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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Ascension Island</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">This article is about the island in the Atlantic Ocean. For the islands in Canada, see <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Islands" title="Ascension Islands">Ascension Islands</a>.</div> <table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em; font-size:88%;"> <tr class="adr"> <th colspan="3" align="center" class="mergedtoprow" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><span class="fn org country-name">Ascension Island</span><br/></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td class="maptable" colspan="3" align="center" style="padding:0.5em 0;"> <table align="center" style="width:100%;background:none;"> <tr> <td align="center" style="width:58%; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Ascension Island"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/125px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png" width="125" height="63" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/188px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/250px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"/></a></td> <td align="center" style="width:auto;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg" class="image" title="Coat of arms of Ascension Island"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png" width="85" height="79" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="483"/></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Ascension_Island" title="Flag of Ascension Island">Flag</a></td> <td align="center" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ascension_Island" title="Coat of arms of Ascension Island">Coat of arms</a></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="anthem" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;"><b>Anthem: </b>"<a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen" title="God Save the Queen">God Save the Queen</a>"</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0.6em 0 0.3em;text-align:center;"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ile_de_l%27ascension_routes.svg" class="image" title="Location of Ascension Island"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ile_de_l%27ascension_routes.svg/250px-Ile_de_l%27ascension_routes.svg.png" width="250" height="179" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ile_de_l%27ascension_routes.svg/375px-Ile_de_l%27ascension_routes.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ile_de_l%27ascension_routes.svg/500px-Ile_de_l%27ascension_routes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2101" data-file-height="1505"/></a></div> </div> <div style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;"></div> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2"><b>Capital</b><br/> and largest settlement</td> <td><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Ascension_Island" title="Georgetown, Ascension Island">Georgetown</a><br/> <span style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:85%;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Ascension_Island&params=7_56_S_14_25_W_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°56′S</span> <span class="longitude">14°25′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.933°S 14.417°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-7.933; -14.417</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;">Official languages</th> <td><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Part of</b></td> <td><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Leaders</th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_monarchy" title="British monarchy" class="mw-redirect">Queen</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom" class="mw-redirect">Elizabeth II</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Governor of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Governor</a></td> <td>Mark Capes</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrator_of_Ascension_Island" title="Administrator of Ascension Island">Administrator</a></td> <td>Marc Holland</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="3">Establishment</th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">First inhabited</td> <td>1815 </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Dependency of St Helena</td> <td>12 September 1922 </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha#Constitution" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Current constitution</a></td> <td>1 September 2009 </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="3"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Ascension_Island" title="Geography of Ascension Island" class="mw-redirect">Area</a></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Total</td> <td>88 km<sup><small>2</small></sup> (<a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">219th</a>)<br/> 34 sq mi</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Water (%)</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="3"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Ascension_Island" title="Demographics of Ascension Island" class="mw-redirect">Population</a></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">estimate</td> <td>880</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Density</td> <td>10/km<sup><small>2</small></sup><br/> 25.9/sq mi</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">Currency</th> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena_pound" title="Saint Helena pound">Saint Helena pound</a><br/> <small style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a> accepted)</small></span> (<a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">SHP</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Time zone</th> <td><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a> <span class="nowrap">(<a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>)</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Drives on the</th> <td><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">left</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Ascension_Island" title="Telephone numbers in Ascension Island">Calling code</a></th> <td><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2B247" title="+247" class="mw-redirect">+247</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th> <td><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:SH-AC" title="ISO 3166-2:SH-AC" class="mw-redirect">SH-AC</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th> <td><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ac" title=".ac">.ac</a><br/> <br/> <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom#Overseas_territories" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">UK Postcode:</a> ASCN 1ZZ</td> </tr> </table> <p><b>Ascension Island</b> is an isolated volcanic island in the equatorial waters of the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">South Atlantic Ocean</a>, around 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) from the coast of Africa and 2,250 kilometres (1,400 mi) from the coast of South America, which is roughly midway between the horn of South America and Africa. It is governed as part of the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a> of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> of which the main island, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>, is around 1,300 kilometres (800 mi) to the southeast. The territory also includes the "remotest populated archipelago" on Earth, the sparsely populated <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>, some 3,730 kilometres (2,300 mi) to the south (about thirty degrees of latitude) and about halfway to the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic Circle</a>.</p> <p>The island is named after the day of its recorded discovery, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension Day</a>, and is located at <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Ascension_Island&params=7_56_S_14_22_W_region:SH-AC_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°56′S</span> <span class="longitude">14°22′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.933°S 14.367°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-7.933; -14.367</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Ascension_Island&params=7_56_S_14_22_W_region:SH-AC_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°56′S</span> <span class="longitude">14°22′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.933°S 14.367°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-7.933; -14.367</span></span></span></a></span></span></span>, about as far south of the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> as tropical <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> is to its north. Historically, it has played a role as an important safe haven and coaling station to mariners and for commercial airliners during the days of international air travel by <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boats</a> and during <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was an important naval and air station, especially providing antisubmarine warfare bases in the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Battle of the Atlantic (1939–1945)" class="mw-redirect">Battle of the Atlantic</a> and throughout the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Victory_at_Sea_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victory_at_Sea-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Ascension Island was garrisoned by the British <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty" title="Admiralty">Admiralty</a> from 22 October 1815 to 1922.</p> <p>The island is the location of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">RAF Ascension Island</a>, which is a <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> station with a <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> presence, a European Space Agency rocket tracking station, an Anglo-American <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> facility and the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a> Atlantic Relay Station. The island was used extensively by the British military during the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>. Ascension Island hosts one of five ground antennae (others are on <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwajalein_Atoll" title="Kwajalein Atoll">Kwajalein Island</a>, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a>, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs</a> and Hawaii) that assist in the operation of the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) navigational system.</p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Environment"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Environment</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Flora_and_fauna"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Flora and fauna</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Plants"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Plants</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Animals"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Animals</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Important_Bird_Area"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Important Bird Area</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Society_and_culture"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Society and culture</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Tourism_and_related_industries"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Tourism and related industries</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Communications"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Communications</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Banking_and_currency"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Banking and currency</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Transport"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Transport</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><a href="#History" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ascension_Island_Location.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ascension_Island_Location.jpg/220px-Ascension_Island_Location.jpg" width="220" height="169" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ascension_Island_Location.jpg/330px-Ascension_Island_Location.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ascension_Island_Location.jpg/440px-Ascension_Island_Location.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="671"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ascension_Island_Location.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Location of Ascension Island in the British South Atlantic territories.</div> </div> </div> <p><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Nova" title="João da Nova">João da Nova</a>, sailing for the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Crown" title="Portuguese Crown" class="mw-redirect">Portuguese Crown</a>, discovered the island in 1501 and named it <i>Ilha de Nossa Senora de Conceição</i>, but the discovery was quickly forgotten.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1503, the Portuguese navigator <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> sighted the island on <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Day" title="Ascension Day" class="mw-redirect">Ascension Day</a> (which fell on 21 May that year) and named it <i>Ilha de Ascensão</i> after this feast day.<sup id="cite_ref-mysterra_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysterra-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Dry and barren, the island had little appeal for passing ships except for collecting fresh meat, and was not claimed for the Portuguese Crown. Mariners could hunt for the numerous seabirds and the enormous female <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_turtle" title="Green turtle" class="mw-redirect">green turtles</a> that laid their eggs on the sandy beaches. The Portuguese also introduced goats as a potential source of meat for future mariners.</p> <p>In February 1701, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Roebuck_(1690)" title="HMS Roebuck (1690)">HMS <i>Roebuck</i></a>, commanded by <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a>, sank in the common anchoring spot in Clarence Bay to the northwest of the island. Some sixty men survived for two months until they were rescued. Almost certainly, after a few days they found the strong water spring in the high interior of the island, in what is now called Breakneck Valley (there is a much smaller water source, lower on the mountain, which was named Dampier's Drip by people who probably misinterpreted Dampier's story).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>It is possible that the island was sometimes used <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> as an open prison for criminal mariners, although there is only one documented case of such an exile, a <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> ship's officer, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leendert_Hasenbosch" title="Leendert Hasenbosch">Leendert Hasenbosch</a>, set ashore at Clarence Bay as a punishment for <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a> in May 1725. British mariners found the Dutchman's tent, belongings and diary in January 1726; the man had probably died of thirst or suicide.</p> <p>Organised settlement of Ascension Island began in 1815, when the British garrisoned it as a precaution after imprisoning <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I" title="Napoleon I" class="mw-redirect">Napoleon I</a> on <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> to the southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-mysterra_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysterra-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> On 22 October the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruizer_class_brig-sloop" title="Cruizer class brig-sloop" class="mw-redirect"><i>Cruizer</i> class brig-sloops</a> <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Zenobia_(1807)" title="HMS Zenobia (1807)"><i>Zenobia</i></a> and <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Peruvian_(1808)" title="HMS Peruvian (1808)"><i>Peruvian</i></a> claimed the island for His Britannic Majesty <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="George III of the United Kingdom">King George III</a>. The <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> officially designated the island as a <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_frigate" title="Stone frigate">stone frigate</a>, HMS <i>Ascension</i>, with the classification of "Sloop of War of the smaller class".</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_GEORGETOWN.