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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelf%C3%A4ule" title="Edelfäule – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Edelfäule" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9F_%C3%A7%C3%BCr%C3%BCm%C9%99" title="Ağ çürümə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ağ çürümə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Шэрая гніль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шэрая гніль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podridura_noble" title="Podridura noble – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Podridura noble" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botrytick%C3%A9_v%C3%ADno" title="Botrytické víno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Botrytické víno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelf%C3%A4ule" title="Edelfäule – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edelfäule" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahkhallitus" title="Hahkhallitus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hahkhallitus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podredumbre_noble" title="Podredumbre noble – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Podredumbre noble" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pourriture_noble" title="Pourriture noble – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pourriture noble" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%80%EB%B6%80%EB%B3%91" title="귀부병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="귀부병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C" title="ריקבון אציל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריקבון אציל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="ნაცრისფერი სიდამპლე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნაცრისფერი სიდამპლე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asz%C3%BAsod%C3%A1s" title="Aszúsodás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aszúsodás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edele_rotting" title="Edele rotting – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edele rotting" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E8%85%90" title="貴腐 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="貴腐" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szara_ple%C5%9B%C5%84" title="Szara pleśń – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szara pleśń" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podrid%C3%A3o_nobre" title="Podridão nobre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Podridão nobre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Серая гниль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Серая гниль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siva_trule%C5%BE_gro%C5%BE%C4%91a" title="Siva trulež grožđa – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Siva trulež grožđa" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84delr%C3%B6ta" title="Ädelröta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ädelröta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asil_%C3%A7%C3%BCr%C3%BCme" title="Asil çürüme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Asil çürüme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the fungus. For the heavy metal music album, see <a href="/wiki/The_Noble_Rot" title="The Noble Rot">The Noble Rot</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Noble_rot" title="Special:EditPage/Noble rot">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Noble+rot%22">"Noble rot"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Noble+rot%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Noble+rot%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Noble+rot%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Noble+rot%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Noble+rot%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Botrytis_riesling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Botrytis_riesling.jpg/220px-Botrytis_riesling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Botrytis_riesling.jpg/330px-Botrytis_riesling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Botrytis_riesling.jpg/440px-Botrytis_riesling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Noble rot on <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a> grapes (Rheingau, Germany, 2005)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Noble rot</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">pourriture noble</i>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Edelfäule</i>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Muffa nobile</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Aszúsodás</i>) is the beneficial form of a grey <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis cinerea</a></i>, affecting <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OxfordAcademic_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordAcademic-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infestation by <i>Botrytis</i> requires warm and humid conditions, typically around 20 degrees Celsius and above 80% humidity.<sup id="cite_ref-sevenfiftydaily_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sevenfiftydaily-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the weather stays wet, the undesirable form, "bunch rot" or "grey rot", adversely affects winemaking by disrupting fermentation and changing the taste, aroma, and appearance of the final wine<sup id="cite_ref-OxfordAcademic_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordAcademic-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sevenfiftydaily_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sevenfiftydaily-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ScienceDirect_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceDirect-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grapes typically become infected with <i>Botrytis</i> when they are ripe. If they are then exposed to drier conditions and become partially <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisined</a>, this form of infection is known as noble rot. Grapes picked at a certain point during infestation can produce particularly fine and concentrated sweet wine. Wines produced by this method are known as <b>botrytized wines</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are considered a distinct category of <a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">dessert wines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ScienceDirect_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceDirect-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary distinction between botrytized wines and other naturally sweet, non-fortified sweet wines, such as late-harvest wines, <a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">ice wines</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">straw / raisin</a> wines, lies in the range and richness of aroma compounds generated by the Botrytis cinerea fungal infection of the grapes.<sup id="cite_ref-ScienceDirect_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceDirect-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant differences are also evident in other components, like sugar alcohol and acid composition, due to microbial activity.