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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>First Presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Second Presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexican–American_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexican–American_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mexican–American War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mexican–American_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mexican–American War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mexican–American_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Third_Presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Third Presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Chapultepec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Chapultepec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Battle of Chapultepec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Chapultepec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88" title="نيكولاس برافو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيكولاس برافو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nicolás Bravo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nicolás Bravo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nicolás Bravo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nicolás Bravo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nicolás Bravo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nicolás Bravo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nicolás Bravo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%B3%B4" title="니콜라스 브라보 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니콜라스 브라보" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nicolás Bravo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nicolás Bravo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Bravo" title="Nicolaus Bravo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nicolaus Bravo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nicolás Bravo" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88" title="نيكولاس برافو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيكولاس برافو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Николас Браво – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Николас Браво" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nicolás Bravo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9C" title="ニコラス・ブラボ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニコラス・ブラボ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nicolás Bravo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nicolás Bravo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nicolás Bravo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nicolás Bravo" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B0,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Браво Руэда, Николас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Браво Руэда, Николас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nicolás Bravo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nicolás Bravo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nicolás Bravo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nicolás Bravo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Nicolás Bravo" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">11th President of Mexico</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the town and municipality in Puebla, see <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo_(municipality)" title="Nicolás Bravo (municipality)">Nicolás Bravo (municipality)</a>. For the bus station, see <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo_(Mexico_City_Metrob%C3%BAs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolás Bravo (Mexico City Metrobús)">Nicolás Bravo (Mexico City Metrobús)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>inconsistent birth place.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Special:EditPage/Nicolás Bravo">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Bravo</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Rueda</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Nicolás Bravo</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo_(Joaqu%C3%ADn_Ram%C3%ADrez).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo_%28Joaqu%C3%ADn_Ram%C3%ADrez%29.jpg/220px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo_%28Joaqu%C3%ADn_Ram%C3%ADrez%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo_%28Joaqu%C3%ADn_Ram%C3%ADrez%29.jpg/330px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo_%28Joaqu%C3%ADn_Ram%C3%ADrez%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo_%28Joaqu%C3%ADn_Ram%C3%ADrez%29.jpg/440px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo_%28Joaqu%C3%ADn_Ram%C3%ADrez%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1773" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">11th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a></th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 – 19 July 1839</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante" title="Anastasio Bustamante">Anastasio Bustamante</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 October 1842 – 14 May 1843</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 July – 4 August 1846</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Vice President</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Paredes_(President_of_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Paredes (President of Mexico)">Mariano Paredes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mariano_Salas" title="José Mariano Salas">José Mariano Salas</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mexico" title="List of heads of state of Mexico">Vocal of the <br />Regence of the Mexican Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 April – 18 May 1822</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vice Presidents of Mexico">Vice President of United Mexican States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 October 1824 – 23 December 1827</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria" title="Guadalupe Victoria">Guadalupe Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante" title="Anastasio Bustamante">Anastasio Bustamante</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Mexico">Vice President of Mexican Republic</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 June – 6 August 1846</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Paredes_(President_of_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Paredes (President of Mexico)">Mariano Paredes</a><br />Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna">Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Valentín Gómez Farías</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1786-09-10</span>)</span>10 September 1786<br /><a href="/wiki/Chichihualco" title="Chichihualco">Chichihualco</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 April 1854<span style="display:none">(1854-04-22)</span> (aged 67)<br /><a href="/wiki/Chilpancingo" title="Chilpancingo">Chilpancingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico">Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data">Centralist</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nicolás Bravo Rueda</b> (10 September 1786 – 22 April 1854) was a <a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexican</a> <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a> who served as interim President of Mexico three times, in 1839, 1842, and 1846. Previously, he fought in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a>, and served as Mexico's first <a href="/wiki/Vice_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President">Vice President</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria" title="Guadalupe Victoria">Guadalupe Victoria</a> from 1824 until 1827, when he attempted to overthrow Victoria. He was also the fourth vice president under President <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Paredes_(President_of_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Paredes (President of Mexico)">Mariano Paredes</a> in 1846, and served in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. </p><p>He first distinguished himself during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a>. He was Mexico's first Vice President though while holding this office Bravo would try to overthrow President <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria" title="Guadalupe Victoria">Guadalupe Victoria</a> through the Plan of Montaño in 1827. His revolt failed and in part due to the services Bravo had provided the nation during the War of Independence, he was allowed to live, but nonetheless exiled. </p><p>Bravo would return to the country and later go on to serve as interim president of Mexico three separate times in 1839, 1842, and 1846. During his second presidency he oversaw the transition of the <a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Centralist Republic of Mexico</a> to a new constitution known as the <a href="/wiki/Bases_Org%C3%A1nicas" title="Bases Orgánicas">Bases Orgánicas</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> he commanded the Mexican forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec" title="Battle of Chapultepec">Battle of Chapultepec</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bravo was born on 10 September 1786, in <a href="/wiki/Chilpancingo" title="Chilpancingo">Chilpancingo</a>, to a wealthy family. His parents were <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bravo_(general_officer)" title="Leonardo Bravo (general officer)">Leonardo Bravo</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrudis_Rueda_de_Bravo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gertrudis Rueda de Bravo (page does not exist)">Gertrudis Rueda de Bravo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrudis_Rueda_de_Bravo" class="extiw" title="es:Gertrudis Rueda de Bravo">es</a>]</span>. After the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a> broke out in September, 1810, he along with his father, and a brother joined the insurgents. He served directly under his father at first and after two years was able to be in charge of a body of troops that passed to the province of <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> and took control of <a href="/wiki/Coscomatepec_de_Bravo" class="mw-redirect" title="Coscomatepec de Bravo">Coscomatepec</a>. After a victory at Palma, he had to experience the defeat, imprisonment, and death of his father. Bravo later gained a reputation for clemency after releasing three hundred royalist prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873220_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873220-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bravo was captured in 1817 in the south of the country and transported to the capital where he remained imprisoned for three years, until he was amnestied by the liberal Spanish government of 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873220_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873220-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He joined <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustín de Iturbide</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Iguala" title="Plan of Iguala">Plan of Iguala</a> in 1821, and Iturbide named him colonel. The Constituent Congress made him a named him to the council of state and a member of the regency, which governed until Iturbide took over as Emperor of the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873223_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873223-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Mexican_Empire">First Mexican Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First Mexican Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Iturbide became more autocratic, and Santa Anna proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Veracruz_(1822)" title="Plan of Veracruz (1822)">Plan of Veracruz</a>, against him in 1823, Bravo once again decided to fight against the government. He left Mexico City on 5 January 1823, being joined by <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a>, and they planned to raise a revolution in the south of the country, carrying with them a copy of the Plan of Vera Cruz which had been sent to them by Santa Anna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1879792_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1879792-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received money for his campaign from María Petra Teruel de Velasco, wife of Antonio Velasco a passionate supporter of the movement, and who had to pawn some jewels in order to gather all the required funds. Iturbide was alerted of Bravo and Guerrero's whereabouts through the mayor of <a href="/wiki/San_Mateo_Mexicaltzingo" title="San Mateo Mexicaltzingo">Mexicaltzingo</a>, and promptly set a lieutenant colonel after them, but Bravo was able to evade capture by simply bribing him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873223_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873223-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gabriel_de_Armijo" title="José Gabriel de Armijo">José Gabriel de Armijo</a>, commander of the South, however now went after them and a skirmish ensued