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_GEORGETOWN.jpg/220px-ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_GEORGETOWN.jpg" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_GEORGETOWN.jpg/330px-ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_GEORGETOWN.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_GEORGETOWN.jpg/440px-ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_GEORGETOWN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_GEORGETOWN.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Royal Marine barracks (1830) in the former Royal Dockyard, Georgetown</div> </div> </div> <p>The location of the island made it a useful stopping-point for ships and communications. The <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> used the island as a <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victualler" title="Victualler">victualling</a> station for ships, particularly those of the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">West Africa Squadron</a> working against the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> A garrison of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> was based at Ascension from 1823.</p> <p>In 1836 the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_voyage_of_HMS_Beagle" title="Second voyage of HMS Beagle"><i>Beagle</i> voyage</a> visited Ascension. <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> described it as an arid treeless island, with nothing growing near the coast. Sparse vegetation inland supported "about six hundred sheep, many goats, a few cows & horses", and large numbers of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineafowl" title="Guineafowl">guineafowl</a> imported from the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> islands, as well as rats, mice and <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_crab" title="Land crab" class="mw-redirect">land crabs</a>; he agreed with the saying attributed to the people of St Helena that "We know we live on a rock, but the poor people at Ascension live on a cinder". He noted the care taken to sustain "houses, gardens & fields placed near the summit of the central mountain", and cisterns at the road side to provide good drinking water. The springs were carefully managed, "so that a single drop of water may not be lost: indeed the whole island may be compared to a huge ship kept in first-rate order." In commenting on this, he noted <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Primev%C3%A8re_Lesson" title="René Primevère Lesson" class="mw-redirect">René Primevère Lesson</a>'s remark "that the English nation alone would have thought of making the island of Ascension a productive spot; any other people would have held it as a mere fortress in the ocean."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ascension_Island1.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ascension_Island1.JPG/220px-Ascension_Island1.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ascension_Island1.JPG/330px-Ascension_Island1.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ascension_Island1.JPG/440px-Ascension_Island1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ascension_Island1.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Ascension Island viewed from the south</div> </div> </div> <p>In 1843, botanist and explorer <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a> visited the island. Four years later, Hooker, with much encouragement from Darwin, advised the Royal Navy that with the help of Kew Gardens, they should institute a long-term plan of shipping trees to Ascension. The planted trees would capture more rain and improve the soil, allowing the barren island to become a garden. So, from 1850 and continuing year on year, ships came each depositing a varied assortment of plants from botanical gardens in Argentina, Europe and South Africa. By the late 1870s <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucaria_heterophylla" title="Araucaria heterophylla">Norfolk pines</a>, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a>, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, and <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana trees</a> grew in lush profusion at the highest point of the island, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mountain" title="Green Mountain">Green Mountain</a>, creating a tropical <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_forest" title="Cloud forest">cloud forest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcdarwinexperiment_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcdarwinexperiment-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In 1899, the Eastern Telegraph Company (now part of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_Worldwide" title="Cable & Wireless Worldwide">Cable & Wireless Worldwide</a>) installed the first underwater cable from the island, connecting the UK with its colonies in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-mysterra_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysterra-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1922, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> made Ascension a dependency of Saint Helena.<sup id="cite_ref-mysterra_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysterra-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> The island was managed by the head of the Eastern Telegraph Company on the island until 1964 when the British Government appointed an <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Government" title="Administrator of the Government">Administrator</a> to represent the Governor of Saint Helena on Ascension.<sup id="cite_ref-mysterra_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysterra-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>During <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, to supply and augment extensive amphibious aircraft antisubmarine patrol operations ongoing from the early days of the war, the United States built an airbase on Ascension Island, known as "Wideawake",<sup id="cite_ref-mysterra_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysterra-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> after a nearby colony of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooty_tern" title="Sooty tern">sooty terns</a> (locally called 'wideawake' birds because of their loud, distinctive call, which would wake people early in the morning). The airbase, which was under construction by the 38th Combat Engineer Battalion of the Army Corps of Engineers, was unexpectedly visited by two British <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Swordfish" title="Fairey Swordfish">Fairey Swordfish</a> torpedo planes on 15 June 1942. According to one of the pilots, Peter Jinks, the planes were fired upon before being recognised as allies. The Swordfish had to land on the unfinished airstrip, thus becoming the first aircraft to land on Ascension Island proper — which had long served as an ASW base for <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">Catalina</a> (PBY Catalina) <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boats</a>. The event was later commemorated with a postage stamp 15 June 1982.</p> <p>The airfield was used by the US military as a stopping point for American aircraft crossing the Atlantic Ocean on the way to theatres of operation in Europe and Africa. American bombers based at Wideawake were engaged in the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laconia_incident" title="Laconia incident">Laconia incident</a>. After the end of World War II, and American departure, the airbase fell into disuse.</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_Mountain3.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Green_Mountain3.JPG/220px-Green_Mountain3.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Green_Mountain3.JPG/330px-Green_Mountain3.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Green_Mountain3.JPG/440px-Green_Mountain3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_Mountain3.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The island viewed from atop Green Mountain, looking south towards Two Boats Village and Georgetown</div> </div> </div> <p>The only local military action during World War II occurred on 9 December 1941. At around mid-day, the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-124_(1940)" title="German submarine U-124 (1940)"><i>U-124</i></a> approached <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Ascension_Island" title="Georgetown, Ascension Island">Georgetown</a> on the surface with the intention of sinking any ships at anchor or shelling the cable station. Fort Bedford, a two-gun shore battery at Cross Hill, above Georgetown, fired on the submarine. The guns scored no hits but the U-boat submerged and retreated. The battery remains largely intact to this day, together with its guns, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_5.5_inch_Mark_I_naval_gun" title="BL 5.5 inch Mark I naval gun">BL 5.5 inch Mark I naval guns</a> removed from <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hood_(51)" title="HMS Hood (51)">HMS <i>Hood</i></a> during a refit in Malta in 1938.</p> <p>With the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> and the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the Americans returned in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-mysterra_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysterra-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Wideawake Airfield expanded in the mid-1960s. The runway, with its strange hump, was extended, widened, and improved to allow its use by large aircraft, and later to act as an emergency runway for the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, although the Shuttle never had occasion to use it.<sup id="cite_ref-mysterra_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysterra-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> uses the island as part of its <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Range" title="Eastern Range">Eastern Range</a>. <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> established a tracking station on the island in 1967, which it operated for more than 20 years before closing it down in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-mysterra_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysterra-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> A joint <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" title="Government Communications Headquarters">Government Communications Headquarters</a> and <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> signals intercept station was also established on Ascension during the Cold War.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> The island retains a role in space exploration: the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> now operates an <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane</a> monitoring facility there.<sup id="cite_ref-mysterra_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysterra-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Atlantic Relay Station was installed in 1966 for short-wave broadcasts to Africa and South America.</p> <p>In 1982 a British <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_force" title="Task force">task force</a> used Ascension Island as a <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staging_area" title="Staging area">staging post</a> during the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mysterra_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysterra-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> though according to Matthew Parris,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> "...at the start of the Falklands conflict Washington at first refused Britain permission to use the USA-operated airfield facilities for refuelling RAF jets. Only after Mrs Thatcher intervened with Ronald Reagan did the Americans reluctantly concede." The <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> deployed a fleet of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Vulcan" title="Avro Vulcan">Vulcan</a> bombers and <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Victor" title="Handley Page Victor">Victor</a> tankers at the airfield. Vulcans launched the opening shots of the British offensive from Ascension in <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Black_Buck" title="Operation Black Buck">Operation Black Buck</a>. The RAF also used the base to supply the task force. Because of the increase in air traffic during the war, Wideawake was the busiest airfield in the world for a short period. The Royal Navy's fleet stopped at Ascension for refuelling on the way. Following the war, the British retained an increased presence on the island, establishing <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">RAF Ascension Island</a>, and providing a refuelling stop for the regular airlink between <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Brize_Norton" title="RAF Brize Norton">RAF Brize Norton</a> in Oxfordshire, and <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Mount_Pleasant" title="RAF Mount Pleasant">RAF Mount Pleasant</a> in the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:224px;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ascension_Island,_Wideawake_Airfield_(1).JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ascension_Island%2C_Wideawake_Airfield_%281%29.JPG/222px-Ascension_Island%2C_Wideawake_Airfield_%281%29.JPG" width="222" height="157" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ascension_Island%2C_Wideawake_Airfield_%281%29.JPG/333px-Ascension_Island%2C_Wideawake_Airfield_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ascension_Island%2C_Wideawake_Airfield_%281%29.JPG/444px-Ascension_Island%2C_Wideawake_Airfield_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1604" data-file-height="1136"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ascension_Island,_Wideawake_Airfield_(1).JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Wideawake Airfield</div> </div> </div> <p>As of 2004, it was reported that the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Signals_Organisation" title="Composite Signals Organisation" class="mw-redirect">Composite Signals Organisation</a>, an arm of GCHQ, continued to operate a signals interception facility on Ascension.<sup id="cite_ref-Settlers_wanted_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Settlers_wanted-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> As of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> NASA continued to list Ascension Island as a "downrange site" used for range safety instrumentation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> In particular, the Post-Detect Telemetry System used to acquire launch vehicle <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> includes a station on Ascension.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In 2008 British diplomats requested sovereignty, at the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (UN CLCS), over 77,220 square miles (200,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of submarine territory around the island. This would enable exploration into new reserves of oil, gas and minerals, though none are thought to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><a href="#Politics" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Ascension forms part of a British <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">overseas territory</a> together with <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> and <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Executive authority is vested in <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cia_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> who is represented by the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Governor of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Governor of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a>. As the Governor resides in <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown, Saint Helena</a>, an <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrator_of_Ascension_Island" title="Administrator of Ascension Island">Administrator</a> is appointed to represent the Governor on Ascension Island.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House_Ascension_Island.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Government_House_Ascension_Island.jpg/220px-Government_House_Ascension_Island.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Government_House_Ascension_Island.jpg/330px-Government_House_Ascension_Island.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Government_House_Ascension_Island.jpg/440px-Government_House_Ascension_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House_Ascension_Island.