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Louis vs. Schmeling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louis_vs._Schmeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_championship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_championship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 World championship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_championship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_title_defenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_title_defenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Initial title defenses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_title_defenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louis_vs._Schmeling_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louis_vs._Schmeling_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Louis vs. Schmeling II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louis_vs._Schmeling_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Bum_of_the_Month_Club"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Bum_of_the_Month_Club""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 "Bum of the Month Club" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Bum_of_the_Month_Club"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louis_vs._Conn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louis_vs._Conn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Louis vs. Conn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louis_vs._Conn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_career_and_retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_career_and_retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Later career and retirement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_career_and_retirement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later career and retirement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_career_and_retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comeback" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comeback"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Comeback </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comeback-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxes_and_financial_troubles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxes_and_financial_troubles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Taxes and financial troubles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxes_and_financial_troubles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_wrestling_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_wrestling_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Professional wrestling career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_wrestling_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_golf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_golf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Professional golf </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_golf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Cultural references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_boxing_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_boxing_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Professional boxing record </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_boxing_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Joe Louis</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" > 54 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جو لويس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جو لويس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96%D1%81" title="Джо Луіс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джо Луіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Джо Луис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джо Луис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%B5_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Τζόε Λούις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζόε Λούις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="جو لوئیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جو لوئیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0_%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_(%EA%B6%8C%ED%88%AC_%EC%84%A0%EC%88%98)" title="조 루이스 (권투 선수) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조 루이스 (권투 선수)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Ջո Լուիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջո Լուիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1" title="ג'ו לואיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ו לואיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჯო ლუისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯო ლუისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosephus_Ludovicus" title="Iosephus Ludovicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iosephus Ludovicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEo_L%C5%ABiss" title="Džo Lūiss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džo Lūiss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჯო ლუისი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯო ლუისი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جو لويس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جو لويس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9" title="ジョー・ルイス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョー・ルイス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE" title="Луис, Джо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Луис, Джо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEo_Luis" title="Džo Luis – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Džo Luis" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Joe Louis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Brown Bomber" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Brown_Bomber_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brown Bomber (disambiguation)">Brown Bomber (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Joe Louis (disambiguation)">Joe Louis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Joe Louis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Louis_by_van_Vechten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Joe_Louis_by_van_Vechten.jpg/220px-Joe_Louis_by_van_Vechten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Joe_Louis_by_van_Vechten.jpg/330px-Joe_Louis_by_van_Vechten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Joe_Louis_by_van_Vechten.jpg/440px-Joe_Louis_by_van_Vechten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="3174" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Louis in 1941</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Joseph Louis Barrow</div> (1914-05-13)May 13, 1914 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/LaFayette,_Alabama" title="LaFayette, Alabama">LaFayette, Alabama</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 12, 1981(1981-04-12) (aged 66) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Paradise,_Nevada" title="Paradise, Nevada">Paradise, Nevada</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">“The Brown Bomber”</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Statistics</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weight(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Light_Heavyweight" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Heavyweight">Light Heavyweight</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavyweight" title="Heavyweight">Heavyweight</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">6 ft 1.5 in (1.87 m)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reach</th><td class="infobox-data">76 in (193 cm)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_stance" title="Orthodox stance">Orthodox</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Boxing record</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total fights</th><td class="infobox-data">69</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wins</th><td class="infobox-data">66</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wins by KO</th><td class="infobox-data">52</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Losses</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"> <div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="line-height:1.6em; background-color:#ccf; font-size:105%; background-color:transparent; font-weight: bold;"><div style="margin:0 4em;">Medal record</div></div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size:105%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <table class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; background-color:#f9f9f9; color:#000000; font-weight:normal"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#eeeeee;color:inherit;">Men's <a href="/wiki/Amateur_boxing" title="Amateur boxing">amateur boxing</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#cccccc;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Gloves" title="Golden Gloves">Golden Gloves</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;color:inherit;"><img alt="Gold medal – first place" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg/16px-Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg/24px-Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg/32px-Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></td> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> 1934 Chicago </td> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_US_national_Golden_Gloves_light_heavyweight_champions" title="List of US national Golden Gloves light heavyweight champions">Light-heavyweight</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#cccccc;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Golden_Gloves" title="Chicago Golden Gloves">Chicago Golden Gloves</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;color:inherit;"><img alt="Gold medal – first place" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg/16px-Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg/24px-Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg/32px-Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></td> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> 1934 Chicago </td> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Light-heavyweight </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#cccccc;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_national_amateur_boxing_championships" title="United States national amateur boxing championships">US National Championships</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;color:inherit;"><img alt="Gold medal – first place" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg/16px-Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg/24px-Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg/32px-Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></td> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> 1934 St.Louis </td> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_national_amateur_boxing_light_heavyweight_champions" title="List of United States national amateur boxing light heavyweight champions">Light-heavyweight</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Joseph Louis Barrow (May 13, 1914 – April 12, 1981) was an American <a href="/wiki/Professional_boxer" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional boxer">professional boxer</a> who competed from 1934 to 1951. Nicknamed "the Brown Bomber", Louis is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential boxers of all time. He reigned as the world heavyweight champion from 1937 until his temporary retirement in 1949. He was victorious in 25 consecutive title defenses, <a href="/wiki/Heavyweight_boxing_championship_records_and_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavyweight boxing championship records and statistics">a record</a> for all weight classes.<a href="#cite_note-2">[nb 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> Louis has the longest single reign as champion of any boxer in history. Louis's cultural impact was felt well outside the ring. He is widely regarded as the first African-American to achieve the status of a nationwide hero within the United States, and was also a focal point of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Nazi">anti-Nazi</a> sentiment leading up to and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> because of his historic rematch with German boxer <a href="/wiki/Max_Schmeling" title="Max Schmeling">Max Schmeling</a> in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-matters-4">[3]</a> He was instrumental in integrating the game of golf, helping break the sport's color barrier in America by appearing under a sponsor's exemption in a <a href="/wiki/Professional_Golfers%27_Association_of_America" title="Professional Golfers' Association of America">PGA</a> event in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-golf2-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-golf-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-pclrway-7">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Born on May 13, 1914, in rural <a href="/wiki/Chambers_County,_Alabama" title="Chambers County, Alabama">Chambers County, Alabama</a>—in a ramshackle dwelling on Bell Chapel Road, located about 1 mile (2 kilometres) off <a href="/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_50" title="Alabama State Route 50">State Route 50</a> and roughly 6 miles (10 kilometres) from <a href="/wiki/LaFayette,_Alabama" title="LaFayette, Alabama">LaFayette</a>—Louis was the seventh of eight children of Munroe Barrow and Lillie (Reese) Barrow.<a href="#cite_note-Bakp6-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> He weighed 11 pounds (5 kg) at birth.<a href="#cite_note-Bakp6-8">[7]</a> Both of his parents were children of former slaves, alternating between <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">sharecropping</a> and rental farming.<a href="#cite_note-Bakp5-10">[9]</a> Louis suffered from a <a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">speech impediment</a> and spoke very little until about the age of six.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Munroe Barrow was committed to a mental institution in 1916 and, as a result, Joe knew very little of his biological father.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Around 1920, Louis's mother married Pat Brooks, a local construction contractor, having received word that Munroe Barrow had died while institutionalized (in reality, Munroe Barrow lived until 1938, unaware of his son's fame).<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> In 1926, shaken by a gang of white men in the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>, Louis's family moved to <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, forming part of the post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Joe's brother worked for <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> (where Joe would himself work for a time at the <a href="/wiki/River_Rouge_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="River Rouge Plant">River Rouge Plant</a>)<a href="#cite_note-arlington-16">[15]</a> and the family settled into a home at 2700 Catherine (now Madison) Street in Detroit's <a href="/wiki/Black_Bottom,_Detroit" title="Black Bottom, Detroit">Black Bottom</a> neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Great_Black_Heroes-18">[17]</a> Louis attended Bronson Vocational School for a time to learn cabinet-making.<a href="#cite_note-arlington-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Great_Black_Heroes-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amateur_career">Amateur career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Amateur career">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> severely affected the Barrow family, but Joe still made time to work out at a local youth recreation center at 637 Brewster Street in Detroit. His mother attempted to get him interested in playing the violin.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> He is rumoured to have tried to hide his pugilistic ambitions from his mother by carrying his boxing gloves inside his violin case.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Black_Heroes-18">[17]</a> Louis made his debut in early 1932 at the age of 17. Legend has it that before the fight, the barely literate Louis wrote his name so large that there was no room for his last name, and thus became known as "Joe Louis" for the remainder of his boxing career (more likely, Louis simply omitted his last name to keep his boxing a secret from his mother). After this debut—a loss to future Olympian <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Miler" title="Johnny Miler">Johnny Miler</a>—Louis compiled numerous amateur victories, eventually winning the club championship of his Brewster Street recreation center, the home of many aspiring <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gloves" title="Golden Gloves">Golden Gloves</a> fighters.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Black_Heroes-18">[17]</a> In 1933, Louis won the Detroit-area Golden Gloves Novice Division championship against Joe Biskey for the light heavyweight classification.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Black_Heroes-18">[17]</a> He later lost in the Chicago Golden Gloves Tournament of Champions. The next year, competing in the Golden Gloves' Open Division, he won the light heavyweight classification, this time also winning the Chicago Tournament of Champions against Joe Bauer.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Black_Heroes-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-BoxRec-20">[19]</a> However, a hand injury forced Louis to miss the New York/Chicago Champions' cross-town bout for the ultimate Golden Gloves championship. In April 1934, he followed up his <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> performance by winning the light heavyweight <a href="/wiki/United_States_national_amateur_boxing_championships" title="United States national amateur boxing championships">United States Amateur Champion National AAU tournament</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Black_Heroes-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-BoxRec-20">[19]</a> By the end of his amateur career, Louis's record was 50–4, with 43 knockouts.<a href="#cite_note-History_Channel-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Great_Black_Heroes-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[nb 2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_career">Professional career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Professional career">edit</a>]</div> Joe Louis had only three losses in his 69 professional fights. He tallied 52 knockouts and held the championship from 1937 to 1949, the longest span of any heavyweight titleholder. After returning from retirement, Louis failed to regain the championship in 1950, and his career ended after he was knocked out by <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Marciano" title="Rocky Marciano">Rocky Marciano</a> in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> Louis's amateur performances attracted the interest of professional promoters, and he was soon represented by a black Detroit-area bookmaker named <a href="/wiki/John_Roxborough_(boxing_manager)" title="John Roxborough (boxing manager)">John Roxborough</a>. As Louis explained in his autobiography, Roxborough convinced the young fighter that white managers would have no real interest in seeing a black boxer work his way up to title contention: <blockquote>[Roxborough] told me about the fate of most black fighters, ones with white managers, who wound up burned-out and broke before they reached their prime. The white managers were not interested in the men they were handling but in the money they could make from them. They didn't take the proper time to see that their fighters had a proper training, that they lived comfortably, or ate well, or had some pocket change. Mr. Roxborough was talking about Black Power before it became popular.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Black_Heroes-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pbsrox-24">[22]</a></blockquote> Roxborough knew a Chicago area boxing promoter named Julian Black who already had a stable of mediocre boxers against which Louis could hone his craft, this time in the heavyweight division. After becoming part of the management team, Black hired fellow Chicago native Jack "Chappy" Blackburn as Louis's trainer. Louis's initial professional fights were all in the Chicago area, his professional debut coming on July 4, 1934, against <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kracken" title="Jack Kracken">Jack Kracken</a> in the Bacon Casino on Chicago's south side.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Black_Heroes-18">[17]</a> Louis earned $59 for knocking out Kracken in the first round. $59 in 1934 is equivalent to $1,148.60 in 2020 dollars.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Black_Heroes-18">[17]</a> Louis won all 12 of his professional fights that year, 10 by knockout.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Black_Heroes-18">[17]</a> In September 1934, while promoting a Detroit-area "coming home" bout for Louis against Canadian Alex Borchuk, Roxborough was pressured by members of the Michigan State Boxing Commission to have Louis sign with white management. Roxborough refused and continued advancing Louis's career with bouts against heavyweight contenders Art Sykes and Stanley Poreda. While training for a fight against Lee Ramage, Louis noticed a young female secretary for the black newspaper at the gym. After Ramage was defeated, the secretary, Marva Trotter, was invited to the celebration party at Chicago's Grand Hotel. Trotter later became Louis's first wife in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Black_Heroes-18">[17]</a> During this time, Louis also met <a href="/wiki/Truman_Gibson" title="Truman Gibson">Truman Gibson</a>, the man who would become his personal lawyer.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Black_Heroes-18">[17]</a> As a young associate at a law firm hired by Julian Black, Gibson was charged with personally entertaining Louis during the pendency of business deals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Title_contention">Title contention</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Title contention">edit</a>]</div> Although Louis's management was finding him bouts against legitimate heavyweight contenders, no path to the title was forthcoming. While professional boxing was not officially segregated, many white Americans did not like the prospect of a black champion.