<sup id="cite_ref-ScienceDirect_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceDirect-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Descriptors</a> frequently used for these wines highlight flavours of peach, apricot, pear, quince, raisin, and honey, along with unique "botrytis" or roti characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-ScienceDirect_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceDirect-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vinoble_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vinoble-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a notable feature of botrytized wines is their high acid content, which prevents them from tasting cloying, even with sugar levels often exceeding 200 g/l<sup id="cite_ref-ScienceDirect_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceDirect-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_on_grapes">Effect on grapes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_rot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Effect on grapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Botrytis cinerea infects grapes, it initiates several physiological changes that are crucial for the development of noble rot wines. The fungus penetrates the grape skins while feeding on the grapes, causing microscopic wounds that lead to the evaporation of water from the berries.<sup id="cite_ref-vinoble_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vinoble-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dehydration process concentrates the remaining sugars, acids, and flavour compounds within the grapes, resulting in a higher density of these essential components. The weight of the grapes can decrease by up to 60%, leaving behind a shrivelled, sugar-rich berry.<sup id="cite_ref-sevenfiftydaily_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sevenfiftydaily-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The infection also significantly alters the chemical composition of the grapes with the concentration of sugars in the grape increasing dramatically. This high sugar content is essential for the production of the sweet wines associated with noble rot.<sup id="cite_ref-sevenfiftydaily_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sevenfiftydaily-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fungus primarily consumes tartaric acid, which is more prevalent than malic or citric acid in healthy grapes, with remaining tartaric acid transformed into gluconic acid and glycerol.<sup id="cite_ref-vinoble_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vinoble-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the infection process, the ratio of tartaric to malic acid changes, as observed in Furmint grapes used for Tokaji Aszú, where the ratio shifts from 2:1 in healthy berries to 1:3 in botrytised berries. The increased levels of citric acid and the formation of higher levels of sugar alcohols (such as glycerol, arabitol, mannitol, sorbitol, and inositol) by the fungus contribute to the complexity and mouthfeel of botrytized wines.<sup id="cite_ref-OxfordAcademic_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordAcademic-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sevenfiftydaily_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sevenfiftydaily-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grapes metabolic stress response also leads to the production and concentration of various aromatic compounds. The berries concentrate precursors for citrus aromas like lemon and grapefruit, and also generate compounds for stone fruit aromas such as apricot and peach in a direct metabolic response to the fungal attack. Some of these aromatic characteristics, including the distinct honey aroma, are directly attributable to the botrytis fungus itself.<sup id="cite_ref-OxfordAcademic_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordAcademic-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sevenfiftydaily_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sevenfiftydaily-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stress response of grapes to botrytis infection is similar to their response to drought. The breakdown of grape skin cells by the fungus facilitates water evaporation, intensifying the dehydration process. This stress response allows the grapes to adapt metabolically, slowing down the infection rate compared to grey rot, which spreads too quickly for the plant to respond effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-sevenfiftydaily_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sevenfiftydaily-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_rot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Hungarian legend, the first <a href="/wiki/Tokaji" title="Tokaji">aszú</a> (a wine using botrytised grapes) was made by Laczkó Máté Szepsi in 1630. However, mention of wine made from botrytised grapes appears before this in the <i>Nomenklatura</i> of Fabricius Balázs Sziksai, which was completed in 1576. A recently discovered inventory of aszú predates this reference by five years. When vineyard classification began in 1730 in the <a href="/wiki/Tokaj-Hegyalja" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokaj-Hegyalja">Tokaj</a> region, one of the gradings given to the various <i><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroirs</a></i> centered on their potential to develop <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>. </p><p>There is a popular story that the practice originated independently in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in 1775, where the <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a> producers at <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Johannisberg" title="Schloss Johannisberg">Schloss Johannisberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geisenheim" title="Geisenheim">Geisenheim</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Rheingau" title="Rheingau">Rheingau</a> region) traditionally awaited the say-so of the estate owner, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Bibra" title="Heinrich von Bibra">Heinrich von Bibra</a>, Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Fulda" title="Fulda">Fulda</a>, before cutting their grapes. In this year (so the legend goes), the abbey messenger was robbed en route to delivering the order to harvest and the cutting was delayed for three weeks, time enough for the <i>botrytis</i> to take hold. The grapes were presumed worthless and given to local peasants,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who produced a surprisingly good, sweet wine which subsequently became known as <i><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tlese" title="Spätlese">Spätlese</a></i>, or <a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">late harvest wine</a>. In the following few years, several different classes of increasing <a href="/wiki/Must_weight" title="Must weight">must weight</a> were introduced, and the original <i>Spätlese</i> was further elaborated, first into <a href="/wiki/Auslese" title="Auslese">Auslese</a> in 1787<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later <a href="/wiki/Eiswein" class="mw-redirect" title="Eiswein">Eiswein</a> in 1858 (although Eiswein is usually made from grapes not affected by <i>Botrytis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viticulture_and_uses">Viticulture and uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_rot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Viticulture and uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SemillonBotrytisCinerea.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SemillonBotrytisCinerea.JPG/220px-SemillonBotrytisCinerea.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SemillonBotrytisCinerea.JPG/330px-SemillonBotrytisCinerea.