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Ascension Government House</div> </div> </div> <p>As a result of changes in the constitutional arrangements for Ascension Island, the first <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Island_Council" title="Ascension Island Council">Island Council</a> of seven members was elected and took office on 1 November 2002. This Council was dissolved by order of the Governor of Saint Helena on 24 October 2005, and a new election was held on 16 November 2005, a total of 697 electors choosing between ten candidates contesting the seven seats.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Six of the seven members resigned in January 2007 in the belief that they were "assisting to legitimise a democracy that doesn't really exist on Ascension Island".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Consequently, a general election was called, but by the close of nominations, there were only two candidates. As a result of the boycott, the election was abandoned, and the governor suspended the Island Council for 12 months. It was stated that an election would take place in April 2008 but following consultations this was extended to October.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> With eight nominations the elections were duly held and seven candidates were elected to form a new Island Council, which was sworn in on 28 October.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Ascension Island has its own local system of law, much of which is based on the laws of Saint Helena and some parts of English law with modifications.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> The Island Council advises on new or revised laws. Where local legislation does not exist, Saint Helenian law may be used where appropriate and suitable for local adaptation, or specific Ascension Island law is enacted. Employment legislation is a mixture of contract law and the Workmen's Protection Ordinance, which guarantees a contract, as well as obliging employers to provide free accommodation, medical cover, food (or a food allowance), travel etc.</p> <p>The Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009 was made by HM the Queen and the Privy Council on 8 July and came into operation in September 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> The new Constitution replaces the 1988 version and among other changes limits the Governor's powers, includes a Bill of Rights, establishes independence of the judiciary and the public service and formally designates the Governor of St Helena as, concurrently, the Governor for Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. It also ends the "dependency" status of Ascension and Tristan da Cunha on Saint Helena that had been in place, for administrative convenience, since 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><a href="#Environment" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Environment">Environment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="List of mountains and hills of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">List of mountains and hills of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ascension_Island_Comfortless_Cove.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ascension_Island_Comfortless_Cove.jpg/220px-Ascension_Island_Comfortless_Cove.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ascension_Island_Comfortless_Cove.jpg/330px-Ascension_Island_Comfortless_Cove.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ascension_Island_Comfortless_Cove.jpg/440px-Ascension_Island_Comfortless_Cove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ascension_Island_Comfortless_Cove.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Comfortless Cove</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ascension_Island_Lava_fields.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ascension_Island_Lava_fields.jpg/220px-Ascension_Island_Lava_fields.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ascension_Island_Lava_fields.jpg/330px-Ascension_Island_Lava_fields.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ascension_Island_Lava_fields.jpg/440px-Ascension_Island_Lava_fields.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ascension_Island_Lava_fields.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Lava fields</div> </div> </div> <p>The main island has an area of approximately 88 km<sup>2</sup>. A volcanic peak rising from only 100 km (62 mi) west of the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a>, much of the island is a wasteland of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> flows and <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">cinder cones</a>; no fewer than forty-four distinct dormant <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">craters</a> have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><a href="#Flora_and_fauna" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_scrub_and_grasslands" title="Ascension scrub and grasslands">Ascension scrub and grasslands</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ascension_Island_Black_igneous_rocks.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ascension_Island_Black_igneous_rocks.jpg/220px-Ascension_Island_Black_igneous_rocks.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ascension_Island_Black_igneous_rocks.jpg/330px-Ascension_Island_Black_igneous_rocks.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ascension_Island_Black_igneous_rocks.jpg/440px-Ascension_Island_Black_igneous_rocks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ascension_Island_Black_igneous_rocks.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Black volcanic rocks</div> </div> </div> <h4><a href="#Plants" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Plants">Plants</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Plants">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>The island originally had its own native flora until Portuguese explorers released goats in the 1500s which ate much of it. The later introduction of rabbits, sheep, rats and donkeys, and over 200 imported species further marginalized the original flora.<sup id="cite_ref-native_flora_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-native_flora-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> By 1843 the island was barren with few plants. However, due to the introduction of species by the British, Ascension Island's <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mountain" title="Green Mountain">Green Mountain</a> is now one of the few large-scale planned forests, and is gradually growing with each year. Its highest point is at 2,817 feet (859 m).<sup id="cite_ref-cia_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The endemic flora includes plants like <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteris_adscensionis" title="Pteris adscensionis">Pteris adscensionis</a></i>, <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asplenium_ascensionis" title="Asplenium ascensionis">Asplenium ascensionis</a></i>, <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_origanoides" title="Euphorbia origanoides">Euphorbia origanoides</a></i> as well as the extinct species <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenlandia_adscenionis" title="Oldenlandia adscenionis">Oldenlandia adscenionis</a></i>, <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporobolus_durus" title="Sporobolus durus">Sporobolus durus</a></i> and <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dryopteris_ascensionis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dryopteris ascensionis (page does not exist)">Dryopteris ascensionis</a></i> and the recently rediscovered <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anogramma_ascensionis" title="Anogramma ascensionis">Anogramma ascensionis</a></i> (Ascension Island parsley fern). <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_juliflora" title="Prosopis juliflora">Prosopis juliflora</a></i>, or the Mexican Thorn, is an introduced species which has thrived on the barren lava of the island in recent years; however, its spread has been destructive to other species, and current encroachment on the edges of beaches threatens those that utilize this space, such as the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_turtle" title="Green turtle" class="mw-redirect">green turtle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ProcPt5b_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProcPt5b-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In June 2005 the first National Park on Ascension Island, the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Mountain_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Green Mountain National Park (page does not exist)">Green Mountain National Park</a>, was opened. Non-indigenous plants teem there, and the crown of Green Mountain is a lush halo of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>. Flanking one side is a large stand of tall <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucaria_heterophylla" title="Araucaria heterophylla">Norfolk pine</a>, trees planted by British mariners, which were to have been used as replacement masts for <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sailing ships</a>.</p> <h4><a href="#Animals" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Animals">Animals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Animals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>A variety of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> have been introduced: <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkey</a>, sheep, cats and <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a> among others. <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptiles</a> consist of two species of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>. Endemic insect species include the minute, wingless Psocopteran <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troglotroctes_ashmolearum" title="Troglotroctes ashmolearum">Troglotroctes ashmolearum</a></i>, that has been found in caves and between lava blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> In summer, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">flies</a> are known to be problematic.</p> <p>The largest native land animal is the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_crab" title="Land crab" class="mw-redirect">land crab</a> <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johngarthia_lagostoma" title="Johngarthia lagostoma">Johngarthia lagostoma</a></i> (formerly <i>Gecarcinus lagostoma</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hartnoll2009_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartnoll2009-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> Offshore, there is a variety of open-ocean fish, including <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahoo" title="Wahoo">wahoo</a>, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonito" title="Bonito">bonito</a>, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracuda" title="Barracuda">barracuda</a>, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">marlin</a>, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrolophus_niger" title="Centrolophus niger" class="mw-redirect">blackfish</a> and <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailfish" title="Sailfish">sailfish</a>. The protected green turtle is perhaps the most notable of the endemic fauna, coming ashore to lay their eggs on the beaches from November to May.</p> <p>On land are found such non-native birds such as <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serinus" title="Serinus">canaries</a>, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francolin" title="Francolin">francolins</a>, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myna" title="Myna">mynas</a>, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparrow" title="Sparrow">sparrows</a>, and <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrildid_finch" title="Estrildid finch">waxbills</a>. <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooty_tern" title="Sooty tern">Sooty terns</a> or "wideawake birds" nest in great seashore <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> "fairs". Other <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a> include some types of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booby" title="Booby">boobies</a>, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrel" title="Petrel">petrels</a> and <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicbird" title="Tropicbird">tropicbirds</a> (named boatswain (pronounced BO-sun) birds by the inhabitants of the island), <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_tern" title="White tern">white tern</a>, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_noddy" title="Brown noddy">brown noddy</a>, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_noddy" title="Black noddy">black noddy</a> and <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_frigatebird" title="Ascension frigatebird">Ascension frigatebird</a>. The <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_crake" title="Ascension crake">Ascension crake</a> became extinct around the beginning of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-ProcPt5b_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProcPt5b-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Off the east coast of Ascension is the islet of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boatswain_Bird_Island" title="Boatswain Bird Island">Boatswain Bird Island</a>. It is a haven for sea birds providing refuge from the rats, cats and people that came to Ascension Island from Europe and Africa. Following a successful campaign headed by the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a>, the main island was in 2006 declared free of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_cat" title="Feral cat">feral cats</a>, and sea birds are now once again nesting on Ascension Island.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Since the record initialized in 1970s to 2014, the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_turtle" title="Green turtle" class="mw-redirect">green turtle</a> nesting increase by 500 percent, resulting in some 24,000 nests being laid on the Island's main beaches each year.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h4><a href="#Important_Bird_Area" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Important_Bird_Area">Important Bird Area</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Important Bird Area">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Ascension Island, including 14 inshore stacks and marine habitat extending out for three <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> from the coastline, has been identified as an <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Area</a> (IBA) by <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> as a breeding site for <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a>. Birds for which the IBA is significant include <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-billed_tropicbird" title="Red-billed tropicbird">red-billed tropicbirds</a>, <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_frigatebird" title="Ascension frigatebird">Ascension frigatebirds</a> (an endemic breeder), <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooty_tern" title="Sooty tern">sooty terns</a> and <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_noddy" title="Black noddy">black noddies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> The island was formerly home to the endemic <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_crake" title="Ascension crake">Ascension crake</a>, but the species has been extinct since the early 19th century.</p> <h3><a href="#Climate" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Ascension's climate is tropical, with temperatures at the coast ranging from about 20–31 °C (68–88 °F), and about 5 to 6 °C (9 to 11 °F) cooler at the highest point. Rain showers may occur at any time during the year, but tend to be heavier between June and September.