<a href="#cite_note-deardorff-25">[23]</a> In 1908, during an era of severe anti-black repression, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a> became the first black heavyweight champion. Johnson's flamboyant lifestyle and marriage to a white woman engendered an enormous backlash that greatly limited opportunities of black fighters in the heavyweight division. Black boxers were denied championship bouts, and there were few heavyweight black contenders at the time, though there were African Americans who fought for titles in other weight divisions, and a few notable black champions, such as <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Flowers" title="Tiger Flowers">Tiger Flowers</a>. Louis and his handlers would counter the legacy of Johnson by emphasizing the Brown Bomber's modesty and sportsmanship.<a href="#cite_note-deardorff-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Biographer Gerald Astor stated that "Joe Louis' early boxing career was stalked by the specter of Jack Johnson".<a href="#cite_note-deardorff-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> If Louis were to rise to national prominence among such cultural attitudes, a change in management would be necessary. In 1935, boxing promoter <a href="/wiki/Mike_Jacobs_(boxing)" title="Mike Jacobs (boxing)">Mike Jacobs</a> sought out Louis's handlers. After Louis's narrow defeat of Natie Brown on March 29, 1935, Jacobs and the Louis team met at the Frog Club, a black nightclub, and negotiated a three-year exclusive boxing promotion deal.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> The contract, however, did not keep Roxborough and Black from attempting to cash in as Louis's managers; when Louis turned 21 on May 13, 1935, Roxborough and Black each signed Louis to an onerous long-term contract that collectively dedicated half of Louis's future income to the pair.<a href="#cite_note-pbsrox-24">[22]</a> Black and Roxborough continued to carefully and deliberately shape Louis's media image. Mindful of the tremendous public backlash Johnson had suffered for his unapologetic attitude and flamboyant lifestyle, they drafted "Seven Commandments" for Louis's personal conduct. These included: <blockquote> <ul><li>Never have his picture taken with a white woman</li> <li>Never gloat over a fallen opponent</li> <li>Never engage in fixed fights</li> <li>Live and fight clean<a href="#cite_note-espn-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a></li></ul> </blockquote> As a result, Louis was generally portrayed in the white media as a modest, clean-living person, which facilitated his burgeoning celebrity status.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> With the backing of a major promotion, Louis fought thirteen times in 1935. The bout that helped put him in the media spotlight occurred on June 25, when Louis knocked out 6'6", 265-pound former world heavyweight champion <a href="/wiki/Primo_Carnera" title="Primo Carnera">Primo Carnera</a> in six rounds. Foreshadowing the Louis–Schmeling rivalry to come, the Carnera bout featured a political dimension. Louis's victory over Carnera, who symbolized <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s regime in the popular eye, was seen as a victory for the international community, particularly among African Americans, who were sympathetic to <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, which was attempting to maintain its independence by <a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">fending off an invasion by fascist Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> America's white press began promoting Louis's image in the context of the era's racism; nicknames they created included the "Mahogany Mauler", "Chocolate Chopper", "Coffee-Colored KO King", "Safari Sandman", and one that stuck: "The Brown Bomber".<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Helping the white press to overcome its reluctance to feature a black contender was that in the mid-1930s boxing desperately needed a marketable hero. Since the retirement of <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dempsey" title="Jack Dempsey">Jack Dempsey</a> in 1929, the sport had devolved into a sordid mixture of poor athletes, gambling, fixed fights, thrown matches, and control of the sport by organized crime.<a href="#cite_note-deardorff-25">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> Columnist Edward Van Ness wrote, "Louis ... is a boon to boxing. Just as Dempsey led the sport out of the doldrums ... so is Louis leading the boxing game out of a slump".<a href="#cite_note-deardorff-25">[23]</a> Likewise, biographer <a href="/wiki/Bill_Libby" title="Bill Libby">Bill Libby</a> asserted that "The sports world was hungry for a great champion when Louis arrived in New York in 1935".<a href="#cite_note-deardorff-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Libbyp61-35">[33]</a> While the mainstream press was beginning to embrace Louis, many still opposed the prospect of another black heavyweight champion. In September 1935, on the eve of Louis's fight with former titleholder <a href="/wiki/Max_Baer_(boxer)" title="Max Baer (boxer)">Max Baer</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a> sportswriter <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Povich" title="Shirley Povich">Shirley Povich</a> wrote about some Americans' hopes for the white contender, "They say Baer will surpass himself in the knowledge that he is the lone white hope for the defense of Nordic superiority in the prize ring".<a href="#cite_note-deardorff-25">[23]</a> However, the hopes of white supremacists would soon be dashed. Although Baer had been knocked down only once before in his professional career (by <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Campbell" title="Frankie Campbell">Frankie Campbell</a>), Louis dominated the former champion, knocking him out in the fourth round. Unknowingly, Baer suffered from a unique disadvantage in the fight: earlier that evening, Louis had married Marva Trotter at a friend's apartment and was eager to end the fight in order to consummate the relationship.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Later that year, Louis also knocked out <a href="/wiki/Paulino_Uzcudun" title="Paulino Uzcudun">Paulino Uzcudun</a>, who had never been knocked down before. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Louis_vs._Schmeling">Louis vs. Schmeling</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Louis vs. Schmeling">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Louis_-_Max_Schmeling_-_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Joe_Louis_-_Max_Schmeling_-_1936.jpg/220px-Joe_Louis_-_Max_Schmeling_-_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Joe_Louis_-_Max_Schmeling_-_1936.jpg/330px-Joe_Louis_-_Max_Schmeling_-_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Joe_Louis_-_Max_Schmeling_-_1936.jpg/440px-Joe_Louis_-_Max_Schmeling_-_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2738" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Louis vs. Schmeling, 1936</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis_vs._Max_Schmeling" title="Joe Louis vs. Max Schmeling">Joe Louis vs. Max Schmeling</a></div> By this time, Louis was ranked as the No. 1 contender in the heavyweight division<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> and had won the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press_Athlete_of_the_Year" title="Associated Press Athlete of the Year">Associated Press' "Athlete of the Year"</a> award for 1935.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> What was considered to be a final tune-up bout before an eventual title shot was scheduled for June 1936 against <a href="/wiki/Max_Schmeling" title="Max Schmeling">Max Schmeling</a>. Although a former world heavyweight champion, Schmeling, who had been knocked out by the same <a href="/wiki/Max_Baer_(boxer)" title="Max Baer (boxer)">Max Baer</a> Louis had handily beaten, was not considered a threat to Louis, then with a professional record of 27–0.<a href="#cite_note-hbo-39">[37]</a> Schmeling had won his title on a technicality when <a href="/wiki/Jack_Sharkey" title="Jack Sharkey">Jack Sharkey</a> was disqualified after giving Schmeling a low blow in 1930. Schmeling was also 30 years old at the time of the Louis bout and allegedly past his prime.<a href="#cite_note-hbo-39">[37]</a> Louis's training retreat was located at <a href="/wiki/Lakewood,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakewood, New Jersey">Lakewood, New Jersey</a>, where he was first able to practice the game of <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, later to become a lifelong passion.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Noted entertainer <a href="/wiki/Ed_Sullivan" title="Ed Sullivan">Ed Sullivan</a> had initially sparked Louis's interest in the sport by giving an instructional book to Joe's wife Marva.<a href="#cite_note-golf-6">[5]</a> Louis spent significant time on the golf course rather than training for the match.<a href="#cite_note-pbsrox-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> Conversely, Schmeling prepared intently for the bout. He had thoroughly studied Louis's style and believed he had found a weakness.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> By exploiting Louis's habit of dropping his left hand after a jab, Schmeling handed Louis his first professional loss by knocking him out in round 12 at <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)" title="Yankee Stadium (1923)">Yankee Stadium</a> on June 19, 1936.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> The event would lead to the <a href="#Louis_vs._Schmeling_II">historic rematch of the two</a>, in one of the world's most famous sporting events. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_championship">World championship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World championship">edit</a>]</div> After defeating Louis, Schmeling expected a title shot against <a href="/wiki/James_J._Braddock" title="James J. Braddock">James J. Braddock</a>, who had unexpectedly defeated <a href="/wiki/Max_Baer_(boxer)" title="Max Baer (boxer)">Max Baer</a> for the heavyweight title the previous June. <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_(1925)" title="Madison Square Garden (1925)">Madison Square Garden</a> (MSG) had a contract with Braddock for the title defense and also sought a Braddock–Schmeling title bout. But Jacobs and Braddock's manager <a href="/wiki/Joe_Gould_(manager)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Gould (manager)">Joe Gould</a> had been planning a Braddock–Louis matchup for months.<a href="#cite_note-Schaap-44">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Louis_cph.3b09981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Joe_Louis_cph.3b09981.jpg/170px-Joe_Louis_cph.3b09981.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Joe_Louis_cph.3b09981.jpg/255px-Joe_Louis_cph.3b09981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Joe_Louis_cph.3b09981.jpg/340px-Joe_Louis_cph.3b09981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption>Louis in 1937</figcaption></figure> Schmeling's victory gave Gould tremendous leverage, however. If he were to offer Schmeling the title chance instead of Louis, there was a very real possibility that Nazi authorities would never allow Louis a shot at the title.<a href="#cite_note-Schaap-44">[42]</a> Gould's demands were therefore onerous: Jacobs would have to pay 10% of all future boxing promotion profits (including any future profits from Louis's future bouts) for ten years.<a href="#cite_note-Bakp127-45">[43]</a> Braddock and Gould would eventually receive more than $150,000 from this arrangement.<a href="#cite_note-Bakp127-45">[43]</a> Well before the actual fight, Jacobs and Gould publicly announced that their fighters would fight for the heavyweight title on June 22, 1937.<a href="#cite_note-Bakp127-45">[43]</a> Figuring that the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Athletic_Commission" title="New York State Athletic Commission">New York State Athletic Commission</a> would not sanction the fight in deference to MSG and Schmeling, Jacobs scheduled the fight for Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-Bakp127-45">[43]</a> Each of the parties involved worked to facilitate the controversial Braddock–Louis matchup. Louis did his part by knocking out former champion <a href="/wiki/Jack_Sharkey" title="Jack Sharkey">Jack Sharkey</a> on August 18, 1936. Meanwhile, Gould trumped up anti-Nazi sentiment against Schmeling,<a href="#cite_note-Bakp128-46">[44]</a> and Jacobs defended a lawsuit by MSG to halt the Braddock–Louis fight. A federal court in <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>, eventually ruled that Braddock's contractual obligation to stage his title defense at MSG was unenforceable for lack of mutual consideration.<a href="#cite_note-Bakp128-46">[44]</a> The stage was set for Louis's title shot. On the night of the fight, June 22, 1937, Braddock was able to knock Louis down in round one, but afterward could accomplish little. After inflicting constant punishment, Louis defeated Braddock in round eight, knocking him out cold with a strong right hand that busted James' teeth through his gum shield and lip and sent him to the ground for a few minutes. It was the first and only time that Braddock was knocked out (the one other stoppage of Braddock's career was a <a href="/wiki/Technical_knockout" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical knockout">TKO</a> due to a cut). Louis's ascent to the world heavyweight championship was complete. Louis's victory was a seminal moment in African American history. Thousands of African Americans stayed up all night across the country in celebration.<a href="#cite_note-matters-4">[3]</a> Noted author and member of the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a> described Louis's effect in these terms: <blockquote>Each time Joe Louis won a fight in those depression years, even before he became champion, thousands of black Americans on relief or <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">W.P.A.</a>, and poor, would throng out into the streets all across the land to march and cheer and yell and cry because of Joe's one-man triumphs. No one else in the United States has ever had such an effect on Negro emotions—or on mine. I marched and cheered and yelled and cried, too.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_title_defenses">Initial title defenses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Initial title defenses">edit</a>]</div> Despite his championship, Louis was haunted by the earlier defeat to Schmeling. Shortly after winning the title, he was quoted as saying, "I don't want to be called champ until I whip Max Schmeling".<a href="#cite_note-hbo-39">[37]</a> Louis's manager Mike Jacobs attempted to arrange a rematch in 1937, but negotiations broke down when Schmeling demanded 30% of the gate.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> When Schmeling instead attempted to arrange for a fight against British Empire champion <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Farr" title="Tommy Farr">Tommy Farr</a>, known as the "Tonypandy Terror"—ostensibly for a world championship to rival the claims of American boxing authorities—Jacobs outmaneuvered him, offering Farr a guaranteed $60,000 to fight Louis instead. The offer was too lucrative for Farr to turn down.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> On August 30, 1937, after a postponement of four days due to rain, Louis and Farr finally touched gloves at New York's <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)" title="Yankee Stadium (1923)">Yankee Stadium</a> before a crowd of approximately 32,000.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Louis fought one of the hardest battles of his life. The bout was closely contested and went the entire 15 rounds, with Louis being unable to knock Farr down. Referee Arthur Donovan was even seen shaking Farr's hand after the bout, in apparent congratulation.<a href="#cite_note-Mylerp116-51">[49]</a> Nevertheless, after the score was announced, Louis had won a controversial unanimous decision.<a href="#cite_note-Mylerp116-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> described the scene thus: "After collecting the judges' votes, referee Arthur Donovan announced that Louis had won the fight on points. The crowd of 50,000 ... amazed that Farr had not been knocked out or even knocked down, booed the decision". It seems the crowd believed that referee Arthur Donovan Sr. had raised Farr's glove in victory. Seven years later, in his published account of the fight, Donovan spoke of the "mistake" that may have led to this confusion. He wrote: <blockquote>As Tommy walked back to his corner after shaking Louis' hand, I followed him and seized his glove. "Tommy, a wonderful perform—" I began ... Then I dropped his hand like a red-hot coal! He had started to raise his arm. He thought I had given him the fight and the world championship! I literally ran away, shaking my head and shouting. "No! No! No!" realising how I had raised his hopes for a few seconds only to dash them to the ground ... That's the last time my emotions will get the better of me in a prize fight! There was much booing at the announced result, but, as I say it, it was all emotional. I gave Tommy two rounds and one even—and both his winning rounds were close.<a href="#cite_note-donovan-53">[51]</a></blockquote> Speaking over the radio after the fight, Louis admitted that he had been hurt twice.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> In preparation for the inevitable rematch with Schmeling, Louis tuned up with bouts against Nathan Mann and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_(boxer)" title="Henry Thomas (boxer)">Harry Thomas</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Louis_vs._Schmeling_II">Louis vs. Schmeling II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Louis vs. Schmeling II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis_vs._Max_Schmeling" title="Joe Louis vs. Max Schmeling">Joe Louis vs. Max Schmeling</a></div> The rematch between Louis and Schmeling would become one of the most famous boxing matches of all time and is remembered as one of the major sports events of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-hbo-39">[37]</a> Following his defeat of Louis in 1936, Schmeling had become a national hero in Germany. Schmeling's victory over an African American was touted by Nazi officials as proof of their doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan superiority</a>. When the rematch was scheduled, Louis retreated to his boxing camp in New Jersey and trained incessantly for the fight. A few weeks before the bout, Louis visited the White House, where President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> told him, "Joe, we need muscles like yours to beat Germany".<a href="#cite_note-hbo-39">[37]</a> Louis later admitted: "I knew I had to get Schmeling good. I had my own personal reasons and the whole damned country was depending on me".<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> When Schmeling arrived in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in June 1938 for the rematch, he was accompanied by a Nazi party publicist who issued statements that a black man could not defeat Schmeling and that when Schmeling won, his prize money would be used to build tanks in Germany. Schmeling's hotel was picketed by anti-Nazi protesters in the days before the fight.<a href="#cite_note-hbo-39">[37]</a> On the night of June 22, 1938, Louis and Schmeling met for the second time in the boxing ring. The fight was held in Yankee Stadium before a crowd of 70,043. It was broadcast by radio to millions of listeners throughout the world (including 58% of radio-equipped U.S. households<a href="#cite_note-sports_and_radio_2003_comm_research_trends-56">[54]</a>), with radio announcers reporting on the fight in English, German, Spanish, and Portuguese. Before the bout, Schmeling weighed in at 193 pounds; Louis weighed in at 198¾ pounds.<a href="#cite_note-hbo-39">[37]</a> The fight lasted two minutes and four seconds.<a href="#cite_note-ring-57">[55]</a> Louis battered Schmeling with a series of swift attacks, forcing him against the ropes and giving him a paralyzing body blow (Schmeling afterward claimed it was an illegal kidney punch). Schmeling was knocked down three times and only managed to throw two punches in the entire bout. On the third knockdown, Schmeling's trainer threw in the towel and referee Arthur Donovan stopped the fight.<a href="#cite_note-hbo-39">[37]</a> Well-established as one of the most significant boxing matches in history, <a href="#cite_note-a_look_back_2020_06_22_usatoday_com-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-foreman_ranks_2020_02_15_boxing_scene-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-the_greatest_fight_2005_oup_com-60">[58]</a> the fight has been widely regarded as among the most important or historic sports events of all time.<a href="#cite_note-powerful_moments_in_sports-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-review_powerful_moments_2019_08_10_ussporthistory_com-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-ten_most_important_2015_09_04_politicususa_com-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-the_greatest_fight_2005_oup_com-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-top_10_boxers_2020_05_16_el_paso_times-64">[62]</a> It was the first time that many white Americans openly cheered for a black man against a white opponent.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Bum_of_the_Month_Club"">"Bum of the Month Club"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: "Bum of the Month Club"">edit</a>]</div> In the 29 months from January 1939 through May 1941, Louis defended his title thirteen times, a frequency unmatched by any heavyweight champion since the end of the bare-knuckle era. The pace of his title defenses, combined with his convincing wins, earned Louis's opponents from this era the collective nickname "Bum of the Month Club".<a href="#cite_note-espn-29">[27]</a> Notables of this lambasted pantheon include: <ul><li>World light heavyweight champion <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Lewis" title="John Henry Lewis">John Henry Lewis</a> who, attempting to move up a weight class, was knocked out in the first round by Louis on January 25, 1939.<a href="#cite_note-eastside-66">[64]</a></li> <li>"Two Ton" <a href="/wiki/Tony_Galento" title="Tony Galento">Tony Galento</a>, who was able to knock Louis to the canvas with a left hook in the third round of their bout on June 28, 1939, before letting his guard down and being knocked out in the fourth.