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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_to_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_to_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Distribution to Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_to_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_to_the_rest_of_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_to_the_rest_of_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Distribution to the rest of the world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_to_the_rest_of_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producing_chili_peppers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producing_chili_peppers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Producing chili peppers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Producing_chili_peppers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Producing chili peppers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Producing_chili_peppers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Preparation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annual_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annual_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Annual production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annual_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species_and_cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_and_cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Species and cultivars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species_and_cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intensity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Intensity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Intensity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Intensity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Intensity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capsaicin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capsaicin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Capsaicin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capsaicin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intensity_range_of_commonly-used_cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensity_range_of_commonly-used_cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Intensity range of commonly-used cultivars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intensity_range_of_commonly-used_cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hottest_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hottest_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hottest by country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hottest_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>As food</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_food-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As food subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutritional_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutritional_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nutritional value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutritional_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pungency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pungency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pungency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pungency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cooking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_cuisines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_cuisines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Regional cuisines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_cuisines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ornamental_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ornamental_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ornamental plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ornamental_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constrained_risk-taking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constrained_risk-taking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Constrained risk-taking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constrained_risk-taking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topical_use_and_health_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topical_use_and_health_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Topical use and health research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topical_use_and_health_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_irritants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_irritants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Chemical irritants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_irritants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_spelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_spelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Etymology and spelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_spelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chili pepper</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campli" title="Campli – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Campli" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="فلفل حار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلفل حار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="জলকীয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জলকীয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%27%E1%BB%B9i" title="Ky'ỹi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ky'ỹi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabia" title="Tabia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tabia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A" title="মরিচ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মরিচ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombok_(tanaman)" title="Lombok (tanaman) – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Lombok (tanaman)" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Чырвоны перац – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чырвоны перац" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sili" title="Sili – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sili" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%87%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Люта чушка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Люта чушка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cili" title="Čili – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čili" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitxo" title="Bitxo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bitxo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilli_papri%C4%8Dka" title="Chilli paprička – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chilli paprička" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhiripiri" title="Mhiripiri – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhiripiri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupur_tsili" title="Pupur tsili – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pupur tsili" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili" title="Chili – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chili" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilipfeffer" title="Chilipfeffer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chilipfeffer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeed%C3%ADch%CA%BC%C3%AD%C3%AD%CA%BC" title="Azeedíchʼííʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Azeedíchʼííʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1illipipar" title="Tšillipipar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšillipipar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Τσίλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσίλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_(pimiento)" title="Chile (pimiento) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chile (pimiento)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapsiketo" title="Kapsiketo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kapsiketo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipermin" title="Pipermin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pipermin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF" title="فلفل تند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلفل تند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircha" title="Mircha – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mircha" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piment" title="Piment – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Piment" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_(pemento)" title="Chile (pemento) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chile (pemento)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82" title="મરચું – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મરચું" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%B6%94" title="고추 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고추" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D5%BA%D5%B2%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Կարմիր պղպեղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարմիր պղպեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A" title="मिर्च – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिर्च" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cili" title="Čili – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čili" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili-pimento" title="Chili-pimento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chili-pimento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabai" title="Cabai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cabai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Цывзы – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цывзы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili-pipar" title="Chili-pipar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Chili-pipar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peperoncino" title="Peperoncino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Peperoncino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A3" title="פלפל חריף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלפל חריף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombok_abang" title="Lombok abang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lombok abang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%C9%9B%C9%9Bnz%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Kpɛɛnzʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpɛɛnzʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮೆಣಸಿನಕಾಯಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೆಣಸಿನಕಾಯಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara" title="Lara – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Lara" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="წიწაკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წიწაკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%98%D9%95_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF%D9%86" title="مرژٕ وانٛگن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مرژٕ وانٛگن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piman" title="Piman – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Piman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Esot" title="Îsot – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îsot" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D1%87%D3%A9%D0%BF)" title="Калемпир (чөп) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Калемпир (чөп)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9C%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ໝາກເຜັດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໝາກເຜັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsicum_(fructus)" title="Capsicum (fructus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Capsicum (fructus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cili_pipari" title="Čili pipari – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čili pipari" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudonasis_pipiras" title="Raudonasis pipiras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raudonasis pipiras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipil%C3%AD" title="Pilipilí – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Pilipilí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csilipaprika" title="Csilipaprika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csilipaprika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbhi" title="Cabbhi – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Cabbhi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="मर्चाई – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मर्चाई" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чили пиперка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чили пиперка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakay_(zavamaniry)" title="Sakay (zavamaniry) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sakay (zavamaniry)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="मिरची – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मिरची" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ზაფანა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ზაფანა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="فلفل حار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فلفل حار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="မြေက် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="မြေက်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="اخلاد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اخلاد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cili" title="Cili – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cili" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lado" title="Lado – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Lado" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ငရုတ်ပင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငရုတ်ပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilipeper" title="Chilipeper – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chilipeper" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="खुर्सानी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खुर्सानी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="मल्ता – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मल्ता" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%90%E8%BE%9B%E5%AD%90" title="唐辛子 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="唐辛子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9D%DF%99%DF%8F%DF%AC%DF%95%DF%8F" title="ߝߙߏ߬ߕߏ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߝߙߏ߬ߕߏ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilipepar" title="Chilipepar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Chilipepar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piment_(frouque)" title="Piment (frouque) – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Piment (frouque)" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piment" title="Piment – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Piment" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_qalampiri" title="Chili qalampiri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chili qalampiri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%86" title="مرچ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مرچ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papryka_chili" title="Papryka chili – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Papryka chili" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimenta_chili" title="Pimenta chili – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pimenta chili" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardei_iute" title="Ardei iute – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ardei iute" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsu" title="Utsu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Utsu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Острый перец – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Острый перец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)" title="मरीचिका (शाकम्) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मरीचिका (शाकम्)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%BA%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AA" title="ᱢᱟᱺᱨᱤᱪ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱺᱨᱤᱪ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="මිරිස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මිරිස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chili pepper" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%B3%D8%A7%DA%99%DA%BE%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%86" title="ڳاڙھا مرچ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڳاڙھا مرچ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cili_papri%C4%8Dka" title="Čili paprička – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čili paprička" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cili" title="Čili – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čili" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besbaas" title="Besbaas – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Besbaas" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%98" title="بیبەری تیژ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بیبەری تیژ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cili_(biljka)" title="Čili (biljka) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Čili (biljka)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cili" title="Čili – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čili" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab%C3%A9" title="Cabé – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cabé" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili" title="Chili – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilipeppar" title="Chilipeppar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chilipeppar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sili_(bunga)" title="Sili (bunga) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sili (bunga)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF" title="మిరపకాయ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మిరపకాయ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="พริก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พริก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮುಂಚಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಮುಂಚಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C4%B1_biber" title="Acı biber – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Acı biber" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C_%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Перець чилі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перець чилі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%86" title="مرچ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مرچ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%84%D9%85%DB%87%DA%86" title="قىزىلمۇچ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قىزىلمۇچ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%9At" title="Ớt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ớt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harang" title="Harang – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Harang" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%A3%E8%8C%84%EF%BC%88%E6%9E%9C%E5%AE%9E%EF%BC%89" title="辣茄（果实） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="辣茄（果实）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata_%E1%B9%A3%E1%BB%8D%CC%80mb%E1%BB%8D%CC%80" title="Ata ṣọ̀mbọ̀ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ata ṣọ̀mbọ̀" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%A3%E6%A4%92" title="辣椒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="辣椒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%A3%E6%A4%92" title="辣椒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="辣椒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%C3%ADn" title="Takín – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Takín" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabi" title="Chabi – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Chabi" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabi" title="Cabi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Cabi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipare" title="Kipare – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Kipare" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Moore</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q165199#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Varieties of peppers of Capsicum genus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>"Red Chillies" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Red_Chillies_(film)" title="Red Chillies (film)"><i>Red Chillies</i> (film)</a>.