</p> <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:90%; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height: 1.1em; margin:auto;"> <tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Georgetown</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Month</th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="January">Jan</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="February">Feb</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="March">Mar</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="April">Apr</abbr></th> <th>May</th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="June">Jun</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="July">Jul</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="August">Aug</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="September">Sep</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="October">Oct</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="November">Nov</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="December">Dec</abbr></th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year</th> </tr> <tr> <th height="16"><abbr class="abbr" title="Average high temperature during the day (average maximum daytime temperature)">Average high</abbr> °C (°F)</th> <td style="background:#FF4F00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">30<br/> (86)</td> <td style="background:#FF4800;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">31<br/> (88)</td> <td style="background:#FF4800;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">31<br/> (88)</td> <td style="background:#FF4800;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">31<br/> (88)</td> <td style="background:#FF4800;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">31<br/> (88)</td> <td style="background:#FF4F00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">30<br/> (86)</td> <td style="background:#FF5600;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">29<br/> (84)</td> <td style="background:#FF5D00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">28<br/> (82)</td> <td style="background:#FF5D00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">28<br/> (82)</td> <td style="background:#FF5D00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">28<br/> (82)</td> <td style="background:#FF5D00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">28<br/> (82)</td> <td style="background:#FF5600;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">29<br/> (84)</td> <td style="background:#FF5200;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">29.5<br/> (85)</td> </tr> <tr> <th height="16"><abbr class="abbr" title="Average low temperature at night (average minimum night-time temperature)">Average low</abbr> °C (°F)</th> <td style="background:#FF7F00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">23<br/> (73)</td> <td style="background:#FF7F00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">23<br/> (73)</td> <td style="background:#FF7800;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">24<br/> (75)</td> <td style="background:#FF7800;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">24<br/> (75)</td> <td style="background:#FF7800;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">24<br/> (75)</td> <td style="background:#FF7F00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">23<br/> (73)</td> <td style="background:#FF860D;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">22<br/> (72)</td> <td style="background:#FF860D;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">22<br/> (72)</td> <td style="background:#FF860D;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">22<br/> (72)</td> <td style="background:#FF860D;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">22<br/> (72)</td> <td style="background:#FF860D;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">22<br/> (72)</td> <td style="background:#FF860D;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">22<br/> (72)</td> <td style="background:#FF8002;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">22.8<br/> (73)</td> </tr> <tr> <th height="16">Rainfall mm (inches)</th> <td style="background:#F9FFF9;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">4<br/> (0.16)</td> <td style="background:#EEFFEE;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">10<br/> (0.39)</td> <td style="background:#E4FFE4;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">18<br/> (0.71)</td> <td style="background:#CCFFCC;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">33<br/> (1.3)</td> <td style="background:#E7FFE7;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">16<br/> (0.63)</td> <td style="background:#E7FFE7;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">15<br/> (0.59)</td> <td style="background:#EDFFED;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">12<br/> (0.47)</td> <td style="background:#EEFFEE;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">11<br/> (0.43)</td> <td style="background:#F2FFF2;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">8<br/> (0.31)</td> <td style="background:#F4FFF4;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">7<br/> (0.28)</td> <td style="background:#F8FFF8;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">4<br/> (0.16)</td> <td style="background:#F9FFF9;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">4<br/> (0.16)</td> <td style="background:#EDFFED;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">142<br/> (5.59)</td> </tr> <tr> <th height="16"><span style="font-size:90%"><abbr class="abbr" title="Average">Avg.</abbr> rainy days</span></th> <td style="background:#E6E6FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="background:#E3E3FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="background:#D9D9FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="background:#CCCCFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="background:#D9D9FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="background:#D8D8FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="background:#D9D9FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="background:#D9D9FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="background:#E5E5FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="background:#D9D9FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="background:#F2F2FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="background:#F2F2FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="background:#DFDFFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">30</td> </tr> <tr> <th height="16"> % <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a></th> <td style="background:#0000F2;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">70</td> <td style="background:#0000F6;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">69</td> <td style="background:#0000F6;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">69</td> <td style="background:#0000F6;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">69</td> <td style="background:#0000F9;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">68</td> <td style="background:#0000F9;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">68</td> <td style="background:#0000FD;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">67</td> <td style="background:#0000F9;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">68</td> <td style="background:#0000F6;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">69</td> <td style="background:#0000F6;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">69</td> <td style="background:#0000F6;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">69</td> <td style="background:#0000F6;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">69</td> <td style="background:#0000F7;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">68.7</td> </tr> <tr> <th height="16"><span style="font-size:90%">Mean monthly <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a></span></th> <td style="background:#DEDE00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">229.4</td> <td style="background:#E1E100;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">221.2</td> <td style="background:#E9E900;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">275.9</td> <td style="background:#E9E900;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">267.0</td> <td style="background:#E6E600;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">263.5</td> <td style="background:#E7E700;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">261.0</td> <td style="background:#E0E000;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">238.7</td> <td style="background:#DBDB00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">217.0</td> <td style="background:#CDCD00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">165.0</td> <td style="background:#C9C900;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">161.2</td> <td style="background:#CACA00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">159.0</td> <td style="background:#D7D700;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">198.4</td> <td style="background:#DDDD00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">2,657.3</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%"><i>Source: Climate and Temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></i></td> </tr> </table> <h2><a href="#Demographics" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georgetown_Ascension1.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Georgetown_Ascension1.JPG/220px-Georgetown_Ascension1.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Georgetown_Ascension1.JPG/330px-Georgetown_Ascension1.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Georgetown_Ascension1.JPG/440px-Georgetown_Ascension1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georgetown_Ascension1.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Ascension_Island" title="Georgetown, Ascension Island">Georgetown</a> seen here is the primary settlement on the island and comprises the post office, police station, court, government house and the island's supermarket. It also boasts the island's port: a small pier where supplies are off-loaded and a connection exists for a pipeline hose for fuel.</div> </div> </div> <p>There is no indigenous population on the island, and around 880 people live there as of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>: 696 from Saint Helena nicknamed the "Saints"<sup id="cite_ref-mysterra2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysterra2-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> (who are British citizens), 106 British citizens from the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, 70 US citizens and 12 of other nationalities.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">RAF Ascension Island</a> is made up of 17 staff.</p> <p>There are five settlements:</p> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Ascension_Island" title="Georgetown, Ascension Island">Georgetown</a> (the main civilian settlement and capital of the island)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Boats,_Ascension_Island" title="Two Boats, Ascension Island">Two Boats</a> (a civilian village, with <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Boats_School" title="Two Boats School">its school</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Hill,_Ascension_Island" title="Cat Hill, Ascension Island">Cat Hill</a> (the United States' main base on the island)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traveller%27s_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traveller's Hill (page does not exist)">Traveller's Hill</a> (Royal Air Force base)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">Wideawake Airfield</a> (with the Royal Air Force station)</li> </ul> <p>Additionally, there are some cottages on Green Mountain, occasionally occupied by visitors, and the Residency, the official residence of the Administrator.</p> <p>In order to enter Ascension Island, individuals need a written permission of the Administrator. There is no permanent residence. A contract of employment is a requirement to stay on the island,<sup id="cite_ref-mysterra2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysterra2-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> though short term visits by tourists are possible with prior approval. The British government has asserted that there is no "<a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_abode" title="Right of abode">right of abode</a>" on Ascension Island.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> As the local newspaper <i>The Islander</i> reported at the time,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> it is an issue that was disputed by some former Council members and some of the long-time expatriate employees.</p> <h3><a href="#Society_and_culture" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting_and_Guiding_on_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Scouting and Guiding on Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Scouting and Guiding on Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div> <p>There are <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting" title="Scouting">Scouting</a> and <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Guides" title="Girl Guides">Guiding</a> groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Ascension Island in November 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> having been established on St Helena island in 1912.</p> <p><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Boats_School" title="Two Boats School">Two Boats School</a> is the only school on the island and provides education to all resident children aged 3<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></span>–16.</p> <h2><a href="#Economy" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stamp_Ascension_1937_1.5p.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stamp_Ascension_1937_1.5p.jpg/200px-Stamp_Ascension_1937_1.5p.jpg" width="200" height="119" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stamp_Ascension_1937_1.5p.jpg/300px-Stamp_Ascension_1937_1.5p.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stamp_Ascension_1937_1.5p.jpg/400px-Stamp_Ascension_1937_1.5p.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="594"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stamp_Ascension_1937_1.5p.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> View of "The Pier", 1938.</div> </div> </div> <p>The main economic activity on the island is centred on the military bases at Wideawake Airfield, and the BBC World Service's Atlantic Relay station. The <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> estate and facilities are managed by the infrastructure support provider <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interserve" title="Interserve">Interserve</a> Defence. <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serco_Group" title="Serco Group">Serco</a> currently runs the airport services with <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodexo" title="Sodexo">Sodexo</a> providing catering and domestic facilities. A former feature of Ascension was a 70,000 tonne tanker permanently moored offshore that was operated by <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._Moller-Maersk_Group" title="A. P. Moller-Maersk Group" class="mw-redirect">Maersk</a> as a bulk fuel facility. In December 2002, this was replaced by an on-shore Petroleum Supply Depot under military management, with fuel still being delivered by a chartered tanker; the Maersk Rapier, which operates on an MOD resupply contract for both Ascension and the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> every two months. Fuel for the island is transferred via a floating hose, which is connected to the on-shore depot at the islands pier head and to the ship, once it is anchored off Georgetown.</p> <p>The main export items are <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Ascension_Island" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Ascension Island">Ascension Island postage stamps</a>, first issued in 1922, and, since 2010, commemorative coins (which are legal tender but non-circulating) and commercial fishing licences for long-line tuna fishing vessels operating to ICCAT quotas.</p> <p>A secondary export is the international internet domain code <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ac" title=".ac">.ac</a>, which small UK educational colleges and science museums are favouring due to its similarity to <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ac_(second-level_domain)" title=".ac (second-level domain)">.ac.uk</a>, the domain code reserved for well established UK educational institutions. In December 2013, Pirate Bay (one of the most well known file piracy websites in the world) moved to .ac following the seizure of their .sx website.</p> <h3><a href="#Tourism_and_related_industries" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Tourism_and_related_industries">Tourism and related industries</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tourism and related industries">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_DEVIL%27S_ASHPIT.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_DEVIL%27S_ASHPIT.jpg/260px-ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_DEVIL%27S_ASHPIT.jpg" width="260" height="169" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_DEVIL%27S_ASHPIT.jpg/390px-ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_DEVIL%27S_ASHPIT.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_DEVIL%27S_ASHPIT.jpg/520px-ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_DEVIL%27S_ASHPIT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_DEVIL%27S_ASHPIT.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Sand trap</div> </div> </div> <p>Until 2002, tourism was virtually non-existent because of the inaccessibility of the island to transport, the absence of guest accommodation and the need for a sponsor. Limited air travel has, however, been made available in recent years to the public by the RAF, and the Georgetown Obsidian Hotel together with a number of guest cottages that have been opened. All visitors are required to obtain an entry permit before travelling. <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Sport fishing</a> is the main attraction for many of the visitors. The island also boasts what is sometimes called the worst golf course in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> That course, on the outskirts of Georgetown, has since been replaced with a similar one located between the settlements of Two Boats village and Georgetown; the course has 18 holes and the greens are in fact 'browns', a reference to the sand and oil mix<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> used to make them. The rest of the course is made up of volcanic ash and rocks.