<a href="#cite_note-eastside-66">[64]</a></li> <li>Chilean <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Godoy" title="Arturo Godoy">Arturo Godoy</a>, whom Louis fought twice in 1940, on February 9 and June 20. Louis won the first bout by a <a href="/wiki/Split-decision" class="mw-redirect" title="Split-decision">split-decision</a>, and the rematch by a knockout in the eighth round.<a href="#cite_note-eastside-66">[64]</a></li> <li>Al McCoy, putative <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> heavyweight champion, whose fight against Louis is probably best known for being the first heavyweight title bout held in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts, (at the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Garden" title="Boston Garden">Boston Garden</a> on December 16, 1940). The popular local challenger dodged his way around Louis before being unable to respond to the sixth-round bell.<a href="#cite_note-eastside-66">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Burman" title="Red Burman">Clarence "Red" Burman</a>, who pressed Louis for nearly five rounds at Madison Square Garden on January 31, 1941, before succumbing to a series of body blows.<a href="#cite_note-eastside-66">[64]</a></li> <li>Gus Dorazio, of whom Louis remarked, "At least he tried", after being leveled by a short right hand in the second round at <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>'s Convention Hall on February 17.<a href="#cite_note-eastside-66">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Simon" title="Abe Simon">Abe Simon</a>, who endured thirteen rounds of punishment before 18,908 at <a href="/wiki/Olympia_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympia Stadium">Olympia Stadium</a> in Detroit on March 21 before referee Sam Hennessy declared a TKO.</li> <li>Tony Musto, who, at 5'7½" and 198 pounds, was known as "Baby Tank". Despite a unique crouching style, Musto was slowly worn down over eight and a half rounds in St. Louis on April 8, and the fight was called a TKO because of a severe cut over Musto's eye.<a href="#cite_note-eastside-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Baer" title="Buddy Baer">Buddy Baer</a> (brother of former champion <a href="/wiki/Max_Baer_(boxer)" title="Max Baer (boxer)">Max</a>), who was leading the May 23, 1941, bout in Washington, D.C., until an eventual barrage by Louis, capped by a hit at the sixth round bell. Referee Arthur Donovan disqualified Baer before the beginning of the seventh round as a result of stalling by Baer's manager.<a href="#cite_note-eastside-66">[64]</a></li></ul> Despite its derogatory nickname, most of the group were top-ten heavyweights. Of the 12 fighters Louis faced during this period, five were rated by The Ring as top-10 heavyweights in the year they fought Louis: Galento (overall #2 heavyweight in 1939), Bob Pastor (#3, 1939), Godoy (#3, 1940), Simon (#6, 1941) and Baer (#8, 1941). Four others (Musto, Dorazio, Burman and <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Paychek" title="Johnny Paychek">Johnny Paychek</a>) were ranked in the top 10 in a different year.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Louis_vs._Conn">Louis vs. Conn</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Louis vs. Conn">edit</a>]</div> Louis's string of lightly regarded competition ended with his bout against <a href="/wiki/Billy_Conn" title="Billy Conn">Billy Conn</a>, the light heavyweight champion and a highly regarded contender. The fighters met on June 18, 1941, in front of a crowd of 54,487 fans at the <a href="/wiki/Polo_Grounds" title="Polo Grounds">Polo Grounds</a> in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-eastside2-69">[67]</a> The fight turned out to be what is commonly considered one of the greatest heavyweight boxing fights of all time.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Conn would not gain weight for the challenge against Louis, saying instead that he would rely on a "hit and run" strategy. This prompted Louis's famous response: "He can run, but he can't hide".<a href="#cite_note-arlington-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> However, Louis had clearly underestimated Conn's threat. In his autobiography, Joe Louis said: <blockquote>I made a mistake going into that fight. I knew Conn was kinda small and I didn't want them to say in the papers that I beat up on some little guy so the day before the fight I did a little roadwork to break a sweat and drank as little water as possible so I could weigh in under 200 pounds. Chappie was as mad as hell. But Conn was a clever fighter, he was like a mosquito, he'd sting and move.<a href="#cite_note-eastside2-69">[67]</a> </blockquote> Conn had the better of the fight through 12 rounds, although Louis was able to stun Conn with a left hook in the fifth, cutting his eye and nose. By the eighth round, Louis began suffering from dehydration. By the twelfth round, Louis was exhausted, with Conn ahead on two of three boxing scorecards. But against the advice of his corner, Conn continued to closely engage Louis in the later stages of the fight. Louis made the most of the opportunity, knocking Conn out with two seconds left in the thirteenth round.<a href="#cite_note-eastside2-69">[67]</a> The contest created an instant rivalry that Louis's career had lacked since the Schmeling era, and a rematch with Conn was planned for late 1942. The rematch had to be abruptly canceled, however, after Conn broke his hand in a much-publicized fight with his father-in-law, Major League ballplayer <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Smith_(baseball,_born_1895)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmy Smith (baseball, born 1895)">Jimmy "Greenfield" Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> By the time Conn was ready for the rematch, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> had taken place. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> Louis fought a charity bout for the Navy Relief Society against his former opponent Buddy Baer on January 9, 1942, which raised $47,000 for the fund.<a href="#cite_note-arlington-16">[15]</a> The next day, he volunteered to enlist as a private in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Upton" title="Camp Upton">Camp Upton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gibsonp234-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-afmuseum-74">[72]</a> Newsreel cameras recorded his induction, including a staged scene in which a soldier-clerk asked, "What's your occupation?", to which Louis replied, "Fighting and let us at them Japs".<a href="#cite_note-si1985-75">[73]</a> Another military charity bout on March 27, 1942, (against another former opponent, Abe Simon) netted $36,146.<a href="#cite_note-arlington-16">[15]</a> Before the fight, Louis had spoken at a Relief Fund dinner, saying of the war effort, "We'll win, 'cause we're on God's side".<a href="#cite_note-deardorff-25">[23]</a> The media widely reported the comment, instigating a surge of popularity for Louis. Slowly, the press began to eliminate its stereotypical racial references when covering Louis and instead treated him as a sports hero.<a href="#cite_note-deardorff-25">[23]</a> Despite the public relations boon, Louis's charitable fights proved financially costly. Although he saw none of the roughly $90,000 raised by these and other charitable fights, the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">IRS</a> later credited these amounts as taxable income paid to Louis.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> After the war, the IRS pursued the issue. For basic training, Louis was assigned to a segregated cavalry unit based in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Riley" title="Fort Riley">Fort Riley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>. The assignment was at the suggestion of his friend and lawyer <a href="/wiki/Truman_Gibson" title="Truman Gibson">Truman Gibson</a>, who knew of Louis's love for horsemanship.<a href="#cite_note-Gibsonp234-73">[71]</a> Gibson had previously become a civilian advisor to the War Department, in charge of investigating claims of harassment against black soldiers. Accordingly, Louis used this personal connection to help the cause of various black soldiers with whom he came into contact. In one noted episode, Louis contacted Gibson in order to facilitate the <a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer Candidate School">Officer Candidate School</a> (OCS) applications of a group of black recruits at Fort Riley, which had been inexplicably delayed for several months.<a href="#cite_note-gale-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gibson,_p._12-78">[76]</a> Among the OCS applications Louis facilitated was that of young UCLA athletic legend <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a>, later to break the <a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball color barrier">baseball color barrier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gale-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-79">[77]</a> The episode spawned a personal friendship between the two men.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> Realizing Louis's potential for raising esprit de corps among the troops, the Army placed him in its Special Services Division rather than sending him into combat.<a href="#cite_note-afmuseum-74">[72]</a> Louis went on a celebrity tour with other notables, including fellow boxer <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Robinson" title="Sugar Ray Robinson">Sugar Ray Robinson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-si1985-75">[73]</a> He traveled more than 35,000 km (22,000 mi) and staged 96 boxing exhibitions before two million soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-arlington-16">[15]</a> In England during 1944, he was reported to have signed as a player for <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_F.C." title="Liverpool F.C.">Liverpool Football Club</a> as a publicity stunt.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_louis_barrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Joe_louis_barrow.jpg/170px-Joe_louis_barrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Joe_louis_barrow.jpg/255px-Joe_louis_barrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Joe_louis_barrow.jpg/340px-Joe_louis_barrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="1383" /></a><figcaption>Louis in the Army</figcaption></figure> In addition to his travels, Louis was the focus of a media recruitment campaign encouraging African-American men to enlist in the Armed Services, despite the military's racial segregation. When he was asked about his decision to enter the racially segregated U.S. Army, he said: "Lots of things wrong with America, but Hitler ain't going to fix them". In 1943, Louis made an appearance in the wartime Hollywood musical <a href="/wiki/This_Is_the_Army" title="This Is the Army">This Is the Army</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Curtiz" title="Michael Curtiz">Michael Curtiz</a>. He appeared as himself in a musical number, "The Well-Dressed Man in Harlem", which emphasized the importance of African-American soldiers and promoted their enlistment. Louis's celebrity power was not directed solely toward African Americans. In a famous wartime recruitment slogan, he echoed his prior comments of 1942: "We'll win, because we're on God's side". The publicity of the campaign made Louis widely popular stateside, even outside the world of sports.<a href="#cite_note-matters-4">[3]</a> Never before had white Americans embraced a black man as their representative to the world.<a href="#cite_note-matters-4">[3]</a> Although Louis never saw combat, his military service saw challenges of its own. During his travels, he often experienced blatant racism. On one occasion, a military policeman (MP) ordered Louis and Ray Robinson to move to a bench in the rear of an Alabama Army camp bus depot. "We ain't moving", said Louis. The MP tried to arrest them, but Louis forcefully argued the pair out of the situation.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> In another incident, Louis exerted his influence to persuade a commanding officer to drop charges against now Lt. Jackie Robinson, who had resisted being told to move his seat on a southern bus, and retaliated against a Captain who had called Robinson a "nigger".<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Louis was eventually promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Technical_sergeant" title="Technical sergeant">technical sergeant</a> on April 9, 1945. On September 23 of the same year, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> (a military decoration rarely awarded to enlisted soldiers) for "incalculable contribution to the general morale".<a href="#cite_note-afmuseum-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-answers-84">[82]</a> Receipt of the honor qualified him for immediate release from military service on October 1, 1945.<a href="#cite_note-arlington-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career_and_retirement">Later career and retirement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later career and retirement">edit</a>]</div> Louis emerged from his wartime service significantly in debt. In addition to his looming tax bill—which had not been finally determined at the time, but was estimated at greater than $100,000<a href="#cite_note-si1985-75">[73]</a>—Jacobs claimed that Louis owed him $250,000.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Despite the financial pressure on Louis to resume boxing, his long-awaited rematch against Billy Conn had to be postponed to the summer of 1946, when weather conditions could accommodate a large outdoor audience. On June 19, a disappointing 40,000 saw the rematch at Yankee Stadium,<a href="#cite_note-si1985-75">[73]</a> in which Louis was not seriously tested. Conn, whose skills had deteriorated during the long layoff, largely avoided contact until being dispatched by knockout in the eighth round. Although the attendance did not meet expectations, the fight was still the most profitable of Louis's career to date. His share of the purse was $600,000, of which Louis's managers got $140,000, his ex-wife $66,000 and the U.S. state of New York $30,000.<a href="#cite_note-si1985-75">[73]</a> After trouble finding another suitable opponent, on December 5, 1947, Louis met <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Joe_Walcott" title="Jersey Joe Walcott">Jersey Joe Walcott</a>, a 33-year-old veteran with a 44–11–2 record. Walcott entered the fight as a 10-to-1 underdog. Nevertheless, Walcott knocked down Louis twice in the first four rounds. Most observers in Madison Square Garden felt Walcott dominated the 15-round fight. When Louis was declared the winner in a split decision, the crowd booed.<a href="#cite_note-si1985-75">[73]</a> Louis was under no illusion about the state of his boxing skills, yet he was too embarrassed to quit after the Walcott fight. Determined to win and retire with his title intact, Louis signed on for a rematch. On June 25, 1948, about 42,000 people came to Yankee Stadium to see the aging champion, who weighed 213½ pounds, the heaviest of his career to date. Walcott knocked Louis down in the third round, but Louis survived to knock out Walcott in the eleventh.<a href="#cite_note-si1985-75">[73]</a> Louis would not defend his title again before announcing his retirement from boxing on March 1, 1949.<a href="#cite_note-cyber-87">[85]</a> In his bouts with Conn and Walcott, it had become apparent that Louis was no longer the fighter he had once been. As he had done earlier in his career, however, Louis would continue to appear in numerous exhibition matches worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-arlington-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-cyber-87">[85]</a> In August 1949 <a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cab Calloway</a> rendered homage to the "king of the ring" with his song Ol' Joe Louis.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comeback">Comeback</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Comeback">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Louis_1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Joe_Louis_1950.jpg/220px-Joe_Louis_1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Joe_Louis_1950.jpg/330px-Joe_Louis_1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Joe_Louis_1950.jpg/440px-Joe_Louis_1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1934" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Louis, circa 1950</figcaption></figure> At the time of Louis's initial retirement, the IRS was still completing its investigation of his prior tax returns, which had always been handled by Mike Jacobs's personal accountant.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> In May 1950, the IRS finished a full audit of Louis's past returns and announced that, with interest and penalties, he owed the government more than $500,000.<a href="#cite_note-si1985-75">[73]</a> Louis had no choice but to return to the ring. After asking Gibson to take over his personal finances and switching his management from Jacobs and Roxborough to Marshall Miles,<a href="#cite_note-ring-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> the Louis camp negotiated a deal with the IRS under which Louis would come out of retirement, with all Louis's net proceeds going to the IRS. A match with <a href="/wiki/Ezzard_Charles" title="Ezzard Charles">Ezzard Charles</a>—who had acquired the vacant heavyweight title in June 1949 by outpointing Walcott—was set for September 27, 1950. By then, Louis was 36 years old and had been away from competitive boxing for two years. Weighing in at 218 pounds, Louis was still strong, but his reflexes were gone and Charles repeatedly beat him to the punch. By the end of the fight, Louis was cut above both eyes, one of which was shut tight by swelling.<a href="#cite_note-ring-57">[55]</a> He knew he had lost even before Charles was declared the winner. The result was not the only disappointing aspect of the fight for Louis; only 22,357 spectators paid to witness the event at Yankee Stadium, and his share of the purse was a mere $100,458.<a href="#cite_note-ring-57">[55]</a> Louis had to continue fighting. After facing several club-level opponents and scoring a knockout victory over EBU heavyweight champion <a href="/wiki/Lee_Savold" title="Lee Savold">Lee Savold</a>, the International Boxing Club guaranteed Louis $300,000 to face undefeated heavyweight contender <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Marciano" title="Rocky Marciano">Rocky Marciano</a> on October 26, 1951.<a href="#cite_note-si1985-75">[73]</a> Despite his being a 6-to-5 favorite, few boxing insiders believed Louis had a chance.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Marciano himself was reluctant to participate in the bout, but was understanding of Louis's position: "This is the last guy on earth I want to fight".<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> It was feared, particularly among those who had witnessed Marciano's punching power first-hand, that Louis's unwillingness to quit would result in serious injury. Fighting back tears, <a href="/wiki/Ferdie_Pacheco" title="Ferdie Pacheco">Ferdie Pacheco</a> said in the <a href="/wiki/SportsCentury" title="SportsCentury">SportsCentury</a> documentary about Louis's bout with Marciano, "He [Louis] wasn't just going to lose. He was going to take a vicious, savage beating. Before the eyes of the nation, Joe Louis, an American hero if ever there was one, was going to get beaten up".<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> Louis was dropped in the eighth round by a Marciano left and knocked through the ropes and out of the ring less than thirty seconds later. In the dressing room after the fight, Louis's Army touring companion, Sugar Ray Robinson, wept. Marciano also attempted to console Louis, saying, "I'm sorry, Joe".<a href="#cite_note-si1985-75">[73]</a> "What's the use of crying?" Louis said. "The better man won. I guess everything happens for the best".<a href="#cite_note-si1985-75">[73]</a> After facing Marciano, with the prospect of another significant payday all but gone, Louis retired for good from professional boxing. He would, as before, continue to tour on the exhibition circuit, with his last contest taking place on December 16, 1951, in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, Taiwan, against Corporal Buford J. deCordova.<a href="#cite_note-arlington-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-cyber-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxes_and_financial_troubles">Taxes and financial troubles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Taxes and financial troubles">edit</a>]</div> Despite Louis's lucrative purses over the years, most of the proceeds went to his handlers. Of the over $4.6 million earned during his boxing career, Louis himself received only about $800,000.<a href="#cite_note-arlington-16">[15]</a> Louis was nevertheless extremely generous to his family, paying for homes, cars and education for his parents and siblings,<a href="#cite_note-pbs2-94">[92]</a> often with money fronted by Jacobs.<a href="#cite_note-Gibsonp236-95">[93]</a> He invested in a number of businesses, all of which eventually failed,<a href="#cite_note-pbs2-94">[92]</a> including the Joe Louis Restaurant, the Joe Louis Insurance Company, a softball team called the Brown Bombers, the Joe Louis Milk Company, Joe Louis pomade (hair product), Joe Louis Punch (a drink), the Louis-Rower P.R. firm, a horse farm and the <a href="/wiki/Rhumboogie_Caf%C3%A9" title="Rhumboogie Café">Rhumboogie Café</a> in Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-clemson-96">[94]</a> He gave liberally to the government as well, paying back the city of Detroit for any welfare money his family had received.<a href="#cite_note-pbs2-94">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-schmeling-1971.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Louis-schmeling-1971.jpg/220px-Louis-schmeling-1971.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Louis-schmeling-1971.jpg/330px-Louis-schmeling-1971.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/94/Louis-schmeling-1971.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>Louis and <a href="/wiki/Max_Schmeling" title="Max Schmeling">Max Schmeling</a>, 1971. The former rivals became close friends in later life.</figcaption></figure> A combination of this largesse and government intervention eventually put Louis in severe financial straits. His entrusting of his finances to former manager Mike Jacobs haunted him. After the $500,000 IRS tax bill was assessed, with interest accumulating every year, the need for cash precipitated Louis's post-retirement comeback.<a href="#cite_note-si1985-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-folsom-97">[95]</a> Even though his comeback earned him significant purses, the incremental tax rate in place at the time (90%) meant that these boxing proceeds did not even keep pace with interest on Louis's tax debt. As a result, by the end of the 1950s, he owed over $1 million in taxes and interest.