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The Decision to Invest in Child Quality Over Quantity: Declining Fertility and Rising Investment in Private Tutoring

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<h1><span id="dnn_ctr1483_dnnTITLE_lblTitle" class="noClass">The Decision to Invest in Child Quality Over Quantity: Declining Fertility and Rising Investment in Private Tutoring</span> </h1> <div id="dnn_ctr1483_ContentPane" class="DNNAlignleft"><!-- Start_Module_1483 --><div id="dnn_ctr1483_ModuleContent" class="DNN_HTMLContent"> <div id="dnn_ctr1483_HtmlModule_lblContent" class="Normal"> <span class="PublishDate">Updated September 2009</span><br/> <span class="Subhead3">Authors:</span><br/> Halsey Rogers; Hai-Anh Dang<br/> <br/> <span class="Subhead3">Abstract:</span><br/> In this project, we will to investigate how lower fertility levels make it possible for households to invest in their children&#8217;s human capital—not only through leaving them in school longer, but also by increasing direct outlays on private tutoring and schooling generally. Expenditure on private tutoring may serve as an especially good measure of a household&#8217;s decision to invest voluntarily in educational quality, because expenditure on private tutoring is generally optional for the household and is likely to be harder for governments to ban or constrain. Consequently, expenditure on private tutoring may be a good measure of the impact of household fertility choices on their children&#8217;s education.<br/> &nbsp;<br/> Using data from the World Bank LSMS, the study will answer the following questions:<br/> 1. Does lower fertility correlate with higher expenditures on private tutoring (and private education in general) in a broad cross-section, after controlling for other factors?<br/> 2. Is there a causal relationship running from lower fertility to higher investment in tutoring?<br/> 3. What effects are the fertility decline and corresponding increase in investment on children likely to have on educational outcomes, wages and inequality?<br/> <br/> <span class="Subhead3">Contact Information:</span><br/> Halsey Rogers, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065842/mailto:hrogers@worldbank.org">hrogers@worldbank.org</a>; Hai-Anh Dang, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065842/mailto:hdang@worldbank.org">hdang@worldbank.org</a>, The World Bank </div> </div><!-- End_Module_1483 --></div> </div> <a id="1484"></a> <div class="paperDownload"> <div id="dnn_ctr1484_ContentPane" class="DNNAlignleft"><!-- Start_Module_1484 --><div id="dnn_ctr1484_ModuleContent" class="DNN_HTMLContent"> <div id="dnn_ctr1484_HtmlModule_lblContent" class="Normal"> <div><span class="Subhead3">Download PDF:</span></div> <a target="_blank" href="/web/20101006065842/http://www.poppov.org/Portals/1/documents/papers/18.Rogers.pdf">The Decision to Invest in Child Quality Over Quantity: Declining Fertility and Rising Investment in Private Tutoring<img alt="" src="/web/20101006065842im_/http://www.poppov.org/Portals/1/images/pdf_Icon.jpg" height="33" width="33" border="0"/></a> </div> </div><!-- End_Module_1484 --></div> </div> <a id="1485"></a> <div class="paperComments" id="comments"> <h1><span id="dnn_ctr1485_dnnTITLE_lblTitle" class="noClass">Comments</span> </h1> <div id="dnn_ctr1485_ContentPane" class="DNNAlignleft"><!-- Start_Module_1485 --><div id="dnn_ctr1485_ModuleContent" class="SCKCommentContent"> <div id="dnn_ctr1485_ViewComments_updMessageItem"> <div> </div> <br/> <input type="submit" name="dnn$ctr1485$ViewComments$btnShowCommentPanel" value="Add Comment" id="dnn_ctr1485_ViewComments_btnShowCommentPanel" class="commentButton"/> <br/> </div> </div><!-- End_Module_1485 --></div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </div><!--end content--> <div id="roundedCorners"></div> </div><!--end mainBodyWrapper--> <div class="footer"> <div class="date"> <span id="dnn_dnnCURRENTDATE_lblDate" class="SkinItem">October 06, 2010</span> </div><!--end date--><div id="dnn_Footer" class="footerLinks"> <a id="395"></a> <div class="footerText"> <div id="dnn_ctr395_ContentPane"><!-- Start_Module_395 --><div id="dnn_ctr395_ModuleContent" class="DNN_HTMLContent"> <div id="dnn_ctr395_HtmlModule_lblContent" class="Normal"> <a href="/web/20101006065842/http://www.poppov.org/SiteMap.aspx"><br/> </a><a href="/web/20101006065842/http://www.poppov.org/Contact.aspx"></a> </div> </div><!-- End_Module_395 --></div> </div> </div><!--end footerLinks--> </div><!--end footer--> </div><!--end mainBody--> </div><!--end bodyWrapper--> <input name="ScrollTop" type="hidden" id="ScrollTop"/> <input name="__dnnVariable" type="hidden" id="__dnnVariable"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20101006065842js_/http://www.poppov.org/Resources/Shared/scripts/initWidgets.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ Sys.Application.initialize(); //]]> </script> </form> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript"> var divs=document.getElementsByTagName("DIV") for(var i=0; i<divs.length; i++) { if (divs[i].className.match("ModuleTitle_SubMenu")) { var table=divs[i].getElementsByTagName("TABLE")[0]; for (var r=0; r<table.rows.length; r++) { var row=table.rows[r]; var cell=row.cells[1]; if (cell.innerHTML.match("&nbsp;(Delete|Move)$")) { row.style.display="none"; } } } } </script> </body> </html> <!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 06:58:42 Oct 06, 2010 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 04:08:00 Mar 03, 2025. 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