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class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Tristan da Cunha</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom"> (Redirected from <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&redirect=no" title="Telecommunications in Tristan da Cunha">Telecommunications in Tristan da Cunha</a>)</span></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">This article is about the South Atlantic island group. For the Portuguese explorer, see <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trist%C3%A3o_da_Cunha" title="Tristão da Cunha">Tristão da Cunha</a>.</div> <table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em; font-size:88%;"> <tr class="adr"> <th colspan="3" align="center" class="mergedtoprow" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"> <div style="padding-top:0.25em;">Tristan da Cunha</div> </th> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td class="maptable" colspan="3" align="center" style="padding:0.5em 0;"> <table align="center" style="width:100%;background:none;"> <tr> <td align="center" style="width:58%; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Tristan da Cunha"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/125px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png" width="125" height="63" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/188px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/250px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"/></a></td> <td align="center" style="width:auto;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg" class="image" title="Coat of arms of Tristan da Cunha"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Coat_of_arms_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png" width="70" height="78" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Coat_of_arms_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Coat_of_arms_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="500"/></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Flag of Tristan da Cunha">Flag</a></td> <td align="center" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Coat of arms of Tristan da Cunha">Coat of arms</a></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;"><b>Motto: </b>Our faith is our strength</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="anthem" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;"><b>Anthem: </b>"<a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen" title="God Save the Queen">God Save the Queen</a>"</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0.6em 0 0.3em;text-align:center;"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tristan_da_Cunha_location.JPG" class="image" title="Location of Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic Ocean."><img alt="Location of Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic Ocean." src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Tristan_da_Cunha_location.JPG" width="250" height="129" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="117"/></a></div> </div> <div style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;">Location of Tristan da Cunha in the South <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>.</div> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2"><b>Capital</b><br/> and largest settlement</td> <td><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_of_the_Seven_Seas" title="Edinburgh of the Seven Seas">Edinburgh of the Seven Seas</a><br/> <span style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:85%;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Tristan_da_Cunha&params=37_4_S_12_19_W_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°4′S</span> <span class="longitude">12°19′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.067°S 12.317°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-37.067; -12.317</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;">Official languages</th> <td><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th> <td>Tristanian</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Part of</b></td> <td><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Leaders</th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_monarchy" title="British monarchy" class="mw-redirect">Monarch</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom" class="mw-redirect">Elizabeth II</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Governor of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Governor</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Andrew_Capes" title="Mark Andrew Capes">Mark A. Capes</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrator_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Administrator of Tristan da Cunha">Administrator</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Mitham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alex Mitham (page does not exist)">Alex Mitham</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha_Island_Council" title="Tristan da Cunha Island Council">Chief Islander</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ian_Lavarello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ian Lavarello (page does not exist)">Ian Lavarello</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="3">Establishment</th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">First inhabited</td> <td>1810 </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Dependency of <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> <span class="nowrap">(to UK)</span></td> <td>14 August 1816<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford1982_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford1982-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Dependency of St Helena</td> <td>12 January 1938 </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha#Constitution" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Current constitution</a></span></td> <td>1 September 2009 </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="3"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Geography of Tristan da Cunha">Area</a></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Total</td> <td>207 km<sup><small>2</small></sup><br/> 80 sq mi</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Main island</td> <td>98 km<sup>2</sup></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="3"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Demographics of Tristan da Cunha" class="mw-redirect">Population</a></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">2015 census</td> <td>302</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Density</td> <td>1.4/km<sup><small>2</small></sup><br/> 3.6/sq mi</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">Currency</th> <td><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> (£) (<a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">GBP</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Time zone</th> <td><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a> <span class="nowrap">(<a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>)</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Drives on the</th> <td><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">left</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Telephone numbers in Tristan da Cunha" class="mw-redirect">Calling code</a></th> <td><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2B290" title="+290" class="mw-redirect">+290</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th> <td><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:SH-TA" title="ISO 3166-2:SH-TA" class="mw-redirect">SH-TA</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th> <td>none<sup>a</sup></td> </tr> <tr style="font-size:85%;"> <td align="right"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><sup>a.</sup></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sh" title=".sh">.sh</a> or <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.uk" title=".uk">.uk</a> can be used.<big><br/> <br/> <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom#Overseas_territories" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode</a>: TDCU 1ZZ</big></td> </tr> </table> <p><b>Tristan da Cunha</b> <span class="nowrap"><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'t' in 'tie'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">t</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'r' in 'rye'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">r</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ɪ/ short 'i' in 'bid'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ɪ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">s</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'t' in 'tie'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">t</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ən/ 'on' in 'button'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ən</span></a></span> <span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'d' in 'dye'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">d</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ə</span></a></span> <span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'k' in 'kind'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">k</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/uː/ long 'oo' in 'food'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">uː</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">n</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ə</span></a></span><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span></span>, colloquially <b>Tristan</b>, is both a remote group of <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island">islands</a> in the south <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> and the main island of that group. It is the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Earth" title="Extreme points of Earth">most remote</a> inhabited <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> in the world, lying 2,000 kilometres (1,243 mi) from nearest inhabited land, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> 2,400 kilometres (1,491 mi) from the nearest continental land, South Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> and 3,360 kilometres (2,088 mi) from South America. The territory consists of the main island, also named Tristan da Cunha, which has a north-south length of 11.27 kilometres (7.0 mi) and has an area of 98 square kilometres (37.8 sq mi), along with the smaller, uninhabited <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightingale_Islands" title="Nightingale Islands">Nightingale Islands</a> and the wildlife reserves of <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaccessible_Island" title="Inaccessible Island">Inaccessible</a> and <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Islands</a>.</p> <p>Tristan da Cunha is part of the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_overseas_territories" title="British overseas territories" class="mw-redirect">British overseas territory</a> of <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> This includes Saint Helena 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to its north and equatorial <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> some 3,730 kilometres (2,318 mi) to the north of Tristan. The island has a permanent population of 297 (2014 figures).<sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Discovery"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Discovery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#19th_century"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">19th century</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#20th_century"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">20th century</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#21st_century"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">21st century</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Solar_eclipse"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Solar eclipse</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Environment"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Environment</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Flora_and_fauna"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Flora and fauna</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Transport"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Transport</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Communications"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Communications</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Telecommunications"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Telecommunications</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Post"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Post</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Government"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Government</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Health"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Health</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Media"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Holidays"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Holidays</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Tristan_da_Cunha_in_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Tristan da Cunha in popular culture</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Film"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Film</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Literature"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Non-fiction"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Non-fiction</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Notes_and_references"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes and references</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Videos_of_the_island"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Videos of the island</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="History of Tristan da Cunha">History of Tristan da Cunha</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tristan_da_Cunha,_British_overseas_territory-20March2012.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tristan_da_Cunha%2C_British_overseas_territory-20March2012.jpg/220px-Tristan_da_Cunha%2C_British_overseas_territory-20March2012.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tristan_da_Cunha%2C_British_overseas_territory-20March2012.jpg/330px-Tristan_da_Cunha%2C_British_overseas_territory-20March2012.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tristan_da_Cunha%2C_British_overseas_territory-20March2012.jpg/440px-Tristan_da_Cunha%2C_British_overseas_territory-20March2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tristan_da_Cunha,_British_overseas_territory-20March2012.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Tristan da Cunha</div> </div> </div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Discovery">Discovery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discovery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The islands were first sighted in 1506 by <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> explorer <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trist%C3%A3o_da_Cunha" title="Tristão da Cunha">Tristão da Cunha</a>, tall seas prevented a landing. He named the main island after himself, <i>Ilha de Tristão da Cunha</i>, which was anglicised from its earliest mention on British <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_chart" title="Admiralty chart">Admiralty charts</a> to Tristan da Cunha Island.</p> <p>In 1643, the crew of <i>Heemstede</i>, captained by Claes Gerritsz Bierenbroodspot, made the first recorded landing.</p> <p>The first <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysical_survey" title="Geophysical survey">survey</a> of the archipelago was made by the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> <i>L'Heure du Berger</i> in 1767.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="19th_century">19th century</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert, from <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem, Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, who arrived at the islands in December 1810 with two other men.<sup id="cite_ref-mackay_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mackay-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Lambert publicly declared the islands his property and named them the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a>. After being joined by an Andrew Millet, three of the four men died in 1812; however, the survivor among the original three permanent settlers, Thomas Currie (or Tommaso Corri) remained as a farmer on the island.</p> <p>In 1816, the United Kingdom annexed the islands, ruling them from the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> in South Africa. This is reported to have primarily been a measure to ensure that the French would be unable to use the islands as a base for a rescue operation to free <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> from his prison on <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts1-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> The occupation also prevented the United States from using Tristan da Cunha as a <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruiser</a> base, as it had during the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mackay_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mackay-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="quotebox" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width:50%; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;"> <div class="" style="position: relative; text-align: left;"> <div> <p>On the fifteenth of July, the snow-clad mountains of Tristan da Cunha appeared, lighted by a brilliant morning-sun, and towering to a height estimated at between nine and ten thousand feet."