in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Almolonga" title="Almolonga">Almolonga</a>, where they were then defeated. Guerrero was shot through the lungs and his men fled the scene in panic, in spite of Bravo's efforts to stop them, believing Guerrero to be dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1879792_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1879792-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bravo fled to the Santa Rosa ranch, and from here he sought to reorganize at the Mixteca region where he intended to join up at Huajuapam with Antonio Leon. He fortified himself at a place called the Junta de los Rios. From there he headed towards <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>. Bravo was in the process of arranging a governing junta when he learned of the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Casa_Mata" title="Plan of Casa Mata">Plan of Casa Mata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1879796_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1879796-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the troops that he was able to gather at Oaxaca, he headed out and entered the capital with the rest of the insurgent army. Emperor Iturbide restored congress and offered his abdication. When congress decreed that Iturbide be moved to <a href="/wiki/Tulancingo" title="Tulancingo">Tulancingo</a>, the former emperor chose that Bravo escort him and his family, although it later seemed Iturbide lost his trust in Bravo as he asked his guards to keep a watch over him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873223_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873223-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Republic">First Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Iturbide was deposed, Bravo was made a member of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Mexico" title="Provisional Government of Mexico">Supreme Executive Power</a>, the triumvirate now serving as the executive. During this period he continued to pacify the country and carried out a victorious campaign in Jalisco against the Iturbidist General <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Quintanar" title="Luis de Quintanar">Luis de Quintanar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873223_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873223-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vice-Presidency">Vice-Presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vice-Presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the newly established <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">First Mexican Republic</a>, Bravo allied himself with the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Mexico)" title="Conservative Party (Mexico)">Centralist party</a>, preferring a strong unitary government for the country, and to which were also allied various conservative interests ranging from the remaining Spaniards in the country, to the upper classes, to the clergy. Politics in Mexico at this time was associated with Masonic lodges, and the conservatives met within lodges of the Scottish Rite, consequently being known as the <i>Escoceses</i> and in which Bravo acquired a position of leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873223_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873223-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Escoceses were opposed by the federalists, who preferred the country to be governed by a federal system, and with which were associated various liberal causes. They too met within Masonic lodges but were rather followers of the York Rite, and so were known as <i>Yorkinos</i>. Mexico's constitution, following the American, decreed that in a presidential election the winner becomes president while second place became vice president. In the elections of 1824, Bravo was elected to be the nation's first vice-president and the Independence War hero, <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria" title="Guadalupe Victoria">Guadalupe Victoria</a> was elected president, but the two men belonged to opposite parties, with the latter being a <i>Yorkino</i> and the former being an <i>Escoses</i>. </p><p>On 23 December 1827, the Escoceses, led by Vice President Bravo, proclaimed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_de_Monta%C3%B1o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plan de Montaño (page does not exist)">Plan de Montaño</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_de_Monta%C3%B1o" class="extiw" title="es:Plan de Montaño">es</a>]</span>, demanding the expulsion of the American ambassador <a href="/wiki/Joel_Poinsett" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel Poinsett">Joel Poinsett</a>, the end to secret societies, and the dismissal of the current cabinet, the latter measure due to the belief that the Yorkino dominated government was about to take decisive measures to suppress the Escoceses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft188138_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft188138-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The insurrection was short-lived and Bravo was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Tulancingo" title="Tulancingo">Tulancingo</a> by his former ally <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bravo was tried before a grand jury, and the case went to the Supreme Court. Although the law prescribed a severe punishment for his treason, his services during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a> won him sympathy from his old colleagues who asked for clemency, and even President <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria" title="Guadalupe Victoria">Guadalupe Victoria</a> preferred leniency, so the court simply condemned him to banishment for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_military_career">Further military career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He departed from Acapulco to South America and on the journey he lost his only child. His banishment was shortened due to an amnesty granted by President Vicente Guerrero, and Bravo returned to Mexico in 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He continued to be a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Mexico)" title="Conservative Party (Mexico)">Conservative Party</a> and when and joined the Plan of Jalapa against President Guerrero that same year. After personally going out to lead his troops against the insurrection, President Guerrero was deposed at the capital in January 1830 and replaced by the conservative Anastasio Bustamante. Guerrero however remained at large and continued to wage warfare against the government in the south of the country when Bravo occupied the port and fortress of Acapulco, to remove an important source of wealth from Guerrero and his supporters, but Bravo was dislodged from the city. Bravo however was later victorious at Chilpancingo in January 1831, for which congress granted him a sword of honor, considering that the victory was a decisive defeat against the ongoing operations of Guerrero.