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SemillonBotrytisCinerea.JPG/440px-SemillonBotrytisCinerea.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><i>Botrytis cinerea</i> on Semillon grapes in Sauternes</figcaption></figure> <p>In some cases, inoculation occurs when <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> of the fungus are sprayed over the grapes, while some vineyards depend on natural inoculation from spores present in the environment. </p><p>The fungus perforates the grapes' skin, allowing water in the grape to evaporate during dry conditions, and thereby raising the sugar concentration in the remaining juice. </p><p>Some of the finest botrytized wines are picked berry by berry in successive <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tris</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> for "selections"). </p><p>Internationally renowned botrytized wines include the <a href="/wiki/Asz%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Aszú">aszú</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tokaj-Hegyalja" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokaj-Hegyalja">Tokaj-Hegyalja</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (commonly called Tokaji or Tokay),<sup id="cite_ref-vinoble_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vinoble-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)" title="Sauternes (wine)">Sauternes</a> from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><sup id="cite_ref-vinoble_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vinoble-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – where the process is known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pourriture</i></span> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pourriture noble</i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Beerenauslese" title="Beerenauslese">Beerenauslese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trockenbeerenauslese" title="Trockenbeerenauslese">Trockenbeerenauslese</a> wines from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vinoble_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vinoble-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other wines of this type include the <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Gras%C4%83_de_Cotnari" title="Grasă de Cotnari">Grasă de Cotnari</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Coteaux_du_Layon" title="Coteaux du Layon">Coteaux du Layon</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Monbazillac_AOC" title="Monbazillac AOC">Monbazillac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ausbruch" title="Ausbruch">Ausbruch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-vinoble_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vinoble-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South African Noble Late Harvest (NLH) and Croatian Wine maker Vinarija Mihalj from Kutjevo (producing Mačevo brdo-Graševina). Depending on conditions, the grapes may be only minimally botrytized. Botrytized wines are also produced by <a href="/wiki/California_wine" title="California wine"> Californian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine"> Australian</a> winemakers.<sup id="cite_ref-vinoble_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vinoble-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_rot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OxfordAcademic-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordAcademic_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordAcademic_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordAcademic_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordAcademic_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlanco-UlateAmrineCollins2015" class="citation journal cs1">Blanco-Ulate, B.; Amrine, K.; Collins, T. (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4677888">"Developmental and Metabolic Plasticity of White-Skinned Grape Berries in Response to <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> during Noble Rot"</a>. <i>Plant Physiology</i>. <b>169</b> (4): 2422–2443. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985QuRes..23...87O">1985QuRes..23...87O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.15.00852">10.1104/pp.15.00852</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F10951">11336/10951</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4677888">4677888</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26450706">26450706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&rft.atitle=Developmental+and+Metabolic+Plasticity+of+White-Skinned+Grape+Berries+in+Response+to+Botrytis+cinerea+during+Noble+Rot&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2422-2443&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4677888%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985QuRes..23...87O&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26450706&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.15.00852&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F10951&rft.aulast=Blanco-Ulate&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Amrine%2C+K.&rft.au=Collins%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4677888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoble+rot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sevenfiftydaily-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sevenfiftydaily_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sevenfiftydaily_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sevenfiftydaily_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sevenfiftydaily_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sevenfiftydaily_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sevenfiftydaily_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sevenfiftydaily_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2023" class="citation web cs1">Clarke, Jim (4 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.sevenfifty.com/the-science-behind-noble-rot-wines/">"The Science Behind Noble Rot Wines"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Science+Behind+Noble+Rot+Wines&rft.pub=SevenFiftyDaily&rft.date=2023-09-04&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.sevenfifty.com%2Fthe-science-behind-noble-rot-wines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoble+rot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScienceDirect-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ScienceDirect_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScienceDirect_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScienceDirect_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScienceDirect_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScienceDirect_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScienceDirect_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagyar2011" class="citation journal cs1">Magyar, I. 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"Chapter 6 - Botrytized Wines". <i>Advances in Food and Nutrition Research</i>. <b>63</b>: 147–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-384927-4.00006-3">10.1016/B978-0-12-384927-4.00006-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-384927-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-384927-4"><bdi>978-0-12-384927-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21867895">21867895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Food+and+Nutrition+Research&rft.atitle=Chapter+6+-+Botrytized+Wines&rft.volume=63&rft.pages=147-206&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21867895&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-384927-4.00006-3&rft.isbn=978-0-12-384927-4&rft.aulast=Magyar&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoble+rot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabensky1997" class="citation book cs1">Labensky, Steven (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780134757322/page/48"><i>Webster's new world dictionary of culinary arts</i></a>. Prentice-Hall. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780134757322/page/48">28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780134757322" title="Special:BookSources/9780134757322"><bdi>9780134757322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+new+world+dictionary+of+culinary+arts&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780134757322&rft.aulast=Labensky&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780134757322%2Fpage%2F48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoble+rot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vinoble-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vinoble_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vinoble_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vinoble_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vinoble_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vinoble_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vinoble_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vinoble_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vinoble_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vinoble.org/en/blog/botrytis-cinerea-noble-rot">"Botrytis Cinerea: The Noble Rot"</a>. vinoble.org. 4 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Schloss+Johannisberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schloss-johannisberg.de%2Fen%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoble+rot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_rot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/noble_rot" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/noble rot">noble rot</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Noble_rot" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Noble rot">Noble rot</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r302100111.html">University of California Pest Management Guidelines for Grape Botrytis Bunch Rot</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/HYG_3025_08.pdf">The Ohio State University Botrytis Bunch Rot Fact Sheet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urgi.versailles.inra.fr/index.php/urgi/Species/Botrytis">Botrytis Genome Sequencing Project, INRA, France</a></li></ul> <div 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampelography" title="Ampelography">Ampelography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">Grape varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_grape" title="Hybrid grape">Hybrid grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Grape_Genome_Program" title="International Grape Genome Program">International Grape Genome Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripening</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">Rootstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Vitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br /> variation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_categories_in_viticulture" title="Climate categories in viticulture">Climate categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal temperature variation">Diurnal temperature variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">Drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">Microclimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_climate_levels_in_viticulture" title="Regional climate levels in viticulture">Regional climate levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" title="List of vineyard soil types">Soil types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspect_(geography)" title="Aspect (geography)">aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">slope</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> planting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Grapevine planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propagation_of_grapevines" title="Propagation of grapevines">Propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_viticulture" title="Precision viticulture">Row orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trellis_(architecture)" title="Trellis (architecture)">Trellis design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_training" title="Vine training">Vine training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">Yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopy_(grape)" title="Canopy (grape)">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clos_(vineyard)" title="Clos (vineyard)">Clos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulure" title="Coulure">Coulure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">Frost damage prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture#Green_harvest" title="Viticulture">Green harvest (<i>Vendange verte</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">Integrated pest management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_viticulture" title="Irrigation in viticulture">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klopotec" title="Klopotec">Klopotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerandage" title="Millerandage">Millerandage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brix" title="Brix">Brix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pests and<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_diseases" title="List of grape diseases">diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_rot_(grape_disease)" title="Black rot (grape disease)">Black rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis bunch rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasiodiplodia_theobromae" title="Lasiodiplodia theobromae">Bot canker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_arm_of_grapevine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead arm of grapevine">Dead arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">Downy mildew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_yellows" title="Grapevine yellows">Grapevine yellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_pest_nematode_species" title="List of agricultural pest nematode species">Nematodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">Phylloxera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylella_fastidiosa" title="Xylella fastidiosa">Pierce's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">Powdery mildew</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncinula_necator" title="Uncinula necator">Uncinula necator</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetranychus_urticae" title="Tetranychus urticae">Red spider mite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupoecilia_ambiguella" title="Eupoecilia ambiguella">Vine moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches<br /> and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">Adaptive management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_wine_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on wine production">Effects of climate change on wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary of wine terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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