<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts1-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </div> </div> <div style="text-align: left;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Roberts_(diplomat)" title="Edmund Roberts (diplomat)">Edmund Roberts</a>, <i>Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat</i>, 1837</div> </div> <p>The islands were occupied by a garrison of <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">British Marines</a> and a civilian population was gradually built up. Whalers also set up on the islands as a base for operations in the Southern Atlantic. However, the opening of the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in 1869, together with the gradual move from sailing ships to coal-fired steam ships, increased the isolation of the islands, as they were no longer needed as a stopping port or for shelter for journeys from Europe to the Far East.<sup id="cite_ref-mackay_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mackay-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In 1867, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_of_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" title="Alfred of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" class="mw-redirect">Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh</a> and second son of <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, visited the islands. The main settlement, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_of_the_Seven_Seas" title="Edinburgh of the Seven Seas">Edinburgh of the Seven Seas</a>, was named in honour of his visit. <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s youngest brother, the Rev. <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Dodgson" title="Edwin Dodgson">Edwin Heron Dodgson</a>, served as an <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> missionary and school teacher in Tristan da Cunha in the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-mackay_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mackay-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="20th_century">20th century</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>On 12 January 1938 by <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_Patent" title="Letters Patent" class="mw-redirect">Letters Patent</a> the islands were declared a dependency of Saint Helena. Prior to roughly this period, passing ships stopped irregularly at the island for a period of mere hours.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>During World War II, the islands were used as a top secret Royal Navy weather and radio station codenamed <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Atlantic_Isle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Atlantic Isle (page does not exist)">HMS <i>Atlantic Isle</i></a>, to monitor <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> (which were required to maintain radio contact) and shipping movements in the South <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. The first <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrator_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Administrator of Tristan da Cunha">Administrator</a>, Surgeon Lieutenant Commander E.J.S. Woolley, was appointed by the British government during this time.</p> <p>The second <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Duke of Edinburgh</a>, the husband of <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom" class="mw-redirect">Queen Elizabeth II</a>, visited the islands in 1957 as part of a world tour on board the royal yacht <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMY_Britannia" title="HMY Britannia">Britannia</a></i>.</p> <p>In 1958 as part of an experiment, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Argus" title="Operation Argus">Operation Argus</a>, the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> detonated an <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bomb" title="Atomic bomb" class="mw-redirect">atomic bomb</a> 200 kilometres (124 mi) high in the upper atmosphere <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> about 160 kilometres (99 mi) southeast of the main island.</p> <p>The 1961 eruption of <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mary%27s_Peak" title="Queen Mary's Peak">Queen Mary's Peak</a> forced the evacuation of the entire population<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> via <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> to England. The following year a <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> expedition went to the islands to assess the damage, and reported that the settlement of Edinburgh of the Seven Seas had been only marginally affected. Most families returned in 1963.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="21st_century">21st century</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:332px;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tristanfromspace.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tristanfromspace.jpg/330px-Tristanfromspace.jpg" width="330" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tristanfromspace.jpg/495px-Tristanfromspace.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tristanfromspace.jpg/660px-Tristanfromspace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tristanfromspace.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Tristan da Cunha on 6 February 2013, as seen from the International Space Station</div> </div> </div> <p>On 23 May 2001, the islands experienced an <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">extratropical cyclone</a> that generated winds up to 193 kilometres per hour (120 mph). A number of structures were severely damaged and a large number of cattle were killed, prompting emergency aid, provided by the British government.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In 2005, the islands were given a United Kingdom <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_code" title="Post code" class="mw-redirect">post code</a> (TDCU 1ZZ) to make it easier for the residents to order goods online.</p> <p>On 4 December 2007 an outbreak of an acute virus-induced flu was reported. This outbreak was compounded by Tristan's lack of suitable and sufficient medical supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>On 13 February 2008, fire destroyed the fishing factory and the four generators that supplied power to the island. On 14 March 2008, new generators were installed and uninterrupted power was restored. This fire was devastating to the island because fishing is a mainstay of the economy. While a new factory was being planned and built, M/V <i>Kelso</i> came to the island and acted as a factory ship, with island fishermen based on board for stints normally of one week. The new facility was ready in July 2009, for the start of the 2009–10 fishing season.</p> <p>The St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009 ended the "dependency status" of Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.</p> <p>On 16 March 2011, the freighter <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Oliva" title="MS Oliva">MS <i>Oliva</i></a> ran aground on <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightingale_Island" title="Nightingale Island">Nightingale Island</a>, spilling tons of heavy fuel oil into the ocean, leaving an oil slick threatening the island's population of rockhopper penguins.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Nightingale Island has no fresh water, so the penguins were transported to Tristan da Cunha for cleaning.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>On November 2011, the sailing boat <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puma%27s_Mar_Mostro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puma's Mar Mostro (page does not exist)">Puma's Mar Mostro</a> participant in <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_Ocean_Race" title="Volvo Ocean Race">Volvo Ocean Race</a> arrived to the island after her mast broke in the first leg from <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a> and <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>. This event made the island, its inhabitants and lifestyle known worldwide thanks to the media reports.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Solar_eclipse">Solar eclipse</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Solar eclipse">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>A <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">total solar eclipse</a> will pass over the island on 5 December 2048. The island is to be on the centre line for nearly three and a half minutes of totality.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Environment">Environment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Geography of Tristan da Cunha">Geography of Tristan da Cunha</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tristan_Map.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tristan_Map.png/220px-Tristan_Map.png" width="220" height="193" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tristan_Map.png/330px-Tristan_Map.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tristan_Map.png/440px-Tristan_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2787" data-file-height="2441"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tristan_Map.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Map of Tristan da Cunha group (including Gough Island).</div> </div> </div> <p>Tristan da Cunha is thought to have been formed by a long-lived centre of upwelling mantle called the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_hotspot" title="Tristan hotspot">Tristan hotspot</a>. Tristan da Cunha is the main island of the Tristan da Cunha <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>, which consists of the following islands:</p> <ul> <li>Tristan da Cunha, the main island and largest, area: 98 square kilometres (37.8 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> (<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Tristan_da_Cunha&params=37_6_44_S_12_16_56_W_type:isle&title=Tristan+da+Cunha"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°6′44″S</span> <span class="longitude">12°16′56″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.11222°S 12.28222°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-37.11222; -12.28222</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Tristan da Cunha</span>)</span></span></span></a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaccessible_Island" title="Inaccessible Island">Inaccessible Island</a>, area: 14 square kilometres (5.4 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightingale_Islands" title="Nightingale Islands">Nightingale Islands</a>, area: 3.4 square kilometres (1.3 sq mi) <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightingale_Island" title="Nightingale Island">Nightingale Island</a>, area: 3.2 square kilometres (1.2 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Island,_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Middle Island, Tristan da Cunha">Middle Island</a>, area: 0.1 square kilometres (24.7 acres)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoltenhoff_Island" title="Stoltenhoff Island">Stoltenhoff Island</a>, area: 0.1 square kilometres (24.7 acres)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a> (<i>Diego Alvarez</i>), area: 68 square kilometres (26.3 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <p>Inaccessible Island and the Nightingale Islands are 35 kilometres (21.7 mi) <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_the_compass" title="Boxing the compass" class="mw-redirect">SW by W and SSW</a> of the main island respectively, whereas Gough Island is 395 kilometres (245.4 mi) SSE.</p> <p>The main island is quite mountainous; the only flat area is the location of the only village, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_of_the_Seven_Seas" title="Edinburgh of the Seven Seas">Edinburgh of the Seven Seas</a>, on the northwest coast. The highest point is a volcano called <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mary%27s_Peak" title="Queen Mary's Peak">Queen Mary's Peak</a> 2,062 metres (6,765.1 ft); it is covered by snow in winter. The other islands of the group are uninhabited, except for the weather station on Gough Island, which has been operated by <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> since 1956 (since 1963 at its present location at Transvaal Bay on the southeast coast), with a staff of six.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The archipelago has a wet <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> with pleasant temperatures but consistent moderate to heavy rainfall and very limited sunshine, due to the persistent westerly winds. The number of rainy days is comparable to the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a> at a much higher latitude in the northern hemisphere, while sunshine hours are comparable to <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneau,_Alaska" title="Juneau, Alaska">Juneau, Alaska</a>, 20° further from the equator. Frost is unknown below elevations of 500 metres (1,600 ft) and summer temperatures are similarly mild, never reaching 25 °C (77 °F).</p> <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:90%; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height: 1.1em; margin:auto;"> <tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Tristan da Cunha</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Month</th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="January">Jan</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="February">Feb</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="March">Mar</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="April">Apr</abbr></th> <th>May</th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="June">Jun</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="July">Jul</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="August">Aug</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="September">Sep</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="October">Oct</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="November">Nov</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="December">Dec</abbr></th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year</th> </tr> <tr> <th height="16">Record high °C (°F)</th> <td style="background:#FF7A00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">23.7<br/> (74.7)</td> <td style="background:#FF7500;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">24.4<br/> (75.9)</td> <td style="background:#FF7500;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">24.4<br/> (75.9)</td> <td style="background:#FF8308;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">22.4<br/> (72.3)</td> <td style="background:#FF9225;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">20.3<br/> (68.5)</td> <td style="background:#FF9D3B;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">18.7<br/> (65.7)</td> <td style="background:#FFA347;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">17.8<br/> (64)</td> <td style="background:#FFA64E;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">17.3<br/> (63.1)</td> <td style="background:#FFA851;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">17.1<br/> (62.8)</td> <td style="background:#FF9F3F;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">18.4<br/> (65.1)</td> <td style="background:#FF8308;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">22.4<br/> (72.3)</td> <td style="background:#FF8710;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">21.8<br/> (71.2)</td> <td style="background:#FF7500;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">24.4<br/> (75.9)</td> </tr> <tr> <th height="16"><abbr class="abbr" title="Average high temperature during the day (average maximum daytime temperature)">Average high</abbr> °C (°F)</th> <td style="background:#FF9429;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">20<br/> (68)</td> <td style="background:#FF7F00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">23<br/> (73)</td> <td style="background:#FF9429;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">20<br/> (68)</td> <td style="background:#FFA144;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">18<br/> (64)</td> <td style="background:#FFA852;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">17<br/> (63)</td> <td style="background:#FFB66E;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">15<br/> (59)</td> <td style="background:#FFAF60;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">16<br/> (61)</td> <td style="background:#FFA144;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">18<br/> (64)</td> <td style="background:#FFA852;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">17<br/> (63)</td> <td style="background:#FFB66E;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">15<br/> (59)</td> <td style="background:#FFA852;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">17<br/> (63)</td> <td style="background:#FF9B37;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">19<br/> (66)</td> <td style="background:#FFA852;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">17<br/> (63)</td> </tr> <tr> <th height="16"><abbr class="abbr" title="Average low temperature at night (average minimum night-time temperature)">Average low</abbr> °C (°F)</th> <td style="background:#FFAF60;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">16<br/> (61)</td> <td style="background:#FFA852;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">17<br/> (63)</td> <td style="background:#FFAF60;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">16<br/> (61)</td> <td