</p> <h3><a href="#Communications" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Communications">Communications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Communications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Communications in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Communications in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div> <p>The island hosts many communications and relay stations, exploiting the island's strategic position in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Both the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_Worldwide" title="Cable & Wireless Worldwide">Cable & Wireless Worldwide</a> have communications posts there. The <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) also has a tracking station on the island that tracks the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">Ariane 5</a> and the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket)" title="Soyuz (rocket)">Soyuz</a> rockets shortly after they take off from <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kourou" title="Kourou">Kourou</a> in French Guiana.</p> <p>Ascension has one local radio station and one relayed from St. Helena. It also receives broadcasts from the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Forces_Broadcasting_Service" title="British Forces Broadcasting Service">British Forces Broadcasting Service</a> and television services for the US military.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Ascension Island has the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_country_calling_codes" title="List of country calling codes">international calling code</a> +247 and has 4 digit numbers on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The island provided a base for a NASA communications dish during the space race in the mid-1900s. The island was chosen due to its central location in the Atlantic. Sites were chosen due to their proximity to orbital paths - generally along the equator.</p> <h3><a href="#Banking_and_currency" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Banking_and_currency">Banking and currency</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Banking and currency">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_St._Helena" title="Bank of St. Helena">Bank of St. Helena</a> has a branch on the island. This bank holds an account with <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyds_Bank" title="Lloyds Bank">Lloyds Bank</a> in the United Kingdom for the purposes of conducting money transfers with the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> The currency on Ascension Island is the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena_pound" title="Saint Helena pound">Saint Helena pound</a>. <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> however uses the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> rather than the Saint Helena pound. The <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coins_of_the_Saint_Helena_pound" title="Coins of the Saint Helena pound" class="mw-redirect">coins of the Saint Helena pound</a> specify that they are for use on both Saint Helena and Ascension Island, but with no mention of Tristan da Cunha. For more information on currency in the wider region, see <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling_in_the_South_Atlantic_and_the_Antarctic" title="Pound sterling in the South Atlantic and the Antarctic">Pound sterling in the South Atlantic and the Antarctic</a>.</p> <h2><a href="#Transport" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Transport">Transport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ascension_ISS006.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ascension_ISS006.jpg/220px-Ascension_ISS006.jpg" width="220" height="138" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ascension_ISS006.jpg/330px-Ascension_ISS006.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ascension_ISS006.jpg/440px-Ascension_ISS006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="626"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ascension_ISS006.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Ascension Island</div> </div> </div> <p>In 2003 the British and US governments signed the Wideawake agreement designed to allow a limited number of non-scheduled civilian aircraft to land on Ascension Island, under responsibility of the British government.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> The island has a regular airlink with the United Kingdom and the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>, with twice weekly flights from the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">RAF Ascension Island</a> to the UK (<a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Brize_Norton" title="RAF Brize Norton">RAF Brize Norton</a>) and to the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (<a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Mount_Pleasant" title="RAF Mount Pleasant">RAF Mount Pleasant</a>). These are by an <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">Airbus A330</a> aircraft operated by <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirTanker_Services" title="AirTanker Services">AirTanker Services</a> on behalf of the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)</a> although a limited number of commercial passenger tickets are available. All visitors to Ascension Island need the Administrator's written permission before travelling.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> The United States maintains a weekly flight between the island and <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Air_Force_Base" title="Patrick Air Force Base">Patrick Air Force Base</a> in Florida for the use of its personnel only.</p> <p>The <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_St_Helena_(1989)" title="RMS St Helena (1989)">RMS <i>Saint Helena</i></a> visits Ascension Island approximately once a month linking the island to St Helena and <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>. The US military service their base and facilities with a regular supply ship (<a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Ascension" title="MV Ascension">MV <i>Ascension</i></a>) and air transport.</p> <p>There is no taxi service on the island and most visitors requiring transport rent a car. There are around 40 kilometres (25 mi) of roads on the island, all of which are surfaced.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Some sections of the surfacing was done using surplus tarmac from construction of the airstrip.<sup id="cite_ref-mysterra2_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysterra2-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> Traffic drives on the left.<sup id="cite_ref-mysterra2_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysterra2-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><a href="#See_also" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terrestrial_globe.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6b/Terrestrial_globe.svg/29px-Terrestrial_globe.svg.png" width="29" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6b/Terrestrial_globe.svg/43px-Terrestrial_globe.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6b/Terrestrial_globe.svg/58px-Terrestrial_globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="312"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg/25px-Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg" width="25" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg/37px-Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg/50px-Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="1824"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="32" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Empire_1897.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/32px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" width="32" height="24" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/48px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/64px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire portal</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Ascension_Island" title="Outline of Ascension Island">Outline of Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Ascension_Island-related_articles" title="Index of Ascension Island-related articles">Index of Ascension Island-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_St_Helena" title="Diocese of St Helena">Diocese of St Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_named_after_calendar_entries" title="List of islands named after calendar entries">List of islands named after calendar entries</a></li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <h2><a href="#Bibliography" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li>Duff Hart-Davis, <i>Ascension, the story of a South Atlantic island</i>, p. 15</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.economist.com/node/17082686">Correspondent's diary: Ascension Island | The Economist</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/">Official Ascension Island Government site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1805-05">– Global Volcanism Program: Ascension Island</a></li> <li>Sanders, Sarah, <i>Important Bird Areas in the United Kingdom Overseas Territories; priority sites for conservation</i> (RSPB, 2006)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Stonehouse" title="Bernard Stonehouse">Stonehouse, Bernard</a>. (1960). <i>Wideawake Island. The Story of the BOU Centenary Expedition to Ascension</i>. Hutchinson: London</li> </ul> <h2><a href="#References" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2009/plain/uksi_20091751_en#sch1-pt5">The St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009, see "EXPLANATORY NOTE"</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Victory_at_Sea-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Victory_at_Sea_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victory at Sea (Series title), <i>Volume-10 "Beneath the Southern Cross"</i> 1952 production of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>, (Disc 2 of DVD collection reproduction ca. 2007-2008)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-mysterra-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mysterra_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mysterra_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mysterra_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mysterra_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mysterra_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mysterra_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mysterra_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mysterra_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mysterra_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mysterra_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mysterra_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.mysterra.org/webmag/ascension-island/history.html">"Ascension History"</a>. <i>mysterra.org</i>. Mysterra Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island&rft.atitle=Ascension+History&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysterra.org%2Fwebmag%2Fascension-island%2Fhistory.html&rft.jtitle=mysterra.org&rft.pub=Mysterra+Magazine&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Duff Hart-Davis, <i>Ascension, the story of a South Atlantic island</i>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Carl Friedrich Behrens, <i>Reise durch die Sued-Laender und um die Welt</i> (1737), p.250, who wrote that various criminal mariners had been exiled to the island; also in Alex Ritsema <i>A Dutch Castaway on Ascension Island in 1725</i> (2010), p.26 and pp.115-117.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-cia-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sh.html">"Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://web.archive.org/web/20101228232819/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sh.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island&rft.atitle=Saint+Helena%2C+Ascension%2C+and+Tristan+da+Cunha&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fsh.html&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes2001">Keynes 2001</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1925&pageseq=463">431–432</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-bbcdarwinexperiment-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcdarwinexperiment_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11137903">"Charles Darwin's ecological experiment on Ascension isle"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 1 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://web.archive.org/web/20100901191713/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11137903">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island&rft.atitle=Charles+Darwin%27s+ecological+experiment+on+Ascension+isle&rft.date=1+September+2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-11137903&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><br/> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.0305-0270.2003.01010.x/abstract">The parable of Green Mountain: Ascension Island, ecosystem construction and ecological fitting</a>, David M. Wilkinson, Journal of Biogeography, 22 December 2003 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.0305-0270.2003.01010.x">10.1046/j.0305-0270.2003.01010.x</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Aldrich, Richard (2010). <i>GCHQ : The Uncensored Story of Britain's Most Secret Intelligence Agency</i>. London: HarperPress. <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780007357123" title="Special:BookSources/9780007357123">9780007357123</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island&rft.au=Aldrich%2C+Richard&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.btitle=GCHQ+%3A+The+Uncensored+Story+of+Britain%27s+Most+Secret+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780007357123&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperPress&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Bamford, James (2008). <i>Body Of Secrets</i>. New York: Random House. p. 168. <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781407009209" title="Special:BookSources/9781407009209">9781407009209</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island&rft.au=Bamford%2C+James&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Bamford&rft.btitle=Body+Of+Secrets&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781407009209&rft.pages=168&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Parris, Matthew (27 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/matthew_parris/article7043099.ece">"Think of Hong Kong. Give the Falklands back"</a>. <i>The Times</i> (London).</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island&rft.atitle=Think+of+Hong+Kong.+Give+the+Falklands+back&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.aulast=Parris&rft.au=Parris%2C+Matthew&rft.date=27+February+2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Fcolumnists%2Fmatthew_parris%2Farticle7043099.ece&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Settlers_wanted-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Settlers_wanted_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1458571/Settlers-wanted-for-a-quiet-life.-No-rush.html">"Settlers wanted for a quiet life. No rush"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 5 April 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island&rft.atitle=Settlers+wanted+for+a+quiet+life.+No+rush&rft.date=5+April+2004&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2F1458571%2FSettlers-wanted-for-a-quiet-life.-No-rush.html&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://kscsma.ksc.nasa.gov/Range_Safety/Annual_Report/2007/PrintPages/RangeSafetyReportnoImages.pdf">"NASA Range Safety Program – 2007 Annual Report"</a>. NASA. p. 60.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island&rft.btitle=NASA+Range+Safety+Program+%E2%80%93+2007+Annual+Report&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkscsma.ksc.nasa.gov%2FRange_Safety%2FAnnual_Report%2F2007%2FPrintPages%2FRangeSafetyReportnoImages.pdf&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=NASA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://kscsma.ksc.nasa.gov/Range_Safety/Annual_Report/2007/PrintPages/RangeSafetyReportnoImages.pdf">"NASA Range Safety Program – 2007 Annual Report"</a>. NASA. p. 62.