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anastasio Bustamante's conservative government fell during through an insurrection known as the Plan of Veracruz in 1832, but Bravo was reluctant to recognize the rebels, but Santa Anna, who had played a key role in the Plan of Veracruz, eventually won him over.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico">Centralist Republic of Mexico</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Centralist Republic of Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1834, the nation would experience a revolution that would eventually result in a new constitution, and the inauguration of the Centralist Republic of Mexico. In 1836, shortly after Mexico lost Texas, Bravo was in charge of the army of the north, but he retired, disgusted by the events, to Chilpancingo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Presidency">First Presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First Presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anastasio Bustamante had meanwhile returned to the presidency and in 1839, Bravo was invited to be a part of his council of state, resulting that when Bustamante temporarily stepped down from the presidency to lead the troops against the rebellion of Jose Urrea, Bravo on 10 July 1839, was named by congress the interim president of the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was much dissatisfaction with the state of the country at this time, and a great public clamor for constitutional reform, which included many generals and commanders. President Bravo wished for such concerns to be addressed through legal channels, and he directed his council of state to urge the Supreme Moderating Power, a governing council that according to the constitution was above even the president, to declare that it was the will of the nation to reform the constitution, at the direction of the national representatives, without waiting for a more suitable time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This first presidency would ultimately last only nine days and yet Bravo treated his duties with energy and dedication. When the criminal Yanez, condemned to death by hanging for highway robbery, slit his own throat to avoid the hangman, friends of the family pleaded that the body not be displayed in public, but Bravo decreed that the body be displayed on the gallows anyway to serve as a warning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Presidency">Second Presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second Presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bravo would next become president in 1842 during which the Centralist Republic of Mexico experienced a constitutional change. In response to multiple national crises, on 8 August 1841, Mariano Paredes had proclaimed against the government of Anastasio Bustamante, and when his insurgent troops reached the city of <a href="/wiki/Tacubaya" title="Tacubaya">Tacubaya</a> they were joined by Santa Anna. After failing to put down the insurgency, Bustamante officially surrendered power through the Estanzuela Accords on 6 October 1841. A military junta was formed which wrote the Bases of Tacubaya, a plan which swept away the entire structure of government, except the judiciary, and also called for elections for a new constituent congress meant to write a new constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873287_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873287-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subsequent congress which was installed on 10 June 1842, was strongly federalist, against the wishes of the organizers of the Bases of Tacubaya who were strongly centralist. Santa Anna began to scheme to dissolve the congress, and left Bravo in charge of the presidency on 26 October 1842. Bravo was not in accord with Santa Anna's schemes for while he too was a centralist, he did not wish to overturn the results of the election which had led to the strongly federal congress. Tornel the minister of war was the real power at the capital at this time, being the favorite of Santa Anna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1881254_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1881254-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Bravo assured a commission sent by congress, that he would accept the new constitution, and congress continued working on its draft, when its work was interrupted by a pronunciamiento in the obscure town of Huejotzingo, calling for the dissolution of congress, and demanding the installation of a council of notables to work on the new constitution. Minister Tornel was among the conspirators promoting the revolution. In spite of his earlier reluctance to go against congress and reassurance towards them, at the decisive hour, Bravo sided with the insurrectionists and on 19 December, he signed a decree signed by Bocanegra, Velez, Gorostiza, and Tornel dissolving congress and decreeing that they be replaced by a Junta of Notables.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873250_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873250-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early dawn hours of that day there had been skirmishes in the Ciudadela and throughout the morning the Celaya Battalion had remained stationed in the corridor contiguous to the hall where congress met in order to prevent the deputies from entering. Most of them met at the home of the president of the congress Francisco Elorriaga and they directed a memo to President Bravo, asking him if they could continue their sessions, and the reply explained that "every garrison has pronounced against congress except myself and the commandant general of Mexico State." Most deputies then agreed to publish a manifesto explaining that the executive which had long been interfering with their labors had now used armed forces to dissolve the congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873250_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873250-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Bravo himself was against the dissolution of congress made it so that the Junta of Notables would be composed of individuals known for their knowledge and patriotism. The Junta was to last six months, during which the Bases of Tacubaya would reign as a provisional constitution. The council of government would continue to function. Another decree on 23 December declared that the Junta of Notables would call itself the national legislature, and the eighty individuals who were to make it up were finally named.