style="background:#FFB66E;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">15<br/> (59)</td> <td style="background:#FFC489;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">13<br/> (55)</td> <td style="background:#FFD2A5;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">11<br/> (52)</td> <td style="background:#FFD2A5;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">11<br/> (52)</td> <td style="background:#FFD9B3;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">10<br/> (50)</td> <td style="background:#FFD9B3;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">10<br/> (50)</td> <td style="background:#FFD2A5;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">11<br/> (52)</td> <td style="background:#FFC489;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">13<br/> (55)</td> <td style="background:#FFB66E;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">15<br/> (59)</td> <td style="background:#FFC489;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">13<br/> (55)</td> </tr> <tr> <th height="16">Record low °C (°F)</th> <td style="background:#FFD2A6;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">10.9<br/> (51.6)</td> <td style="background:#FFCC9A;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">11.8<br/> (53.2)</td> <td style="background:#FFD7AF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">10.3<br/> (50.5)</td> <td style="background:#FFDCBA;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">9.5<br/> (49.1)</td> <td style="background:#FFEBD7;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">7.4<br/> (45.3)</td> <td style="background:#FFF2E6;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6.3<br/> (43.3)</td> <td style="background:#FFFCFA;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">4.8<br/> (40.6)</td> <td style="background:#FFFEFD;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">4.6<br/> (40.3)</td> <td style="background:#FFFAF6;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">5.1<br/> (41.2)</td> <td style="background:#FFF1E4;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6.4<br/> (43.5)</td> <td style="background:#FFE4CA;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">8.3<br/> (46.9)</td> <td style="background:#FFDBB7;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">9.7<br/> (49.5)</td> <td style="background:#FFFEFD;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">4.6<br/> (40.3)</td> </tr> <tr> <th height="16">Rainfall mm (inches)</th> <td style="background:#7474FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">93<br/> (3.66)</td> <td style="background:#4444FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">113<br/> (4.45)</td> <td style="background:#4A4AFF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">121<br/> (4.76)</td> <td style="background:#3838FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">129<br/> (5.08)</td> <td style="background:#1818FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">155<br/> (6.1)</td> <td style="background:#0808FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">160<br/> (6.3)</td> <td style="background:#1010FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">160<br/> (6.3)</td> <td style="background:#0000F9;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">175<br/> (6.89)</td> <td style="background:#0000F9;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">169<br/> (6.65)</td> <td style="background:#1D1DFF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">151<br/> (5.94)</td> <td style="background:#3939FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">128<br/> (5.04)</td> <td style="background:#4141FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">127<br/> (5)</td> <td style="background:#2A2AFF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">1,681<br/> (66.17)</td> </tr> <tr> <th height="16"><span style="font-size:90%"><abbr class="abbr" title="Average">Avg.</abbr> rainy days</span></th> <td style="background:#2020FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="background:#1616FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="background:#2D2DFF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="background:#0000FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="background:#0000E2;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">23</td> <td style="background:#0000D8;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">23</td> <td style="background:#0000C9;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">25</td> <td style="background:#0000BD;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">26</td> <td style="background:#0000CC;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">24</td> <td style="background:#0000EE;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">22</td> <td style="background:#1919FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="background:#1414FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="background:#0000F6;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">252</td> </tr> <tr> <th height="16"> % <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a></th> <td style="background:#0000CF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">79</td> <td style="background:#0000D7;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">77</td> <td style="background:#0000DF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">75</td> <td style="background:#0000D3;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">78</td> <td style="background:#0000D3;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">78</td> <td style="background:#0000CF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">79</td> <td style="background:#0000CF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">79</td> <td style="background:#0000CF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">79</td> <td style="background:#0000D3;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">78</td> <td style="background:#0000CF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">79</td> <td style="background:#0000CF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">79</td> <td style="background:#0000CB;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">80</td> <td style="background:#0000D2;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">78.3</td> </tr> <tr> <th height="16"><span style="font-size:90%">Mean monthly <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a></span></th> <td style="background:#BFBF2A;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">139.5</td> <td style="background:#C8C800;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">144.0</td> <td style="background:#C2C219;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">145.7</td> <td style="background:#BCBC3B;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">129.0</td> <td style="background:#B1B17F;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">108.5</td> <td style="background:#AEAE90;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">99.0</td> <td style="background:#AFAF88;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">105.4</td> <td style="background:#AFAF88;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">105.4</td> <td style="background:#B8B855;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">120.0</td> <td style="background:#BCBC3B;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">133.3</td> <td style="background:#C0C022;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">138.0</td> <td style="background:#BBBB44;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">130.2</td> <td style="background:#B9B94C;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">1,498</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%"><i>Source #1: Climate and Temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></i></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"><i>Source #2: Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System (extremes)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></i></td> </tr> </table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gough_island_top_view.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gough_island_top_view.png/220px-Gough_island_top_view.png" width="220" height="167" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gough_island_top_view.png/330px-Gough_island_top_view.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gough_island_top_view.png/440px-Gough_island_top_view.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="564"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gough_island_top_view.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a>, Tristan da Cunha</div> </div> </div> <p>Many of the flora and fauna have a broad circumpolar distribution in the South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans. Thus many of the species that occur in Tristan da Cunha appear as far away as <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. For example, the plant species <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nertera_depressa" title="Nertera depressa" class="mw-redirect">Nertera depressa</a></i> was first collected in Tristan da Cunha,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> but has since been recorded in occurrence as far distant as New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Tristan is primarily known for its wildlife. The island has been identified as an <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Area</a> by <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> because there are 13 known species of breeding seabirds on the island and two species of resident land birds.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> The seabirds include <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_rockhopper_penguin" title="Northern rockhopper penguin">northern rockhopper penguins</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_yellow-nosed_albatross" title="Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross">Atlantic yellow-nosed albatrosses</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooty_albatross" title="Sooty albatross">sooty albatrosses</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_petrel" title="Atlantic petrel">Atlantic petrels</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great-winged_petrel" title="Great-winged petrel">great-winged petrels</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft-plumaged_petrel" title="Soft-plumaged petrel">soft-plumaged petrels</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-billed_prion" title="Broad-billed prion">broad-billed prions</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_petrel" title="Grey petrel">grey petrels</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_shearwater" title="Great shearwater">great shearwaters</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooty_shearwater" title="Sooty shearwater">sooty shearwaters</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_skua" title="Tristan skua" class="mw-redirect">Tristan skuas</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_tern" title="Antarctic tern">Antarctic terns</a> and <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_noddy" title="Brown noddy">brown noddies</a>. Tristan and Gough Islands are the only known breeding sites in the world for the Atlantic petrel (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3909"><i>Pterodroma incerta</i></a>; IUCN status EN). Inaccessible Island is also the only known breeding ground of the Spectacled Petrel (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=30027"><i>Procellaria conspicillata</i></a>; IUCN Vulnerable). The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=30013">Tristan albatross</a> (IUCN status CR) is known to breed only on Gough and Inaccessible Islands: all nest on Gough except for one or two pairs who nest on Inaccessible Island.</p> <p>The endemic <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_thrush" title="Tristan thrush">Tristan thrush</a> or starchy occurs on all of the northern islands and each has its own subspecies, with Tristan birds being slightly smaller and duller than those on Nightingale and Inaccessible. The endemic <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaccessible_Island_rail" title="Inaccessible Island rail">Inaccessible Island rail</a>, the smallest extant flightless bird in the world, is found only on Inaccessible Island. In 1956 eight <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gough_moorhen" title="Gough moorhen">Gough moorhens</a> were released at Sandy Point on Tristan, and have subsequently colonised the island.</p> <p>Various species of <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a> and <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> can be seen around Tristan from time to time with increasing sighting rate.<sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Outline of Tristan da Cunha">Outline of Tristan da Cunha</a></div> <p>The island's unique social and economic organization has evolved over the years, but is based on the principles set out by William Glass in 1817 when he established a settlement based on equality. All Tristan families are farmers, owning their own stock and/or fishing. All land is communally owned. All households have plots of land at The Patches on which they grow potatoes. Livestock numbers are strictly controlled to conserve pasture and to prevent better-off families from accumulating wealth. Unless it votes for a change in its law, no outsiders are allowed to buy land or settle on Tristan; theoretically the whole island would have to be put up for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> All people – including children and pensioners – are involved in farming, while adults additionally have salaried jobs working either for the Government, or, a small number in domestic service, and many of the men are involved in the fishing industry, going to sea in good weather. The nominal fishing season lasts 90 days; however during the 2013 fishing season – 1 July through 30 September – there were only 10 days suitable for fishing.</p> <p>Valuable foreign earnings come from the royalties from the commercial crawfish or <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_rock_lobster" title="Tristan rock lobster">Tristan rock lobster</a> (<a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasus" title="Jasus">Jasus</a>) industry and the sale of <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamps</a> and coins, especially to collectors worldwide. Limited revenue from tourism includes providing accommodation, guides and sales of handicrafts and souvenirs to visitors and by mail order. It is the income from foreign revenue earners that enables Tristan to run Government services, especially health and education.</p> <p>The 1961 volcanic eruption destroyed the Tristan da Cunha canned crayfish factory, which was rebuilt a short time later. The crayfish catchers and processors work for the South African company Ovenstone, which has an exclusive contract to sell crayfish to the United States and <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. Even though Tristan da Cunha is a <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_overseas_territory" title="UK overseas territory" class="mw-redirect">UK overseas territory</a>, it is not permitted direct access to <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> markets. Recent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> economic conditions have meant that the islanders have had to draw from their reserves. The islands' financial problems may cause delays in updating communication equipment and improving education on the island. The fire of 13 February 2008 (see <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha#History" title="Tristan da Cunha">History</a>) resulted in major temporary economic disruption.</p> <p>Although Tristan da Cunha is part of the same overseas territory as Saint Helena, it does not use the local <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena_pound" title="Saint Helena pound">Saint Helena pound</a>. Instead, the island uses the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> issue of the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a>. The <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Saint_Helena" title="Bank of Saint Helena" class="mw-redirect">Bank of Saint Helena</a> was established on Saint Helena and <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> in 2004. This bank does not have a physical presence on Tristan da Cunha, but residents of Tristan are entitled to its services.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> There are occasionally commemorative coins minted for the island.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The island is located in the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_Anomaly" title="South Atlantic Anomaly">South Atlantic Anomaly</a>, an area of the Earth with an abnormally weak magnetic field. On November 14, 2008 a geomagnetic observatory was inaugurated on the island as part of a joint venture between the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Danish Meteorological Institute">Danish Meteorological Institute</a> and <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTU_Space" title="DTU Space">DTU Space</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Transport">Transport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edinburgh-Tristan.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Edinburgh-Tristan.jpg/220px-Edinburgh-Tristan.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Edinburgh-Tristan.jpg/330px-Edinburgh-Tristan.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Edinburgh-Tristan.jpg/440px-Edinburgh-Tristan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2386" data-file-height="1790"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edinburgh-Tristan.