</span> <span>"Hot pepper" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hot_pepper_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hot pepper (disambiguation)">Hot pepper (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>For the dish often called simply "chili", see <a href="/wiki/Chili_con_carne" title="Chili con carne">Chili con carne</a>. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers" title="Red Hot Chili Peppers">Red Hot Chili Peppers</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madame_Jeanette_and_other_chillies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Madame_Jeanette_and_other_chillies.jpg/220px-Madame_Jeanette_and_other_chillies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Madame_Jeanette_and_other_chillies.jpg/330px-Madame_Jeanette_and_other_chillies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Madame_Jeanette_and_other_chillies.jpg/440px-Madame_Jeanette_and_other_chillies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Chili peppers of varied colours and sizes: green <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chili" title="Bird's eye chili">bird's eye</a>, yellow <a href="/wiki/Madame_Jeanette" title="Madame Jeanette">Madame Jeanette</a>, red <a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">cayenne</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Chili peppers</b>, also spelled <b>chile</b> or <b>chilli</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Nahuatl language">Classical Nahuatl</a> <i> <i lang="nci"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chilli#Classical_Nahuatl" class="extiw" title="wikt:chilli">chīlli</a></i></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nah-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[ˈt͡ʃiːlːi]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5d\/Chilli.ogg\/Chilli.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Chilli.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Chilli.ogg/Chilli.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilli.ogg" title="File:Chilli.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), are varieties of <a href="/wiki/Fruit#Berries" title="Fruit">berry-fruit</a> plants from the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">Capsicum</a></i>, which are members of the nightshade family <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a>, cultivated for their <a href="/wiki/Pungency" title="Pungency">pungency</a>. Chili peppers are widely used in many cuisines as a <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spice</a> to add "heat" to dishes. <a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a> and the related <a href="/wiki/Capsaicin#Capsaicinoids" title="Capsaicin">capsaicinoids</a> give chili peppers their intensity when ingested or <a href="/wiki/Topical_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical application">applied topically</a>. Chili peppers exhibit a range of heat and flavors. This diversity is the reason behind the availability of different types of <a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">chili powder</a>, each offering its own taste and heat level. </p><p>Chili peppers originated in Central or South America and were first cultivated in Mexico. European explorers brought chili peppers back to the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> in the late 16th century as part of the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">Columbian Exchange</a>, which led to the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars">multiple varieties</a> across the world for food and traditional medicine. Five <i>Capsicum</i> species have been widely cultivated: <i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_annuum" title="Capsicum annuum">annuum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_baccatum" title="Capsicum baccatum">baccatum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_chinense" title="Capsicum chinense">chinense</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_frutescens" title="Capsicum frutescens">frutescens</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_pubescens" title="Capsicum pubescens">pubescens</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Capsicum</i> plants originated in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, and have been a part of human diets since about 7,500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Pickersgill_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pickersgill-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bosland_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosland-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">cultivated crops</a> in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-bosland_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosland-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chili peppers were cultivated in east-central <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> some 6,000 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kraft_2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraft_2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and independently across different locations in the Americas including highland Peru and Bolivia, central Mexico, and the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chiou_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiou-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were among the first <a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">self-pollinating</a> crops cultivated in those areas.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bosland_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosland-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> has the highest diversity of cultivated <i>Capsicum</i>; it is a center of diversification where varieties of all five domesticates were introduced, grown, and consumed in pre-Columbian times.<sup id="cite_ref-van_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest diversity of wild <i>Capsicum</i> peppers is consumed in Bolivia. Bolivian consumers distinguish two basic forms: <i>ulupicas</i>, species with small round fruits including <i>C. eximium</i>, <i>C. cardenasii</i>, <i>C. eshbaughii</i>, and <i>C. caballeroi</i> landraces; and <i>arivivis</i> with small elongated fruits including <i>C. baccatum</i> var. <i>baccatum</i> and <i>C. chacoense</i> varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-van_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._25,_page_019_-_%E8%95%83%E6%A4%92_-_Capsicum_annuum_L.,_1804_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._25%2C_page_019_-_%E8%95%83%E6%A4%92_-_Capsicum_annuum_L.%2C_1804_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._25%2C_page_019_-_%E8%95%83%E6%A4%92_-_Capsicum_annuum_L.%2C_1804_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._25%2C_page_019_-_%E8%95%83%E6%A4%92_-_Capsicum_annuum_L.%2C_1804_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._25%2C_page_019_-_%E8%95%83%E6%A4%92_-_Capsicum_annuum_L.%2C_1804_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._25%2C_page_019_-_%E8%95%83%E6%A4%92_-_Capsicum_annuum_L.%2C_1804_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._25%2C_page_019_-_%E8%95%83%E6%A4%92_-_Capsicum_annuum_L.%2C_1804_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from the Japanese agricultural encyclopedia <i>Seikei Zusetsu</i>, 1804</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_to_Europe">Distribution to Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution to Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> and his crew reached the Caribbean, they were the first Europeans to encounter <i>Capsicum</i> fruits. They called them "peppers" because, like <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a> (<i>Piper nigrum</i>), which had long been known in Europe, they have a hot spicy taste unlike other foods.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_2000_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabi_2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chilies were first brought back to Europe by the Spanish, who financed Columbus's voyages, at the start of the large-scale interchange of plants and culture between the New World and the Old World called the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a>. Chilies appear in Spanish records by 1493. Unlike <i><a href="/wiki/Piper_(plant)" title="Piper (plant)">Piper</a></i> vines, which grow naturally only in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>, chilies could be grown in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a>. By the mid-1500s, they had become a common garden plant in Spain and were incorporated into numerous dishes. By 1526, they had appeared in Italy, in 1543 in Germany, and by 1569 in the Balkans, where they came to be processed into <a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">paprika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sauer_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sauer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raghavan_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raghavan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_to_the_rest_of_the_world">Distribution to the rest of the world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distribution to the rest of the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rapid introduction of chilies to Africa and Asia was likely through <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish traders</a> in the 16th century, though the details are unrecorded. The Portuguese introduced them first to Africa and Arabia, and then to their colonies and trading posts in Asia, including <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>. From there, chilies spread to neighboring regions in South Asia and western Southeast Asia via local trade and natural dispersal. Around the same time, the Spanish also introduced chilies to the Philippines, where they spread to <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a> via their monopoly of the <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleons" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila galleons">Manila galleons</a>. Their spread to East Asia in the late 16th century is less clear, but was likely also through local trade or through Portuguese and Spanish trading ports in <a href="/wiki/Canton,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton, China">Canton, China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-E.V.Nybe2007_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E.V.Nybe2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known mention of the chili pepper in Chinese writing dates to 1591, though the pepper is thought to have entered the country in the 1570s.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Producing_chili_peppers">Producing chili peppers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Producing chili peppers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chili peppers are the shiny, brightly coloured fruits of species of <i>Capsicum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS_howto_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS_howto-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botanically they are <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">berries</a>. The plants are small, 20 to 60 centimetres (7.9 to 23.6 in) depending on variety, making them suitable for growing in pots, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a>, or commercially in <a href="/wiki/Polytunnel" title="Polytunnel">polytunnels</a>. The plants are <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a>, provided they are protected from cold. The fruits can be green, orange, red, or purple, and vary in shape from round and knobbly to smooth and elongated. If the fruits are picked green and unripe, more flowers develop, yielding more fruit; fruits left on the plant can become hotter in taste, and acquire their ripe coloration, at the price of a reduced harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS_howto_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS_howto-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ideal growing conditions for peppers include a sunny position with warm, <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loamy</a> soil, ideally 21 to 29 °C (70 to 84 °F), that is moist but not waterlogged.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seeds <a href="/wiki/Germinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Germinate">germinate</a> only when warm, close to 21 °C (70 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-RHS_howto_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS_howto-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plants prefer warm conditions, but can tolerate temperatures down to 12 °C (54 °F); and are sensitive to cold.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS_howto_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS_howto-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flowers can <a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">self-pollinate</a>. However, at extremely high temperatures, 30 to 38 °C (86 to 100 °F), pollen loses viability, and its flowers are much less likely to result in fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For flowering, <i>Capsicum</i> is a non-<a href="/wiki/Photoperiod" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoperiod">photoperiod</a>-sensitive crop.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chilies are vulnerable to pests including <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a>, glasshouse <a href="/wiki/Red_spider_mite" class="mw-redirect" title="Red spider mite">red spider mite</a>, and glasshouse <a href="/wiki/Whitefly" title="Whitefly">whitefly</a>, all of which feed on plant sap.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS_howto_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS_howto-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common diseases include grey mould caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis cinerea</a></i>; this rots the tissues and produces a brownish-grey mould on the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS_howto_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS_howto-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Cultivation</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Achill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Young plants"><img alt="Young plants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Achill.jpg/330px-Achill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Achill.jpg/495px-Achill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Achill.jpg/661px-Achill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2270" data-file-height="1238" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Young plants</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buds_and_flowers_of_chili_plants.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buds and flowers"><img alt="Buds and flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Buds_and_flowers_of_chili_plants.jpg/300px-Buds_and_flowers_of_chili_plants.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Buds_and_flowers_of_chili_plants.jpg/450px-Buds_and_flowers_of_chili_plants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Buds_and_flowers_of_chili_plants.jpg/600px-Buds_and_flowers_of_chili_plants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1844" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buds and flowers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 217.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chili_pepper.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Immature chilies in the field"><img alt="Immature chilies in the field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chili_pepper.jpg/323px-Chili_pepper.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chili_pepper.jpg/484px-Chili_pepper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chili_pepper.jpg/645px-Chili_pepper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1061" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Immature chilies in the field</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shan_Hills,_Myanmar,_Red_chili_pepper_plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ripe chilies in the field, Myanmar"><img alt="Ripe chilies in the field, Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Shan_Hills%2C_Myanmar%2C_Red_chili_pepper_plant.jpg/321px-Shan_Hills%2C_Myanmar%2C_Red_chili_pepper_plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Shan_Hills%2C_Myanmar%2C_Red_chili_pepper_plant.jpg/481px-Shan_Hills%2C_Myanmar%2C_Red_chili_pepper_plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Shan_Hills%2C_Myanmar%2C_Red_chili_pepper_plant.jpg/641px-Shan_Hills%2C_Myanmar%2C_Red_chili_pepper_plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ripe chilies in the field, Myanmar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capsicum_leaf_deformated_after_aphids.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaf damaged by aphids"><img alt="Leaf damaged by aphids" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Capsicum_leaf_deformated_after_aphids.jpg/180px-Capsicum_leaf_deformated_after_aphids.