<a href="#cite_note-folsom-97">[95]</a> In 1953, when Louis's mother died, the IRS appropriated the $667 she had willed to Louis.<a href="#cite_note-si1985-75">[73]</a> To bring in money, Louis engaged in numerous activities outside the ring. He appeared on various <a href="/wiki/Game_show" title="Game show">quiz shows</a>,<a href="#cite_note-folsom-97">[95]</a> and an old Army friend, Ash Resnick, gave Louis a job greeting tourists to the <a href="/wiki/Caesars_Palace" title="Caesars Palace">Caesars Palace</a> hotel in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas</a>, where Resnick was an executive.<a href="#cite_note-folsom-97">[95]</a> For income, Louis even became a <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestler" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional wrestler">professional wrestler</a>. He made his professional wrestling debut on March 16, 1956, in Washington, D.C. at the <a href="/wiki/Uline_Arena" title="Uline Arena">Uline Arena</a>, defeating Cowboy Rocky Lee. After defeating Lee in a few matches, Louis discovered he had a heart ailment and retired from wrestling competition. However, he continued as a wrestling referee until 1972.<a href="#cite_note-si1985-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Louis remained a popular celebrity in his twilight years. His friends included former rival Max Schmeling, who provided Louis with financial assistance during his retirement<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a>—and mobster <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lucas_(drug_dealer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Lucas (drug dealer)">Frank Lucas</a>, who, disgusted with the government's treatment of Louis, once paid off a $50,000 tax lien held against him.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> These payments, along with an eventual agreement in the early 1960s by the IRS to limit its collections to an amount based on Louis's current income,<a href="#cite_note-si1985-75">[73]</a> allowed Louis to live comfortably toward the end of his life.<a href="#cite_note-pbs2-94">[92]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis_vs._Max_Schmeling" title="Joe Louis vs. Max Schmeling">Louis-Schmeling fight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dempsey" title="Jack Dempsey">Jack Dempsey</a> expressed the opinion that he was glad he never had to face Joe Louis in the ring. When Louis fell on hard financial times, Dempsey served as honorary chairman of a fund to assist Louis.<a href="#cite_note-PBSDempsey-101">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_wrestling_career">Professional wrestling career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Professional wrestling career">edit</a>]</div> In an effort to improve his financial situation, Joe Louis got involved with <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a> in 1954. His first recorded match was on August 6, 1954, in a victory over Bobby Nelson. <a href="#cite_note-WrestlingData-102">[100]</a> In 1956, Louis went on a short-lived wrestling tour arranged by promoter Ray Fabiani.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-103">[101]</a> This was cut short after a match against Cowboy Rocky Lee on May 31, 1956, when Louis' ribs were cracked, and he subsequently lost his wrestling license.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-103">[101]</a> Louis returned to the wrestling ring on March 15, 1959, where he lost to <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Rogers_(wrestler)" title="Buddy Rogers (wrestler)">Buddy Rogers</a> in Columbus, Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-WrestlingData-102">[100]</a> This led to a hiatus until the late 1960s and early 1970s, when he engaged in several wrestling matches.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> His last match was in 1973 but he continued as a referee.<a href="#cite_note-WrestlingData-102">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_golf">Professional golf</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Professional golf">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Louis_golfing_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Joe_Louis_golfing_1945.jpg/220px-Joe_Louis_golfing_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Joe_Louis_golfing_1945.jpg/330px-Joe_Louis_golfing_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Joe_Louis_golfing_1945.jpg/440px-Joe_Louis_golfing_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>Louis golfing in 1945</figcaption></figure> One of Louis' other passions was the game of golf, in which he also played a historic role. He was a long-time devotee of the sport since being introduced to the game before the first Schmeling fight in 1936. In 1952, Louis was invited to play as an <a href="/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur">amateur</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Farmers_Insurance_Open" title="Farmers Insurance Open">San Diego Open</a> on a sponsor's exemption, which was announced at the time as the first instance of an African-American to play in a <a href="/wiki/PGA_Tour" title="PGA Tour">PGA Tour</a> event<a href="#cite_note-golf-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-pclrway-7">[6]</a> (in fact, professional Howard Wheeler was one of seven African-Americans to compete in the Tam O'Shanter Open in Niles, Illinois in 1942, and Wheeler appeared in subsequent PGA-sanctioned events in Philadelphia in the 1940s, qualifying for the 1950 and 1951 U.S. Open).<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> Initially, the <a href="/wiki/Professional_Golfers%27_Association_of_America" title="Professional Golfers' Association of America">PGA of America</a> was reluctant to allow Louis to enter the event, having a bylaw at the time limiting PGA membership to <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-golf2-5">[4]</a> Louis's celebrity status eventually pushed the PGA toward removing the bylaw, although the "Caucasian only" clause in the PGA of America's constitution was not formally amended until November 1961.<a href="#cite_note-podfldrs-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-pgashtr-107">[105]</a> The change, however, paved the way for the first generation of African-American professional golfers such as <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Peete" title="Calvin Peete">Calvin Peete</a>.<a href="#cite_note-golf2-5">[4]</a> Two weeks after the 1952 San Diego Open, Louis was invited to play in the 1952 Tucson Open. Louis shot a 69 in the opening round and a 72 in the 2nd round. His 2-round total of 141 enabled him to make the cut. Joe Louis is the only champion athlete from another sport ever to make the cut in a PGA event.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> Louis himself financially supported the careers of several other early black professional golfers, such as <a href="/wiki/Bill_Spiller" title="Bill Spiller">Bill Spiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Rhodes" title="Ted Rhodes">Ted Rhodes</a>, Howard Wheeler, James Black, Clyde Martin and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Sifford" title="Charlie Sifford">Charlie Sifford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-golf-6">[5]</a> He was also instrumental in founding <a href="/wiki/The_First_Tee" class="mw-redirect" title="The First Tee">The First Tee</a>, a charity helping underprivileged children become acquainted with the game of golf.<a href="#cite_note-golf2-5">[4]</a> His son, Joe Louis Barrow Jr., served as CEO of the organization until 2017.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/PGA_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="PGA of America">PGA of America</a> granted posthumous membership to <a href="/wiki/Ted_Rhodes" title="Ted Rhodes">Ted Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Shippen" title="John Shippen">John Shippen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Spiller" title="Bill Spiller">Bill Spiller</a>, who were denied the opportunity to become PGA members during their professional careers. The PGA also has granted posthumous honorary membership to Louis.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> A public golf course in <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Illinois" title="Riverdale, Illinois">Riverdale, Illinois</a>, just south of Chicago, is named for him. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I did the best I could with what I had.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Joe Louis (cited by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a>)<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_stovall_anderson_and_joe_louis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Jean_stovall_anderson_and_joe_louis.jpg/170px-Jean_stovall_anderson_and_joe_louis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Jean_stovall_anderson_and_joe_louis.jpg/255px-Jean_stovall_anderson_and_joe_louis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Jean_stovall_anderson_and_joe_louis.jpg/340px-Jean_stovall_anderson_and_joe_louis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>Joe Louis with Jean Anderson, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, 1947</figcaption></figure> Louis had two children by wife Marva Trotter (daughter Jacqueline in 1943 and son Joseph Louis Barrow Jr. in 1947). They divorced in March 1945 only to remarry a year later, but were again divorced in February 1949.<a href="#cite_note-si1985-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-112">[110]</a> Marva moved on to an acting and modeling career.<a href="#cite_note-answers-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> On Christmas Day 1955, Louis married <a href="/wiki/Rose_Morgan" title="Rose Morgan">Rose Morgan</a>, a successful Harlem businesswoman; their marriage was annulled in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-nytobit-112">[110]</a> Louis's final marriage—to Martha Jefferson, a lawyer from Los Angeles, on <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Day">St. Patrick's Day</a> 1959—lasted until his death. They had four children: another son named Joseph Louis Barrow Jr, John Louis Barrow, Joyce Louis Barrow, and Janet Louis Barrow. The younger Joe Louis Barrow Jr. lives in New York City and is involved in boxing.<a href="#cite_note-pbs2-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-112">[110]</a> Though married four times, Louis discreetly enjoyed the company of other women like <a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edna_Mae_Harris" title="Edna Mae Harris">Edna Mae Harris</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Louis_and_Adlai_Stevenson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Joe_Louis_and_Adlai_Stevenson.jpg/220px-Joe_Louis_and_Adlai_Stevenson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Joe_Louis_and_Adlai_Stevenson.jpg/330px-Joe_Louis_and_Adlai_Stevenson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Joe_Louis_and_Adlai_Stevenson.jpg/440px-Joe_Louis_and_Adlai_Stevenson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2867" data-file-height="2332" /></a><figcaption>Louis showing Illinois governor and Democratic presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> how to throw a <a href="/wiki/Right_hook" class="mw-redirect" title="Right hook">right hook</a> punch, October 22, 1952.</figcaption></figure> Joe and Marva Louis endorsed and campaigned for liberal, anti-segregation <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940 United States presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stebenne_2016-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldberg_2020-115">[113]</a> Louis said: <blockquote>This country has been good to me. It gave me everything I have. I have never come out for any candidate before but I think Wendell L. Willkie will give us a square deal. So I am for Willkie because I think he will help my people, and I figure my people should be for him, too.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a></blockquote> Drugs took a toll on Louis in his later years. In 1969, he was hospitalized after collapsing on a New York City street. While the incident was at first credited to "physical breakdown",<a href="#cite_note-nytobit-112">[110]</a> underlying problems would soon surface. In 1970, he spent five months at the Colorado Psychiatric Hospital and the Veterans Administration Hospital in Denver, hospitalized by his wife, Martha, and his son, Joe Louis Barrow Jr., for paranoia.<a href="#cite_note-nytobit-112">[110]</a> In a 1971 book, Brown Bomber, by Barney Nagler, Louis disclosed the truth about these incidents, stating that his collapse in 1969 had been caused by cocaine, and that his subsequent hospitalization had been prompted by his fear of a plot to destroy him.<a href="#cite_note-nytobit-112">[110]</a> Strokes and heart ailments caused Louis's condition to deteriorate further later in the decade. He had surgery to correct an aortic aneurysm in 1977 and thereafter used a POV/scooter for a mobility aid.<a href="#cite_note-arlington-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_louis_headstone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Joe_louis_headstone.jpg/170px-Joe_louis_headstone.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Joe_louis_headstone.jpg/255px-Joe_louis_headstone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Joe_louis_headstone.jpg/340px-Joe_louis_headstone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="1585" /></a><figcaption>Joe Louis' headstone in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>, Virginia</figcaption></figure> Louis died of <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a> in Desert Springs Hospital near <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a> on April 12, 1981, just hours after his last public appearance viewing the <a href="/wiki/Larry_Holmes" title="Larry Holmes">Larry Holmes</a>–<a href="/wiki/Trevor_Berbick" title="Trevor Berbick">Trevor Berbick</a> heavyweight championship fight. <a href="/wiki/President_Ronald_Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="President Ronald Reagan">President Ronald Reagan</a> waived the eligibility rules for burial at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> and Louis was buried there with full military honors on April 21, 1981.<a href="#cite_note-ANC-118">[116]</a> His funeral was paid for in part by former competitor and friend, <a href="/wiki/Max_Schmeling" title="Max Schmeling">Max Schmeling</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> who also acted as a pallbearer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Film and television">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (March 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Louis appeared in six full-length films and two short films. Louis had a starring role in the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">race film</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_Youth" title="Spirit of Youth">Spirit of Youth</a>, in which he played a boxer with many similarities to himself. In 1943, he was featured in the full-length movie <a href="/wiki/This_is_the_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="This is the Army">This is the Army</a>, which starred Ronald Reagan, with appearances by Kate Smith singing "God Bless America" and Irving Berlin, and which was directed by Michael Curtiz. In 1946 he played himself in <a href="/wiki/Joe_Palooka,_Champ" title="Joe Palooka, Champ">Joe Palooka, Champ</a>, a movie based on the comic strip <a href="/wiki/Joe_Palooka" title="Joe Palooka">Joe Palooka</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Ham_Fisher" title="Ham Fisher">Ham Fisher</a>. Louis once again played himself in the short film Johnny At The Fair in 1947. The short film takes place at the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Exhibition" title="Canadian National Exhibition">Canadian National Exhibition</a> (CNE) where a boy becomes separated from his parents and meets a host of celebrities including former Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon MacKenzie King</a> and champion figure skater <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ann_Scott" title="Barbara Ann Scott">Barbara Ann Scott</a>. In 1948 Louis starred as himself in Joseph Lerner's <a href="/wiki/The_Fight_Never_Ends" title="The Fight Never Ends">The Fight Never Ends</a>. In 1955 Louis was once again cast as himself in a small role in <a href="/wiki/The_Square_Jungle" title="The Square Jungle">The Square Jungle</a> written by <a href="/wiki/George_Zuckerman" title="George Zuckerman">George Zuckerman</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Tony_Curtis" title="Tony Curtis">Tony Curtis</a>. Louis's last feature-length movie role took place in the 1970 comedy <a href="/wiki/The_Phynx" title="The Phynx">The Phynx</a> in which a rock band goes on tour in Albania in order to save Americans being held hostage. He was a guest on the television show <a href="/wiki/You_Bet_Your_Life" title="You Bet Your Life">You Bet Your Life</a> in 1955. In 1977, Louis made a small cameo appearance on the TV series <a href="/wiki/Quincy_M.E." class="mw-redirect" title="Quincy M.E.">Quincy M.E.</a> In 1953, Robert Gordon directed a movie about Louis's life, <a href="/wiki/The_Joe_Louis_Story" title="The Joe Louis Story">The Joe Louis Story</a>. Filmed in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles, California">Hollywood</a>, it starred Golden Gloves fighter and Louis lookalike <a href="/wiki/Coley_Wallace" title="Coley Wallace">Coley Wallace</a> in the title role.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> The film suffered from low budget and production values, sluggishly intercutting clips from Louis's actual bouts with indifferent audio sync. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Louis_Congressional_Gold_Medal_reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Joe_Louis_Congressional_Gold_Medal_reverse.jpg/220px-Joe_Louis_Congressional_Gold_Medal_reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Joe_Louis_Congressional_Gold_Medal_reverse.jpg/330px-Joe_Louis_Congressional_Gold_Medal_reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Joe_Louis_Congressional_Gold_Medal_reverse.jpg/440px-Joe_Louis_Congressional_Gold_Medal_reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> in 1982</figcaption></figure> Louis is widely regarded as one of the greatest boxers of all time. He reigned as the world heavyweight champion from 1937 to 1949, during which he participated in 26 championship fights, defeated 21 fighters,<a href="#cite_note-louis-21-fighters-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-sobytia-v-bokse-122">[120]</a> made 25 defenses and was a world champion for 11 years and 10 months. The latter two are still records in the heavyweight division, the former in any division.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Louis has won the most world heavyweight title fights in history, at 26.<a href="#cite_note-louis-record-26-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-louis-record-26-2-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-louis-record-26-3-126">[124]</a> In addition to his accomplishments inside the ring, Louis uttered two of boxing's most famous observations: "He can run, but he can't hide" and "Everyone has a plan until they've been hit".<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-arlington-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> Louis was named fighter of the year four times by <a href="/wiki/The_Ring_(magazine)" title="The Ring (magazine)">The Ring</a> magazine in 1936, 1938, 1939, and 1941. His fights with Max Baer, Max Schmeling, Tommy Farr, Bob Pastor and Billy Conn were named fight of the year by that same magazine. Louis won the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Robinson_Award" title="Sugar Ray Robinson Award">Sugar Ray Robinson Award</a> in 1941. In 2005, Louis was ranked as the best heavyweight of all time by the International Boxing Research Organization,<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> and was ranked number one on <a href="/wiki/The_Ring_(magazine)" title="The Ring (magazine)">The Ring</a> magazine's list of the "100 greatest punchers of all time".<a href="#cite_note-PBS1-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-boxrec-hw-annuals-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-louis-record-132">[130]</a> In a 1978 poll conducted by <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boxing_Writers_Association_of_America" title="Boxing Writers Association of America">Boxing Writers of America</a> voted Louis the greatest heavyweight of all time.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hank_Kaplan" title="Hank Kaplan">Hank Kaplan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sugar" title="Bert Sugar">Bert Sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Atlas" title="Teddy Atlas">Teddy Atlas</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Foreman" title="George Foreman">George Foreman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Frazier" title="Joe Frazier">Joe Frazier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Robinson" title="Sugar Ray Robinson">Sugar Ray Robinson</a> named Louis as the greatest heavyweight boxer of all time.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Louis is also remembered in sports outside of boxing. A former indoor sports venue was named after him in Detroit, the <a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis_Arena" title="Joe Louis Arena">Joe Louis Arena</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings" title="Detroit Red Wings">Detroit Red Wings</a> played their <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">NHL</a> games from 1979 to 2017.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> In 1936, <a href="/wiki/Vince_Leah" title="Vince Leah">Vince Leah</a>, then a writer for <a href="/wiki/The_Winnipeg_Tribune" title="The Winnipeg Tribune">The Winnipeg Tribune</a> used Joe Louis's nickname to refer to the Winnipeg Football Club after a game. From that point, the team became known popularly as the <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers" title="Winnipeg Blue Bombers">Winnipeg Blue Bombers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> His recognition also transcends the sporting world. In 2002, scholar <a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Molefi Kete Asante</a> listed Joe Louis on his list of <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_African_Americans" title="100 Greatest African Americans">100 Greatest African Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> On August 26, 1982, Louis was posthumously approved for the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a>, the highest award given to civilians by the U.S. legislative branch.