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_of_the_Seven_Seas" title="Edinburgh of the Seven Seas">Edinburgh of the Seven Seas</a>, Tristan da Cunha</div> </div> </div> <p>The remote location of the islands makes transport to the outside world difficult. Lacking an airport, the islands can be reached only by sea. Fishing boats from South Africa service the islands eight or nine times a year. The <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_St_Helena_(1989)" title="RMS St Helena (1989)">RMS <i>Saint Helena</i></a> used to connect the main island to St Helena and South Africa once each year during its January voyage, but has done so only twice in the last few years, in 2006 and 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-howstuffworks.com_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howstuffworks.com-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> There is no direct service to Ascension Island and the United Kingdom, without flying from Cape Town to London or travelling on the RMS <i>St Helena</i> from Cape Town to St Helena. The March voyage of the RMS <i>St Helena</i> goes to Ascension and Portland from St Helena. The harbour at Edinburgh of the Seven Seas is called Calshot Harbour, named after the place in <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a> where the islanders temporarily stayed during the volcanic eruption.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Communications">Communications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Communications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Telecommunications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Although Tristan da Cunha shares the +290 code with St Helena, residents have access to the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">Foreign and Commonwealth Office</a> Telecommunications Network, provided by <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Crossing" title="Global Crossing">Global Crossing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> This uses a <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> 020 numbering range, meaning that numbers are accessed via the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">UK telephone numbering plan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> From 1998 to 2006, internet was available in Tristan da Cunha but its expensive cost made it almost unaffordable for the local population, who primarily only used it to send email.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> The connection was also extremely unreliable, connecting through a 64 kbps satellite phone connection provided by <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmarsat" title="Inmarsat">Inmarsat</a>. From 2006, a <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-small-aperture_terminal" title="Very-small-aperture terminal">very-small-aperture terminal</a> provides 3072 kbps of publicly-accessible bandwidth via an internet cafe.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Post">Post</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Post">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="Wiki letter w.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/23px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" width="23" height="23" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/35px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/46px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44"/></td> <td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> <small>You can help by <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>.</small> <small><i>(March 2015)</i></small></span></td> </tr> </table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Government">Government</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="vertical-navbox vcard" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"> <tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"> <div class="adr" style="font-size:smaller"><span class="fn org country-name"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></span></div> </th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Saint Helena.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/140px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png" width="140" height="70" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/210px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/280px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid">This article is part of a series on the<br/> <span style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Politics of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">politics and government of<br/> Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;text-align:left; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a>: <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Governor of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Governor</a>: <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Gurr_(governor)" title="Andrew Gurr (governor)">Andrew Gurr</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Secretary_of_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chief Secretary of Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Chief Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheriff_of_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheriff of Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attorney_General_of_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attorney General of Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Attorney General</a> <ul> <li>Court of Appeal</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena_Supreme_Court" title="Saint Helena Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></li> <li>Magistrates and Juvenile Courts</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Helena" title="Politics of Saint Helena">Politics of Saint Helena</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Saint_Helena" title="Legislative Council of Saint Helena">Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Helena#Executive_Branch" title="Politics of Saint Helena">Executive Council</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics of Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Politics of Ascension Island</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrator_of_Ascension_Island" title="Administrator of Ascension Island">Administrator of Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Island_Council" title="Ascension Island Council">Ascension Island Council</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics of Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Politics of Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrator_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Administrator of Tristan da Cunha">Administrator of Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha_Island_Council" title="Tristan da Cunha Island Council">Tristan da Cunha Island Council</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:normal;"> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Tristan da Cunha">Atlas</a></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:90%;"><span class="metadata"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" width="16" height="16" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"/></a></span> <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></p> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Template:Politics of Tristan da Cunha"><span title="View this template">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Template talk:Politics of Tristan da Cunha"><span title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Politics_of_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <p>Executive authority is vested in the Queen, who is represented in the territory by the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Helena" title="Governor of Saint Helena" class="mw-redirect">Governor of Saint Helena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> As the Governor resides permanently in <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>, an Administrator is appointed to represent the Governor in the islands. The Administrator is a career civil servant in the Foreign Office and is selected by London. Since 1998, each Administrator has served a single, three-year term (which begins in September, upon arrival of the supply ship from Cape Town.) The Administrator acts as the local head of government, and takes advice from the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha_Island_Council" title="Tristan da Cunha Island Council">Tristan da Cunha Island Council</a>. Alex Mitham was appointed Tristan da Cunha’s 22nd Administrator and arrived, with his wife Hasene, to take over from Sean Burns in September 2013. The Island Council is made up of eight elected and three appointed members, who serve a 3-year term which begins in February (or March).</p> <p><b>Chief Islander</b>: From amongst the 8 elected councillors, the one receiving the most votes is named "Chief Islander" and serves as Acting Administrator when that official is off the island: Ian Lavorello was elected, unopposed, for a second consecutive 3-year term in February 2013. As "Chief Islander" he lit the island's beacon celebrating the Queen's Diamond Jubilee in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The Administrator and Island Council work from the <b>Government Building</b>, which is the only two-storey building on the island: the lower floor houses the Police Department. It is sometimes referred to as "Whitehall" or the "H'admin Building" and contains the Administrator's Office, Treasury Department, Administration Offices and the Council Chamber where Island Council meetings are held.</p> <p>There are no political parties or trade unions on Tristan. Policing in Tristan da Cunha is undertaken by one full-time police officer and three <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_constable" title="Special constable">special constables</a>.</p> <p>Tristan da Cunha has some of its own legislation, but the law of Saint Helena applies generally (to the extent that it is not inconsistent with local law, insofar as it is suitable for local circumstances and subject to such modifications as local circumstances make necessary).</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tristan_da_Cunha4.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tristan_da_Cunha4.jpg/220px-Tristan_da_Cunha4.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tristan_da_Cunha4.jpg/330px-Tristan_da_Cunha4.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tristan_da_Cunha4.jpg/440px-Tristan_da_Cunha4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="374"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tristan_da_Cunha4.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Housing in Tristan da Cunha</div> </div> </div> <p>The islands have a population of 297.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> The main settlement is <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_of_the_Seven_Seas" title="Edinburgh of the Seven Seas">Edinburgh of the Seven Seas</a> (known locally as "The Settlement"). The only religion is <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, with denominations of <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican" title="Anglican" class="mw-redirect">Anglican</a> and <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic" title="Roman Catholic" class="mw-redirect">Roman Catholic</a>. The current population is thought to have descended from 15 ancestors, eight males and seven females, who arrived on the island at various times between 1816 and 1908. The male founders originated from Scotland, England, The Netherlands, the United States and Italy, belonging to 3 Y-haplogroups: <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-M170" title="I-M170" class="mw-redirect">I (M170)</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M420" title="Haplogroup R-M420">R-SRY10831.2</a> and <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M207" title="Haplogroup R-M207">R (M207)</a> (xSRY10831.2)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> and share just eight surnames: Glass, Green, Hagan, Lavarello, Patterson, Repetto, Rogers, and Swain.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>n 1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-howstuffworks.com_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howstuffworks.com-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-howstuffworks.com_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howstuffworks.com-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> There are 80 families on the island. Tristan da Cunha's isolation has led to an unusual, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patois" title="Patois">patois</a>-like dialect of English described by the writer <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Winchester" title="Simon Winchester">Simon Winchester</a> as "a sonorous amalgam of <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_in_southern_England#South_East_England_and_the_Home_Counties" title="English in southern England">Home Counties lockjaw</a> and <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_19th-century_English_language_idioms" title="List of 19th-century English language idioms" class="mw-redirect">nineteenth century idiom</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_South_African_slang_words#Afrikanerisms" title="List of South African slang words">Afrikaans slang</a> and <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bryson" title="Bill Bryson">Bill Bryson</a> documents some examples of the island's dialect in his book, <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mother_Tongue_(book)" title="The Mother Tongue (book)" class="mw-redirect">The Mother Tongue</a></i>.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Education is fairly rudimentary; children leave school at age 16, and although they can take <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE" class="mw-redirect">GCSEs</a> a year later, few do.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> The school on the island is St Mary's School, which serves children from ages 4 to 16. It opened in 1975 and has five classrooms, a kitchen, a stage, a computer room, and a craft and science room.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The Tristan Song Project was a collaboration between St Mary's School and amateur composers in England, led by music teacher Tony Triggs. It began in 2010 and involved St Mary's pupils writing poems and Tony Triggs providing musical settings by himself and his pupils.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">desktop publication</a> entitled <i>Rockhopper Penguins and Other Songs</i> (2010) embraced most of the songs completed that year and funded a consignment of guitars to the School.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> In February 2013 the Tristan Post Office issued a set of four Song Project stamps featuring island musical instruments and lyrics from Song Project songs about Tristan's volcano and wildlife. In 2014 the Project broadened its scope and continues as the International Song Project.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Health">Health</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>There are instances of health problems attributed to <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamy</a>, including <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a>. In addition, there is a very high incidence of <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> among the population and research by Dr. Noe Zamel of the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> has led to discoveries about the genetic nature of the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Three of the original settlers of the island were asthma sufferers.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Healthcare is funded by the government, undertaken by one resident doctor from <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and five nurses. Surgery or facilities for complex childbirth are therefore limited, and emergencies can necessitate communicating with passing fishing vessels so the injured person can be ferried to <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>. As of late 2007, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and Beacon Equity Partners, co-operating with <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medweb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medweb (page does not exist)">Medweb</a>, the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Medical_Center" title="University of Pittsburgh Medical Center">University of Pittsburgh Medical Center</a> and the island's government on "Project Tristan", has supplied the island's doctor with access to long distance <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemedicine" title="Telemedicine">tele-medical</a> help, making it possible to send <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EKG" title="EKG" class="mw-redirect">EKG</a> and <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> pictures to doctors in other countries for instant consultation. This system has been limited owing to the poor reliability of Internet connections and an absence of qualified technicians on the island to service <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_optic" title="Fibre optic" class="mw-redirect">fibre optic</a> links between the hospital and Internet centre at the administration buildings.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Local television began in 1984 using taped programming on Tuesday, Thursday and Sunday evenings.