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Capsicum_leaf_deformated_after_aphids.jpg/271px-Capsicum_leaf_deformated_after_aphids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Capsicum_leaf_deformated_after_aphids.jpg/361px-Capsicum_leaf_deformated_after_aphids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="1266" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leaf damaged by <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilli_paper_bd.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ripe chili pepper with seeds"><img alt="Ripe chili pepper with seeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Chilli_paper_bd.jpg/320px-Chilli_paper_bd.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Chilli_paper_bd.jpg/479px-Chilli_paper_bd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Chilli_paper_bd.jpg/639px-Chilli_paper_bd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3424" data-file-height="1931" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ripe chili pepper with seeds</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparation">Preparation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harvested chilies may be used fresh, or dried, typically on the ground in hot countries, to make a variety of products. Drying enables chilies grown in temperate regions to be used in winter. For home use, chilies can be dried by threading them with cotton and hanging them up in a warm dry place to dry.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Gardeners'_World_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Gardeners'_World-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Drying chilies</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chillies_drying_in_Kathmandu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chili peppers drying in Kathmandu, Nepal"><img alt="Chili peppers drying in Kathmandu, Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chillies_drying_in_Kathmandu.jpg/276px-Chillies_drying_in_Kathmandu.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chillies_drying_in_Kathmandu.jpg/414px-Chillies_drying_in_Kathmandu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chillies_drying_in_Kathmandu.jpg/552px-Chillies_drying_in_Kathmandu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chili peppers drying in Kathmandu, Nepal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andhra_Chillies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guntur chilli drying in the sun, Andhra Pradesh, India"><img alt="Guntur chilli drying in the sun, Andhra Pradesh, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Andhra_Chillies.jpg/270px-Andhra_Chillies.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Andhra_Chillies.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="247" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guntur_chilli" title="Guntur chilli">Guntur chilli</a> drying in the sun, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_chili_peppers_Mesilla_NM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New Mexico chiles dried on the plant in Mesilla, New Mexico"><img alt="New Mexico chiles dried on the plant in Mesilla, New Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Red_chili_peppers_Mesilla_NM.jpg/240px-Red_chili_peppers_Mesilla_NM.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Red_chili_peppers_Mesilla_NM.jpg/359px-Red_chili_peppers_Mesilla_NM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Red_chili_peppers_Mesilla_NM.jpg/479px-Red_chili_peppers_Mesilla_NM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2881" data-file-height="2166" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico chiles</a> dried on the plant in <a href="/wiki/Mesilla,_New_Mexico" title="Mesilla, New Mexico">Mesilla, New Mexico</a></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sundried_chilli.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sundried chili at Imogiri, Yogyakarta, Indonesia"><img alt="Sundried chili at Imogiri, Yogyakarta, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sundried_chilli.jpg/168px-Sundried_chilli.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sundried_chilli.jpg/253px-Sundried_chilli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sundried_chilli.jpg/337px-Sundried_chilli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1641" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sundried chili at <a href="/wiki/Imogiri" title="Imogiri">Imogiri</a>, Yogyakarta, Indonesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ristras_Drying.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ristras of chili peppers drying in Arizona"><img alt="Chili peppers drying in hanging ristras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ristras_Drying.jpg/159px-Ristras_Drying.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ristras_Drying.jpg/239px-Ristras_Drying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ristras_Drying.jpg/319px-Ristras_Drying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ristra" title="Ristra">Ristras</a> of chili peppers drying in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mujer_chiles_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Removing seeds and pith from dried chilies in San Pedro Atocpan, Mexico"><img alt="Removing seeds and pith from dried chilies in San Pedro Atocpan, Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mujer_chiles_3.JPG/180px-Mujer_chiles_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mujer_chiles_3.JPG/270px-Mujer_chiles_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mujer_chiles_3.JPG/360px-Mujer_chiles_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Removing seeds and pith from dried chilies in <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_Atocpan" title="San Pedro Atocpan">San Pedro Atocpan</a>, Mexico</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chipotlestipicos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Smoke-dried chipotle"><img alt="Smoke-dried chipotle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Chipotlestipicos.jpg/272px-Chipotlestipicos.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Chipotlestipicos.jpg/408px-Chipotlestipicos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Chipotlestipicos.jpg/544px-Chipotlestipicos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1592" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Smoke-dried chipotle</div> </li> </ul> <p>Products include whole dried chilies, chili flakes, and <a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">chili powder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Farrell_1998_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrell_1998-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fresh or dried chilies are used to make <a href="/wiki/Hot_sauce" title="Hot sauce">hot sauce</a>, a liquid <a href="/wiki/Condiment" title="Condiment">condiment</a>—usually bottled for commercial use—that adds spice to other dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dried chilies are used to make <a href="/wiki/Chili_oil" title="Chili oil">chili oil</a>, cooking oil infused with chili.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Products</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inle_Lake,_Dried_red_chili_(chilli)_pepper,_Capsicum_annuum,_Myanmar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dried chili pepper flakes, Myanmar"><img alt="Dried chili pepper flakes, Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Inle_Lake%2C_Dried_red_chili_%28chilli%29_pepper%2C_Capsicum_annuum%2C_Myanmar.jpg/320px-Inle_Lake%2C_Dried_red_chili_%28chilli%29_pepper%2C_Capsicum_annuum%2C_Myanmar.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Inle_Lake%2C_Dried_red_chili_%28chilli%29_pepper%2C_Capsicum_annuum%2C_Myanmar.jpg/480px-Inle_Lake%2C_Dried_red_chili_%28chilli%29_pepper%2C_Capsicum_annuum%2C_Myanmar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Inle_Lake%2C_Dried_red_chili_%28chilli%29_pepper%2C_Capsicum_annuum%2C_Myanmar.jpg/640px-Inle_Lake%2C_Dried_red_chili_%28chilli%29_pepper%2C_Capsicum_annuum%2C_Myanmar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dried chili pepper flakes, Myanmar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_-_Kolkata_2_-_24_-_New_Market_spice_shops_(3504585620).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chili powder, India"><img alt="Chili powder, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/India_-_Kolkata_2_-_24_-_New_Market_spice_shops_%283504585620%29.jpg/180px-India_-_Kolkata_2_-_24_-_New_Market_spice_shops_%283504585620%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/India_-_Kolkata_2_-_24_-_New_Market_spice_shops_%283504585620%29.jpg/270px-India_-_Kolkata_2_-_24_-_New_Market_spice_shops_%283504585620%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/India_-_Kolkata_2_-_24_-_New_Market_spice_shops_%283504585620%29.jpg/360px-India_-_Kolkata_2_-_24_-_New_Market_spice_shops_%283504585620%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chili powder, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hot_Sauce_Selection_At_La_Whole_Food_Store_(84224397).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brands of hot sauce, California"><img alt="Brands of hot sauce, California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hot_Sauce_Selection_At_La_Whole_Food_Store_%2884224397%29.jpeg/160px-Hot_Sauce_Selection_At_La_Whole_Food_Store_%2884224397%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hot_Sauce_Selection_At_La_Whole_Food_Store_%2884224397%29.jpeg/240px-Hot_Sauce_Selection_At_La_Whole_Food_Store_%2884224397%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hot_Sauce_Selection_At_La_Whole_Food_Store_%2884224397%29.jpeg/320px-Hot_Sauce_Selection_At_La_Whole_Food_Store_%2884224397%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brands of hot sauce, California</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Homemade_Chili_Oil_(28909017356).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chili oil"><img alt="Chili oil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Homemade_Chili_Oil_%2828909017356%29.jpg/159px-Homemade_Chili_Oil_%2828909017356%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Homemade_Chili_Oil_%2828909017356%29.jpg/239px-Homemade_Chili_Oil_%2828909017356%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Homemade_Chili_Oil_%2828909017356%29.jpg/319px-Homemade_Chili_Oil_%2828909017356%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="903" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chili oil</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annual_production">Annual production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Annual production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Production of chillies and peppers, green – 2020 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ddf;">Region </th> <th style="background:#ddf;"><small>(Millions of <br /><a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tons</a>)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </th> <td>16.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </th> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </th> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </th> <td>2.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </th> <td>1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>World </th> <td>36.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-fao2020_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao2020-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2020, 36 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> of green chilies and peppers (counted as any <i>Capsicum</i> or <i>Pimenta</i> fruits) were produced worldwide, with China producing 46% of the total.<sup id="cite_ref-fao2020_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao2020-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species_and_cultivars">Species and cultivars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Species and cultivars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars">List of Capsicum cultivars</a>.</div> <p>Species of <i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">Capsicum</a></i> that produce chili peppers are shown on the simplified <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Shiragaki_Yokoi_Tezuka_2020_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shiragaki_Yokoi_Tezuka_2020-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with examples of cultivars:<sup id="cite_ref-Normah_2013_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Normah_2013-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">Capsicum</a></b></i>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_annuum" title="Capsicum annuum">C. annuum</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">bell peppers</a>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capsicum_clip_art.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Capsicum_clip_art.png/19px-Capsicum_clip_art.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Capsicum_clip_art.png/29px-Capsicum_clip_art.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Capsicum_clip_art.png/38px-Capsicum_clip_art.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="427" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Banana_pepper" title="Banana pepper">wax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">cayenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">jalapeño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai pepper">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiltepin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiltepin">chiltepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico chile</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilli_pepper_4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/16px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/24px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/32px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="202" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_frutescens" title="Capsicum frutescens">C. frutescens</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Tabasco_pepper" title="Tabasco pepper">tabasco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malagueta_pepper" title="Malagueta pepper">malagueta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labuyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Labuyo">labuyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piri_piri" title="Piri piri">piri piri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kambuzi" title="Kambuzi">kambuzi</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilli_pepper_4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/16px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/24px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/32px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="202" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_chinense" title="Capsicum chinense">C. chinense</a></i>: hottest peppers, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Naga_jolokia" class="mw-redirect" title="Naga jolokia">naga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habanero" title="Habanero">habanero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datil_pepper" title="Datil pepper">datil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotch_bonnet" title="Scotch bonnet">Scotch bonnet</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilli_pepper_4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/16px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/24px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/32px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="202" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilli_pepper_4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/16px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/24px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/32px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="202" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilli_pepper_4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/16px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/24px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/32px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="202" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_baccatum" title="Capsicum baccatum">C. baccatum</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Aji_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Aji pepper">aji</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilli_pepper_4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/16px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/24px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/32px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="202" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_pubescens" title="Capsicum pubescens">C. pubescens</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Rocoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocoto">rocoto</a>, chile de caballo <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilli_pepper_4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/16px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/24px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Chilli_pepper_4.svg/32px-Chilli_pepper_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="202" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_eximium" title="Capsicum eximium">C. eximium</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. lycianthoides</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Cultivars</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Fat_Red_Cayenne_Pepper.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cayenne peppers, a cultivar of Capsicum annuum"><img alt="Cayenne peppers, a cultivar of Capsicum annuum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/A_Fat_Red_Cayenne_Pepper.jpg/240px-A_Fat_Red_Cayenne_Pepper.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/A_Fat_Red_Cayenne_Pepper.jpg/360px-A_Fat_Red_Cayenne_Pepper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/A_Fat_Red_Cayenne_Pepper.jpg/480px-A_Fat_Red_Cayenne_Pepper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayenne peppers</a>, a cultivar of <i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_annuum" title="Capsicum annuum">Capsicum annuum</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 179.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabasco_peppers.