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> Congress stated that he "did so much to bolster the spirit of the American people during one of the most crucial times in American history and which have endured throughout the years as a symbol of strength for the nation".<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Following Louis's death, President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> said, "Joe Louis was more than a sports legend—his career was an indictment of racial bigotry and a source of pride and inspiration to millions of white and black people around the world".<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_to_Joe_Louis--.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Monument_to_Joe_Louis--.jpg/170px-Monument_to_Joe_Louis--.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Monument_to_Joe_Louis--.jpg/255px-Monument_to_Joe_Louis--.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Monument_to_Joe_Louis--.jpg/340px-Monument_to_Joe_Louis--.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Joe_Louis" title="Monument to Joe Louis">Monument to Joe Louis</a></figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Joe_Louis" title="Monument to Joe Louis">memorial to Louis</a> was dedicated in Detroit (at Jefferson Avenue and Woodward) on October 16, 1986. The sculpture, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Time_Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Warner">Time, Inc.</a> and executed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graham_(sculptor)" title="Robert Graham (sculptor)">Robert Graham</a>, is a 24-foot-long (7.3 m) arm with a fisted hand suspended by a 24-foot-high (7.3 m) pyramidal framework. It represents the power of his punch both inside and outside the ring.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Hall" title="Arsenio Hall">Arsenio Hall</a> in the late 1980s, former heavyweight champion <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> stated that his two biggest influences in boxing were <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Robinson" title="Sugar Ray Robinson">Sugar Ray Robinson</a> and Joe Louis.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> After Joe Louis died, Ali stated, "Whatever I said before, I don't mean it, 'cause Joe Louis was the greatest."<a href="#cite_note-:0-149">[147]</a> Ali then told the <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a>: <blockquote> Look at Joe's life. Everybody loved Joe. He would have been marked as evil if he was evil, but everybody loved Joe. From black folks to red-neck Mississippi crackers, they loved him. They're all crying. That shows you. Howard Hughes dies, with all his billions, not a tear. Joe Louis, everybody cried.<a href="#cite_note-:0-149">[147]</a> </blockquote>On February 27, 2010, an 8-foot (2.4 m) bronze statue of Louis was unveiled in his Alabama hometown. The statue, by sculptor Casey Downing Jr., sits on a base of red granite outside the Chambers County Courthouse.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> In 1993, he became the first boxer to be honored on a postage stamp issued by the U.S. Postal Service.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Various other facilities have been named after Joe Louis. In 1984, the four streets surrounding <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a> were named Joe Louis Plaza in his honor. The former Pipe O' Peace Golf Course in <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Illinois" title="Riverdale, Illinois">Riverdale, Illinois</a> (a Chicago suburb), was in 1986 renamed "Joe Louis The Champ Golf Course".<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a> Post 375 in Detroit is also named after Joe Louis. Completed in 1979 at a cost of $4 million, Joe Louis Arena, nicknamed The Joe, was a hockey arena located in downtown Detroit. It was the home of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League from 1979 until 2017. The planned demolition of the Arena prompted the City of Detroit in 2017 to rename the Inner Circle Greenway as the <a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis_Greenway" title="Joe Louis Greenway">Joe Louis Greenway</a>. The 39-mile (63 km) biking and walking trail passes through the cities of Detroit, Hamtramck, Highland Park, and Dearborn.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> In one of the most widely quoted tributes to Louis, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a> sportswriter <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Cannon" title="Jimmy Cannon">Jimmy Cannon</a>, when responding to another person's characterization of Louis as "a credit to his race", stated, "Yes, Joe Louis is a credit to his race—the human race".<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SGT._JOE_LOUIS_-_CHAMPION_OF_CHAMPIONS_-_NARA_-_535687.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/SGT._JOE_LOUIS_-_CHAMPION_OF_CHAMPIONS_-_NARA_-_535687.jpg/220px-SGT._JOE_LOUIS_-_CHAMPION_OF_CHAMPIONS_-_NARA_-_535687.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/SGT._JOE_LOUIS_-_CHAMPION_OF_CHAMPIONS_-_NARA_-_535687.jpg/330px-SGT._JOE_LOUIS_-_CHAMPION_OF_CHAMPIONS_-_NARA_-_535687.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/SGT._JOE_LOUIS_-_CHAMPION_OF_CHAMPIONS_-_NARA_-_535687.jpg/440px-SGT._JOE_LOUIS_-_CHAMPION_OF_CHAMPIONS_-_NARA_-_535687.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2902" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Joe Louis by Charles Henry Alston</figcaption></figure> Joe Louis trained at the site of the <a href="/wiki/Pompton_Lakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompton Lakes">Pompton Lakes</a> (NJ) Elks Club. When he won one of his fights, he donated the first ambulance to the Pompton Lakes First Aid Squad. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cultural references">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In his heyday, Louis was the subject of many musical tributes, including a number of blues songs.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a>'s short story "D.P." (originally published in <a href="/wiki/Ladies_Home_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladies Home Journal">Ladies Home Journal</a> in August 1953) is about a black orphan boy living in post-World War II Germany who is nicknamed "Joe Louis" (after the boxer) by US soldiers stationed in the <a href="/wiki/American_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="American occupation zone in Germany">American Zone of Occupation</a>. "D.P." was included in Vonnegut's short story collection <a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Monkey_House" title="Welcome to the Monkey House">Welcome to the Monkey House</a> (1968) and filmed as "<a href="/wiki/Displaced_Person_(American_Playhouse)" title="Displaced Person (American Playhouse)">Displaced Person</a>" for television's <a href="/wiki/American_Playhouse" title="American Playhouse">American Playhouse</a> in 1985.</li> <li>Louis was portrayed by actor Bari K. Willerford in the film <a href="/wiki/American_Gangster_(film)" title="American Gangster (film)">American Gangster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a></li> <li>In 2009, the Brooklyn band <a href="/wiki/Yeasayer" title="Yeasayer">Yeasayer</a> debuted the single "Ambling Alp" from their forthcoming album Odd Blood, which imagines what advice Joe Louis's father might have given him prior to becoming a prizefighter. The song makes reference to Louis's boxing career and his famous <a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis_vs._Max_Schmeling" title="Joe Louis vs. Max Schmeling">rivalry with Schmeling</a> in the first person, with the lyrics such as "Oh, <a href="/wiki/Max_Schmeling" title="Max Schmeling">Max Schmeling</a> was a formidable foe / The <a href="/wiki/Primo_Carnera" title="Primo Carnera">Ambling Alp</a> was too, at least that's what I'm told / But if you learn one thing, you've learned it well / In June, you must give fascists hell".<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a></li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> based on his life, <a href="/wiki/Shadowboxer_(opera)" title="Shadowboxer (opera)">Shadowboxer</a>, premiered on April 17, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a></li> <li>The aforementioned sculpture of Louis's fist (see <a href="#Legacy">Legacy</a> above) was one of several Detroit landmarks depicted in 'Imported from Detroit', a two-minute commercial for the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_200" title="Chrysler 200">Chrysler 200</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a> that aired during <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLV" title="Super Bowl XLV">Super Bowl XLV</a> in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a></li> <li>Louis is the inspiration behind <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jagz" title="Jesse Jagz">Jesse Jagz</a>'s eponymous song from the album <a href="/wiki/Jagz_Nation,_Vol._2:_Royal_Niger_Company" title="Jagz Nation, Vol. 2: Royal Niger Company">Jagz Nation, Vol. 2: Royal Niger Company</a> (2014).<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a></li> <li>The first track from <a href="/wiki/John_Squire" title="John Squire">John Squire</a>'s 2002 debut LP <a href="/wiki/Time_Changes_Everything" title="Time Changes Everything">Time Changes Everything</a> is titled "Joe Louis", and the lyrics include references to his boxing and army career.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a></li> <li>Louis' life is retold in the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Old-time_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Old-time radio">old-time radio</a> drama "Little David", a presentation from <a href="/wiki/Destination_Freedom" title="Destination Freedom">Destination Freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_boxing_record">Professional boxing record</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Professional boxing record">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>69 fights </th> <th>66 wins </th> <th>3 losses </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">By knockout </th> <td align="center" style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">52 </td> <td align="center" style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">2 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">By decision </th> <td align="center" style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">13 </td> <td align="center" style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">1 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">By disqualification </th> <td align="center" style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">1 </td> <td align="center" style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">0 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th>Result </th> <th>Record </th> <th>Opponent </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Round, time </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Age </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>69 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Loss </td> <td>66–3 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Marciano" title="Rocky Marciano">Rocky Marciano</a> </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>8 (10) </td> <td>Oct 26, 1951 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">37 years, 166 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>68 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>66–2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Bivins" title="Jimmy Bivins">Jimmy Bivins</a> </td> <td>UD </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Aug 15, 1951 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">37 years, 94 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Stadium_(Baltimore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial Stadium (Baltimore)">Memorial Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>67 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>65–2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cesar Brion </td> <td>UD </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Aug 1, 1951 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">37 years, 80 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cow Palace, Daly City, California, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>66 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>64–2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Savold" title="Lee Savold">Lee Savold</a> </td> <td>KO </td> <td>6 (15), 2:29 </td> <td>Jun 15, 1951 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">37 years, 33 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>65 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>63–2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Omelio Agramonte </td> <td>UD </td> <td>10 </td> <td>May 2, 1951 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">36 years, 354 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Olympia, Detroit, Michigan, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>64 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>62–2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Andy Walker </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>10 (10), 1:49 </td> <td>Feb 23, 1951 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">36 years, 286 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cow_Palace" title="Cow Palace">Cow Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daly_City,_California" title="Daly City, California">Daly City, California</a>, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>63 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>61–2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Omelio Agramonte </td> <td>UD </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Feb 7, 1951 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">36 years, 270 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Miami_Stadium" title="Miami Stadium">Miami Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, Florida, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>62 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>60–2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Freddie Beshore </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>4 (10), 2:48 </td> <td>Jan 3, 1951 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">36 years, 235 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Olympia, Detroit, Michigan, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>61 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>59–2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cesar Brion </td> <td>UD </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Nov 29, 1950 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">36 years, 200 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>60 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Loss </td> <td>58–2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ezzard_Charles" title="Ezzard Charles">Ezzard Charles</a> </td> <td>UD </td> <td>15 </td> <td>Sep 27, 1950 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">36 years, 137 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Yankee Stadium, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">For NBA, vacant NYSAC, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>59 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>58–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Joe_Walcott" title="Jersey Joe Walcott">Jersey Joe Walcott</a> </td> <td>KO </td> <td>11 (15) </td> <td>Jun 25, 1948 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">34 years, 43 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Yankee Stadium, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>58 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>57–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Joe_Walcott" title="Jersey Joe Walcott">Jersey Joe Walcott</a> </td> <td>SD </td> <td>15 </td> <td>Dec 5, 1947 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">33 years, 206 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>57 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>56–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tami_Mauriello" title="Tami Mauriello">Tami Mauriello</a> </td> <td>KO </td> <td>1 (15), 2:09 </td> <td>Sep 18, 1946 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">32 years, 128 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Yankee Stadium, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>56 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>55–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Conn" title="Billy Conn">Billy Conn</a> </td> <td>KO </td> <td>8 (15), 2:19 </td> <td>Jun 19, 1946 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">32 years, 37 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Yankee Stadium, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>55 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>54–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Johnny Davis </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>1 (4), 0:53 </td> <td>Nov 14, 1944 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">30 years, 185 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Memorial Auditorium, Buffalo, New York, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left">Retained NYSAC and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>54 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>53–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Abe_Simon" title="Abe Simon">Abe Simon</a> </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>6 (15), 0:16 </td> <td>Mar 27, 1942 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">27 years, 318 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>53 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>52–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Baer" title="Buddy Baer">Buddy Baer</a> </td> <td>KO </td> <td>1 (15), 2:56 </td> <td>Jan 9, 1942 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">27 years, 241 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>52 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>51–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lou_Nova" title="Lou Nova">Lou Nova</a> </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>6 (15), 2:59 </td> <td>Sep 29, 1941 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">27 years, 139 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Polo Grounds, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>51 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>50–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Conn" title="Billy Conn">Billy Conn</a> </td> <td>KO </td> <td>13 (15), 2:58 </td> <td>Jun 18, 1941 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">27 years, 36 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Polo_Grounds_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Polo Grounds IV">Polo Grounds</a>, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>50 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>49–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Baer" title="Buddy Baer">Buddy Baer</a> </td> <td><abbr title="Disqualification">DQ</abbr> </td> <td>7 (15), 3:00 </td> <td>May 23, 1941 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">27 years, 10 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Griffith_Stadium" title="Griffith Stadium">Griffith Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles; Baer disqualified after his manager refused to leave the ring </td></tr> <tr> <td>49 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>48–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Tony Musto </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>9 (15), 1:36 </td> <td>Apr 8, 1941 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">26 years, 330 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Arena" title="St. Louis Arena">St. Louis Arena</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, Missouri, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>48 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>47–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Abe_Simon" title="Abe Simon">Abe Simon</a> </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>13 (20), 1:20 </td> <td>Mar 21, 1941 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">26 years, 312 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Olympia, Detroit, Michigan, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>47 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>46–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Gus Dorazio </td> <td>KO </td> <td>2 (15), 1:30 </td> <td>Feb 17, 1941 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">26 years, 280 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Convention_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Convention Hall">Convention Hall</a>, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>46 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>45–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Red_Burman" title="Red Burman">Red Burman</a> </td> <td>KO </td> <td>5 (15), 2:49 </td> <td>Jan 31, 1941 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">26 years, 263 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>45 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>44–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Al McCoy </td> <td><abbr title="Corner retirement">RTD</abbr> </td> <td>5 (15), 3:00 </td> <td>Dec 16, 1940 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">26 years, 217 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Garden" title="Boston Garden">Boston Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>44 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>43–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Godoy" title="Arturo Godoy">Arturo Godoy</a> </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>8 (15), 1:24 </td> <td>Jun 20, 1940 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">26 years, 38 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Yankee Stadium, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>43 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>42–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Paychek" title="Johnny Paychek">Johnny Paychek</a> </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>2 (15), 0:41 </td> <td>Mar 29, 1940 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">25 years, 321 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>42 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>41–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Godoy" title="Arturo