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> Live television did not arrive on the island until 2001, with the introduction of the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Forces_Broadcasting_Service" title="British Forces Broadcasting Service">British Forces Broadcasting Service</a>'s <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Forces_Broadcasting_Service#BFBS_Television" title="British Forces Broadcasting Service">BFBS 1 and 2</a> channels, which were replaced by <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One" title="BBC One">BBC One</a> and <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">Two</a> in 2013.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Holidays">Holidays</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Holidays">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>According to the island's January 2014 newsletter, the summer season gets underway with Sheep Shearing Day held on a Saturday in mid-December. Almost the entire population gathers on the far end of Patches Plain where the sheep pens are sited. Hand-clippers are used in the shearing and the wool is later carded, spun and hand-knitted into garments, some of which are sold under the name "37 Degrees South Knitwear Range".</p> <p>There is an annual break from government and factory work which begins before Christmas and lasts for 3 weeks. Break-Up Day is usually marked with parties at various work "departments". Break-Up includes the Island Store, which means that families must be organized to have a full larder of provisions during the period. In 2013, the Island Store closed a week earlier than usual to conduct a comprehensive inventory, and all purchases had to be made by Friday 13 December as the shop did not open again until a month later.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The January 2014 <i>New Year Message</i> from Administrator Alex Mitham announced that, in 2013, the Island Council recognized there was no national holiday that specifically celebrates Tristan's heritage and culture, 'So I am pleased to announce that the Council have agreed that a new national holiday called <b>Longboat Day</b> that will be instated in 2015, and the traditional longboats race brought back. There was no immediate indication of which date would be selected for the new holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Tristan_da_Cunha_in_popular_culture">Tristan da Cunha in popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tristan da Cunha in popular culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Film">Film</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul> <li>37°4 S, a film about a boy who lives on the island.</li> </ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Literature">Literature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Arthur_Gordon_Pym_of_Nantucket" title="The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket">The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket</a></i> (1838), Chapter 15, has a detailed history and description.</li> <li>In <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s novel <i>In Search of the Castaways</i>, one of the chapters is set on Tristan da Cunha, and a brief history of the island is mentioned. The island also appears several times in Verne's novel <i>The Sphinx of the Ice Fields</i> (1897), which he wrote as an unauthorized sequel to Poe's <i>The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket</i>. The 1899 English translation by <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Cashel_Hoey" title="Frances Cashel Hoey" class="mw-redirect">Mrs. Cashel Hoey</a> is called <i>An Antarctic Mystery</i>.</li> <li>The South African poet <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Campbell_(poet)" title="Roy Campbell (poet)">Roy Campbell</a> wrote an elegiac poem dedicated to the isle of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://markandrewholmes.com/tristan.html">Tristan de Cunha</a> in 1927.</li> <li>Tristan da Cunha is the site of a top-secret nuclear disarmament conference in <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Knebel" title="Fletcher Knebel">Fletcher Knebel</a>'s 1968 political thriller <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanished_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanished (novel) (page does not exist)">Vanished</a></i> which was adapted into a 1971 two-part <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> made-for-TV movie starring <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Widmark" title="Richard Widmark">Richard Widmark</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Bazin" title="Hervé Bazin">Hervé Bazin</a>'s novel <i>Les Bienheureux de la Désolation</i> (1970) describes the 1961 forced exile of the population to England, and their subsequent return.</li> <li>In <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Primo Levi</a>'s <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_(book)" title="The Periodic Table (book)">The Periodic Table</a></i> (1975) one of the fictional short stories, "Mercurio", is set on Tristan da Cunha, named "Desolation Island".</li> <li>In Patrick O'Brian's <i>The Thirteen-Gun Salute</i> (1991) the ship Dianne is nearly wrecked on Inaccessible Island.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a>'s book <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramp_Royale" title="Tramp Royale">Tramp Royale</a></i> (about a world trip in 1953–54, unpublished until 1992) devoted an entire chapter to his (almost) visit to Tristan da Cunha. He talked to islanders but could not go ashore owing to the uncertain weather.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinnie_Harris" title="Zinnie Harris">Zinnie Harris</a>'s play <i>Further Than the Furthest Thing</i> (2000) is inspired by events on the island, notably the 1961 volcanic eruption and evacuation of the islanders.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Schrott" title="Raoul Schrott">Raoul Schrott</a>'s novel <i>Tristan da Cunha oder die Hälfte der Erde</i> (2003) is almost entirely set on Tristan da Cunha and Gough islands, and chronicles the history of the archipelago.</li> </ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Non-fiction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlantisia_rogersi_sw.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Atlantisia_rogersi_sw.jpg/220px-Atlantisia_rogersi_sw.jpg" width="220" height="368" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Atlantisia_rogersi_sw.jpg/330px-Atlantisia_rogersi_sw.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Atlantisia_rogersi_sw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="600"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlantisia_rogersi_sw.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Painting by Rose Annie Rogers of <i>Atlantisia rogersi</i>, the world's smallest flightless bird, which is found only on Inaccessible Island</div> </div> </div> <ul> <li>Frank T. Bullen provides details of visiting the island in the 1870s in his book "The Cruise of the Cachalot" first published in 1898.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Rallier_du_Baty" title="Raymond Rallier du Baty">Raymond Rallier du Baty</a> describes the people and the island ca 1908 in his book <i>15 000 Miles in a Ketch</i> (1915)</li> <li>In <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://archive.org/stream/shackletonslastv00wilduoft">Shackleton's Last Voyage</a></i> by Captain <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Frank Wild</a> (1923), several chapters (with photographs) are dedicated to island during the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a> in May 1922.</li> <li>An account by Rose Annie Rogers, an American missionary's wife about life on the island, called <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.bweaver.nom.sh/rogers/intro.htm">The Lonely Island</a></i> was published in 1927</li> <li>In <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Wenders" title="Wim Wenders">Wim Wenders</a> <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_of_Desire" title="Wings of Desire">Wings of Desire</a></i> a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0093191/quotes">dying man</a> recollectiong the things that have apparently meant most to him mentions "Tristan da Cunha"</li> <li>Simon Winchester's, <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outposts:_Journeys_to_the_Surviving_Relics_of_the_British_Empire" title="Outposts: Journeys to the Surviving Relics of the British Empire">Outposts: Journeys to the Surviving Relics of the British Empire</a></i>, (1985, reprinted in 2003), devotes a chapter to the island which he visited in the mid-1980s. In the foreword to the reprint, the author states that he has been banned from Tristan da Cunha because of his writing about the war-time romance of a local woman. He published a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.laphamsquarterly.org/essays/take-nothing-leave-nothing.php?page=all">longer account</a> of his banishment in <i>Latham's Quarterly</i>.</li> <li>In 2005, the first book about the island written by an Islander, Rockhopper Copper, was published. It was written by <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Glass" title="Conrad Glass">Conrad Glass</a>, Tristan da Cunha's longtime Police and Conservation officer.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul> <li>The DJ ATB recorded a number "Tristan Da Cunha", inspired by the island, in the music album "Trilogy".</li> <li>The Norwegian experimental musician <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathprod" title="Deathprod">Deathprod</a> released the album "Imaginary Songs from Tristan da Cunha" in 1996 on dBUT records. In 2004 it was re-released as part of the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathprod_(album)" title="Deathprod (album)">Deathprod</a> box set on the label <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune_Grammofon" title="Rune Grammofon">Rune Grammofon</a>.</li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Outline of Tristan da Cunha">Outline of Tristan da Cunha</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <dl> <dt>Notes</dt> </dl> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As such the traditional forefathers before migration were Scottish; Dutch; Irish; Italian (prob. Ligurian); Scottish; Italian (prob. Ligurian); English; and English.</span></li> </ol> </div> <dl> <dt>References</dt> </dl> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Crawford1982-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crawford1982_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Crawford, Allan (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://books.google.com/books?id=_fIuAQAAIAAJ"><i>Tristan da Cunha and the Roaring Forties</i></a>. Charles Skilton. p. 20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Allan&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.btitle=Tristan+da+Cunha+and+the+Roaring+Forties&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_fIuAQAAIAAJ&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Charles+Skilton&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/most-remote-place1.htm">Winkler, Sarah, <i>Where is the Most Remote Spot on Earth? Tristan da Cunha: The World's Most Remote Inhabited Island</i></a> <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Stuff_Works" title="How Stuff Works" class="mw-redirect">How Stuff Works</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://geography.about.com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/tristandacunha.htm">"About.com: Geography"</a>. Geography.about.com. 2 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.btitle=About.com%3A+Geography&rft.date=2+November+2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeography.about.com%2Fod%2Fspecificplacesofinterest%2Fa%2Ftristandacunha.htm&rft.pub=Geography.about.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2009/plain/uksi_20091751_en#sch1-pt5">"The St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009, see "EXPLANATORY NOTE<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a>. Opsi.gov.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.btitle=The+St+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha+Constitution+Order+2009%2C+see+%22EXPLANATORY+NOTE%22&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2Fsi%2Fsi2009%2Fplain%2Fuksi_20091751_en%23sch1-pt5&rft.pub=Opsi.gov.uk&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/6748187.stm">"Territories: St Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.atitle=Territories%3A+St+Helena%2C+Ascension%2C+Tristan+da+Cunha&rft.date=12+May+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fcountry_profiles%2F6748187.stm&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-mackay-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mackay_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackay_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackay_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackay_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackay, Margaret (1963) <i>Angry Island: The Story of Tristan da Cunha, 1506–1963</i>. London: Arthur Barker, p. 30</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Roberts, Edmund (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/33/"><i>Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat</i></a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 33.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Edmund&rft.btitle=Embassy+to+the+Eastern+Courts+of+Cochin-China%2C+Siam%2C+and+Muscat&rft.date=1837&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F7317%2Fview%2F1%2F33%2F&rft.pages=33&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26++Brothers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By Wireless from R.M.S. <i>Empress of Australia.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50716FC355B107A93C6AB1788D85F418385F9&scp=4&sq=R.M.S.%20and%20Canadian%20Pacific&st=cse">"Royal Gifts Gladden 172 On Lonely Atlantic Island" (Tristan da Cunya),"</a> <i>New York Times.</i> 24 March 1935.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Argus.html">Operation Argus</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1806-01=">Global Volcanism Program | Tristan da Cunha | Summary</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Barwick, Sandra (2001-06-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1311749/120-mph-storm-devastates-Tristan-da-Cunha.html">"120 mph storm devastates Tristan da Cunha"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i> (London).</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.atitle=120+mph+storm+devastates+Tristan+da+Cunha&rft.au=Barwick%2C+Sandra&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.aulast=Barwick&rft.date=2001-06-07&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2F1311749%2F120-mph-storm-devastates-Tristan-da-Cunha.html&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7126563.stm">"Remote virus-hit island seeks aid"</a>. BBC News. 2007-12-04.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.btitle=Remote+virus-hit+island+seeks+aid&rft.date=2007-12-04&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F7126563.stm&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.tristandc.com/newsmsoliva.php">"MS Oliva runs aground on Nightingale Island"</a>. The Tristan da Cunha Website<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.btitle=MS+Oliva+runs+aground+on+Nightingale+Island&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tristandc.com%2Fnewsmsoliva.php&rft.pub=The+Tristan+da+Cunha%0AWebsite&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_9438000/9438609.stm">BBC News</a> Oil-soaked rockhopper penguins in rehabilitation</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=20481205">"NASA – Total Solar Eclipse of 2048 December 05"</a>. Eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-11</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.btitle=NASA+%E2%80%93+Total+Solar+Eclipse+of+2048+December+05&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov%2FSEsearch%2FSEsearchmap.php%3FEcl%3D20481205&rft.pub=Eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Gough Island". Sanap.ac.za. Retrieved 2012-10-25.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.climatetemp.info/tristan-da-cunha/">"Tristan Da Cunha Climate Guide to the Average Weather & Temperatures with Graphs Elucidating Sunshine and Rainfall Data & Information about Wind Speeds & Humidity"</a>. March 2012.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.btitle=Tristan+Da+Cunha+Climate+Guide+to+the+Average+Weather+%26+Temperatures+with+Graphs+Elucidating+Sunshine+and+Rainfall+Data+%26+Information+about+Wind+Speeds+%26+Humidity&rft.date=March+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatetemp.info%2Ftristan-da-cunha%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/so-trist.htm">"SOUTH AFRICA – TRISTAN DA CUNHA"</a>. March 2012.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.btitle=SOUTH+AFRICA+%E2%80%93+TRISTAN+DA+CUNHA&rft.date=March+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalbioclimatics.org%2Fstation%2Fso-trist.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linnean Society of London. 1906. <i>The journal of the Linnean Society of London</i>, Published by Academic Press for the Linnean Society of London., v. 37</span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Michael Hogan. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=95431"><i>Crown Fern: Blechnum discolor</i>, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.birdlife.org/">"Tristan da Cunha"</a>. <i>Important Bird Areas</i>. BirdLife International. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.atitle=Tristan+da+Cunha&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birdlife.org&rft.jtitle=Important+Bird+Areas&rft.pub=BirdLife+International&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Economy of Tristan da Cunha. Tristan da Cunha Government and the Tristan da Cunha Association, June 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.tristandc.com/economy.php">[1]</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.sainthelenabank.com/tristan.htm">"The Bank of Saint Helena"</a>. Sainthelenabank.