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tabasco peppers, a cultivar of Capsicum frutescens, fruits pointing upwards"><img alt="Tabasco peppers, a cultivar of Capsicum frutescens, fruits pointing upwards" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Tabasco_peppers.JPG/266px-Tabasco_peppers.JPG" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Tabasco_peppers.JPG/399px-Tabasco_peppers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Tabasco_peppers.JPG/532px-Tabasco_peppers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="433" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tabasco_peppers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabasco peppers">Tabasco peppers</a>, a cultivar of <i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_frutescens" title="Capsicum frutescens">Capsicum frutescens</a></i>, fruits pointing upwards</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Habanero_chile_-_fruits_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Habanero peppers, a cultivar of Capsicum chinense"><img alt="Habanero peppers, a cultivar of Capsicum chinense" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Habanero_chile_-_fruits_%28aka%29.jpg/238px-Habanero_chile_-_fruits_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Habanero_chile_-_fruits_%28aka%29.jpg/357px-Habanero_chile_-_fruits_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Habanero_chile_-_fruits_%28aka%29.jpg/476px-Habanero_chile_-_fruits_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1362" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Habanero_peppers" class="mw-redirect" title="Habanero peppers">Habanero peppers</a>, a cultivar of <i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_chinense" title="Capsicum chinense">Capsicum chinense</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubanelle_Peppers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cubanelle peppers, United States"><img alt="Cubanelle peppers, United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cubanelle_Peppers.jpg/240px-Cubanelle_Peppers.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cubanelle_Peppers.jpg/359px-Cubanelle_Peppers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cubanelle_Peppers.jpg/479px-Cubanelle_Peppers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="481" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cubanelle peppers,<br />United States</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 169.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HotPeppersinMarket.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scotch bonnets, Caribbean"><img alt="Scotch bonnets, Caribbean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/HotPeppersinMarket.jpg/254px-HotPeppersinMarket.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/HotPeppersinMarket.jpg/380px-HotPeppersinMarket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/HotPeppersinMarket.jpg/507px-HotPeppersinMarket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scotch bonnets,<br />Caribbean</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phrik_haeng.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bird's eye chilies, Thailand"><img alt="Bird's eye chilies, Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Phrik_haeng.jpg/180px-Phrik_haeng.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Phrik_haeng.jpg/270px-Phrik_haeng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Phrik_haeng.jpg/360px-Phrik_haeng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chili" title="Bird's eye chili">Bird's eye chilies</a>,<br />Thailand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%EC%B2%AD%EC%96%91%EA%B3%A0%EC%B6%943.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cheongyang peppers, South Korea"><img alt="Cheongyang peppers, South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%EC%B2%AD%EC%96%91%EA%B3%A0%EC%B6%943.jpg/270px-%EC%B2%AD%EC%96%91%EA%B3%A0%EC%B6%943.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%EC%B2%AD%EC%96%91%EA%B3%A0%EC%B6%943.jpg/405px-%EC%B2%AD%EC%96%91%EA%B3%A0%EC%B6%943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%EC%B2%AD%EC%96%91%EA%B3%A0%EC%B6%943.jpg/540px-%EC%B2%AD%EC%96%91%EA%B3%A0%EC%B6%943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cheongyang_chili_pepper" title="Cheongyang chili pepper">Cheongyang peppers</a>,<br />South Korea</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_pearl_cultivar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Black Pearl cultivar of C. annuum"><img alt="Black Pearl cultivar of C. annuum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Black_pearl_cultivar.jpg/180px-Black_pearl_cultivar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Black_pearl_cultivar.jpg/269px-Black_pearl_cultivar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Black_pearl_cultivar.jpg/359px-Black_pearl_cultivar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="709" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Black Pearl cultivar of <i>C. annuum</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pimientos_choriceros.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Choricero, Spain"><img alt="Choricero, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pimientos_choriceros.jpg/160px-Pimientos_choriceros.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pimientos_choriceros.jpg/240px-Pimientos_choriceros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pimientos_choriceros.jpg/320px-Pimientos_choriceros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Choricero_peppers" title="Choricero peppers">Choricero</a>,<br />Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chili_peppers_cultivated_in_Myanmar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Purple chilies, Myanmar"><img alt="Purple chilies, Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chili_peppers_cultivated_in_Myanmar.jpg/180px-Chili_peppers_cultivated_in_Myanmar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chili_peppers_cultivated_in_Myanmar.jpg/270px-Chili_peppers_cultivated_in_Myanmar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chili_peppers_cultivated_in_Myanmar.jpg/360px-Chili_peppers_cultivated_in_Myanmar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Purple chilies,<br />Myanmar</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intensity">Intensity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Intensity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Capsaicin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capsaicin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Capsaicin.svg/200px-Capsaicin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Capsaicin.svg/300px-Capsaicin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Capsaicin.svg/400px-Capsaicin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="270" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Chemical structure</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capsaicin-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Capsaicin-3D-vdW.png/200px-Capsaicin-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Capsaicin-3D-vdW.png/300px-Capsaicin-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Capsaicin-3D-vdW.png/400px-Capsaicin-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="462" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Space-filling model</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a>, the principal molecule that gives chili its heat<sup id="cite_ref-Kosuge_1961_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosuge_1961-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The substances that give chili peppers their <a href="/wiki/Pungency" title="Pungency">pungency</a> (spicy heat) when ingested or applied topically are <a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">capsaicin</a> (8-methyl-<i>N</i>-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) and several related chemicals, collectively called <i>capsaicinoids</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kosuge_1961_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosuge_1961-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pure capsaicin is a <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a>, colorless, odorless, and crystalline-to-waxy solid at room temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-pubchem_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubchem-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quantity of capsaicin varies by variety, and depends on growing conditions. Water-stressed peppers usually produce stronger fruits. When a <a href="/wiki/Habanero" title="Habanero">habanero</a> plant is stressed, for example by shortage of water, the concentration of capsaicin increases in some parts of the fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When peppers are consumed by mammals such as humans, capsaicin binds with <a href="/wiki/Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">pain receptors</a> in the mouth and throat, potentially evoking pain via spinal relays to the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> where heat and discomfort are perceived.<sup id="cite_ref-oneill_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oneill-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, birds are unable to perceive the hotness and so they can eat some of the hottest peppers.<sup id="cite_ref-Tewksbury_Nabhan_2001_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tewksbury_Nabhan_2001-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intensity of the "heat" of chili peppers is commonly reported in <a href="/wiki/Scoville_scale" title="Scoville scale">Scoville heat units</a> (SHU), invented by American pharmacist <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Scoville" title="Wilbur Scoville">Wilbur Scoville</a> in 1912. Historically, it was a measure of the dilution of an amount of chili extract added to sugar syrup before its heat becomes undetectable to a panel of tasters; the more it has to be diluted to be undetectable, the more powerful the variety, and therefore the higher the rating.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1980s, spice heat has been assessed quantitatively by <a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">high-performance liquid chromatography</a> (HPLC), which measures the concentration of heat-producing capsaicinoids, typically with capsaicin content as the main measure.<sup id="cite_ref-guzman_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guzman-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Capsaicin is produced by the plant as a <a href="/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" title="Plant defense against herbivory">defense against mammalian predators</a>. A study suggests that by protecting against attack by a <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">hemipteran</a> bug, the risk of disease caused by a <i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium" title="Fusarium">Fusarium</a></i> fungus carried by the insects is reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-pnas_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pnas-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As evidence, the study notes that peppers increased the quantity of capsaicin in proportion to the damage caused by fungi on the plant's seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-pnas_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pnas-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intensity_range_of_commonly-used_cultivars">Intensity range of commonly-used cultivars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Intensity range of commonly-used cultivars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A wide range of intensity is found in commonly used peppers: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">Bell pepper</a></td> <td>0 SHU </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fresno_chile" title="Fresno chile">Fresno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">jalapeño</a></td> <td>3,500–10,000 SHU </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayenne</a></td> <td>30,000–50,000 SHU </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Piri_piri" title="Piri piri">Piri piri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chili" title="Bird's eye chili">bird's eye</a></td> <td>50,000–100,000 SHU </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Habanero" title="Habanero">Habanero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotch_bonnet" title="Scotch bonnet">Scotch bonnet</a></td> <td>100,000–350,000 SHU<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hottest_by_country">Hottest by country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hottest by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hottest_chili_pepper" title="Hottest chili pepper">Hottest chili pepper</a></div> <p>The top 8 world's hottest chili peppers (by country) are: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Heat (SHU) </th></tr> <tr> <td>United States</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pepper_X" title="Pepper X">Pepper X</a></td> <td>2.69M<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wales</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Breath_(chili_pepper)" title="Dragon's Breath (chili pepper)">Dragon's Breath</a></td> <td>2.48M<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>United States</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Reaper" title="Carolina Reaper">Carolina Reaper</a></td> <td>2.2M<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trinidad and Tobago</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_moruga_scorpion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidad moruga scorpion">Trinidad moruga scorpion</a></td> <td>2.0M<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>India</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghost_pepper" title="Ghost pepper">Ghost pepper</a> (Bhut jolokia)</td> <td>1.58M<sup id="cite_ref-trinidad_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trinidad-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trinidad and Tobago</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Scorpion_Butch_T_pepper" title="Trinidad Scorpion Butch T pepper">Trinidad Scorpion Butch T</a></td> <td>1.46M<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>England</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naga_Viper_pepper" title="Naga Viper pepper">Naga Viper</a></td> <td>1.38M<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>England</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Infinity_chili" title="Infinity chili">Infinity chili</a></td> <td>1.07M<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_food">As food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: As food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutritional_value">Nutritional value</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nutritional value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Peppers, hot chili, red, raw</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">166 kJ (40 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">8.8 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">5.3 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.5 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.4 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">1.9 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Carotene">beta-Carotene</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 48 μg<div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div>534 μg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">30%</div> 0.51 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">160%</div> 144 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 1 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 23 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">11%</div> 322 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">88 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.01g – 6 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170106/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Red hot chili peppers are 88% water, 9% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, 2% <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein (nutrition)">protein</a>, and 0.4% <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, chili peppers supply 40 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a>, and are a rich source of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">vitamin B<sub>6</sub></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pungency">Pungency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pungency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to their unique <a href="/wiki/Pungency" title="Pungency">pungency</a> (spicy heat), chili peppers constitute a crucial part of many cuisines around the world, particularly in Chinese (especially in <a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichuanese food">Sichuanese food</a>), Mexican, Thai, Indian, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican cuisine</a> and many other South American, Caribbean and East Asian cuisines. In 21st-century <a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian cuisine</a>, chili peppers are commonly used across many regions.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-forbes_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chili is a key ingredient in many <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curries</a>, providing the desired amount of heat; mild curries may be flavoured with many other spices, and may omit chili altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaffrey_1982_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrey_1982-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooking">Cooking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cooking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chilies with a low capsaicin content can be cooked like bell peppers, for example stuffing and roasting them. Hotter varieties need to be handled with care to avoid contact with skin or eyes; washing does not efficiently remove capsaicin from skin. Chilies can be roasted over very hot coals or grilled for a short time, as they break up if overcooked.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leaves of every species of Capsicum are edible, being mildly bitter and nowhere near as hot as the fruits. They are cooked as <a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">greens</a> in Filipino cuisine, where they are called <i>dahon ng sili</i> (literally "chili leaves"). They are used in the chicken soup <i><a href="/wiki/Tinola" title="Tinola">tinola</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Korean cuisine, the leaves may be used in <a href="/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi">kimchi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_cuisines">Regional cuisines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Regional cuisines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chilies are present in many cuisines. In Peru, <i>Papa a la huancaina</i> is a dish of potatoes in a sauce of fresh cheese and <a href="/wiki/Aji_amarillo" class="mw-redirect" title="Aji amarillo">aji amarillo</a> chilies.<sup id="cite_ref-Eugenio_2024_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eugenio_2024-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Thailand, <i>kaeng tai pla</i> fish curry is flavoured with a <i>tai pla</i> sauce made with garlic, shallots, galangal, kaffir lime, turmeric, fish paste, and bird's eye chilies.