chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetochemistry" title="Magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">Organolanthanide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom cluster">Cluster chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">Solid-state chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic chemistry">Ceramic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkane_stereochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkane stereochemistry">Alkane stereochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">Physical organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic reactions">Organic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrosynthetic_analysis" title="Retrosynthetic analysis">Retrosynthetic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">Enantioselective synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_synthesis" title="Total synthesis">Total synthesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">Semisynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene_chemistry" title="Fullerene chemistry">Fullerene chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_chemistry" title="Polymer chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemistry">Petrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_covalent_chemistry" title="Dynamic covalent chemistry">Dynamic covalent chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry" title="Bioorthogonal chemistry">Bioorthogonal chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganic_chemistry" title="Bioorganic chemistry">Bioorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganometallic_chemistry" title="Bioorganometallic chemistry">Bioorganometallic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Bioinorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">Radiochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_chemistry" title="Radiation chemistry">Radiation chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stellar_chemistry" title="Stellar chemistry">Stellar chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogeochemistry" title="Photogeochemistry">Photogeochemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">Ocean chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_chemistry" title="Clay chemistry">Clay chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbochemistry" title="Carbochemistry">Carbochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrate chemistry">Carbohydrate chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_physical_chemistry" title="Food physical chemistry">Food physical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_chemistry" title="Agricultural chemistry">Agricultural chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">Soil chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_chemistry" title="Amateur chemistry">Amateur chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_chemistry" title="General chemistry">General chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_chemistry" title="Clandestine chemistry">Clandestine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Forensic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Forensic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanochemistry" title="Nanochemistry">Nanochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supramolecular_chemistry" title="Supramolecular chemistry">Supramolecular chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Chemical synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_chemistry" title="Click chemistry">Click chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_chemistry" title="Combinatorial chemistry">Combinatorial chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">Stoichiometry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_science" title="Polymer science">Polymer science</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">of element discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chemical substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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