Godoy">Arturo Godoy</a> </td> <td><abbr title="Split decision">SD</abbr> </td> <td>15 </td> <td>Feb 9, 1940 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">25 years, 272 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>41 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>40–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Pastor" title="Bob Pastor">Bob Pastor</a> </td> <td>KO </td> <td>11 (20), 0:38 </td> <td>Sep 20, 1939 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">25 years, 130 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Briggs_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Briggs Stadium">Briggs Stadium</a>, Detroit, Michigan, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>39–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Galento" title="Tony Galento">Tony Galento</a> </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>4 (15), 2:29 </td> <td>Jun 28, 1939 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">25 years, 46 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Yankee Stadium, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>39 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>38–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Jack Roper </td> <td>KO </td> <td>1 (10), 2:20 </td> <td>Apr 17, 1939 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">24 years, 339 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Wrigley Field, Los Angeles, California, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>38 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>37–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Lewis" title="John Henry Lewis">John Henry Lewis</a> </td> <td>KO </td> <td>1 (15), 2:29 </td> <td>Jan 25, 1939 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">24 years, 257 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>37 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>36–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Max_Schmeling" title="Max Schmeling">Max Schmeling</a> </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>1 (15), 2:04 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis_vs._Max_Schmeling" title="Joe Louis vs. Max Schmeling">Jun 22, 1938</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">24 years, 40 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Yankee Stadium, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>36 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>35–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Harry Thomas </td> <td>KO </td> <td>5 (15), 2:50 </td> <td>Apr 4, 1938 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">23 years, 326 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NBA and The Ring heavyweight titles<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>35 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>34–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Nathan Mann </td> <td>KO </td> <td>3 (15), 1:36 </td> <td>Feb 23, 1938 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">23 years, 314 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>34 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>33–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Farr" title="Tommy Farr">Tommy Farr</a> </td> <td>UD </td> <td>15 </td> <td>Aug 30, 1937 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">23 years, 109 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Yankee Stadium, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Retained NYSAC and The Ring heavyweight titles </td></tr> <tr> <td>33 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>32–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/James_J._Braddock" title="James J. Braddock">James J. Braddock</a> </td> <td>KO </td> <td>8 (15) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Braddock_vs._Joe_Louis" title="James Braddock vs. Joe Louis">Jun 22, 1937</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">23 years, 40 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Comiskey Park, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Won <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Athletic_Commission" title="New York State Athletic Commission">NYSAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_WBA_world_champions#Heavyweight" title="List of WBA world champions">NBA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Ring_world_champions#Heavyweight" title="List of The Ring world champions">The Ring heavyweight titles</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>32 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>31–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Natie Brown </td> <td>KO </td> <td>4 (10), 0:52 </td> <td>Feb 17, 1937 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">22 years, 280 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Auditorium_(Kansas_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Auditorium (Kansas City)">Municipal Auditorium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>30–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Pastor" title="Bob Pastor">Bob Pastor</a> </td> <td>UD </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Jan 29, 1937 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">22 years, 261 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>29–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Steve Ketchel </td> <td>KO </td> <td>2 (4), 0:31 </td> <td>Jan 11, 1937 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">22 years, 243 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Broadway_Auditorium" title="Broadway Auditorium">Broadway Auditorium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>28–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Eddie Simms </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>1 (10), 0:26 </td> <td>Dec 14, 1936 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">22 years, 215 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Public_Auditorium" title="Public Auditorium">Public Auditorium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>27–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Jorge Brescia </td> <td>KO </td> <td>3 (10), 2:12 </td> <td>Oct 9, 1936 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">22 years, 149 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_Theatre,_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippodrome Theatre, New York City">Hippodrome Theatre</a>, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>26–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Al Ettore </td> <td>KO </td> <td>5 (15), 1:28 </td> <td>Sep 22, 1936 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">22 years, 132 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Municipal_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Municipal Stadium">Municipal Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>25–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sharkey" title="Jack Sharkey">Jack Sharkey</a> </td> <td>KO </td> <td>3 (10), 1:02 </td> <td>Aug 18, 1936 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">22 years, 97 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Yankee Stadium, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Loss </td> <td>24–1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Max_Schmeling" title="Max Schmeling">Max Schmeling</a> </td> <td>KO </td> <td>12 (15), 2:29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis_vs._Max_Schmeling" title="Joe Louis vs. Max Schmeling">Jun 19, 1936</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">22 years, 37 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Yankee Stadium, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>24–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Charley_Retzlaff" title="Charley Retzlaff">Charley Retzlaff</a> </td> <td>KO </td> <td>1 (15), 1:25 </td> <td>Jan 17, 1936 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">21 years, 249 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>23–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Paulino_Uzcudun" title="Paulino Uzcudun">Paulino Uzcudun</a> </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>4 (15), 2:32 </td> <td>Dec 13, 1935 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">21 years, 214 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_(1925)" title="Madison Square Garden (1925)">Madison Square Garden</a>, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>22–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Max_Baer_(boxer)" title="Max Baer (boxer)">Max Baer</a> </td> <td>KO </td> <td>4 (15), 3:09 </td> <td>Sep 24, 1935 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">21 years, 134 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Yankee Stadium, New York City, New York, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>21–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/King_Levinsky" title="King Levinsky">King Levinsky</a> </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>1 (10), 2:21 </td> <td>Aug 7, 1935 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">21 years, 86 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Comiskey_Park" title="Comiskey Park">Comiskey Park</a>, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>20–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Primo_Carnera" title="Primo Carnera">Primo Carnera</a> </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>6 (15), 2:32 </td> <td>Jun 25, 1935 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">21 years, 43 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)" title="Yankee Stadium (1923)">Yankee Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, New York, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>19–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Biff Bennett </td> <td>KO </td> <td>1 (6), 1:15 </td> <td>Apr 22, 1935 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">20 years, 344 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Memorial_Hall" title="Dayton Memorial Hall">Memorial Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a>, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>18–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Roy Lazer </td> <td>KO </td> <td>3 (10), 2:28 </td> <td>Apr 12, 1935 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">20 years, 334 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>17–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Natie Brown </td> <td>UD </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Mar 29, 1935 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">20 years, 320 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Olympia, Detroit, Michigan, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>16–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Don "Red" Barry </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>3 (10), 1:30 </td> <td>Mar 8, 1935 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">20 years, 299 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Dreamland_Auditorium" class="mw-redirect" title="New Dreamland Auditorium">New Dreamland Auditorium</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>15–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Lee Ramage </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>2 (10), 2:11 </td> <td>Feb 21, 1935 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">20 years, 284 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wrigley_Field_(Los_Angeles)" title="Wrigley Field (Los Angeles)">Wrigley Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, California, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>14–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Hans Birkie </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>10 (10), 1:47 </td> <td>Jan 11, 1935 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">20 years, 243 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duquesne_Gardens" title="Duquesne Gardens">Duquesne Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, Pennsylvania, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>13–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Patsy Perroni </td> <td>PTS </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Jan 4, 1935 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">20 years, 236 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Olympia" title="Detroit Olympia">Olympia</a>, Detroit, Michigan, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>12–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Lee Ramage </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>8 (10), 2:51 </td> <td>Dec 14, 1934 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">20 years, 215 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Stadium" title="Chicago Stadium">Chicago Stadium</a>, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>11–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Charley Massera </td> <td>KO </td> <td>3 (10), 2:41 </td> <td>Nov 30, 1934 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">20 years, 201 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Coliseum#The_third_Coliseum" title="Chicago Coliseum">Coliseum</a>, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>10–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Poreda" title="Stanley Poreda">Stanley Poreda</a> </td> <td>KO </td> <td>1 (10), 2:40 </td> <td>Nov 14, 1934 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">20 years, 185 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Arcadia Gardens, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>9–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Jack O'Dowd </td> <td>KO </td> <td>2 (10) </td> <td>Oct 31, 1934 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">20 years, 171 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Arcadia Gardens, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>8–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Art_Sykes" title="Art Sykes">Art Sykes</a> </td> <td>KO </td> <td>8 (10) </td> <td>Oct 24, 1934 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">20 years, 164 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Arcadia Gardens, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>7–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Adolph Wiater </td> <td><abbr title="Points decision">PTS</abbr> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Sep 26, 1934 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">20 years, 136 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Arcadia Gardens, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>6–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Al Delaney </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>4 (10) </td> <td>Sep 11, 1934 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">20 years, 121 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Naval_Armory" title="Detroit Naval Armory">Naval Armory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, Michigan</a>, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>5–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Buck Everett </td> <td>KO </td> <td>2 (8) </td> <td>Aug 27, 1934 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">20 years, 106 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Marigold Gardens Outdoor Arena, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>4–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Jack Kranz </td> <td><abbr title="Unanimous decision">UD</abbr> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>Aug 13, 1934 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">20 years, 92 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Marigold Gardens Outdoor Arena, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>3–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Larry Udell </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>2 (8) </td> <td>Jul 30, 1934 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">20 years, 78 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Marigold Gardens Outdoor Arena, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>2–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Willie Davies </td> <td><abbr title="Technical knockout">TKO</abbr> </td> <td>3 (6) </td> <td>Jul 12, 1934 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">20 years, 60 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Bacon's Arena, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>1–0 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kracken" title="Jack Kracken">Jack Kracken</a> </td> <td><abbr title="Knockout">KO</abbr> </td> <td>1 (6) </td> <td>Jul 4, 1934 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">20 years, 55 days </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Bacon's Arena, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, Illinois, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/31px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/47px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/62px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_heavyweight_boxing_champions" title="List of world heavyweight boxing champions">List of world heavyweight boxing champions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/BoxRec" title="BoxRec">BoxRec</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBHOF" class="mw-redirect" title="IBHOF">IBHOF</a>, Louis's fight against Johnny Davis in 1944, viewed by many as an exhibition fight, was for the NYSAC heavyweight title, which would lift Louis's title defenses to 26, overall title fight wins to 27, beaten opponents to 22 and title fights to 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> BoxRec lists Louis's amateur record as 53 wins in 56 bouts; various sources disagree as to his amateur record. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/9027">"Joe Louis"</a>. BoxRec. Retrieved May 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joe+Louis&rft.pub=BoxRec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboxrec.com%2Fen%2Fproboxer%2F9027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joe-Louis">"Joe Louis"</a>. Britannica. August 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Joe+Louis&rft.date=2023-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJoe-Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-matters-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-matters_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-matters_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-matters_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-matters_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_BloomMichael_Nevin_Willard2002" class="citation book cs1">John Bloom; Michael Nevin Willard, eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kC4qYeafQzMC&pg=PA64">Sports Matters: Race, Recreation, and Culture</a>. New York: New York University Press. pp. 46–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814798829" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814798829"><bdi>978-0814798829</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sports+Matters%3A+Race%2C+Recreation%2C+and+Culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0814798829&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkC4qYeafQzMC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-golf2-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-golf2_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-golf2_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-golf2_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-golf2_5-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160226224304/http://majorleaguejerk.com/2009/02/16/celebrating-black-history-month-joe-louis/comment-page-1/">"Celebrating Black History Month: Joe Louis"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://majorleaguejerk.com/2009/02/16/celebrating-black-history-month-joe-louis/comment-page-1/">the original</a> on February 26, 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegolfchannel.com/15100/24372/">the original</a> on November 17, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Brown+Bomber%27s+Green+Legacy&rft.pub=The+Golf+Channel&rft.date=2007-11-12&rft.au=Lerner%2C+Rich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegolfchannel.com%2F15100%2F24372%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pclrway-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pclrway_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pclrway_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AgEiAAAAIBAJ&pg=2773%2C2090551">"PGA clears way for Joe Louis to compete in San Diego Open meet"</a>. Daytona Beach Morning Journal. Florida. Associated Press. January 16, 1952. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daytona+Beach+Morning+Journal&rft.atitle=PGA+clears+way+for+Joe+Louis+to+compete+in+San+Diego+Open+meet&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1952-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DAgEiAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2773%252C2090551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakp6-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bakp6_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakp6_8-1">b</a> <a href="#Bak">Bak</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell_Chapel_Rd1970" class="citation web cs1">Bell Chapel Rd (January 1, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.google.ie/maps?hl=en&q=bell+chapel+road+lafayette+alaBAMA&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Bell+Chapel+Rd,+La+Fayette,+Alabama+36862,+United+States&gl=ie&sqi=2&ll=32.860736,-85.33154&spn=0.028082,0.062699&t=h&z=15">"bell chapel road lafayette alaBAMA – Google Maps"</a>. 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St. Louis Journalism Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.articlearchives.com/society-social-assistance-lifestyle/ethnicity-race-racism/1285818-1.html">the original</a> on February 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Louis+Journalism+Review&rft.atitle=Joe+Louis+became+both+a+black+hero+and+a+national+symbol+to+whites+after+overcoming+racism+in+the+media&rft.date=1995-10-01&rft.aulast=Deardorff%2C+II&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.articlearchives.com%2Fsociety-social-assistance-lifestyle%2Fethnicity-race-racism%2F1285818-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#Erenberg">Erenberg</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#Astor">Astor</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#Vitale">Vitale</a>, pp. 91–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-espn-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-espn_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-espn_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz" class="citation web cs1">Schwartz, Larry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/sportscentury/features/00016109.html">"'Brown Bomber' was a hero to all"</a>. Retrieved April 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Brown+Bomber%27+was+a+hero+to+all&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fsportscentury%2Ffeatures%2F00016109.