<sup id="cite_ref-Eugenio_2024_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eugenio_2024-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Jamaica, <a href="/wiki/Jerk_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerk chicken">jerk chicken</a> is spiced with powerful habanero chilies and <a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">allspice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eugenio_2024_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eugenio_2024-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goan vindaloo curry uses the extremely hot <a href="/wiki/Ghost_pepper" title="Ghost pepper">ghost pepper</a> or bhut jolokia to create "perhaps [India's] hottest dish".<sup id="cite_ref-Eugenio_2024_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eugenio_2024-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ema_datshi" title="Ema datshi">ema datshi</a></i>, entirely made of chili mixed with local cheese, is the national dish.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican dishes</a> use chilies of different types, including the <a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">jalapeño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poblano" title="Poblano">poblano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habanero" title="Habanero">habanero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serrano_pepper" title="Serrano pepper">serrano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chipotle" title="Chipotle">chipotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancho" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancho">ancho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasilla" title="Pasilla">pasilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guajillo_chili" title="Guajillo chili">guajillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile_de_%C3%A1rbol" title="Chile de árbol">de árbol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cascabel_chili" title="Cascabel chili">cascabel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mulato_pepper" title="Mulato pepper">mulato</a>. These offer a wide range of flavours including citrus, earthy, fruity, and grassy. They are used in many dishes and the spicy <i><a href="/wiki/Mole_(sauce)" title="Mole (sauce)">mole</a></i> sauce and Mexican <a href="/wiki/Salsa_(food)" title="Salsa (food)">salsa</a> sauces.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Dishes</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamb_Chops_With_Guajillo_Chili_Sauce_and_Charro_Beans_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mexican lamb chops with guajillo chili sauce and charro beans"><img alt="Mexican lamb chops with guajillo chili sauce and charro beans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lamb_Chops_With_Guajillo_Chili_Sauce_and_Charro_Beans_%28cropped%29.jpg/221px-Lamb_Chops_With_Guajillo_Chili_Sauce_and_Charro_Beans_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lamb_Chops_With_Guajillo_Chili_Sauce_and_Charro_Beans_%28cropped%29.jpg/331px-Lamb_Chops_With_Guajillo_Chili_Sauce_and_Charro_Beans_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lamb_Chops_With_Guajillo_Chili_Sauce_and_Charro_Beans_%28cropped%29.jpg/441px-Lamb_Chops_With_Guajillo_Chili_Sauce_and_Charro_Beans_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mexican lamb chops with <a href="/wiki/Guajillo" title="Guajillo">guajillo</a> chili sauce and charro beans</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal_-_Lamb_Curry_Madras.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lamb Madras curry"><img alt="Lamb Madras curry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Taj_Mahal_-_Lamb_Curry_Madras.jpg/240px-Taj_Mahal_-_Lamb_Curry_Madras.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Taj_Mahal_-_Lamb_Curry_Madras.jpg/360px-Taj_Mahal_-_Lamb_Curry_Madras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Taj_Mahal_-_Lamb_Curry_Madras.jpg/480px-Taj_Mahal_-_Lamb_Curry_Madras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lamb <a href="/wiki/Madras_curry" title="Madras curry">Madras curry</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilli_pickle_in_a_plate_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pickled chili in India"><img alt="Pickled chili in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chilli_pickle_in_a_plate_2.jpg/229px-Chilli_pickle_in_a_plate_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chilli_pickle_in_a_plate_2.jpg/344px-Chilli_pickle_in_a_plate_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chilli_pickle_in_a_plate_2.jpg/459px-Chilli_pickle_in_a_plate_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2513" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pickled chili in India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chili_pepper_dip_Amman.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chili pepper dip in a traditional restaurant in Amman, Jordan"><img alt="Chili pepper dip in a traditional restaurant in Amman, Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chili_pepper_dip_Amman.JPG/241px-Chili_pepper_dip_Amman.JPG" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chili_pepper_dip_Amman.JPG/362px-Chili_pepper_dip_Amman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chili_pepper_dip_Amman.JPG/483px-Chili_pepper_dip_Amman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3601" data-file-height="2686" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chili pepper dip in a traditional restaurant in Amman, Jordan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tinolang_Manok.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Filipino tinola chicken soup with labuyo chili leaves"><img alt="Filipino tinola chicken soup with labuyo chili leaves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tinolang_Manok.jpg/180px-Tinolang_Manok.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tinolang_Manok.jpg/271px-Tinolang_Manok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tinolang_Manok.jpg/361px-Tinolang_Manok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="2186" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tinola" title="Tinola">tinola</a></i> chicken soup with <i><a href="/wiki/Labuyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Labuyo">labuyo</a></i> chili leaves</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ornamental_plants">Ornamental plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ornamental plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Pearl_-_Ornamental_Pepper.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black Pearl Pepper." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Black_Pearl_-_Ornamental_Pepper.JPG/220px-Black_Pearl_-_Ornamental_Pepper.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Black_Pearl_-_Ornamental_Pepper.JPG/330px-Black_Pearl_-_Ornamental_Pepper.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Black_Pearl_-_Ornamental_Pepper.JPG/440px-Black_Pearl_-_Ornamental_Pepper.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Black pearl pepper, an ornamental variety</figcaption></figure> <p>The contrast in color and appearance makes chili plants interesting to some as a purely decorative garden plant. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_pearl_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Black pearl pepper">Black pearl pepper</a>: small cherry-shaped fruits and dark brown to black leaves<sup id="cite_ref-USNA_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNA-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Black Hungarian pepper: green foliage, highlighted by purple veins and purple flowers, jalapeño-shaped fruits<sup id="cite_ref-seedsbydesign_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seedsbydesign-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_crown" title="Bishop's crown">Bishop's crown pepper</a>, Christmas bell pepper: named for its distinct three-sided shape resembling a red bishop's crown or a red Christmas bell<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constrained_risk-taking">Constrained risk-taking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Constrained risk-taking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rozin" title="Paul Rozin">Paul Rozin</a> suggests that eating ordinary chilies is an example of a "constrained risk" like riding a <a href="/wiki/Roller_coaster" title="Roller coaster">roller coaster</a>, in which extreme sensations like pain and fear can be enjoyed because individuals know that these sensations are not actually harmful. This method lets people experience extreme feelings without any significant risk of bodily harm.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topical_use_and_health_research">Topical use and health research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Topical use and health research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pungency" title="Pungency">pungent</a> chemical in chili peppers, is used as an <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical ointments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_spray" title="Nasal spray">nasal sprays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dermal_patch" title="Dermal patch">dermal patches</a> to relieve pain.<sup id="cite_ref-fattori_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fattori-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2022 review of preliminary research indicated that regular consumption of chili peppers was associated with weak evidence for a lower risk of death from <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular diseases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_irritants">Chemical irritants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Chemical irritants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pepper_spray" title="Pepper spray">Pepper spray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chili_grenade" title="Chili grenade">Chili grenade</a></div> <p>Capsaicin extracted from chilies is used in <a href="/wiki/Pepper_spray" title="Pepper spray">pepper sprays</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> formulations as a chemical irritant, for use as <a href="/wiki/Less-lethal_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Less-lethal weapon">less-lethal weapons</a> for control of unruly individuals or crowds.<sup id="cite_ref-haar_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haar-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such products have considerable potential for misuse, and may cause injury or death.<sup id="cite_ref-haar_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haar-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93wildlife_conflict" title="Human–wildlife conflict">Conflicts</a> between farmers and elephants have long been widespread in <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Asian</a> countries, where elephants nightly destroy crops, raid grain houses, and sometimes kill people. Farmers have found the use of chilies effective in crop defense against elephants. Elephants do not like capsaicin due to their large and sensitive <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">olfactory</a> and nasal system. The smell of chili causes them discomfort and deters them from feeding on the crops. By planting a few rows of the fruit around valuable crops, farmers create a buffer zone through which the elephants are reluctant to pass. Chili dung bombs are also used for this purpose. They are bricks made of mixing dung and chili, and are burned, creating a noxious smoke that keeps hungry elephants out of farmers' fields. This can lessen dangerous physical confrontation between people and elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birds do not have the same sensitivity to capsaicin as mammals, as they lack a specific <a href="/wiki/Nociceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nociceptors">pain receptor</a>. Chili peppers are eaten by birds living in the chili peppers' natural range, possibly contributing to seed dispersal and evolution of the protective capsaicin in chili peppers, as a bird in flight can spread the seeds further away from the parent plant after they pass through its digestive system than any land or tree dwelling mammal could do so under the same circumstances, thus reducing competition for resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Tewksbury_Nabhan_2001_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tewksbury_Nabhan_2001-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_spelling">Etymology and spelling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Etymology and spelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English word is from from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Nahuatl language">Classical Nahuatl</a> <i> <i lang="nci"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chilli#Classical_Nahuatl" class="extiw" title="wikt:chilli">chīlli</a></i></i> with the same meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the plant is unrelated to that of the country <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED1933_chilli_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED1933_chilli-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <i>pepper</i> originally meant the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Piper_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper (genus)">Piper</a></i>, not <i>Capsicum</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a> record both usages.<sup id="cite_ref-OED1913_pepper_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED1913_pepper-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MW_pepper_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_pepper-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three primary spellings are <i>chili</i>, <i>chile</i> and <i>chilli</i>, all recognized by dictionaries. </p> <ul><li><i>Chili</i> is widely used in English of the United States<sup id="cite_ref-MW_chili_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_chili-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and optionally in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Chile</i> is the most common Spanish spelling in Mexico and several other Latin American countries,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some parts of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-MW_chile_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_chile-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Chilli</i> was the original <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Náhuatl language</a> word for the fruit (chīlli),<sup id="cite_ref-OED1933_chilli_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED1933_chilli-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the preferred British spelling according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED1933_chilli_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED1933_chilli-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Chilli</i> (and its plural <i>chillies</i>) is the most common spelling in former British colonies such as India<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Volatile_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile oil">volatile oil</a> in chili peppers may cause skin irritation, requiring hand washing and care when touching the eyes or any sensitive body parts.<sup id="cite_ref-bhg_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhg-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consuming hot peppers may cause stomach pain, <a href="/wiki/Hyperventilation" title="Hyperventilation">hyperventilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweat">sweating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomit" class="mw-redirect" title="Vomit">vomiting</a>, and symptoms possibly requiring hospitalization.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldfrank_2007_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldfrank_2007-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unscrupulous traders have illegally added at least eight different synthetic dyes, including <a href="/wiki/Auramine_O" title="Auramine O">Auramine O</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysoidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysoidine">Chrysoidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan_stain" title="Sudan stain">Sudan stains I to IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Para_red" title="Para red">Para red</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhodamine_B" title="Rhodamine B">Rhodamine B</a> to chili products. All these chemicals are harmful. They can be detected by <a href="/wiki/Liquid_chromatography" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid chromatography">liquid chromatography</a> used together with <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_Ding_Liu_2013_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_Ding_Liu_2013-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capsicum_-Chili_-_Peperoncino_-_Il_Viagra_Calabrese_-_Calabria_-_Italy_-_July_17th_2013_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Capsicum_-Chili_-_Peperoncino_-_Il_Viagra_Calabrese_-_Calabria_-_Italy_-_July_17th_2013_-_02.jpg/220px-Capsicum_-Chili_-_Peperoncino_-_Il_Viagra_Calabrese_-_Calabria_-_Italy_-_July_17th_2013_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Capsicum_-Chili_-_Peperoncino_-_Il_Viagra_Calabrese_-_Calabria_-_Italy_-_July_17th_2013_-_02.jpg/330px-Capsicum_-Chili_-_Peperoncino_-_Il_Viagra_Calabrese_-_Calabria_-_Italy_-_July_17th_2013_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Capsicum_-Chili_-_Peperoncino_-_Il_Viagra_Calabrese_-_Calabria_-_Italy_-_July_17th_2013_-_02.jpg/440px-Capsicum_-Chili_-_Peperoncino_-_Il_Viagra_Calabrese_-_Calabria_-_Italy_-_July_17th_2013_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4508" data-file-height="2423" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peperoncino" title="Peperoncino">Peperoncino</a> chilies in Italy, advertised as an <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">aphrodisiac</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>The 16th century Spanish missionary and naturalist <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Acosta" title="José de Acosta">José de Acosta</a> noted the supposed <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">aphrodisiac</a> power of chilies, but wrote that they were harmful to people's <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual health">spiritual health</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hospodar_2004_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hospodar_2004-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, the government of Peru forbade prison inmates to consume chilies, their explanation being that these were "not appropriate for men forced to live a limited lifestyle."<sup id="cite_ref-Hospodar_2004_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hospodar_2004-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a> – which in some cultures includes chili peppers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatch,_New_Mexico" title="Hatch, New Mexico">Hatch, New Mexico</a> – known as the "Chile Capital of the World"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chocolate" title="History of chocolate">History of chocolate</a> – which the <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a> drank with ground chili peppers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Connoisseurs_of_Green_and_Red_Chile" title="International Connoisseurs of Green and Red Chile">International Connoisseurs of Green and Red Chile</a> – organization for the promotion of chili peppers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppersoup" title="Peppersoup">Peppersoup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_(sauce)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salsa (sauce)">Salsa (sauce)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_chili_sauce" title="Sweet chili sauce">Sweet chili sauce</a> – a condiment for adding a sweet, mild heat taste to food</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>C. eximium</i> is used as a spice in Bolivia.