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island&rft.btitle=NASA+Range+Safety+Program+%E2%80%93+2007+Annual+Report&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkscsma.ksc.nasa.gov%2FRange_Safety%2FAnnual_Report%2F2007%2FPrintPages%2FRangeSafetyReportnoImages.pdf&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=NASA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Lewis, Paul; Paul Lewis (28 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/aug/28/foreignpolicy.unitednations">"Ascension Island. Barren, 4,044 miles (6,508 km) from Land's End, but ours says the FO"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (London: Guardian Newspapers). p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://web.archive.org/web/20080831073846/http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/aug/28/foreignpolicy.unitednations">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island&rft.atitle=Ascension+Island.+Barren%2C+4%2C044+miles+%286%2C508%26nbsp%3Bkm%29+from+Land%27s+End%2C+but+ours+says+the+FO&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Paul&rft.au=Paul+Lewis&rft.date=28+August+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fpolitics%2F2008%2Faug%2F28%2Fforeignpolicy.unitednations&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.pages=1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Guardian+Newspapers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juanita Brock, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.sartma.com/art_2205.html">Ascension: Ascension Island Votes for Councillors</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.the-islander.org.ac/art_4013.html">Road Repairs – Ascension Island News</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/aig/ascension-island-council.htm">Ascension Island Council</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.the-islander.org.ac/">http://www.the-islander.org.ac/</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.the-islander.org.ac/artd_6748_07_2009_21.html">The Met Office Weather Report - Ascension Island News</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-native_flora-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-native_flora_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/files/Anogramma%20press%20release_%20With%20images_%20Kew%20changes%2009%20June%202010.pdf">native flora</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ProcPt5b-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ProcPt5b_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ProcPt5b_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.ukotcf.org/pdf/BermConf/pages129to166.pdf">ProcPt5b</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lienhard, 1996, Psocoptères nouveaux ou peu connus de quelques îles atlantiques (Canaries, Madère, Açores, Ascension) et de l'Afrique du Nord (Insecta: Psocoptera), Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal (Historia Natural) 48(267)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hartnoll2009-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hartnoll2009_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Richard G. Hartnoll, Annette C. Broderick, Brendan J. Godley & Kate E. Saunders (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.seaturtle.org/PDF/Hartnoll_2009_JCrustacBiol.pdf">"Population structure of the land crab <i>Johngarthia lagostoma</i> on Ascension Island"</a> (<a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a>). <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Crustacean_Biology" title="Journal of Crustacean Biology">Journal of Crustacean Biology</a></i> <b>29</b> (1): 57–61. <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://dx.doi.org/10.1651%2F08-2992.1">10.1651/08-2992.1</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island&rft.atitle=Population+structure+of+the+land+crab+Johngarthia+lagostoma+on+Ascension+Island&rft.aulast=Richard+G.+Hartnoll%2C+Annette+C.+Broderick%2C+Brendan+J.+Godley+%26+Kate+E.+Saunders&rft.au=Richard+G.+Hartnoll%2C+Annette+C.+Broderick%2C+Brendan+J.+Godley+%26+Kate+E.+Saunders&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seaturtle.org%2FPDF%2FHartnoll_2009_JCrustacBiol.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1651%2F08-2992.1&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Crustacean+Biology&rft.pages=57-61&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://petsaspests.blogspot.com/search?q=ascension">Cat eradication from Ascension Island</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/08/02/206596760/Scientists-Number-of-Green-Turtles-Increases-More-than-500">"Scientists: Number of Green Turtles Increases More than 500%"</a>. August 2, 2014.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island&rft.btitle=Scientists%3A+Number+of+Green+Turtles+Increases+More+than+500%25&rft.date=August+2%2C+2014&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.tempo.co%2Fread%2Fnews%2F2014%2F08%2F02%2F206596760%2FScientists-Number-of-Green-Turtles-Increases-More-than-500&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.birdlife.org/">"Ascension Island: mainland and stacks"</a>. <i>Important Bird Areas factsheet</i>. BirdLife International. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-25</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island&rft.atitle=Ascension+Island%3A+mainland+and+stacks&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birdlife.org&rft.jtitle=Important+Bird+Areas+factsheet&rft.pub=BirdLife+International&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.ascension-island.climatetemp.info/">"Ascension Island Climate Information"</a>. May 2012.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island&rft.btitle=Ascension+Island+Climate+Information&rft.date=May+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascension-island.climatetemp.info%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-mysterra2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mysterra2_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mysterra2_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mysterra2_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mysterra2_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.mysterra.org/webmag/ascension-island/population.html">"Ascension Population"</a>. <i>mysterra.org</i>. Mysterra Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island&rft.atitle=Ascension+Population&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysterra.org%2Fwebmag%2Fascension-island%2Fpopulation.html&rft.jtitle=mysterra.org&rft.pub=Mysterra+Magazine&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/about">"About Ascension"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island&rft.btitle=About+Ascension&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascension-island.gov.ac%2Fabout&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.sartma.com/artd_5474_06_2008_9.html">"CONSTITUTION OF ST HELENA, ASCENSION AND TRISTAN DA CUNHA DRAFT FOR PUBLIC CONSULTATION OF 25 June 2008"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island&rft.btitle=CONSTITUTION+OF+ST+HELENA%2C+ASCENSION+AND+TRISTAN+DA+CUNHA+DRAFT+FOR+PUBLIC+CONSULTATION+OF+25+June+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sartma.com%2Fartd_5474_06_2008_9.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.the-islander.org.ac/art_5535_16_41_1.html">"FOREIGN AFFAIRS COMMITTEE — SELECT COMMITTEE ANNOUNCEMENT (4 July 2008)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island&rft.btitle=FOREIGN+AFFAIRS+COMMITTEE%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%94+SELECT+COMMITTEE+ANNOUNCEMENT+%284+July+2008%29&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-islander.org.ac%2Fart_5535_16_41_1.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.the-islander.org.ac/art_4907_16_75_1.html">"Letter's To FCO From Cyril Leo"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island&rft.btitle=Letter%27s+To+FCO+From+Cyril+Leo&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-islander.org.ac%2Fart_4907_16_75_1.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.the-islander.org.ac/oldsite/1408.htm">The Ascension Island Newspaper</a> November 1998</span></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://travel.ca.msn.com/international/photogallery.aspx?cp-documentid=27020164&page=1">MSN Travel</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.wtng.info/wtng-247-ac.html">World Telephone Numbering Guide</a> Ascension Island</span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.sainthelenabank.com/more09.htm">the Bank of St. Helena</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/144078_158780/6/10/14039.pdf">"AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONCERNING THE USE OF WIDEAWAKE AIRFIELD ON ASCENSION ISLAND BY CIVIL AIRCRAFT NOT ENGAGED IN SCHEDULED INTERNATIONAL AIR SERVICES."</a> 1 October 2003. United Nations Treaty Collection, Volume 2270, I-40420. Retrieved 10 August 2010.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/files/Information%20for%20Aviators.pdf">"Information for Aviators"</a> Ascension Island Government. Retrieved 10 August 2010.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.ascension-flights.com/pdf/Entry_Permit_Guidance_Notes_Jan_2008.pdf">"GUIDANCE NOTES: APPLICATION FOR AN ASCENSION ISLAND ENTRY PERMIT"</a> Ascension Island Travel Agency. Retrieved 10 August 2010.</span></li> </ol> </div> <ul> <li><span id="CITEREFKeynes2001" class="citation"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Keynes" title="Richard Keynes">Keynes, Richard</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1925&viewtype=text&pageseq=1"><i>Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://web.archive.org/web/20100918173608/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1925&viewtype=text&pageseq=1">archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2010</span></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Keynes%2C+Richard&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%27s+Beagle+Diary&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF1925%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <h2><a href="#External_links" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ascension_Island" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ascension" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Ascension">Ascension</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/">Ascension Island Government</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.the-islander.org.ac/">Ascension Island Newsletter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.ascensionconservation.org.ac/">Ascension Conservation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/ascnsion.htm">Rocket launches from Ascension</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://mt-shortwave.blogspot.com/2010/01/closer-look-at-ascension-islands-bbc.html">Detailed description of the BBC Atlantic Relay Station</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sh.html">CIA World Factbook entry about Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.the-islander.org.ac/webcam/">Live Web Cam of Ascension</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/ascension.htm">Colonial History of Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&sll=-11.264612,-14.941406&sspn=67.291674,89.648438&ll=-7.945506,-14.361534&spn=0.140771,0.175095&t=h&z=13">Google Satellite View</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.britlink.org/ascension.html">Ascension Island at Britlink – British Islands & Territories</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.aos-uk.com/ascension.html">Army Ornithological Society Ascension Island Research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.clickonsthelenaisland.com/">Ascension Island & St Helena community website</a></li> <li>James Rogers and Luis Simón.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.navegar-es-preciso.com/news/ascension/">Isla Ascensión o Ascension island</a>(Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/sede300309studype407004_/SEDE300309StudyPE407004_en.pdf">The Status and Location of the Military Installations of the Member States of the European Union and Their Potential Role for the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP).</a> Brussels: European Parliament, 2009. 25 pp.</li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Template:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Template talk:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_overseas_territory" title="British overseas territory" class="mw-redirect">British overseas territory</a> of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/> </span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(capital)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Tree_Hollow" title="Half Tree Hollow">Half Tree Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s,_Saint_Helena" title="Saint Paul's, Saint Helena">Saint Paul's</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood,_Saint_Helena" title="Longwood, Saint Helena">Longwood</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarm_Forest" title="Alarm Forest">Alarm Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena_Airport" title="Saint Helena Airport">Saint Helena Airport</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"/> </span><strong class="selflink">Ascension Island</strong></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Ascension_Island" title="Georgetown, Ascension Island">Georgetown</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(chief settlement)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Hill,_Ascension_Island" title="Cat Hill, Ascension Island">Cat Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Boats,_Ascension_Island" title="Two Boats, Ascension Island">Two Boats Village</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">RAF Ascension Island</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"/> </span><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_of_the_Seven_Seas" title="Edinburgh of the Seven Seas">Edinburgh of the Seven Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaccessible_Island" title="Inaccessible Island">Inaccessible Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightingale_Islands" title="Nightingale Islands">Nightingale Islands</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><span style="float:left;width:6em"> </span> <div style="font-size:110%">Links to related articles</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0px;font-size:113%;"> <div style="padding:0px;"> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Template:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Template talk:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/></a></span> Countries, territories and dependencies of the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_dependencies" title="Crown dependencies">Crown dependencies</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> <ul> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></small></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Former colonies</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_that_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that gained independence from the United Kingdom" class="mw-redirect">List of countries that gained independence from the United Kingdom</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Sovereign Base Areas</a>.   <sup><small>2</small></sup> Partial suspension of sovereignty due to the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Template:Outlying territories of European countries"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Template talk:Outlying territories of European countries"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Outlying territories of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> countries</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div>Territories under European <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries#Inclusion_criteria" title="Template:Outlying territories of European countries">inclusion criteria</a> for further information).