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873250_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873250-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Junta opened its sessions on 6 January 1843, and General Valencia and Quintana Roo were elected president and vice president of the congress respectively. The Departmental Juntas which had not supporter the Bases of Tacubaya were dissolved. During this time President Bravo established the medical-military Health Corp, and also established a mint in Culicacan. He also recruited four hundred forty men into the military and declared that official stationery must only use paper manufactured in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873251_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873251-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bravo and Santa Anna became suspicious of Mariano Paredes who had played such a key role in establishing the Bases of Tacubaya, but who now began to express dissatisfaction with the government. He was invited to join the Junta and then made commandant general of Mexico State, and later arrested for speaking against the government, but eventually acquitted. Bravo would eventually resign on 5 May, after growing tired of playing the role of Santa Anna's puppet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873251_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873251-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mexican–American_War"><span id="Mexican.E2.80.93American_War"></span>Mexican–American War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mexican–American War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bravo retired temporarily from politics until the end of 1844, when he was called by the government to help suppress an uprising that had flared up in Chilapa. The insurrection was being carried out by individuals who had published no political manifesto, and were simply looting properties. Meanwhile, a revolution had begun against the government of Santa Anna and Valentin Canalizo, and eventually Jose Joaquin Herrera ascended to the presidency on 6 December 1844. Bravo was named head of the national armies, and went after the deposed Santa Anna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873251_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873251-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bravo joined in the revolution, when the conservative Mariano Paredes overthrew the government of Herrera in late 1845, claiming that the president was committing treason by attempting to recognize the independence of Texas. Paredes was elected president by a junta on 3 January, and Bravo was elected vice-president. Bravo was awarded by making him commandant general and governor of the department of Mexico, when the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> had already begun in April 1846. He was named general and chief of the forces destined for the departments of Puebla, Oaxaca, Veracruz, and Tabasco, and he published a proclamation calling for the unity of all parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873252_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873252-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amidst increasing opposition to his policies, and the conduct of the war which had been so far a grievous set of defeats for Mexico, Mariano Paredes stepped down and passed the presidency over to Bravo on 28 July 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1881299_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1881299-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Presidency">Third Presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Third Presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bravo was summoned to the capital from the department of Veracruz where he was in the middle of fortifying the city against a potential assault, and replaced with General Mosso. Four days after he assumed the presidency, on 3 August, the garrison of Vera Cruz and San Juan de Ulua revolted, proclaiming the plan of Guadalajara, and early on the morning of 4 August, General Salas with more than a thousand troops revolted in the capital. The former president Paredes fled the city on that same night, intending to go off to the front to lead some troops he had dispatched, but he was arrested and sent back by General Avalos. At a conference held by the belligerents, including Vizcaino Lemus, and Jose Ramon Pacheco, Martin Carrera, Jose Urrea, and Ramon Moralies,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873300_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873300-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 6 August it was agreed that Bravo should step down. Power would pass over to General Salas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1881299–300_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1881299–300-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Chapultepec">Battle of Chapultepec</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Battle of Chapultepec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bravo continued to participate in the war effort, and was named commandant general of the Department of Puebla, but he retreated from that city when orders arrived to fall back on the capital. He took part in the efforts to defend the capital and he was assigned to the southern boundary of the city, which had previously belonged to General Andrade. After the defeats of Molino del Rey and Casa Mata he was placed in charge of defending the Chapultepec with two thousand troops, with Monterde, director of the fortifications there, as his second-in-command. The place began to be bombarded on 12 September, and an assault followed the next day, which ultimately ended in a Mexican defeat, and Bravo was taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873300–301_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873300–301-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Battle of Chapultepec, Bravo had asked for reinforcements and only the Battalion of San Blas commanded by Xicotencatl could help. Bravo's reputation suffered in the aftermath of the loss, for in the official report by Santa Anna he assured that Bravo had been taken prisoner after hiding in a waterlogged trench, submerged up to the neck, after which he was recognized by his white hair. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873301_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873301-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war Bravo attempted to defend his reputation. He retired to Chilpancingo where he lived in obscurity until he died in April 1854. He had coincidentally died on the same day as his wife, leading to rumors that both had been murdered. The fact that Santa Anna at the time was in the vicinity fighting the insurrection that had flared up due to the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Ayutla" title="Plan of Ayutla">Plan of Ayutla</a>, also gave rise to rumors that he may have been involved in their deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873301_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873301-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mexico" title="List of heads of state of Mexico">List of heads of state of Mexico</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873220-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873220_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873220_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873">Rivera Cambas 1873</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873223-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873223_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873223_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873223_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873223_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873223_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873">Rivera Cambas 1873</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1879792-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1879792_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1879792_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1879">Bancroft 1879</a>, p. 792.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1879796-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1879796_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1879">Bancroft 1879</a>, p. 796.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft188138-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft188138_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1881">Bancroft 1881</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873224_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873">Rivera Cambas 1873</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873287-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873287_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873">Rivera Cambas 1873</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1881254-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1881254_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1881">Bancroft 1881</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873250-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873250_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873250_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873250_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873">Rivera Cambas 1873</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873251-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873251_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873251_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873251_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873">Rivera Cambas 1873</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873252-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873252_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873">Rivera Cambas 1873</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1881299-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1881299_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1881">Bancroft 1881</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873300-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873300_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873">Rivera Cambas 1873</a>, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1881299–300-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1881299–300_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1881">Bancroft 1881</a>, pp. 299–300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873300–301-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873300–301_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873">Rivera Cambas 1873</a>, pp. 300–301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873301-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873301_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivera_Cambas1873301_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873">Rivera Cambas 1873</a>, p. 301.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBancroft1879" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Howe_Bancroft" title="Hubert Howe Bancroft">Bancroft, Hubert Howe</a> (1879). <i>History of Mexico volume IV: 1808-1824</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mexico+volume+IV%3A+1808-1824&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=Hubert+Howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Bravo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBancroft1881" class="citation book cs1">Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1881). <i>History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mexico+volume+V%3A+1824-1861&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=Hubert+Howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Bravo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Rivera_Cambas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Rivera Cambas (page does not exist)">Rivera Cambas, Manuel</a> (1873). <i>Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II</i>. J.M. Aguilar cruz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Gobernantes+de+Mexico%3A+Tomo+II&rft.pub=J.M.