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The sign says in Italian "Calabrian <a href="/wiki/Viagra" class="mw-redirect" title="Viagra">Viagra</a>".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pickersgill-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pickersgill_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPickersgill1971" class="citation journal cs1">Pickersgill B (December 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.1971.tb01926.x">"Relationships Between Weedy and Cultivated Forms in Some Species of Chili Peppers (Genus Capsicum)"</a>. <i>Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 683–691. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.1971.tb01926.x">10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01926.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28564789">28564789</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205772121">205772121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution%3B+International+Journal+of+Organic+Evolution&rft.atitle=Relationships+Between+Weedy+and+Cultivated+Forms+in+Some+Species+of+Chili+Peppers+%28Genus+Capsicum%29&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=683-691&rft.date=1971-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205772121%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28564789&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.1971.tb01926.x&rft.aulast=Pickersgill&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1558-5646.1971.tb01926.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bosland-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bosland_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bosland_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bosland_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosland1998" class="citation book cs1">Bosland PW (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1996/V3-479.html">"Capsicums: Innovative uses of an ancient crop"</a>. In Janick J (ed.). <i>Progress in New Crops</i>. Arlington, Virginia: ASHS Press. pp. 479–487<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Capsicums%3A+Innovative+uses+of+an+ancient+crop&rft.btitle=Progress+in+New+Crops&rft.place=Arlington%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=479-487&rft.pub=ASHS+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bosland&rft.aufirst=PW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hort.purdue.edu%2Fnewcrop%2Fproceedings1996%2FV3-479.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-04/uoc--bot041614.php">"Birthplace of the domesticated chili pepper identified in Mexico"</a>. EurekaAlert, <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>. 21 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birthplace+of+the+domesticated+chili+pepper+identified+in+Mexico&rft.pub=EurekaAlert%2C+American+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&rft.date=2014-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2014-04%2Fuoc--bot041614.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraft_2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kraft_2014_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraftBrownNabhanLuedeling2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kraft KH, Brown CH, Nabhan GP, Luedeling E, Luna Ruiz J, Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge G, et al. (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4035960">"Multiple lines of evidence for the origin of domesticated chili pepper, Capsicum annuum, in Mexico"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>111</b> (17): 6165–6170. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111.6165K">2014PNAS..111.6165K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1308933111">10.1073/pnas.1308933111</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4035960">4035960</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24753581">24753581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Multiple+lines+of+evidence+for+the+origin+of+domesticated+chili+pepper%2C+Capsicum+annuum%2C+in+Mexico&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=6165-6170&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4035960%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24753581&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1308933111&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PNAS..111.6165K&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=KH&rft.au=Brown%2C+CH&rft.au=Nabhan%2C+GP&rft.au=Luedeling%2C+E&rft.au=Luna+Ruiz%2C+J&rft.au=Coppens+d%27Eeckenbrugge%2C+G&rft.au=Hijmans%2C+RJ&rft.au=Gepts%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4035960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chiou-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chiou_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiouHastorf2014" class="citation journal cs1">Chiou KL, Hastorf CA (16 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43305668">"A Systematic Approach to Species-Level Identification of Chile Pepper (Capsicum spp.) Seeds: Establishing the Groundwork for Tracking the Domestication and Movement of Chile Peppers through the Americas and Beyond"</a>. <i>Economic Botany</i>. <b>68</b> (3). New York Botanical Garden Press: 316–336. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EcBot..68..316C">2014EcBot..68..316C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12231-014-9279-2">10.1007/s12231-014-9279-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43305668">43305668</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36556206">36556206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=A+Systematic+Approach+to+Species-Level+Identification+of+Chile+Pepper+%28Capsicum+spp.%29+Seeds%3A+Establishing+the+Groundwork+for+Tracking+the+Domestication+and+Movement+of+Chile+Peppers+through+the+Americas+and+Beyond&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=316-336&rft.date=2014-12-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12231-014-9279-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36556206%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43305668%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014EcBot..68..316C&rft.aulast=Chiou&rft.aufirst=KL&rft.au=Hastorf%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43305668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrizo_GarcíaBarfussSehrBarboza2016" class="citation journal cs1">Carrizo García C, Barfuss MH, Sehr EM, Barboza GE, Samuel R, Moscone EA, Ehrendorfer F (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4934398">"Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers ( Capsicum, Solanaceae)"</a>. <i>Annals of Botany</i>. <b>118</b> (1): 35–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcw079">10.1093/aob/mcw079</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7364">0305-7364</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4934398">4934398</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27245634">27245634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+relationships%2C+diversification+and+expansion+of+chili+peppers+%28+Capsicum%2C+Solanaceae%29&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-51&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4934398%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0305-7364&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27245634&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcw079&rft.aulast=Carrizo+Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Barfuss%2C+MH&rft.au=Sehr%2C+EM&rft.au=Barboza%2C+GE&rft.au=Samuel%2C+R&rft.au=Moscone%2C+EA&rft.au=Ehrendorfer%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4934398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-van-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_ZonneveldRamirezWilliamsPetz2015" class="citation journal cs1">van Zonneveld M, Ramirez M, Williams DE, Petz M, Meckelmann S, Avila T, et al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4581705">"Screening Genetic Resources of Capsicum Peppers in Their Primary Center of Diversity in Bolivia and Peru"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>10</b> (9): e0134663. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1034663V">2015PLoSO..1034663V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0134663">10.1371/journal.pone.0134663</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4581705">4581705</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26402618">26402618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Screening+Genetic+Resources+of+Capsicum+Peppers+in+Their+Primary+Center+of+Diversity+in+Bolivia+and+Peru&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e0134663&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4581705%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26402618&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0134663&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1034663V&rft.aulast=van+Zonneveld&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Ramirez%2C+M&rft.au=Williams%2C+DE&rft.au=Petz%2C+M&rft.au=Meckelmann%2C+S&rft.au=Avila%2C+T&rft.au=Bejarano%2C+C&rft.au=R%C3%ADos%2C+L&rft.au=Pe%C3%B1a%2C+K&rft.au=J%C3%A4ger%2C+M&rft.au=Libreros%2C+D&rft.au=Amaya%2C+K&rft.au=Scheldeman%2C+X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4581705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cabi_2000-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cabi_2000_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoslandVotava2000" class="citation book cs1">Bosland PW, Votava E (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ESCNZMvMAYAC"><i>Peppers: Vegetable and Spice Capsicums</i></a>. 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Peppers – Notes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hort.purdue.edu/rhodcv/hort410/pepper/pe00001.htm">the original</a> on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2009</span>. <q>Common name: pepper. Latin name: Capsicum annuum L. ... Harvested organ: fruit. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.co.in/news/2006/09/060918-elephants-chili.html">the original</a> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Elephant+Crop+Raids+Foiled+by+Chili+Peppers%2C+Africa+Project+Finds&rft.aulast=Mott&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.co.in%2Fnews%2F2006%2F09%2F060918-elephants-chili.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/chili">"chili (n.)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=chili+%28n.%29&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fchili&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED1933_chilli-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED1933_chilli_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED1933_chilli_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED1933_chilli_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.271839/page/n349/mode/1up">"Chilli, chilly"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. Vol. 2 C (1 Corrected re-issue ed.). Oxford, UK. 1933. p. 346<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chilli%2C+chilly&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=346&rft.edition=1+Corrected+re-issue&rft.date=1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.271839%2Fpage%2Fn349%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED1913_pepper-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED1913_pepper_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99996/page/n949/mode/1up">"Pepper"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a></i>. Vol. 7 N–Poy (1 Corrected re-issue ed.). Oxford, UK. 1913. p. 663<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pepper&rft.btitle=OED&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=663&rft.edition=1+Corrected+re-issue&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.99996%2Fpage%2Fn949%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> (sense 2b of <i>pepper</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MW_pepper-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MW_pepper_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pepper">"pepper"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=pepper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fpepper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MW_chili-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MW_chili_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Chili">"Chili"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Chili&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FChili&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Oxford_Dictionary" title="Canadian Oxford Dictionary">Canadian Oxford Dictionary</a></i> lists <i>chili</i> as the main entry.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeiser1990" class="citation book cs1">Heiser C (August 1990). <i>Seed To Civilization: The Story of Food</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-79681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-79681-2"><bdi>978-0-674-79681-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seed+To+Civilization%3A+The+Story+of+Food&rft.pub=Cambridge%3A+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1990-08&rft.isbn=978-0-674-79681-2&rft.aulast=Heiser&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MW_chile-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MW_chile_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chile">"chile"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=chile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fchile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Usage example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/agri-biz/article2872144.ece">"Fall in exports crushes chilli prices in Guntur"</a>. Thehindubusinessline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fall+in+exports+crushes+chilli+prices+in+Guntur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Findustry-and-economy%2Fagri-biz%2Farticle2872144.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Usage example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sundaytimes.lk/100314/Magazine/sundaytimesmagazine_06.html">"Chilli, Capsicum and Pepper are spicy plants grown for the pod. Green chilli is a culinary requirement in any Sri Lankan household"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(Sri_Lanka)" title="The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)">The Sunday Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Chilli%2C+Capsicum+and+Pepper+are+spicy+plants+grown+for+the+pod.+Green+chilli+is+a+culinary+requirement+in+any+Sri+Lankan+household&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsundaytimes.lk%2F100314%2FMagazine%2Fsundaytimesmagazine_06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhg-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bhg_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2019" class="citation web cs1">Beck A (8 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhg.com/recipes/how-to/cooking-techniques/handling-hot-peppers/">"How to Handle Hot Peppers and Chiles Safely"</a>. Better Homes and Gardens<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Handle+Hot+Peppers+and+Chiles+Safely&rft.pub=Better+Homes+and+Gardens&rft.date=2019-05-08&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhg.com%2Frecipes%2Fhow-to%2Fcooking-techniques%2Fhandling-hot-peppers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldfrank_2007-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldfrank_2007_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldfrank2007" class="citation book cs1">Goldfrank LR, ed. (23 March 2007). <i>Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies</i>. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 1167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-144310-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-144310-4"><bdi>978-0-07-144310-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goldfrank%27s+Toxicologic+Emergencies&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=1167&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2007-03-23&rft.isbn=978-0-07-144310-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li_Ding_Liu_2013-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Li_Ding_Liu_2013_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi_J,_Ding_X-M,_Liu_D-D,_Guo_F,_Chen_Y,_Zhang_Y-B,_Liu_H-M2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Li J, Ding X-M, Liu D-D, Guo F, Chen Y, Zhang Y-B, Liu H-M (2013). "Simultaneous determination of eight illegal dyes in chili products by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry". <i>Journal of Chromatography B</i>. 