</div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Denmark</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">France</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a> <ul> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam">Île Amsterdam</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul">Île Saint-Paul</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean</a></small></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Italy</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a> <ul> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampedusa" title="Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampione" title="Lampione">Lampione</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linosa" title="Linosa">Linosa</a></small></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Netherlands</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba" title="Saba">Saba</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></small></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Norway</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Portugal</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Spain</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></i> <ul> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chafarinas_Islands" title="Chafarinas Islands">Chafarinas Islands</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_Alhucemas" title="Peñón de Alhucemas">Peñón de Alhucemas</a></small></li> <li><small style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera</a></small></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">United Kingdom</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks plainlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:British_overseas_territories&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Territories of the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <div class="hlist"> <dl> <dt><span style="font-weight:normal;">Legend</span></dt> <dd><u>Current territory</u></dd> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd>* Now a <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><i>Now a member of the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></i></dd> </dl> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em"> </span> <div style="font-size:110%">Europe</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>1708–1757 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorca" title="Minorca">Minorca</a></li> <li>Since 1713 <u><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></u></li> <li>1763–1782 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorca" title="Minorca">Minorca</a></li> <li>1798–1802 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorca" title="Minorca">Minorca</a></li> <li>1800–1813 <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta (Protectorate)</a></i></li> <li>1813–1964 <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_Colony" title="Malta Colony" class="mw-redirect">Malta (Colony)</a></i></li> <li>1807–1890 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a></li> <li>1809–1864 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a></li> <li>1878–1960 <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_history_of_Cyprus" title="Modern history of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></i></li> <li>1921–1937 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em"> </span> <div style="font-size:110%">North America</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <div style="padding:0px;"> <table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;">17th century and before</td> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">18th century</td> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">19th and 20th century</td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1579 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a></li> <li>1583–1907 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a></li> <li>1605–1979 *<i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" title="British Saint Lucia" class="mw-redirect">Saint Lucia</a></i></li> <li>1607–1776 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li>Since 1619 <u><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></u></li> <li>1620–1691 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a></li> <li>1623–1883 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> *<i>(<a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_%26_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts & Nevis" class="mw-redirect">Saint Kitts & Nevis</a>)</i></li> <li>1624–1966 *<i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Barbados" title="Colony of Barbados" class="mw-redirect">Barbados</a></i></li> <li>1625–1650 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Croix" title="Saint Croix" class="mw-redirect">Saint Croix</a></li> <li>1627–1979 *<i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></i></li> <li>1628–1883 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> *<i>(<a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_%26_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts & Nevis" class="mw-redirect">Saint Kitts & Nevis</a>)</i></li> <li>1629–1691 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a></li> <li>1632–1776 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li>since 1632 <u><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></u></li> <li>1632–1860 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> *<i>(<a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_%26_Barbuda" title="Antigua & Barbuda" class="mw-redirect">Antigua & Barbuda</a>)</i></li> <li>1636–1776 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a></li> <li>1636–1776 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a></li> <li>1637–1662 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven Colony</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1643–1860 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a></li> <li>Since 1650 <u><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></u></li> <li>1655–1850 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast (protectorate)</a></li> <li>1655–1962 *<i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></i></li> <li>1663–1712 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a></li> <li>1664–1776 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a></li> <li>1665–1674 and 1702–1776 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li>Since 1666 <u><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></u></li> <li>Since 1670 <u><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></u></li> <li>1670–1973 *<i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas" title="Bahamas" class="mw-redirect">Bahamas</a></i></li> <li>1670–1870 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a></li> <li>1671–1816 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a></li> <li>1674–1702 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a></li> <li>1674–1702 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a></li> <li>1680–1776 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li>1681–1776 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li>1686–1689 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a></li> <li>1691–1776 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1701–1776 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a></li> <li>1712–1776 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li>1712–1776 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li>1713–1867 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li>1733–1776 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li>1762–1974 *<i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Grenada" title="British Grenada" class="mw-redirect">Grenada</a></i></li> <li>1763–1978 <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Dominica" title="British Dominica" class="mw-redirect">Dominica</a></i></li> <li>1763–1873 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li>1763–1791 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)" class="mw-redirect">Quebec</a></li> <li>1763–1783 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li>1763–1783 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li> <li>1784–1867 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li>1791–1841 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a></li> <li>1791–1841 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a></li> <li>Since 1799 <u><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></u></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1818–1846 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li>1833–1960 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a></li> <li>1833–1960 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a></li> <li>1841–1867 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a></li> <li>1849–1866 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></li> <li>1853–1863 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands</a></li> <li>1858–1866 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia" title="Colony of British Columbia" class="mw-redirect">British Columbia</a></li> <li>1859–1870 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a></li> <li>1860–1981 *<i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="British Antigua and Barbuda" class="mw-redirect">British Antigua and Barbuda</a></i></li> <li>1862–1863 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stikine_Territory" title="Stikine Territory" class="mw-redirect">Stikine Territory</a></li> <li>1866–1871 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Colonies_of_Vancouver_Island_and_British_Columbia" title="United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia" class="mw-redirect">Vancouver Island and British Columbia</a></li> <li>1867–1931 *<i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867-1914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867-1914)" class="mw-redirect">Dominion of Canada</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li>1871–1964 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">British Honduras (*<i>Belize</i>)</a></li> <li>1882–1983 *<i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></i></li> <li>1889–1962 <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></i></li> <li>1907–1949 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Dominion of Newfoundland</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li>1958–1962 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li>1. Occupied jointly with the United States.</li> <li>2. In 1931, Canada and other British <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Dominions" title="British Dominions" class="mw-redirect">dominions</a> obtained self-government through the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a>. See <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_name" title="Canada's name" class="mw-redirect">Canada's name</a>.</li> <li>3. Gave up <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">self-rule</a> in 1934, but remained a <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> Dominion until it <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">joined Canada</a> in 1949.</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em"> </span> <div style="font-size:110%">South America</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>1651–1667 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Willoughbyland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Territory of Willoughbyland (page does not exist)">Willoughbyland (Suriname)</a></li> <li>1670–1688 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia_Department" title="San Andrés y Providencia Department" class="mw-redirect">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li>1831–1966 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana (<i>Guyana</i>)</a></li> <li>Since 1833 <u><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></u><sup>5</sup></li> <li>Since 1908 <u><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></u><sup>5</sup></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li>4. Now the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia_Department" title="San Andrés y Providencia Department" class="mw-redirect">San Andrés y Providencia Department</a> of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.</li> <li>5. Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em"> </span> <div style="font-size:110%">Africa</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <div style="padding:0px;"> <table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;">17th and 18th centuries</td> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">19th century</td> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>Since 1658 <u><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></u><sup>14</sup></li> <li>1792–1961 <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></i></li> <li>1795–1803 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>Since 1815 <u><strong class="selflink">Ascension Island</strong></u><sup>14</sup></li> <li>Since 1816 <u><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></u><sup>14</sup></li> <li>1806–1910 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li>1807–1808 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li>1810–1968 <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a></i></li> <li>1816–1965 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Gambia" title="British Gambia" class="mw-redirect">The Gambia</a></li> <li>1856–1910 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a></li> <li>1868–1966 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland (<i>Lesotho</i>)</a></li> <li>1874–1957 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast (<i>Ghana</i>)</a></li> <li>1882–1922 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1884–1966 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland (<i>Botswana</i>)</a></li> <li>1884–1960 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li>1887–1897 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a></li> <li>1890–1962 <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a></i></li> <li>1890–1963 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar (<i>Tanzania</i>)</a></li> <li>1891–1964 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland (<i>Malawi</i>)</a></li> <li>1891–1907 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">British Central Africa Protectorate</a></li> <li>1893–1968 <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaziland_Protectorate" title="Swaziland Protectorate" class="mw-redirect">Swaziland</a></i></li> <li>1895–1920 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa Protectorate</a></li> <li>1899–1956 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1900–1914 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a></li> <li>1900–1914 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a></li> <li>1900–1910 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a></li> <li>1900–1910 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal Colony</a></li> <li>1906–1954 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria Colony</a></li> <li>1910–1931 <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></i></li> <li>1914–1954 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_and_Protectorate_of_Nigeria" title="Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">Nigeria Colony and Protectorate</a></li> <li>1915–1931 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa" class="mw-redirect">South West Africa (<i>Namibia</i>)</a></li> <li>1919–1960 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroons" title="Cameroons" class="mw-redirect">Cameroons (<i>Cameroon</i>)</a><sup>6</sup></li> <li>1920–1963 <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony" class="mw-redirect">Kenya</a></i></li> <li>1922–1961 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory" class="mw-redirect">Tanganyika (<i>Tanzania</i>)</a><sup>6</sup></li> <li>1923–1965 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)</a><sup>7</sup></li> <li>1924–1964 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia (<i>Zambia</i>)</a></li> <li>1954–1960 <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria_(British_territory)" title="Federation of Nigeria (British territory)" class="mw-redirect">Nigeria</a></i></li> <li>1979–1980 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)</a><sup>7</sup></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li>6. <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>.