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds2005" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds, Anthony O. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8iSImJVDkb8C&q=%22joe+louis%22+biography&pg=PA8">Muhammed Ali: A Biography</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated. pp. 8–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313330926" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313330926"><bdi>978-0313330926</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammed+Ali%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0313330926&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=Anthony+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8iSImJVDkb8C%26q%3D%2522joe%2Blouis%2522%2Bbiography%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds2005" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds, Anthony O. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8iSImJVDkb8C&q=%22joe+louis%22+biography&pg=PA8">Muhammed Ali: A Biography</a>. 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Garraty, eds. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KrWDw-_devcC&q=%22joe+louis%22&pg=PA680">The Reader's Companion to American History</a>. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin. p. 680. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0395513729" title="Special:BookSources/978-0395513729"><bdi>978-0395513729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reader%27s+Companion+to+American+History&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=680&rft.pub=Houghton-Mifflin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0395513729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKrWDw-_devcC%26q%3D%2522joe%2Blouis%2522%26pg%3DPA680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#Bak">Bak</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> , which is variously attributed to either Detroit boxing manager Scotty Monteith or to <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press" title="Detroit Free Press">Detroit Free Press</a> writer Charles Ward. <a href="#Bak">Bak</a>, pp. 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-Libbyp61-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Libbyp61_35-0">^</a> <a href="#Libby">Libby</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#Bak">Bak</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacIntosh" class="citation web cs1">MacIntosh, Stoker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022722/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/96920-joe-louis-barrow-boxing-day-tribute">"Joe Louis Barrow: Boxing Day Tribute"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bleacher_Report" title="Bleacher Report">Bleacher Report</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bleacherreport.com/articles/96920-joe-louis-barrow-boxing-day-tribute">the original</a> on June 12, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bleacher+Report&rft.atitle=Joe+Louis+Barrow%3A+Boxing+Day+Tribute&rft.aulast=MacIntosh&rft.aufirst=Stoker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbleacherreport.com%2Farticles%2F96920-joe-louis-barrow-boxing-day-tribute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/7a3c4f3cebd563cd25f1da21d4503485">"AP Male Athlete of the Year"</a>. Associated Press. December 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AP+Male+Athlete+of+the+Year&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=2018-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F7a3c4f3cebd563cd25f1da21d4503485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hbo-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hbo_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hbo_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hbo_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hbo_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hbo_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hbo_39-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hbo_39-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hbo_39-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDettloff" class="citation web cs1">Dettloff, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090529151439/http://www.hbo.com:80/boxing/features/history/joe_louis.html">"The Louis-Schmeling Fights: Prelude to War"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbo.com/boxing/features/history/joe_louis.html">the original</a> on May 29, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Louis-Schmeling+Fights%3A+Prelude+to+War&rft.aulast=Dettloff&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbo.com%2Fboxing%2Ffeatures%2Fhistory%2Fjoe_louis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#Myler">Myler</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#Vitale">Vitale</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/fight/peopleevents/e_fights.html">"The American Experience"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. Retrieved April 23, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=The+American+Experience&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Ffight%2Fpeopleevents%2Fe_fights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#Vitale">Vitale</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaap-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaap_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaap_44-1">b</a> Schaap, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakp127-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bakp127_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakp127_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakp127_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakp127_45-3">d</a> <a href="#Bak">Bak</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakp128-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bakp128_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakp128_46-1">b</a> <a href="#Bak">Bak</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2002" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Langston (2002). Joseph McLaren (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3m1hM1JrpV8C&pg=PA307">Autobiography: The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, Vol. 14</a>. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826214348" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826214348"><bdi>978-0826214348</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography%3A+The+Collected+Works+of+Langston+Hughes%2C+Vol.+14&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0826214348&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Langston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3m1hM1JrpV8C%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#Myler">Myler</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#Myler">Myler</a>, pp. 113–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#Myler">Myler</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mylerp116-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mylerp116_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mylerp116_51-1">b</a> <a href="#Myler">Myler</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennison1937" class="citation news cs1">Bennison, Bill (August 31, 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130118183350/http://www.boxinggyms.com/news/louis_farr1937/standard_louis1937rounds.htm">"Joe Louis vs Tommy Farr"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boxinggyms.com/news/louis_farr1937/standard_louis1937rounds.htm">the original</a> on January 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Standard+%28N.Y.%29&rft.atitle=Joe+Louis+vs+Tommy+Farr&rft.date=1937-08-31&rft.aulast=Bennison&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxinggyms.com%2Fnews%2Flouis_farr1937%2Fstandard_louis1937rounds.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-donovan-53"><a href="#cite_ref-donovan_53-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article55865524">Donovan's Worst Mistake As a Referee</a> The Mail, Adelaide, at Trove digitised newspapers, National Library of Australia. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125032433/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758172,00.html">"Louis v. Farr"</a>. Time. July 6, 1937. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758172,00.html">the original</a> on January 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Louis+v.+Farr&rft.date=1937-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C758172%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsmitha.com/review/lewis.htm">"Book Review: Beyond Glory by David Margolick"</a>. Retrieved January 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+Review%3A+Beyond+Glory+by+David+Margolick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsmitha.com%2Freview%2Flewis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sports_and_radio_2003_comm_research_trends-56"><a href="#cite_ref-sports_and_radio_2003_comm_research_trends_56-0">^</a> Beck, Daniel and Louis Bosshart (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Fribourg" title="University of Fribourg">University of Fribourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freiburg,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiburg, Switzerland">Freiburg, Switzerland</a>): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cscc.scu.edu/trends/v22/v22_4.pdf">"Sports and Media,"</a>- chapter 4. "Sports and Radio," in Communication Research Trends Vol.22 (2003) No.4, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0144-4646">0144-4646</a>, retrieved November 22, 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-ring-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ring_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ring_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ring_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ring_57-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fightersfactory.com/story_detail.php?i=33">"Joe Louis – The man who reigned as champion longer than any boxer in modern history"</a>. The Ring. November 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ring&rft.atitle=Joe+Louis+%E2%80%93+The+man+who+reigned+as+champion+longer+than+any+boxer+in+modern+history&rft.date=1980-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fightersfactory.com%2Fstory_detail.php%3Fi%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-a_look_back_2020_06_22_usatoday_com-58"><a href="#cite_ref-a_look_back_2020_06_22_usatoday_com_58-0">^</a> Rosenthal, Michael: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxingjunkie.usatoday.com/gallery/photos-a-look-back-at-the-historic-joe-louis-max-schmeling-rematch">"Photos: A look back at the historic Joe Louis-Max Schmeling rematch,"</a> June 22, 2020 "Boxing Junkie," <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a> retrieved November 22, 2020: ("The second fight between Joe Louis and Max Schmeling arguably was the most important in boxing history".) </li> <li id="cite_note-foreman_ranks_2020_02_15_boxing_scene-59"><a href="#cite_ref-foreman_ranks_2020_02_15_boxing_scene_59-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Foreman" title="George Foreman">Foreman, George</a>, quoted: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxingscene.com/foreman-ranks-wilder-fury-top-three-rematches-all-time--146773">"Foreman Ranks Wilder-Fury in Top Three Rematches of All Time,"</a> February 15, 2020, Boxing Scene, retrieved November 22, 2020: "'There were three important rematches in boxing history,' Foreman told BoxingScene ... of the heavyweight division. 'The most important was Max Schmeling and Joe Louis when the whole world was watching. That was the most important rematch of all time.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-the_greatest_fight_2005_oup_com-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-the_greatest_fight_2005_oup_com_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_greatest_fight_2005_oup_com_60-1">b</a> Erenberg, Lewis A.: The greatest fight of our generation: Louis vs. Schmeling, 2005–2008, as summarized at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-greatest-fight-of-our-generation-9780195319996?cc=us&lang=en&#">[1]</a>, with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177749.001.0001/acprof-9780195177749">online copy</a> (subscription required): "... the second Louis-Schmeling fight sparked excitement around the globe. For all its length–the fight lasted but two minutes–it remains one of the most memorable events in boxing history and, indeed, one of the most significant sporting events ever". </li> <li id="cite_note-powerful_moments_in_sports-61"><a href="#cite_ref-powerful_moments_in_sports_61-0">^</a> Gitlin, Martin: Powerful Moments in Sports: The Most Significant Events in American History. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-review_powerful_moments_2019_08_10_ussporthistory_com-62"><a href="#cite_ref-review_powerful_moments_2019_08_10_ussporthistory_com_62-0">^</a> Iber, Jorge: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ussporthistory.com/2019/08/10/review-of-powerful-moments-in-sports/">"Review of Powerful Moments in Sports,"</a> August 10, 2019, Sport in American History, retrieved November 22, 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-ten_most_important_2015_09_04_politicususa_com-63"><a href="#cite_ref-ten_most_important_2015_09_04_politicususa_com_63-0">^</a> Tack, Travis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sports.politicususa.com/2015/09/04/10-most-important-moments-in-sports-history.html">"10 Most Important Moments in Sports History,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923150234/https://sports.politicususa.com/2015/09/04/10-most-important-moments-in-sports-history.html">Archived</a> September 23, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "#1 – Joe Louis versus Max Schmeling"; September 4, 2015, <a href="/wiki/Politicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicus">Politicus</a> Sports, retrieved November 22, 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-top_10_boxers_2020_05_16_el_paso_times-64"><a href="#cite_ref-top_10_boxers_2020_05_16_el_paso_times_64-0">^</a> Aguilar, Matthew: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/2020/05/16/top-10-heavyweight-boxers-all-time-picked-matthew-aguilar/5204432002/">"Matthew Aguilar: One guy's top 10 heavyweights of all time,"</a>, May 16, 2020, <a href="/wiki/El_Paso_Times" title="El Paso Times">El Paso Times</a>, retrieved November 22, 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauser2007" class="citation news cs1">Hauser, Thomas (January 7, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/jan/07/boxing.features1">"The Brown Bomber is destroyed in his last ever fight"</a>. The Observer. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved June 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=The+Brown+Bomber+is+destroyed+in+his+last+ever+fight&rft.date=2007-01-07&rft.aulast=Hauser&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2007%2Fjan%2F07%2Fboxing.features1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eastside-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eastside_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eastside_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eastside_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eastside_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eastside_66-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eastside_66-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eastside_66-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eastside_66-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p=12459&more=1">"EastSideBoxing.com"</a>. Retrieved April 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EastSideBoxing.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastsideboxing.com%2Fnews.php%3Fp%3D12459%26more%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boxrec.com/boxer/12130">"Tony Musto"</a>. Retrieved December 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tony+Musto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboxrec.com%2Fboxer%2F12130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> See BoxRec.com's record of The Ring magazine's ratings for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boxrec.com/media/index.php/The_Ring_Magazine%27s_Annual_Ratings:_1938">1938</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boxrec.com/media/index.php/The_Ring_Magazine%27s_Annual_Ratings:_1939">1939</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boxrec.com/media/index.php/The_Ring_Magazine%27s_Annual_Ratings:_1940">1940</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boxrec.com/media/index.php/The_Ring_Magazine%27s_Annual_Ratings:_1941">1941</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boxrec.com/media/index.php/The_Ring_Magazine%27s_Annual_Ratings:_1942">1942</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boxrec.com/media/index.php/The_Ring_Magazine%27s_Annual_Ratings:_1943">1943</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-eastside2-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eastside2_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eastside2_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eastside2_69-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615103825/http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p=10504&more=1">"EastSideBoxing.com: Billy Conn – Joe Louis Fight"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p=10504&more=1">the original</a> on June 15, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EastSideBoxing.com%3A+Billy+Conn+%E2%80%93+Joe+Louis+Fight&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastsideboxing.com%2Fnews.php%3Fp%3D10504%26more%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.com/boxing/2015/02/13/si-60-billy-conn-joe-louis-boxer-blonde">"The Boxer and the Blonde: Billy Conn won the girl but lost the best fight ever"</a>. 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Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 195–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576079522" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576079522"><bdi>978-1576079522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+in+the+Media%3A+film+and+television&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=195-196&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1576079522&rft.aulast=Niemi&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWVFhcBcv_X8C%26q%3D%2522joe%2Blouis%2522%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-louis-21-fighters-121"><a href="#cite_ref-louis-21-fighters_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://footballua.tv/sport/75041-ne-sobirayus-lomat-chelyust-vladimir-klichko-zagovoril-o-vozvrashchenii-v-ring">"Не собираюсь ломать челюсть: Владимир Кличко заговорил о возвращении в ринг"</a> (in Russian). Retrieved March 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%3A+%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffootballua.tv%2Fsport%2F75041-ne-sobirayus-lomat-chelyust-vladimir-klichko-zagovoril-o-vozvrashchenii-v-ring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sobytia-v-bokse-122"><a href="#cite_ref-sobytia-v-bokse_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isport.ua/boxing/2589695-glavnye-sobytiya-desyatiletiya-boks">"Главные события десятилетия: бокс"</a> (in Russian). December 27, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%3A+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81&rft.date=2020-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisport.ua%2Fboxing%2F2589695-glavnye-sobytiya-desyatiletiya-boks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p=8921&more=1">"East Side Boxing: IBRO's 25 Greatest Fighters of All Time"</a>. Retrieved April 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+Side+Boxing%3A+IBRO%27s+25+Greatest+Fighters+of+All+Time&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastsideboxing.com%2Fnews.php%3Fp%3D8921%26more%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-louis-record-26-124"><a href="#cite_ref-louis-record-26_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sport.ua/news/536279-vladimiru-klichko-nuzhno-provesti-odin-chempionskiy-boy-dlya-povtoreniya-rekorda">"Владимиру Кличко нужно провести один чемпионский бой для повторения рекорда"</a> (in Russian). Retrieved May 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsport.ua%2Fnews%2F536279-vladimiru-klichko-nuzhno-provesti-odin-chempionskiy-boy-dlya-povtoreniya-rekorda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-louis-record-26-2-125"><a href="#cite_ref-louis-record-26-2_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://focus.ua/sport/481879-vperedi-taysona-i-ali-vladimir-klichko-vtoroy-v-mire-po-kolichestvu-vyigrannyh-chempionskih-boev">"Впереди Тайсона и Али: Владимир Кличко – второй в мире по количеству выигранных чемпионских боев"</a> (in Russian). May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%3A+%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE+%E2%80%93+%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.date=2021-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffocus.ua%2Fsport%2F481879-vperedi-taysona-i-ali-vladimir-klichko-vtoroy-v-mire-po-kolichestvu-vyigrannyh-chempionskih-boev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-louis-record-26-3-126"><a href="#cite_ref-louis-record-26-3_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-sports/3240341-volodimir-klicko-drugij-v-istorii-boksu-za-kilkistu-vigranih-cempionskih-boiv.html">"Володимир Кличко другий в історії боксу за кількістю виграних чемпіонських боїв"</a> (in Ukrainian). May 5, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8E+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B2&rft.date=2021-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.ua%2Frubric-sports%2F3240341-volodimir-klicko-drugij-v-istorii-boksu-za-kilkistu-vigranih-cempionskih-boiv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugar2006" class="citation web cs1">Sugar, Bert Randolph (May 17, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=2449309">"Boxing's Greatest Fighters: Joe Louis"</a>. ESPN. Retrieved April 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN&rft.atitle=Boxing%27s+Greatest+Fighters%3A+Joe+Louis&rft.date=2006-05-17&rft.aulast=Sugar&rft.aufirst=Bert+Randolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fsports%2Fboxing%2Fnews%2Fstory%3Fid%3D2449309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techblogbiz.blogspot.com/2006/09/top-10-greatest-boxers-of-all-time.html">"Top 10 Greatest Boxers of All Time"</a>. September 12, 2006. Retrieved April 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+10+Greatest+Boxers+of+All+Time&rft.date=2006-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechblogbiz.blogspot.com%2F2006%2F09%2Ftop-10-greatest-boxers-of-all-time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070707114512/http://www.ibroresearch.com/All%20Time%20Rankings.htm">"All Time Rankings"</a>. International Boxing Research Organization. March 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibroresearch.com/All+Time+Rankings.htm">the original</a> on July 7, 2007. Retrieved February 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Boxing+Research+Organization&rft.atitle=All+Time+Rankings&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibroresearch.com%2FAll%2BTime%2BRankings.