942–943: 46–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jchromb.2013.10.010">10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography+B&rft.atitle=Simultaneous+determination+of+eight+illegal+dyes+in+chili+products+by+liquid+chromatography%E2%80%93tandem+mass+spectrometry&rft.volume=942-943&rft.pages=46-52&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jchromb.2013.10.010&rft.au=Li+J%2C+Ding+X-M%2C+Liu+D-D%2C+Guo+F%2C+Chen+Y%2C+Zhang+Y-B%2C+Liu+H-M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hospodar_2004-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hospodar_2004_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hospodar_2004_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHospodar2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hospodar M (2004). "Aphrodisiac Foods: Bringing Heaven to Earth". <i>Gastronomica</i>. <b>4</b> (4): 82–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fgfc.2004.4.4.82">10.1525/gfc.2004.4.4.82</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/gfc.2004.4.4.82">10.1525/gfc.2004.4.4.82</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastronomica&rft.atitle=Aphrodisiac+Foods%3A+Bringing+Heaven+to+Earth&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=82-93&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fgfc.2004.4.4.82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fgfc.2004.4.4.82%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hospodar&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChili+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_pepper&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chili" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:chili">chili</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Chilli_Pepper" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Chilli Pepper"> Chilli Pepper</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Capsicum" class="extiw" title="commons:Capsicum"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Capsicum</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050220140720/http://www.plantcultures.org/plants/chilli_pepper_landing.html">Plant Cultures: Chilli pepper botany, history and uses</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120165150/http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org/">The Chile Pepper Institute of New Mexico State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1996/V3-479.html">Capsicums: Innovative Uses of an Ancient Crop</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114184110/http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/cns/no69/CNS06908.pdf">Chilli: La especia del Nuevo Mundo</a> (Article from Germán Octavio López Riquelme about biology, nutrition, culture and medical topics. In Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pepperscale.com/hot-pepper-list/">The Hot Pepper List</a> List of chili pepper varieties ordered by heat rating in Scoville Heat Units (SHU)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chili_peppers" title="Template:Chili peppers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chili_peppers" title="Template talk:Chili peppers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chili_peppers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chili peppers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chili_peppers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chili peppers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_annuum" title="Capsicum annuum">Capsicum annuum</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_pepper" title="Aleppo pepper">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_pepper" title="Banana pepper">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chili" title="Bird's eye chili">Bird's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Pearl_pepper" title="Black Pearl pepper">Black Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascabel_chili" title="Cascabel chili">Cascabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheongyang_chili_pepper" title="Cheongyang chili pepper">Cheongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_annuum_var._glabriusculum" title="Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum">Chiltepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubanelle" title="Cubanelle">Cubanelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile_de_%C3%A1rbol" title="Chile de árbol">Chile de árbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundicut" title="Dundicut">Dundicut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espelette_pepper" title="Espelette pepper">Espelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_heaven_pepper" title="Facing heaven pepper">Facing Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pepper" title="Fish pepper">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florina_pepper" title="Florina pepper">Florina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friggitello" title="Friggitello">Friggitello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajillo_chili" title="Guajillo chili">Guajillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntur_Sannam" title="Guntur Sannam">Guntur Sannam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wax_pepper" title="Hungarian wax pepper">Hungarian wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">Jalapeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_chili_pepper" title="Korean chili pepper">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusa_pepper" title="Medusa pepper">Medusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Jim_pepper" title="Big Jim pepper">Big Jim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimayo_pepper" title="Chimayo pepper">Chimayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno_chile" title="Fresno chile">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandia_pepper" title="Sandia pepper">Sandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Grande_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Fe Grande pepper">Santa Fe Grande</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padr%C3%B3n_peppers" class="mw-redirect" title="Padrón peppers">Padrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasilla" title="Pasilla">Pasilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peperoncino" title="Peperoncino">Peperoncino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequin_pepper" title="Pequin pepper">Pequin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_pepper" title="Peter pepper">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimiento" title="Pimiento">Pimiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piquillo_pepper" title="Piquillo pepper">Piquillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poblano" title="Poblano">Poblano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_pepper" title="Serrano pepper">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishito" title="Shishito">Shishito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siling_haba" title="Siling haba">Siling haba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfa_biber" title="Urfa biber">Urfa biber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_baccatum" title="Capsicum baccatum">Capsicum baccatum</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_crown" title="Bishop's crown">Bishop's crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_drop_pepper" title="Lemon drop pepper">Lemon drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppadew" title="Peppadew">Peppadew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_chinense" title="Capsicum chinense">Capsicum chinense</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjuma" title="Adjuma">Adjuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%AD_caballero" title="Ají caballero">Ají caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%AD_dulce" title="Ají dulce">Ají dulce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhut_jolokia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhut jolokia">Bhut jolokia</a> (ghost pepper)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Reaper" title="Carolina Reaper">Carolina Reaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datil_pepper" title="Datil pepper">Datil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Breath_(chili_pepper)" title="Dragon's Breath (chili pepper)">Dragon's Breath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellachipur_Sanman" title="Ellachipur Sanman">Ellachipur Sanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalii" title="Fatalii">Fatalii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habanero" title="Habanero">Habanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_yellow_lantern_chili" title="Hainan yellow lantern chili">Hainan yellow lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinity_chili" title="Infinity chili">Infinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komodo_Dragon_(chili_pepper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Komodo Dragon (chili pepper)">Komodo Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Jeanette" title="Madame Jeanette">Madame Jeanette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagabon" title="Nagabon">Nagabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Morich" title="Naga Morich">Naga Morich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Viper_pepper" title="Naga Viper pepper">Naga Viper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper_X" title="Pepper X">Pepper X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Savina_pepper" title="Red Savina pepper">Red Savina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_bonnet" title="Scotch bonnet">Scotch bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Moruga_scorpion" title="Trinidad Moruga scorpion">Trinidad Moruga scorpion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Scorpion_Butch_T_pepper" title="Trinidad Scorpion Butch T pepper">Trinidad Scorpion Butch T</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_frutescens" title="Capsicum frutescens">Capsicum frutescens</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peri-peri" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri-peri">African Birdseye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambuzi" title="Kambuzi">Kambuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagueta_pepper" title="Malagueta pepper">Malagueta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siling_labuyo" title="Siling labuyo">Siling labuyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasco_pepper" title="Tabasco pepper">Tabasco pepper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Habanero_closeup_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Habanero chile pepper"><img alt="Habanero chile pepper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Habanero_closeup_edit2.jpg/80px-Habanero_closeup_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Habanero_closeup_edit2.jpg/120px-Habanero_closeup_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Habanero_closeup_edit2.jpg/160px-Habanero_closeup_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culinary uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobada" title="Adobada">Adobada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_con_carne" title="Chili con carne">Chili con carne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_dog" title="Chili dog">Chili dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper_paste" class="mw-redirect" title="Chili pepper paste">Chili pepper paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper_water" title="Chili pepper water">Chili pepper water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">Chili powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_thread" title="Chili thread">Chili thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ema_datshi" title="Ema datshi">Ema datshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filfel_chuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Filfel chuma">Filfel chuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gochujang" title="Gochujang">Gochujang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harissa" title="Harissa">Harissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_phrik" title="Nam phrik">Nam phrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppersoup" title="Peppersoup">Peppersoup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperade" title="Piperade">Piperade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Condiment" title="Condiment">Condiments</a> and sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A7a" title="Salça">Biber salçası</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_oil" title="Chili oil">Chili oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_sauce" class="mw-redirect" title="Chili sauce">Chili sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_sauce" title="Hot sauce">Hot sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dr%C4%93gusu" title="Kōrēgusu">Kōrēgusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper_jelly" title="Pepper jelly">Pepper jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickapeppa_Sauce" title="Pickapeppa Sauce">Pickapeppa Sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichimi" title="Shichimi">Shichimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sriracha" title="Sriracha">Sriracha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_chili_sauce" title="Sweet chili sauce">Sweet chili sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasco_sauce" title="Tabasco sauce">Tabasco sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XO_sauce" title="XO sauce">XO sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile_Pepper_Institute" title="Chile Pepper Institute">Chile Pepper Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilympiad" title="Chilympiad">Chilympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_pepper_challenge" title="Hot pepper challenge">Hot pepper challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_hand_syndrome" title="Hunan hand syndrome">Hunan hand syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper_spray" title="Pepper spray">Pepper spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ristra" title="Ristra">Ristra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoville_scale" title="Scoville scale">Scoville scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chili_peppers" title="Category:Chili peppers">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chili_peppers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chili peppers">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capsicum_cultivars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capsicum_cultivars" title="Template:Capsicum cultivars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capsicum_cultivars" title="Template talk:Capsicum cultivars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capsicum_cultivars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capsicum cultivars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capsicum_cultivars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars"><i>Capsicum</i> cultivars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_annuum" title="Capsicum annuum"><i>C. annuum</i> var. <i>annuum</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almora_Lakhori_Mirchi" title="Almora Lakhori Mirchi">Almora Lakhori Mirchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_pepper" title="Aleppo pepper">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baklouti_pepper" title="Baklouti pepper">Baklouti pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_pepper" title="Banana pepper">Banana pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banaras_Lal_Bharwamirch_(Red_Pickle_Chilli)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banaras Lal Bharwamirch (Red Pickle Chilli)">Banaras Lal Bharwamirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Dam_pepper" title="Beaver Dam pepper">Beaver Dam pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">Bell pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhiwapur_Chilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhiwapur Chilli">Bhiwapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chili" title="Bird's eye chili">Bird's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byadagi_chilli" title="Byadagi chilli">Byadagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascabel_chili" title="Cascabel chili">Cascabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheongyang_chili_pepper" title="Cheongyang chili pepper">Cheongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilaca">Chilaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubanelle" title="Cubanelle">Cubanelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile_de_%C3%A1rbol" title="Chile de árbol">De árbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diavoletto_d%27Abruzzo" title="Diavoletto d'Abruzzo">Diavoletto d'Abruzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundicut" title="Dundicut">Dundicut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edayur_chilli" title="Edayur chilli"> Edayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Er_jing_tiao" title="Er jing tiao">Er jing tiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espelette_pepper" title="Espelette pepper">Espelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_heaven_pepper" title="Facing heaven pepper">Facing heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friggitello" title="Friggitello">Friggitello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajillo_chili" title="Guajillo chili">Guajillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntur_Sannam" title="Guntur Sannam">Guntur Sannam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmal_chilli" title="Harmal chilli">Harmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wax_pepper" title="Hungarian wax pepper">Hungarian wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">Jalapeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_red_chilli" title="Kashmiri red chilli">Kashmiri red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khola_chilli" title="Khola chilli">Khola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_chili_pepper" title="Korean chili pepper">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusa_pepper" title="Medusa pepper">Medusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulato_pepper" title="Mulato pepper">Mulato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandurbar_Mirchi" title="Nandurbar Mirchi">Nandurbar Mirchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Jim_pepper" title="Big Jim pepper">Big Jim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimayo_pepper" title="Chimayo pepper">Chimayó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno_chile" title="Fresno chile">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_No._9" title="New Mexico No. 9">No. 