+Aguilar+cruz&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Rivera+Cambas&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Bravo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Mexico" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mexico" title="List of heads of state of Mexico">Presidents of Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria" title="Guadalupe Victoria">Guadalupe Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Bocanegra" title="José María Bocanegra">José María Bocanegra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_V%C3%A9lez" title="Pedro Vélez">Pedro Vélez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante" title="Anastasio Bustamante">Anastasio Bustamante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchor_M%C3%BAzquiz" title="Melchor Múzquiz">Melchor Múzquiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_G%C3%B3mez_Pedraza" title="Manuel Gómez Pedraza">Manuel Gómez Pedraza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Valentín Gómez Farías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Miguel Barragán">Miguel Barragán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Justo_Corro" title="José Justo Corro">José Justo Corro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolás Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Francisco Javier Echeverría">Francisco Javier Echeverría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Canalizo" title="Valentín Canalizo">Valentín Canalizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Herrera" title="José Joaquín de Herrera">José Joaquín de Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Paredes_(President_of_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Paredes (President of Mexico)">Mariano Paredes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mariano_Salas" title="José Mariano Salas">José Mariano Salas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Anaya" title="Pedro María de Anaya">Pedro María de Anaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña">Manuel de la Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Arista" title="Mariano Arista">Mariano Arista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Ceballos" title="Juan Bautista Ceballos">Juan Bautista Ceballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADa_Lombardini" title="Manuel María Lombardini">Manuel María Lombardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Carrera" title="Martín Carrera">Martín Carrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_D%C3%ADaz_de_la_Vega" title="Rómulo Díaz de la Vega">Rómulo Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_%C3%81lvarez" title="Juan Álvarez">Juan Álvarez Hurtado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Comonfort" title="Ignacio Comonfort">Ignacio Comonfort</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Mar%C3%ADa_Zuloaga" title="Félix María Zuloaga">Félix María Zuloaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Robles_Pezuela" title="Manuel Robles Pezuela">Manuel Robles Pezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Miram%C3%B3n" title="Miguel Miramón">Miguel Miramón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Pav%C3%B3n" title="José Ignacio Pavón">José Ignacio Pavón</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada">Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Iglesias" title="José María Iglesias">José María Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_N._M%C3%A9ndez" title="Juan N. Méndez">Juan N. Méndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Flores" title="Manuel González Flores">Manuel González Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barra" title="Francisco León de la Barra">Francisco León de la Barra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Francisco I. Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Lascur%C3%A1in" title="Pedro Lascuráin">Pedro Lascuráin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta">Victoriano Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_S._Carvajal" title="Francisco S. Carvajal">Francisco S. Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza" title="Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalio_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Eulalio Gutiérrez">Eulalio Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garza" title="Roque González Garza">Roque González Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Lagos_Ch%C3%A1zaro" title="Francisco Lagos Cházaro">Francisco Lagos Cházaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_de_la_Huerta" title="Adolfo de la Huerta">Adolfo de la Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro Obregón">Álvaro Obregón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Portes_Gil" title="Emilio Portes Gil">Emilio Portes Gil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Ortiz_Rubio" title="Pascual Ortiz Rubio">Pascual Ortiz Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abelardo_L._Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Abelardo L. Rodríguez">Abelardo Luján Rodríguez</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_%C3%81vila_Camacho" title="Manuel Ávila Camacho">Manuel Ávila Camacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Miguel Alemán Valdés">Miguel Alemán Valdés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Ruiz_Cortines" title="Adolfo Ruiz Cortines">Adolfo Ruiz Cortines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_L%C3%B3pez_Mateos" title="Adolfo López Mateos">Adolfo López Mateos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_D%C3%ADaz_Ordaz" title="Gustavo Díaz Ordaz">Gustavo Díaz Ordaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Luis Echeverría">Luis Echeverría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo">José López Portillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid">Miguel de la Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Zedillo" title="Ernesto Zedillo">Ernesto Zedillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fox" title="Vicente Fox">Vicente Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Felipe Calderón">Felipe Calderón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum" title="Claudia Sheinbaum">Claudia Sheinbaum</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="559" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_Mexico" title="List of vice presidents of Mexico">Vice president</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Mexico" title="Emperor of Mexico">Emperor of Mexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mexico" title="List of heads of state of Mexico">Regent</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379975#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379975#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379975#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000052819043">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29423607">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/355489/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwhDtFKcrfPvf7ddCkxDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1020929286">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr95015828">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1462723">Spain</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mc96p2">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolás_Bravo&oldid=1248456251">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolás_Bravo&oldid=1248456251</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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