</li> <li>7. <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em"> </span> <div style="font-size:110%">Asia</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <div style="padding:0px;"> <table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;">17th and 18th century</td> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">19th century</td> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1685–1824 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> (<a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>)</li> <li>1702–1705 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo_Condore_(island)" title="Pulo Condore (island)" class="mw-redirect">Pulo Condore</a></li> <li>1757–1947 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal (<i>West Bengal (India)</i> and <i>Bangladesh</i>)</a></li> <li>1762–1764 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a></li> <li>1786–1946 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a></li> <li>1795–1948 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon (<i>Sri Lanka</i>)</a></li> <li>1796–1965 <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></i></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1812–1824 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka (Sumatra)</a> and <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton (Sumatra)</a></li> <li>1819–1826 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya (<i>West Malaysia</i> and <i>Singapore</i>)</a></li> <li>1826–1946 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a></li> <li>1839–1967 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Aden" title="Colony of Aden">Colony of Aden</a></li> <li>1839–1842 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a></li> <li>1841–1997 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li>1841–1946 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sarawak" title="Kingdom of Sarawak">Kingdom of Sarawak (<i>Malaysia</i>)</a></li> <li>1848–1946 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan (<i>Malaysia</i>)</a></li> <li>1858–1947 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India (<i>India</i>, <i>Pakistan</i> and <i>Bangladesh</i>, Burma)</a></li> <li>1874–1963 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">British Borneo (<i>East Malaysia</i> and <i>Brunei</i>)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1879–1919 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (protectorate)</li> <li>1882–1963 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">British North Borneo (<i>Malaysia</i>)</a></li> <li>1885–1946 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated Malay States</a></li> <li>1888–1984 <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_Sultanate" title="Brunei Sultanate" class="mw-redirect">Sultanate of Brunei</a></i></li> <li>1891–1971 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman protectorate</a></li> <li>1892–1971 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a></li> <li>1895–1946 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a></li> <li>1898–1930 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai Garrison</a></li> <li>1878–1960 <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus" class="mw-redirect">Cyprus</a></i></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1907–1949 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate)</li> <li>1918–1961 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_protectorate" title="Kuwait protectorate" class="mw-redirect">Kuwait protectorate</a></li> <li>1920–1932 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Mesopotamia" title="British Mandate of Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect">Iraq</a><sup>8</sup></li> <li>1921–1946 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a><sup><small>8</small></sup></li> <li>1923–1948 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>8</sup></li> <li>1945–1946 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)" class="mw-redirect">South Vietnam</a></li> <li>1946–1963 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">North Borneo (<i>Malaysia</i>)</a></li> <li>1946–1963 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak (<i>Malaysia</i>)</a></li> <li>1946–1963 <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-war_Singapore" title="Post-war Singapore">Singapore</a></i></li> <li>1946–1948 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a></li> <li>1948–1957 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya (<i>Malaysia</i>)</a></li> <li>Since 1960 <u><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></u> (before as part of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li>Since 1965 <u><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></u> (before as part of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div><sup>8</sup> <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em"> </span> <div style="font-size:110%">Oceania</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <div style="padding:0px;"> <table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1788–1901 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_South_Wales" title="History of New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li>1803–1901 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li>1807–1863 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>9</sup></li> <li>1824–1980 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides (<i>Vanuatu</i>)</a></li> <li>1824–1901 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Queensland" title="History of Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li>1829–1901 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River Colony</a>/<a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Western_Australia" title="History of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li> <li>1836–1901 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" title="Colony of South Australia" class="mw-redirect">South Australia</a></li> <li>since 1838 <u><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></u></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1841–1907 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand#Colonial_period" title="History of New Zealand">Colony of New Zealand</a></li> <li>1851–1901 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Victoria" title="History of Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li>1874–1970 <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Fiji" title="Colonial Fiji">Fiji</a></i><sup>10</sup></li> <li>1877–1976 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">British Western Pacific Territories</a></li> <li>1884–1949 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Territory of Papua</a></li> <li>1888–1901 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Cook Islands</a><sup>9</sup></li> <li>1889–1948 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Union Islands (Tokelau)</a><sup>9</sup></li> <li>1892–1979 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>11</sup></li> <li>1893–1978 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">British Solomon Islands</a><sup>12</sup></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"> <div> <ul> <li>1900–1970 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga"><i>Tonga</i> (protected state)</a></li> <li>1900–1974 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a><sup>9</sup></li> <li>1901–1942 *<i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901-1945)" title="History of Australia (1901-1945)" class="mw-redirect">Commonwealth of Australia</a></i></li> <li>1907–1953 *<i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion of New Zealand</a></i></li> <li>1919–1942 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li>1945–1968 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li>1919–1949 <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">Territory of New Guinea</a></li> <li>1949–1975 <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Territory of Papua and New Guinea</a></i><sup>13</sup></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li>9. Now part of the *<i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></i>.</li> <li>10. Suspended member.</li> <li>11. Now <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></i> and *<i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></i>.</li> <li>12. Now the *<i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></i>.</li> <li>13. Now *<i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></i>.</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em"> </span> <div style="font-size:110%">Antarctica and South Atlantic</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>Since 1658 <u><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></u><sup>14</sup></li> <li>Since 1815 <u><strong class="selflink">Ascension Island</strong></u><sup>14</sup></li> <li>Since 1816 <u><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></u><sup>14</sup></li> <li>Since 1908 <u><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></u><sup>15</sup></li> <li>1841–1933 <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></i> <small>(transferred to the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia" title="Commonwealth of Australia" class="mw-redirect">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</small></li> <li>1841–1947 <i><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></i> <small>(transferred to the <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</small></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li>14. Since 2009 part of <u><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></u>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li>15. Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands).</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:British_peoples" title="Template:British peoples"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:British_peoples" title="Template talk:British peoples"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:British_peoples&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British people</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish" title="Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Anguilla" title="Demographics of Anguilla">Anguillans</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Ascension Islanders</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Bermuda" title="Demographics of Bermuda">Bermudians</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Demographics of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Demographics of the Cayman Islands">Caymanians</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagossians" title="Chagossians">Chagossians (Îlois)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islanders" title="Falkland Islanders">Falkland Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltarian_people" title="Gibraltarian people" class="mw-redirect">Gibraltarians</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hong Kong people in the United Kingdom">Hongkongers</a> (<a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nationality_law_and_Hong_Kong" title="British nationality law and Hong Kong">British Nationals (Overseas)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Montserrat" title="Demographics of Montserrat">Montserratians</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcadians" title="Orcadians">Orcadians</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="Demographics of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Helena" title="Demographics of Saint Helena" class="mw-redirect">Saint Helenians</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetlanders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="color:black;background:#cdcdcd;"> <div><small><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_diaspora" title="British diaspora">British diaspora</a></small></div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_of_Africa&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 0.5em;"> <div><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="image" title="Orthogrpahic projection of Africa"><img alt="Orthogrpahic projection of Africa" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/180px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/240px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(subdivision)" title="Territory (subdivision)">Territories</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">and</span><br/> <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependencies</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a> / <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">France</span></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a> / <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">Italy</span></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">Portugal</span></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> / <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">Spain</span></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">UK</span></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">Yemen</span></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br/> recognition</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"> <div><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/web/20150315015551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Unclear sovereignty</a>.</div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جزيرة أسينشين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Ascensi%C3%B3n" title="Isla Ascensión – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islla_Ascensi%C3%B3n" title="Islla Ascensión – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askenson_adas%C4%B1" title="Askenson adası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%83_%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Олғашыу Утрауы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%A3%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Востраў Ушэсця – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%A3%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Востраў Ушэсьця – беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Възнесение (остров) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_de_l%27Ascensi%C3%B3" title="Illa de l'Ascensió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys_Ascension" title="Ynys Ascension – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AE%CF%88%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82" title="Νήσος Αναλήψεως – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Ascensi%C3%B3n" title="Isla Ascensión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86" title="جزیره اسنشن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_l%27Ascension" title="Île de l'Ascension – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oile%C3%A1n_na_Deascabh%C3%A1la" title="Oileán na Deascabhála – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag">Gagauz</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_de_Ascensi%C3%B3n" title="Illa de Ascensión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EC%84%BC%EC%85%98_%EC%84%AC" title="어센션 섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB" title="Համբարձման կղզի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="असेन्शियन द्वीप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otok_Ascension" title="Otok Ascension – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%B2%C3%A6%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Зæрдæвæрæны сакъадах – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isola_di_Ascensione" title="Isola di Ascensione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%9F" title="אסנשן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_Ascensionis" title="Insula Ascensionis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debesbrauk%C5%A1anas_sala" title="Debesbraukšanas sala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangun_%C5%BDengimo_sala" title="Dangun Žengimo sala – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoa_de_Ascension" title="Isoa de Ascension – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension-sziget" title="Ascension-sziget – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="അസെൻഷൻ ദ്വീപ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="असेन्शन द्वीप – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جزيرة اسينشين – Egyptian Spoken Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Ascension" title="Pulau Ascension – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_(eiland)" title="Ascension (eiland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E5%B3%B6" title="アセンション島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_(Illa)" title="Ascension (Illa) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B5%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AA" title="ଆସେନ୍ସନ ଦ୍ଵୀପ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vozneseniye_oroli" title="Vozneseniye oroli – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyspa_Wniebowst%C4%85pienia" title="Wyspa Wniebowstąpienia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilha_de_Ascens%C3%A3o" title="Ilha de Ascensão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Остров Вознесения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_(ostrov)" title="Ascension (ostrov) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Асенсион – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otok_Ascension" title="Otok Ascension – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_(saari)" title="Ascension (saari) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo_ng_Ascension" title="Pulo ng Ascension – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="அசென்சன் தீவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อัสเซนชัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Adas%C4%B1" title="Ascension Adası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Острів Вознесіння – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86" title="جزیرہ اسینشن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3o_Ascension" title="Đảo Ascension – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puro_Ascension" title="Puro Ascension – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C3%A9k%C3%B9%E1%B9%A3%C3%B9_Ascension" title="Erékùṣù Ascension – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A3%AE%E6%9D%BE%E5%B2%9B" title="阿森松岛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a action="edit" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150315015551/http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46197#sitelinks-wikipedia" text="Edit links" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 13 March 2015, at 22:30.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is 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