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandia_pepper" title="Sandia pepper">Sandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Grande_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Fe Grande pepper">Santa Fe Grande</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padr%C3%B3n_pepper" title="Padrón pepper">Padrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasilla" title="Pasilla">Pasilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_pepper" title="Peter pepper">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peperone_crusco" title="Peperone crusco">Peperone crusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimiento" title="Pimiento">Pimiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poblano" title="Poblano">Poblano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramnathapuram_Mundu_chilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramnathapuram Mundu chilli">Ramnathapuram Mundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_pepper" title="Serrano pepper">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishito" title="Shishito">Shishito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siling_haba" title="Siling haba">Siling haba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirarakhong_Hathei_chilli" title="Sirarakhong Hathei chilli">Sirarakhong Hathei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_annuum_var._glabriusculum" title="Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum"><i>C. annuum</i> var. <i>glabriusculum</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pequin_pepper" title="Pequin pepper">Piquín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_annuum_var._glabriusculum" title="Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum">Wild chiltepin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_chinense" title="Capsicum chinense">C. chinense</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjuma" title="Adjuma">Adjuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%AD_dulce" title="Ají dulce">Ají dulce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhut_jolokia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhut jolokia">Bhut jolokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Reaper" title="Carolina Reaper">Carolina Reaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_habanero" title="Chocolate habanero">Chocolate habanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datil_pepper" title="Datil pepper">Datil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Breath_(chili_pepper)" title="Dragon's Breath (chili pepper)">Dragon's Breath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalii" title="Fatalii">Fatalii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habanaga" title="Habanaga">Habanaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habanero" title="Habanero">Habanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_yellow_lantern_chili" title="Hainan yellow lantern chili">Hainan yellow lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinity_chili" title="Infinity chili">Infinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Jeanette" title="Madame Jeanette">Madame Jeanette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagabon" title="Nagabon">Nagabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Mircha" title="Naga Mircha">Naga Mircha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Morich" title="Naga Morich">Naga Morich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Savina_pepper" title="Red Savina pepper">'Red Savina' habanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_bonnet" title="Scotch bonnet">Scotch bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Moruga_scorpion" title="Trinidad Moruga scorpion">Trinidad Moruga scorpion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Scorpion_Butch_T_pepper" title="Trinidad Scorpion Butch T pepper">Trinidad scorpion 'Butch T'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper_X" title="Pepper X">Pepper X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_frutescens" title="Capsicum frutescens">C. frutescens</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piri_piri" title="Piri piri">African bird's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambuzi" title="Kambuzi">Kambuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siling_labuyo" title="Siling labuyo">Labuyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagueta_pepper" title="Malagueta pepper">Malagueta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_chilli" title="Mizo chilli">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasco_pepper" title="Tabasco pepper">Tabasco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_baccatum" title="Capsicum baccatum">C. baccatum</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%AD_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Ají pepper">Ají</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_crown" title="Bishop's crown">Bishop's crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_drop_pepper" title="Lemon drop pepper">Lemon drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_piquant%C3%A9_pepper" title="Sweet piquanté pepper">Sweet piquanté pepper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_pubescens" title="Capsicum pubescens">C. pubescens</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capsicum_pubescens" title="Capsicum pubescens">Rocoto pepper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Capsicum_cultivars" title="Category:Capsicum cultivars">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Capsicum" class="extiw" title="commons:Capsicum">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culinary_herbs_and_spices" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Template talk:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culinary_herbs_and_spices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culinary herbs and spices</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">Herbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_archangelica" title="Angelica archangelica">Angelica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">Basil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_basil" title="Thai basil">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_basil" title="Lemon basil">Lemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_tamala" title="Cinnamomum tamala">Indian bay leaf (<i>tejpat</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldo" title="Boldo">Boldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borage" title="Borage">Borage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chervil" title="Chervil">Chervil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">Chives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuberosum" title="Allium tuberosum">garlic / Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely" title="Cicely">Cicely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander leaf / Cilantro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porophyllum_ruderale" title="Porophyllum ruderale">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persicaria_odorata" title="Persicaria odorata">Vietnamese (<i>rau răm</i>)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eryngium_foetidum" title="Eryngium foetidum">Culantro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_cress" title="Garden cress">Cress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_tree" title="Curry tree">Curry leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphania_ambrosioides" title="Dysphania ambrosioides">Epazote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_auritum" title="Piper auritum">Hoja santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houttuynia_cordata" title="Houttuynia cordata"><i>Houttuynia cordata</i> (<i>giấp cá</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyssopus_officinalis" title="Hyssopus officinalis">Hyssop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimbu" title="Jimbu">Jimbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsholtzia_ciliata" title="Elsholtzia ciliata">Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Kkaennip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavandula_angustifolia" title="Lavandula angustifolia">Lavender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_balm" title="Lemon balm">Lemon balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbopogon" title="Cymbopogon">Lemon grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backhousia_citriodora" title="Backhousia citriodora">Lemon myrtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysia_citrodora" title="Aloysia citrodora">Lemon verbena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnophila_aromatica" title="Limnophila aromatica"><i>Limnophila aromatica</i> (rice-paddy herb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovage" title="Lovage">Lovage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjoram" title="Marjoram">Marjoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwort" title="Mugwort">Mugwort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptotaenia_japonica" title="Cryptotaenia japonica">Mitsuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">Oregano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">Parsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla" title="Perilla">Perilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">Rosemary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">Sage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satureja" title="Satureja">Savory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Sanshō leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrel" title="Sorrel">Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarragon" title="Tarragon">Tarragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">Thyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galium_odoratum" title="Galium odoratum">Woodruff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">Spices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_laver" title="Green laver">Aonori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajwain" title="Ajwain">Ajwain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_pepper" title="Alligator pepper">Alligator pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amchoor" title="Amchoor">Amchoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illicium_verum" title="Illicium verum">star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asafoetida" title="Asafoetida">Asafoetida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Peppercorn (black/green/white)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_terebinthifolia" title="Schinus terebinthifolia">Brazilian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">Caraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">Cardamom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_cardamom" title="Black cardamom">black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia" title="Cinnamomum cassia">Cassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery_powder" title="Celery powder">Celery powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">Celery seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanania_cochinchinensis" title="Buchanania cochinchinensis">Charoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenpi" title="Chenpi">Chenpi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">Chili powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipotle" title="Chipotle">Chipotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_red_pepper" title="Crushed red pepper">Crushed red pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">Jalapeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasco_pepper" title="Tabasco pepper">Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars">Cultivars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_cubeba" title="Piper cubeba">Cubeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">Cumin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella sativa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bunium_persicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunium persicum">Bunium persicum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Deulkkae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill / Dill seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">Fennel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenugreek" title="Fenugreek">Fenugreek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigonella_caerulea" title="Trigonella caerulea">blue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boesenbergia_rotunda" title="Boesenbergia rotunda">Fingerroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">Galangal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_galanga" title="Alpinia galanga">greater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_officinarum" title="Alpinia officinarum">lesser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">Ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaempferia_galanga" title="Kaempferia galanga">Aromatic ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleum_persicum" title="Heracleum persicum">Golpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">Grains of paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_Selim" title="Grains of Selim">Grains of Selim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">Horseradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Japanese pricklyash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_indica" title="Garcinia indica">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aframomum_corrorima" title="Aframomum corrorima">Korarima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_lime" title="Dried lime">Dried lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquorice" title="Liquorice">Liquorice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litsea_cubeba" title="Litsea cubeba">Litsea cubeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">Long pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_amada" title="Curcuma amada">Mango-ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahleb" title="Mahleb">Mahleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">Mustard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhamphospermum_nigrum" title="Rhamphospermum nigrum">black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_mustard" title="White mustard">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricinodendron" title="Ricinodendron">Njangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_powder" title="Onion powder">Onion powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">Paprika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_molle" title="Schinus molle">Peruvian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">Poppy seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammogeton_involucratus" title="Psammogeton involucratus">Radhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%C3%97_damascena" title="Rosa × damascena">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilax_ornata" title="Smilax ornata">Sarsaparilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">Sesame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper (<i>huājiāo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">Sumac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_lanceolata" title="Tasmannia lanceolata">Tasmanian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Tonka bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzazi" title="Uzazi">Uzazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_borbonense" title="Piper borbonense">Voatsiperifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">Wasabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu" title="Yuzu">Yuzu zest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_zedoaria" title="Curcuma zedoaria">Zedoary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberis_vulgaris" title="Berberis vulgaris">Zereshk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zest_(ingredient)" title="Zest (ingredient)">Zest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice_mix" title="Spice mix">Blends</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajika" title="Ajika">Adjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advieh" title="Advieh">Advieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baharat" title="Baharat">Baharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beau_Monde_seasoning" title="Beau Monde seasoning">Beau monde seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbere" title="Berbere">Berbere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouquet_garni" title="Bouquet garni">Bouquet garni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buknu" title="Buknu">Buknu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaat_masala" title="Chaat masala">Chaat masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(spices)" title="Tempering (spices)">Chaunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_sugar" title="Cinnamon sugar">Cinnamon sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_boil" title="Crab boil">Crab boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">Curry powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubanjiang" title="Doubanjiang">Doubanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douchi" title="Douchi">Douchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duqqa" title="Duqqa">Duqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fines_herbes" title="Fines herbes">Fines herbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-spice_powder" title="Five-spice powder">Five-spice powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garam_masala" title="Garam masala">Garam masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_powder" title="Garlic powder">Garlic powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_salt" title="Garlic salt">Garlic salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gochujang" title="Gochujang">Gochujang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harissa" title="Harissa">Harissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaij" title="Hawaij">Hawaij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbes_de_Provence" title="Herbes de Provence">Herbes de Provence</a></li> <li><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAng_l%C3%ACu" title="Húng lìu">Húng lìu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idli_podi" title="Idli podi">Idli podi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_seasoning" title="Italian seasoning">Italian seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerk_(cooking)" title="Jerk (cooking)">Jamaican jerk spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmeli_suneli" title="Khmeli suneli">Khmeli suneli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_pepper" title="Lemon pepper">Lemon pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitmita" title="Mitmita">Mitmita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_spice" title="Mixed spice">Mixed spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_steak_seasoning" title="Montreal steak seasoning">Montreal steak seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulling_spices" title="Mulling spices">Mulling spices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bay_Seasoning" title="Old Bay Seasoning">Old Bay Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_phoron" title="Panch phoron">Panch phoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persillade" title="Persillade">Persillade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder-douce" title="Powder-douce">Powder-douce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie_spice" title="Pumpkin pie spice">Pumpkin pie spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C3%A2lat_daqqa" title="Qâlat daqqa">Qâlat daqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9pices" title="Quatre épices">Quatre épices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_el_hanout" title="Ras el hanout">Ras el hanout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recado_rojo" title="Recado rojo">Recado rojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharena_sol" title="Sharena sol">Sharena sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichimi" title="Shichimi">Shichimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabil" title="Tabil">Tabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj%C3%ADn_seasoning" title="Tajín seasoning">Tajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoori_masala" title="Tandoori masala">Tandoori masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuna_paha" title="Thuna paha">Thuna paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadouvan" title="Vadouvan">Vadouvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu_kosh%C5%8D" title="Yuzu koshō">Yuzu koshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">Za'atar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="List of culinary herbs and spices">Culinary</a></li> <li>By region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices" title="List of Australian herbs and spices">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_spices" title="List of Bangladeshi spices">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_spices" title="List of Indian spices">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_spices" title="List of Pakistani spices">Pakistani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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