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.btitle=The+Bank+of+Saint+Helena&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sainthelenabank.com%2Ftristan.htm&rft.pub=Sainthelenabank.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.tristandc.com/coins.php">Tristan da Cunha</a> Coins</span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.space.dtu.dk/english/News/2008/11/Tristan">http://www.space.dtu.dk/english/News/2008/11/Tristan</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-howstuffworks.com-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-howstuffworks.com_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-howstuffworks.com_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-howstuffworks.com_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=most-remote-place.htm&url=http://ags.ou.edu/%7Ebweaver/Ascension/tdc.htm">"Howstuffworks"</a>. Howstuffworks<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.btitle=Howstuffworks&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.howstuffworks.com%2Fframed.htm%3Fparent%3Dmost-remote-place.htm%26url%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fags.ou.edu%2F%257Ebweaver%2FAscension%2Ftdc.htm&rft.pub=Howstuffworks&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.tristandc.com/harbour.php">Calshot Harbour</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.telecompaper.com/news/global-crossing-extends-fco-network-to-tristan-da-cunha--518367">Global Crossing extends FCO network to Tristan da Cunha</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.ukota.org/tristan_da_cunha.asp?id=6&portal=OT">Tristan Da CunhaContact Information</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.tristantimes.com/art_1822_56_3.html">http://www.tristantimes.com/art_1822_56_3.html</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.tristandc.com/newscommunications.php">[2]</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.statoids.com/ush.html">"Saint Helena Dependencies"</a>. Statoids.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.btitle=Saint+Helena+Dependencies&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statoids.com%2Fush.html&rft.pub=Statoids.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/the_queens_diamond_jubilee/9321258/Thank-you-one-and-all-the-people-who-helped-make-the-Jubilee-happen.html">"Thank you one and all: the people who helped make the Jubilee happen"</a>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. 10 June 2012.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.atitle=Thank+you+one+and+all%3A+the+people+who+helped+make+the+Jubilee+happen&rft.date=10+June+2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fthe_queens_diamond_jubilee%2F9321258%2FThank-you-one-and-all-the-people-who-helped-make-the-Jubilee-happen.html&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7126939.stm">"UK | The quiet life: Tristan da Cunha"</a>. BBC News. 6 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2014</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.btitle=UK+%26%23124%3B+The+quiet+life%3A+Tristan+da+Cunha&rft.date=6+December+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F7126939.stm&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v11/n9/full/5201022a.html">Genealogy and genes: tracing the founding fathers of Tristan da Cunha</a>, European Journal of Human Genetics</span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Winchester, <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outposts:_Journeys_to_the_Surviving_Relics_of_the_British_Empire" title="Outposts: Journeys to the Surviving Relics of the British Empire">Outposts: Journeys to the Surviving Relics of the British Empire</a></i>, (1985, reprinted in 2003), p. 87</span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crossan, Rob "Return to the Last Outpost" <i>Telegraph Magazine</i>, 11 November 2002</span></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">admin on 1 January 2007 (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://cnntraveller.com/2007/01/01/world-report-2/">"CNN Traveler: A long way from anywhere"</a>. Cnntraveller.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.au=admin+on+1+January+2007&rft.aulast=admin+on+1+January+2007&rft.btitle=CNN+Traveler%3A+A+long+way+from+anywhere&rft.date=1+January+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnntraveller.com%2F2007%2F01%2F01%2Fworld-report-2%2F&rft.pub=Cnntraveller.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.tristandc.com/school.php">Tristan School</a>." Tristan da Cunha Government. Retrieved on 21 June 2009.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Music Teacher Magazine</span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SARTMA 19 June 2011</span></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7766656.stm">"Worldwide search for asthma clue"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 9 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.atitle=Worldwide+search+for+asthma+clue&rft.date=9+December+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F7766656.stm&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119667698/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0">Asthma amongst Tristan da Cunha islanders – MANTLE – 2006 – Clinical & Experimental Allergy – Wiley Online Library</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Winchester, <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outposts:_Journeys_to_the_Surviving_Relics_of_the_British_Empire" title="Outposts: Journeys to the Surviving Relics of the British Empire">Outposts: Journeys to the Surviving Relics of the British Empire</a></i>, (1985, reprinted in 2003), p. 85</span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.tristandc.com/newschristmasnewyear2013-14.php">"2013/14 Tristan da Cunha Summer Holiday Christmas and New Years News"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2014</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.btitle=2013%2F14+Tristan+da+Cunha+Summer+Holiday+Christmas+and+New+Years+News&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tristandc.com%2Fnewschristmasnewyear2013-14.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.tristandc.com/newsgovernment2014.php">"2014 New Year Message from Administrator Alex Mitham"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2014</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.btitle=2014+New+Year+Message+from+Administrator+Alex+Mitham&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tristandc.com%2Fnewsgovernment2014.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Tristan Times (14 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.tristantimes.com/art_1481_32_18.html">"Tristan : Rockhopper Copper set to Hit Bookshelves"</a>. <i>Tristan Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2014</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATristan+da+Cunha&rft.atitle=Tristan+%3A+Rockhopper+Copper+set+to+Hit+Bookshelves&rft.aulast=Tristan+Times&rft.au=Tristan+Times&rft.date=14+March+2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tristantimes.com%2Fart_1481_32_18.html&rft.jtitle=Tristan+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <dl> <dt>Guides</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><i>A Short Guide to Tristan da Cunha</i> by James Glass and Anne Green, Tristan Chief Islanders (2005, Whitby Press, 12 pages).</li> <li><i>Field Guides to the Animals and Plants of Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island</i> Edited by Peter Ryan (2007, RSPB Publication, 168 pages).</li> <li><i>Gough Island: A Natural History</i> by Christine Hanel, Steven Chown and Kevin Gaston (2005, Sun Press, 169 pages).</li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Culture</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><i>Tristan da Cunha: History, People, Language</i> by Daniel Schreier and Karen Lavarello-Schreier (2003, Battlebridge, 88 pages).</li> <li><i>Rockhopper Copper: The life and times of the people of the most remote inhabited island on Earth</i> by <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Glass" title="Conrad Glass">Conrad Glass</a> MBE, Tristan Police Officer (2005, Polperro Heritage Press, 176 pages).</li> <li><i>Recipes from Tristan da Cunha</i> by Dawn Repetto, Tristan Tourism Co-ordinator (2010, Tristan Books, 32 pages).</li> <li><i>Corporal Glass's Island: The Story of Tristan da Cunha</i> by Nancy Hosegood (1966, Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 192 pages, with several pages of photographs).</li> <li><i>Three Years in Tristan da Cunha</i> by Katherine Mary Barrow (1910, Skeffington & Son, 200 pages, with 37 photographs).</li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tristan_da_Cunha" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.tristandc.com/">Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.tristantimes.com/index.html"><i>Tristan Times</i></a></li> </ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Videos_of_the_island">Videos of the island</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Videos of the island">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLsojZHctBo">Return to Trista Da Cunha</a>, Global Nomad, National Geographic (2012).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgKYV5hplvM">A Day on Tristan Da Cunha</a>, Global Nomad, National Geographic (2011).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00fztgh">Tristan da Cunha: The story of Asthma Island</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKRvtk-GI0g">part 1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nqx17kg-3_Q">part 2</a>, BBC Four (2008).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OojjHEy5fLg">TRISTAN DA CUNHA – Life on the island in 1963</a> (1963).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-OnKG_xe_Vs">TRISTAN DA CUNHA – Life of an islander in 1963</a> (1963).</li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks noprint navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li style="display:inline;white-space:nowrap"><span style="margin:auto 0.5em"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="image"><img alt="Icône Ile.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/21px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" width="21" height="21" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/32px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"/></a></span><span style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li> <li style="display:inline;white-space:nowrap"><span style="margin:auto 0.5em"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Africa satellite orthographic.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg/19px-Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg" width="19" height="21" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg/28px-Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg/37px-Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="1824"/></a></span><span style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></span></li> <li style="display:inline;white-space:nowrap"><span style="margin:auto 0.5em"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of the United Kingdom.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="24" height="12" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/></a></span><span style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></span></li> <li style="display:inline;white-space:nowrap"><span style="margin:auto 0.5em"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Empire_1897.jpg" class="image"><img alt="British Empire 1897.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/24px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" width="24" height="18" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/36px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/48px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849"/></a></span><span style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire portal</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Template:Tristan da Cunha"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Template talk:Tristan da Cunha"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png" width="30" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"/> </span><strong class="selflink">Tristan da Cunha</strong></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><strong class="selflink">Tristan da Cunha</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaccessible_Island" title="Inaccessible Island">Inaccessible Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightingale_Islands" title="Nightingale Islands">Nightingale Islands</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightingale_Island" title="Nightingale Island">Nightingale Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Island,_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Middle Island, Tristan da Cunha">Middle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoltenhoff_Island" title="Stoltenhoff Island">Stoltenhoff Island</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Template:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Template talk:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_overseas_territory" title="British overseas territory" class="mw-redirect">British overseas territory</a> of <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/> </span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(capital)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Tree_Hollow" title="Half Tree Hollow">Half Tree Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s,_Saint_Helena" title="Saint Paul's, Saint Helena">Saint Paul's</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood,_Saint_Helena" title="Longwood, Saint Helena">Longwood</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarm_Forest" title="Alarm Forest">Alarm Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena_Airport" title="Saint Helena Airport">Saint Helena Airport</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"/> </span><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Ascension_Island" title="Georgetown, Ascension Island">Georgetown</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(chief settlement)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Hill,_Ascension_Island" title="Cat Hill, Ascension Island">Cat Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Boats,_Ascension_Island" title="Two Boats, Ascension Island">Two Boats Village</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">RAF Ascension Island</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"/> </span><strong class="selflink">Tristan da Cunha</strong></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_of_the_Seven_Seas" title="Edinburgh of the Seven Seas">Edinburgh of the Seven Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaccessible_Island" title="Inaccessible Island">Inaccessible Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightingale_Islands" title="Nightingale Islands">Nightingale Islands</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><span style="float:left;width:6em"> </span> <div style="font-size:110%">Links to related articles</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0px;font-size:113%;"> <div style="padding:0px;"> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Template:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Template talk:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/></a></span> Countries, territories and dependencies of the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_dependencies" title="Crown dependencies">Crown dependencies</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> <ul> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></small></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Former colonies</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_that_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that gained independence from the United Kingdom" class="mw-redirect">List of countries that gained independence from the United Kingdom</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Sovereign Base Areas</a>.   <sup><small>2</small></sup> Partial suspension of sovereignty due to the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks plainlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:British_overseas_territories&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Territories of the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <div class="hlist"> <dl> <dt><span style="font-weight:normal;">Legend</span></dt> <dd><u>Current territory</u></dd> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd>* Now a <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><i>Now a member of the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></i></dd> </dl> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em"> </span> <div style="font-size:110%">Europe</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>1708–1757 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorca" title="Minorca">Minorca</a></li> <li>Since 1713 <u><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></u></li> <li>1763–1782 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorca" title="Minorca">Minorca</a></li> <li>1798–1802 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorca" title="Minorca">Minorca</a></li> <li>1800–1813 <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta (Protectorate)</a></i></li> <li>1813–1964 <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_Colony" title="Malta Colony" class="mw-redirect">Malta (Colony)</a></i></li> <li>1807–1890 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a></li> <li>1809–1864 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a></li> <li>1878–1960 <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_history_of_Cyprus" title="Modern history of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></i></li> <li>1921–1937 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em"> </span> <div style="font-size:110%">North America</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <div style="padding:0px;"> <table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;">17th century and before</td> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">18th century</td> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">19th and 20th century</td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1579 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a></li> <li>1583–1907 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a></li> <li>1605–1979 *<i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" title="British Saint Lucia" class="mw-redirect">Saint Lucia</a></i></li> <li>1607–1776 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li>Since 1619 <u><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></u></li> <li>1620–1691 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a></li> <li>1623–1883 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> *<i>(<a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_%26_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts & Nevis" class="mw-redirect">Saint Kitts & Nevis</a>)</i></li> <li>1624–1966 *<i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Barbados" title="Colony of Barbados" class="mw-redirect">Barbados</a></i></li> <li>1625–1650 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Croix" title="Saint Croix" class="mw-redirect">Saint Croix</a></li> <li>1627–1979 *<i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></i></li> <li>1628–1883 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> *<i>(<a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_%26_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts & Nevis" class="mw-redirect">Saint Kitts & Nevis</a>)</i></li> <li>1629–1691 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a></li> <li>1632–1776 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li>since 1632 <u><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></u></li> <li>1632–1860 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> *<i>(<a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_%26_Barbuda" title="Antigua & Barbuda" class="mw-redirect">Antigua & Barbuda</a>)</i></li> <li>1636–1776 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a></li> <li>1636–1776 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a></li> <li>1637–1662 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven Colony</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1643–1860 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a></li> <li>Since 1650 <u><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></u></li> <li>1655–1850 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast (protectorate)</a></li> <li>1655–1962 *<i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></i></li> <li>1663–1712 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a></li> <li>1664–1776 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a></li> <li>1665–1674 and 1702–1776 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li>Since 1666 <u><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></u></li> <li>Since 1670 <u><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></u></li> <li>1670–1973 *<i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas" title="Bahamas" class="mw-redirect">Bahamas</a></i></li> <li>1670–1870 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a></li> <li>1671–1816 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a></li> <li>1674–1702 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a></li> <li>1674–1702 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a></li> <li>1680–1776 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li>1681–1776 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li>1686–1689 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a></li> <li>1691–1776 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1701–1776 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a></li> <li>1712–1776 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li>1712–1776 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li>1713–1867 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li>1733–1776 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li>1762–1974 *<i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Grenada" title="British Grenada" class="mw-redirect">Grenada</a></i></li> <li>1763–1978 <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Dominica" title="British Dominica" class="mw-redirect">Dominica</a></i></li> <li>1763–1873 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li>1763–1791 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)" class="mw-redirect">Quebec</a></li> <li>1763–1783 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li>1763–1783 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li> <li>1784–1867 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li>1791–1841 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a></li> <li>1791–1841 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a></li> <li>Since 1799 <u><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></u></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1818–1846 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li>1833–1960 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a></li> <li>1833–1960 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a></li> <li>1841–1867 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a></li> <li>1849–1866 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></li> <li>1853–1863 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands</a></li> <li>1858–1866 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia" title="Colony of British Columbia" class="mw-redirect">British Columbia</a></li> <li>1859–1870 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a></li> <li>1860–1981 *<i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="British Antigua and Barbuda" class="mw-redirect">British Antigua and Barbuda</a></i></li> <li>1862–1863 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stikine_Territory" title="Stikine Territory" class="mw-redirect">Stikine Territory</a></li> <li>1866–1871 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Colonies_of_Vancouver_Island_and_British_Columbia" title="United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia" class="mw-redirect">Vancouver Island and British Columbia</a></li> <li>1867–1931 *<i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867-1914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867-1914)" class="mw-redirect">Dominion of Canada</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li>1871–1964 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">British Honduras (*<i>Belize</i>)</a></li> <li>1882–1983 *<i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></i></li> <li>1889–1962 <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></i></li> <li>1907–1949 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Dominion of Newfoundland</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li>1958–1962 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li>1. Occupied jointly with the United States.</li> <li>2. In 1931, Canada and other British <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Dominions" title="British Dominions" class="mw-redirect">dominions</a> obtained self-government through the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a>. See <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_name" title="Canada's name" class="mw-redirect">Canada's name</a>.</li> <li>3. Gave up <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">self-rule</a> in 1934, but remained a <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> Dominion until it <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">joined Canada</a> in 1949.</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em"> </span> <div style="font-size:110%">South America</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>1651–1667 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Willoughbyland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Territory of Willoughbyland (page does not exist)">Willoughbyland (Suriname)</a></li> <li>1670–1688 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia_Department" title="San Andrés y Providencia Department" class="mw-redirect">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li>1831–1966 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana (<i>Guyana</i>)</a></li> <li>Since 1833 <u><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></u><sup>5</sup></li> <li>Since 1908 <u><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></u><sup>5</sup></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li>4. Now the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia_Department" title="San Andrés y Providencia Department" class="mw-redirect">San Andrés y Providencia Department</a> of <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.</li> <li>5. Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em"> </span> <div style="font-size:110%">Africa</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <div style="padding:0px;"> <table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;">17th and 18th centuries</td> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">19th century</td> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>Since 1658 <u><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></u><sup>14</sup></li> <li>1792–1961 <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></i></li> <li>1795–1803 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>Since 1815 <u><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></u><sup>14</sup></li> <li>Since 1816 <u><strong class="selflink">Tristan da Cunha</strong></u><sup>14</sup></li> <li>1806–1910 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li>1807–1808 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li>1810–1968 <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a></i></li> <li>1816–1965 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Gambia" title="British Gambia" class="mw-redirect">The Gambia</a></li> <li>1856–1910 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a></li> <li>1868–1966 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland (<i>Lesotho</i>)</a></li> <li>1874–1957 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast (<i>Ghana</i>)</a></li> <li>1882–1922 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1884–1966 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland (<i>Botswana</i>)</a></li> <li>1884–1960 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li>1887–1897 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a></li> <li>1890–1962 <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a></i></li> <li>1890–1963 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar (<i>Tanzania</i>)</a></li> <li>1891–1964 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland (<i>Malawi</i>)</a></li> <li>1891–1907 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">British Central Africa Protectorate</a></li> <li>1893–1968 <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaziland_Protectorate" title="Swaziland Protectorate" class="mw-redirect">Swaziland</a></i></li> <li>1895–1920 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa Protectorate</a></li> <li>1899–1956 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1900–1914 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a></li> <li>1900–1914 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a></li> <li>1900–1910 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a></li> <li>1900–1910 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal Colony</a></li> <li>1906–1954 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria Colony</a></li> <li>1910–1931 <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></i></li> <li>1914–1954 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_and_Protectorate_of_Nigeria" title="Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">Nigeria Colony and Protectorate</a></li> <li>1915–1931 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa" class="mw-redirect">South West Africa (<i>Namibia</i>)</a></li> <li>1919–1960 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroons" title="Cameroons" class="mw-redirect">Cameroons (<i>Cameroon</i>)</a><sup>6</sup></li> <li>1920–1963 <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony" class="mw-redirect">Kenya</a></i></li> <li>1922–1961 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory" class="mw-redirect">Tanganyika (<i>Tanzania</i>)</a><sup>6</sup></li> <li>1923–1965 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)</a><sup>7</sup></li> <li>1924–1964 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia (<i>Zambia</i>)</a></li> <li>1954–1960 <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria_(British_territory)" title="Federation of Nigeria (British territory)" class="mw-redirect">Nigeria</a></i></li> <li>1979–1980 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)</a><sup>7</sup></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li>6. <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>.</li> <li>7. <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em"> </span> <div style="font-size:110%">Asia</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <div style="padding:0px;"> <table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;">17th and 18th century</td> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">19th century</td> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1685–1824 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> (<a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>)</li> <li>1702–1705 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo_Condore_(island)" title="Pulo Condore (island)" class="mw-redirect">Pulo Condore</a></li> <li>1757–1947 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal (<i>West Bengal (India)</i> and <i>Bangladesh</i>)</a></li> <li>1762–1764 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a></li> <li>1786–1946 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a></li> <li>1795–1948 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon (<i>Sri Lanka</i>)</a></li> <li>1796–1965 <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></i></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1812–1824 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka (Sumatra)</a> and <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton (Sumatra)</a></li> <li>1819–1826 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya (<i>West Malaysia</i> and <i>Singapore</i>)</a></li> <li>1826–1946 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a></li> <li>1839–1967 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Aden" title="Colony of Aden">Colony of Aden</a></li> <li>1839–1842 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a></li> <li>1841–1997 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li>1841–1946 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sarawak" title="Kingdom of Sarawak">Kingdom of Sarawak (<i>Malaysia</i>)</a></li> <li>1848–1946 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan (<i>Malaysia</i>)</a></li> <li>1858–1947 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India (<i>India</i>, <i>Pakistan</i> and <i>Bangladesh</i>, Burma)</a></li> <li>1874–1963 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">British Borneo (<i>East Malaysia</i> and <i>Brunei</i>)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1879–1919 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (protectorate)</li> <li>1882–1963 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">British North Borneo (<i>Malaysia</i>)</a></li> <li>1885–1946 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated Malay States</a></li> <li>1888–1984 <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_Sultanate" title="Brunei Sultanate" class="mw-redirect">Sultanate of Brunei</a></i></li> <li>1891–1971 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman protectorate</a></li> <li>1892–1971 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a></li> <li>1895–1946 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a></li> <li>1898–1930 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai Garrison</a></li> <li>1878–1960 <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus" class="mw-redirect">Cyprus</a></i></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1907–1949 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate)</li> <li>1918–1961 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_protectorate" title="Kuwait protectorate" class="mw-redirect">Kuwait protectorate</a></li> <li>1920–1932 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Mesopotamia" title="British Mandate of Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect">Iraq</a><sup>8</sup></li> <li>1921–1946 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a><sup><small>8</small></sup></li> <li>1923–1948 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>8</sup></li> <li>1945–1946 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)" class="mw-redirect">South Vietnam</a></li> <li>1946–1963 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">North Borneo (<i>Malaysia</i>)</a></li> <li>1946–1963 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak (<i>Malaysia</i>)</a></li> <li>1946–1963 <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-war_Singapore" title="Post-war Singapore">Singapore</a></i></li> <li>1946–1948 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a></li> <li>1948–1957 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya (<i>Malaysia</i>)</a></li> <li>Since 1960 <u><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></u> (before as part of <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li>Since 1965 <u><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></u> (before as part of <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div><sup>8</sup> <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em"> </span> <div style="font-size:110%">Oceania</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <div style="padding:0px;"> <table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1788–1901 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_South_Wales" title="History of New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li>1803–1901 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li>1807–1863 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>9</sup></li> <li>1824–1980 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides (<i>Vanuatu</i>)</a></li> <li>1824–1901 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Queensland" title="History of Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li>1829–1901 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River Colony</a>/<a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Western_Australia" title="History of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li> <li>1836–1901 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" title="Colony of South Australia" class="mw-redirect">South Australia</a></li> <li>since 1838 <u><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></u></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1841–1907 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand#Colonial_period" title="History of New Zealand">Colony of New Zealand</a></li> <li>1851–1901 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Victoria" title="History of Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li>1874–1970 <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Fiji" title="Colonial Fiji">Fiji</a></i><sup>10</sup></li> <li>1877–1976 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">British Western Pacific Territories</a></li> <li>1884–1949 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Territory of Papua</a></li> <li>1888–1901 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Cook Islands</a><sup>9</sup></li> <li>1889–1948 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Union Islands (Tokelau)</a><sup>9</sup></li> <li>1892–1979 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>11</sup></li> <li>1893–1978 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">British Solomon Islands</a><sup>12</sup></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1900–1970 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga"><i>Tonga</i> (protected state)</a></li> <li>1900–1974 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a><sup>9</sup></li> <li>1901–1942 *<i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901-1945)" title="History of Australia (1901-1945)" class="mw-redirect">Commonwealth of Australia</a></i></li> <li>1907–1953 *<i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion of New Zealand</a></i></li> <li>1919–1942 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li>1945–1968 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li>1919–1949 <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">Territory of New Guinea</a></li> <li>1949–1975 <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Territory of Papua and New Guinea</a></i><sup>13</sup></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li>9. Now part of the *<i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></i>.</li> <li>10. Suspended member.</li> <li>11. Now <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></i> and *<i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></i>.</li> <li>12. Now the *<i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></i>.</li> <li>13. Now *<i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></i>.</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em"> </span> <div style="font-size:110%">Antarctica and South Atlantic</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>Since 1658 <u><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></u><sup>14</sup></li> <li>Since 1815 <u><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></u><sup>14</sup></li> <li>Since 1816 <u><strong class="selflink">Tristan da Cunha</strong></u><sup>14</sup></li> <li>Since 1908 <u><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></u><sup>15</sup></li> <li>1841–1933 <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></i> <small>(transferred to the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia" title="Commonwealth of Australia" class="mw-redirect">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</small></li> <li>1841–1947 <i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></i> <small>(transferred to the <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</small></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li>14. Since 2009 part of <u><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></u>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li>15. Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands).</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:British_peoples" title="Template:British peoples"><span 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title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish" title="Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Anguilla" title="Demographics of Anguilla">Anguillans</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Bermuda" title="Demographics of Bermuda">Bermudians</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Demographics of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Demographics of the Cayman Islands">Caymanians</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagossians" title="Chagossians">Chagossians (Îlois)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islanders" title="Falkland Islanders">Falkland Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltarian_people" title="Gibraltarian people" class="mw-redirect">Gibraltarians</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hong Kong people in the United Kingdom">Hongkongers</a> (<a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nationality_law_and_Hong_Kong" title="British nationality law and Hong Kong">British Nationals (Overseas)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Montserrat" title="Demographics of Montserrat">Montserratians</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcadians" title="Orcadians">Orcadians</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="Demographics of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Helena" title="Demographics of Saint Helena" class="mw-redirect">Saint Helenians</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetlanders</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Tristan Islanders</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="color:black;background:#cdcdcd;"> <div><small><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_diaspora" title="British diaspora">British diaspora</a></small></div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_of_Africa&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 0.5em;"> <div><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="image" title="Orthogrpahic projection of Africa"><img alt="Orthogrpahic projection of Africa" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/180px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/240px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(subdivision)" title="Territory (subdivision)">Territories</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">and</span><br/> <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependencies</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a> / <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">France</span></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a> / <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">Italy</span></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">Portugal</span></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> / <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">Spain</span></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">UK</span></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">Yemen</span></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br/> recognition</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"> <div><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Unclear sovereignty</a>.</div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom" class="mw-redirect">World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey" title="St Augustine's Abbey">St. Augustine's Abbey</a> <small>and</small> <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Canterbury" title="St Martin's Church, Canterbury">St. Martin's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall_and_West_Devon_Mining_Landscape" title="Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape">Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwent_Valley_Mills" title="Derwent Valley Mills">Derwent Valley Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Castle" title="Durham Castle">Durham Castle</a> <small>and</small> <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limes" title="Limes">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a></small></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironbridge_Gorge" title="Ironbridge Gorge">Ironbridge Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_Coast" title="Jurassic Coast">Jurassic Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Royal Botanic Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Maritime_Mercantile_City" title="Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City">Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Maritime Greenwich</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltaire" title="Saltaire">Saltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge,_Avebury_and_Associated_Sites" title="Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites">Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studley_Royal_Park" title="Studley Royal Park">Studley Royal Park</a> <small>and</small> <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountains_Abbey" title="Fountains Abbey">Fountains Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster Palace</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> <small>and</small> <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St. Margaret's Church</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div> <div class="floatright"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/100px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg" width="100" height="67" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/150px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/200px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="355"/></div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town,_Edinburgh" title="Old Town, Edinburgh">Edinburgh Old Town</a> <small>and</small> <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh" title="New Town, Edinburgh">New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limes" title="Limes">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a></small></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Neolithic_Orkney" title="Heart of Neolithic Orkney">Heart of Neolithic Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda,_Scotland" title="St Kilda, Scotland">St. Kilda</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenavon" title="Blaenavon">Blaenavon Industrial Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castles_and_Town_Walls_of_King_Edward_in_Gwynedd" title="Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd">Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">Pontcysyllte Aqueduct</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a> <small>and</small> <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaccessible_Island" title="Inaccessible Island">Inaccessible Island</a>, <strong class="selflink">Tristan da Cunha</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_Island_(Pitcairn_Islands)" title="Henderson Island (Pitcairn Islands)">Henderson Island</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">Town of St. George and Related Fortifications</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Template:Outlying territories of European countries"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Template talk:Outlying territories of European countries"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Outlying territories of <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> countries</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div>Territories under European <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see <a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries#Inclusion_criteria" title="Template:Outlying territories of European countries">inclusion criteria</a> for further information).</div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Denmark</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">France</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a> <ul> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam">Île Amsterdam</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul">Île Saint-Paul</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean</a></small></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Italy</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a> <ul> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampedusa" title="Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampione" title="Lampione">Lampione</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linosa" title="Linosa">Linosa</a></small></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Netherlands</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba" title="Saba">Saba</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></small></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Norway</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Portugal</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Spain</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></i> <ul> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chafarinas_Islands" title="Chafarinas Islands">Chafarinas Islands</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_Alhucemas" title="Peñón de Alhucemas">Peñón de Alhucemas</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera</a></small></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">United Kingdom</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <p><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/web/20150320131514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Tristan_da_Cunha&params=37_07_S_12_17_W_region:SH-TA_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°07′S</span> <span class="longitude">12°17′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.117°S 12.283°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-37.117; -12.283</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="تريستان دا كونا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trist%C3%A1n_da_Cunha" title="Tristán da Cunha – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan-da-Kunya" title="Tristan-da-Kunya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Астравы Трыстан-да-Кунья – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Тристан да Куня – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Τριστάν ντα Κούνια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trist%C3%A1n_de_Acu%C3%B1a" title="Tristán de Acuña – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha_(insularo)" title="Tristan da Cunha (insularo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تریستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha_(archipel)" title="Tristan da Cunha (archipel) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag">Gagauz</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%EB%8B%A4%EC%BF%A0%EB%83%90_%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84" title="트리스탄다쿠냐 제도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A1_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1" title="Տրիստան դա Կունյա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="त्रिस्तान दा कून्हा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="טריסטן דה קונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulae_Tristanenses" title="Insulae Tristanenses – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristana_da_Ku%C5%86as_salas" title="Tristana da Kuņas salas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristanas_da_Kunja" title="Tristanas da Kunja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="त्रिस्तान दा कून्या – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A3" title="トリスタンダクーニャ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap">Papiamentu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trist%C3%A3o_da_Cunha" title="Tristão da Cunha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Тристан-да-Кунья (острова) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha_(skupina_ostrovov)" title="Tristan da Cunha (skupina ostrovov) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%9A%D0%B0_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Тристан да Куња (острва) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="டிரிசுதான் டா குன்ஃகா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ตริสตันดากูนยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Тристан-да-Кунья – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ترسٹان دا کونیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131514/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6-%E8%BE%BE%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="特里斯坦-达库尼亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a 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