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS1-130"><a href="#cite_ref-PBS1_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/fight/peopleevents/p_louis.html">"Joe Louis (1914–1981)"</a>. The American Experience The Fight. Public Broadcasting System. September 22, 2004. Retrieved June 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Experience+The+Fight&rft.atitle=Joe+Louis+%281914%E2%80%931981%29&rft.date=2004-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Ffight%2Fpeopleevents%2Fp_louis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-boxrec-hw-annuals-131"><a href="#cite_ref-boxrec-hw-annuals_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/BoxRec%27s_Annual_Ratings:_Heavyweight_Annuals">"BoxRec's Annual Ratings: Heavyweight Annuals"</a>. BoxRec. Retrieved December 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BoxRec%27s+Annual+Ratings%3A+Heavyweight+Annuals&rft.pub=BoxRec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboxrec.com%2Fmedia%2Findex.php%2FBoxRec%2527s_Annual_Ratings%3A_Heavyweight_Annuals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-louis-record-132"><a href="#cite_ref-louis-record_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/9027">"Professional boxing record: Joe Louis"</a>. Retrieved March 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professional+boxing+record%3A+Joe+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboxrec.com%2Fen%2Fproboxer%2F9027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/704088186/">"The Fresno Bee 11 May 1978, page 54"</a>. Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 24, 2023. <q>On Tuesday, the Boxing Writers of America voted Sugar Ray not only the best boxer of all time, but also the best middleweight and best welterweight. Joe Louis beat out Muhammad Ali as the best heavyweight, Archie Moore was named the best light heavyweight and Roberto Duran, the current champ, was voted the best lightweight in the balloting, conducted by Home Box Office.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newspapers.com&rft.atitle=The+Fresno+Bee+11+May+1978%2C+page+54&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F704088186%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxrec.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=139046">"Bert Sugar's top 10 Greatest Heavyweights: BoxRec"</a>. boxrec.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=boxrec.com&rft.atitle=Bert+Sugar%27s+top+10+Greatest+Heavyweights%3A+BoxRec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboxrec.com%2Fforum%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ft%3D139046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2016" class="citation web cs1">Hart, Stephen (June 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.silive.com/sports/2016/06/teddy_atlas_speaks_of_the_geni.html">"Teddy Atlas speaks of the 'genius' of Muhammad Ali"</a>. silive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=silive&rft.atitle=Teddy+Atlas+speaks+of+the+%27genius%27+of+Muhammad+Ali&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.silive.com%2Fsports%2F2016%2F06%2Fteddy_atlas_speaks_of_the_geni.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azquotes.com/picture-quotes/quote-there-s-never-been-a-boxer-better-than-joe-louis-you-d-take-one-shot-from-him-and-you-george-foreman-61-66-71.jpg">"AZ quotes – George Foreman about Joe Louis and Muhammad Ali"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AZ+quotes+%E2%80%93+George+Foreman+about+Joe+Louis+and+Muhammad+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azquotes.com%2Fpicture-quotes%2Fquote-there-s-never-been-a-boxer-better-than-joe-louis-you-d-take-one-shot-from-him-and-you-george-foreman-61-66-71.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quotefancy.com/quote/1017087/Joe-Frazier-Joe-Louis-is-the-greatest-heavyweight-champion-of-all-time-Rocky-Marciano-is">"Joe Frazier Quote: "Joe Louis is the greatest heavyweight champion of all time. Rocky Marciano is second only to Louis. Where do I rate Ali?...""</a>. quotefancy.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quotefancy.com&rft.atitle=Joe+Frazier+Quote%3A+%22Joe+Louis+is+the+greatest+heavyweight+champion+of+all+time.+Rocky+Marciano+is+second+only+to+Louis.+Where+do+I+rate+Ali%3F...%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquotefancy.com%2Fquote%2F1017087%2FJoe-Frazier-Joe-Louis-is-the-greatest-heavyweight-champion-of-all-time-Rocky-Marciano-is&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/704088186/">"Bright Lights Gone for Boxing's 'Sugar Man'. The Fresno Bee 11 May 1978, page 54"</a>. Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 24, 2023. <q>...if you ask me who I think was the greatest ever, two fellows come to my mind — Henry Armstrong and Joe Louis. What a little fighting guy Henry was! And Joe had the fastest hands I ever saw!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newspapers.com&rft.atitle=Bright+Lights+Gone+for+Boxing%27s+%27Sugar+Man%27.+The+Fresno+Bee+11+May+1978%2C+page+54&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F704088186%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oACqry5GZ-sC&dq=ebony+magazine+joe+louis+muhammad+ali+greatest+of+all+time+black+sportswriters&pg=PA125">"Who is the greatest heavyweight champion of all time?"</a>. Ebony Magazine: 132. March 1978. Retrieved August 31, 2023 – via Google books. <q>Joe Louis was the greatest heavyweight I ever seen!" Robinson says. "Everybody knows he could hit, but, in my opinion, he had the fastest hands of anyone—including Ali!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ebony+Magazine&rft.atitle=Who+is+the+greatest+heavyweight+champion+of+all+time%3F&rft.pages=132&rft.date=1978-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoACqry5GZ-sC%26dq%3Debony%2Bmagazine%2Bjoe%2Blouis%2Bmuhammad%2Bali%2Bgreatest%2Bof%2Ball%2Btime%2Bblack%2Bsportswriters%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090522111716/http://www.olympiaentertainment.com/venues/joelouisarena.jsp?dispPos=1">"Joe Louis Arena: Official Site"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympiaentertainment.com/venues/joelouisarena.jsp?dispPos=1">the original</a> on May 22, 2009. Retrieved April 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joe+Louis+Arena%3A+Official+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympiaentertainment.com%2Fvenues%2Fjoelouisarena.jsp%3FdispPos%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bluebombers.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=166&Itemid=94">"Winnipeg Blue Bombers Official Site"</a>. Retrieved April 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winnipeg+Blue+Bombers+Official+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bluebombers.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D166%26Itemid%3D94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman1980" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Coleman_(journalist)" title="Jim Coleman (journalist)">Coleman, Jim</a> (May 9, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94042698/leah-1980/">"Jim Coleman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Journal" title="Edmonton Journal">Edmonton Journal</a>. Edmonton, Alberta. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edmonton+Journal&rft.atitle=Jim+Coleman&rft.pages=34&rft.date=1980-05-09&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F94042698%2Fleah-1980%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsante2002" class="citation book cs1">Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus. pp. 207–209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1573929639" title="Special:BookSources/978-1573929639"><bdi>978-1573929639</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Greatest+African+Americans%3A+A+Biographical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pages=207-209&rft.pub=Prometheus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1573929639&rft.aulast=Asante&rft.aufirst=Molefi+Kete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/house_history/goldMedal.html">"Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives: Recipients of the Congressional Gold Medal"</a>. 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Retrieved April 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Y2u.co.uk+Biography+of+Joe+Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffamous.y2u.co.uk%2FF_Joe_Louis_Boxer_Champ_A1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070825153113/http://www.congressionalgoldmedal.com/JoeLouis.htm">"Statement By President Ronald Reagan on the Death of Former World Heavyweight Boxing Champion Joe Louis April 13, 1981"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congressionalgoldmedal.com/JoeLouis.htm">the original</a> on August 25, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+By+President+Ronald+Reagan+on+the+Death+of+Former+World+Heavyweight+Boxing+Champion+Joe+Louis+April+13%2C+1981&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.congressionalgoldmedal.com%2FJoeLouis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michpics.wordpress.com/2007/11/26/fist-of-a-champion-detroits-monument-to-joe-louis/">"Fist of a Champion – Detroit's Monument to Joe Louis"</a>. November 26, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fist+of+a+Champion+%E2%80%93+Detroit%27s+Monument+to+Joe+Louis&rft.date=2007-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmichpics.wordpress.com%2F2007%2F11%2F26%2Ffist-of-a-champion-detroits-monument-to-joe-louis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316020932/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhBmoGV2FTw">"Muhammad Ali @ Arsenio Hall, Part 1 of 3"</a>. YouTube. November 13, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhBmoGV2FTw">the original</a> on March 16, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muhammad+Ali+%40+Arsenio+Hall%2C+Part+1+of+3&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2008-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DVhBmoGV2FTw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKindred1981" class="citation news cs1">Kindred, Dave (April 18, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1981/04/18/a-sad-funeral-for-poor-joe-ends-as-celebration-of-a-hero/3b1f0170-bf0b-4533-853a-997bacb99eef/">"A Sad Funeral for 'Poor Joe' Ends as Celebration of a Hero"</a>. Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved August 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Sad+Funeral+for+%27Poor+Joe%27+Ends+as+Celebration+of+a+Hero&rft.date=1981-04-18&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Kindred&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fsports%2F1981%2F04%2F18%2Fa-sad-funeral-for-poor-joe-ends-as-celebration-of-a-hero%2F3b1f0170-bf0b-4533-853a-997bacb99eef%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2010/02/statue_of_joe_louis_unveiled_i.html">"Statue of Joe Louis unveiled in Alabama hometown"</a>. February 28, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statue+of+Joe+Louis+unveiled+in+Alabama+hometown&rft.date=2010-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fnews%2Fdetroit%2Findex.ssf%2F2010%2F02%2Fstatue_of_joe_louis_unveiled_i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412054157/http://www.sites.si.edu/images/exhibits/Art%20of%20the%20Stamp/pages/Joe-Louis_jpg.htm">"Joe Louis Stamp, 1993"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sites.si.edu/images/exhibits/Art%20of%20the%20Stamp/pages/Joe-Louis_jpg.htm">the original</a> on April 12, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joe+Louis+Stamp%2C+1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sites.si.edu%2Fimages%2Fexhibits%2FArt%2520of%2520the%2520Stamp%2Fpages%2FJoe-Louis_jpg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegolfcourses.net/golfcourses/IL/9664.htm">"TheGolfCourses.net"</a>. Retrieved April 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TheGolfCourses.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegolfcourses.net%2Fgolfcourses%2FIL%2F9664.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://detroitgreenways.org/goodbye-inner-circle-greenway-hello-joe-louis-greenway/">"Goodbye, Inner Circle Greenway. Hello, Joe Louis Greenway"</a>. Detroit Greenways Coalition. October 30, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Greenways+Coalition&rft.atitle=Goodbye%2C+Inner+Circle+Greenway.+Hello%2C+Joe+Louis+Greenway.&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdetroitgreenways.org%2Fgoodbye-inner-circle-greenway-hello-joe-louis-greenway%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="#Roberts">Roberts</a>, p. 491. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliverRichard_Wright1990" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Paul; Richard Wright (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=clFj0HqAlRkC&q=%22joe+louis%22&pg=PA274">Blues Fell This Morning: Meaning in the Blues</a>. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 274–275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521377935" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521377935"><bdi>978-0521377935</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blues+Fell+This+Morning%3A+Meaning+in+the+Blues&rft.place=Cambridge+%26+New+York&rft.pages=274-275&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0521377935&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Richard+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DclFj0HqAlRkC%26q%3D%2522joe%2Blouis%2522%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0929780/">"Bari K. Willerford"</a>. imdb.com. Retrieved February 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bari+K.+Willerford&rft.pub=imdb.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm0929780%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner2009" class="citation web cs1">Weiner, Jonah (November 5, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110120141135/http://www.slate.com/blogs/blogs/browbeat/archive/2009/11/05/track-of-the-week-yeasayer-s-ambling-alp.aspx">"Track of the Week: Yeasayer's "Ambling Alp""</a>. Slate.com. 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Retrieved December 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pitchfork.tv&rft.pub=Pitchfork.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Ftv%2F%23%2Fepisode%2F2108-yeasayer%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Midegette, Anne, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/16/AR2010041603030.html?hpid=moreheadlines">"Inspired by Joe Louis, opera 'Shadowboxer' scores one for reality"</a>, Washington Post, April 17, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCondon2011" class="citation web cs1">Condon, Stephanie (February 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/chryslers-imported-from-detroit-super-bowl-ad-inspires-political-debate/">"Chrysler's "Imported from Detroit" Super Bowl Ad Inspires Political Debate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Chrysler%27s+%22Imported+from+Detroit%22+Super+Bowl+Ad+Inspires+Political+Debate&rft.date=2011-02-07&rft.aulast=Condon&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fchryslers-imported-from-detroit-super-bowl-ad-inspires-political-debate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTayo,_Ayomide2014" class="citation web cs1">Tayo, Ayomide (April 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140409012624/http://thenet.ng/2014/04/jagz-nation-vol-2-the-royal-niger-company-album-review">"Jagz Nation Vol. 2: The Royal Niger Company [Album Review]"</a>. Nigerian Entertainment Today. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thenet.ng/2014/04/jagz-nation-vol-2-the-royal-niger-company-album-review/">the original</a> on April 9, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jagz+Nation+Vol.+2%3A+The+Royal+Niger+Company+%5BAlbum+Review%5D&rft.pub=Nigerian+Entertainment+Today&rft.date=2014-04-06&rft.au=Tayo%2C+Ayomide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthenet.ng%2F2014%2F04%2Fjagz-nation-vol-2-the-royal-niger-company-album-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/release/976728-John-Squire-Time-Changes-Everything">"John Squire – Time Changes Everything"</a>. Discogs. September 16, 2002. Retrieved February 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Squire+%E2%80%93+Time+Changes+Everything&rft.pub=Discogs&rft.date=2002-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2Frelease%2F976728-John-Squire-Time-Changes-Everything&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DestinationFreedom/DF_48-10-10_ep016-Little_David.mp3">Little David</a>", written by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Durham" title="Richard Durham">Richard Durham</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/NBA_World_Heavyweight_Title_Fights">"NBA World Heavyweight Title Fights"</a>. BoxRec. Retrieved February 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NBA+World+Heavyweight+Title+Fights&rft.pub=BoxRec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboxrec.com%2Fmedia%2Findex.php%2FNBA_World_Heavyweight_Title_Fights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/NYSAC_World_Heavyweight_Title_Fights">"NYSAC World Heavyweight Title Fights"</a>. BoxRec. Retrieved February 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NYSAC+World+Heavyweight+Title+Fights&rft.pub=BoxRec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboxrec.com%2Fmedia%2Findex.php%2FNYSAC_World_Heavyweight_Title_Fights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Louis&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Astor" class="citation book cs1">Astor, Gerald (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andcredittohis00asto">"... And a Credit to His Race": The Hard Life and Times of Joseph Louis Barrow, a.k.a. Joe Louis</a>. New York: Saturday Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0841503472" title="Special:BookSources/978-0841503472"><bdi>978-0841503472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22...+And+a+Credit+to+His+Race%22%3A+The+Hard+Life+and+Times+of+Joseph+Louis+Barrow%2C+a.k.a.+Joe+Louis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Saturday+Review+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0841503472&rft.aulast=Astor&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandcredittohis00asto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bak" class="citation book cs1">Bak, Richard (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EcnyAHpBNDsC&q=%22joe+louis%22+biography&pg=PT1">Joe Louis: The Great Black Hope</a>. New York: Perseus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306808791" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306808791"><bdi>978-0306808791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joe+Louis%3A+The+Great+Black+Hope&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Perseus+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0306808791&rft.aulast=Bak&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEcnyAHpBNDsC%26q%3D%2522joe%2Blouis%2522%2Bbiography%26pg%3DPT1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Drake, Robert, "Joe Louis, the Southern Press, and the 'Fight of the Century,'" Sport History Review, 43 (May 2012), 1–17.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Erenberg" class="citation book cs1">Erenberg, Lewis A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ttON5R181YIC&q=%22joe+louis%22+biography&pg=RA1-PA240">The Greatest Fight of Our Generation: Louis v. Schmeling</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195177749" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195177749"><bdi>978-0195177749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greatest+Fight+of+Our+Generation%3A+Louis+v.+Schmeling&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0195177749&rft.aulast=Erenberg&rft.aufirst=Lewis+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DttON5R181YIC%26q%3D%2522joe%2Blouis%2522%2Bbiography%26pg%3DRA1-PA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gibson" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Truman K.; Steve Huntley (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfUzDSUo3mIC&q=%22truman+K.+gibson,+Jr.%22+%22knocking+down+barriers%22&pg=PP4">Knocking Down Barriers: My Fight for Black America</a>. Chicago: Northwestern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810122925" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810122925"><bdi>978-0810122925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knocking+Down+Barriers%3A+My+Fight+for+Black+America&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0810122925&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Truman+K.&rft.au=Steve+Huntley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZfUzDSUo3mIC%26q%3D%2522truman%2BK.%2Bgibson%2C%2BJr.%2522%2B%2522knocking%2Bdown%2Bbarriers%2522%26pg%3DPP4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Libby" class="citation book cs1">Libby, Bill (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joelouisbrownbom00libb">Joe Louis, the Brown Bomber</a>. New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0688419684" title="Special:BookSources/978-0688419684"><bdi>978-0688419684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joe+Louis%2C+the+Brown+Bomber&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Lothrop%2C+Lee+%26+Shepard+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0688419684&rft.aulast=Libby&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjoelouisbrownbom00libb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Louis" class="citation book cs1">Louis, Joe (1978). My Life. Brighton: Angus & Robertson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0207958342" title="Special:BookSources/978-0207958342"><bdi>978-0207958342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pub=Angus+%26+Robertson&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0207958342&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Louis2" class="citation book cs1">Louis, Joe; Barbara Munder (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joelouis50yearsa00barr">Joe Louis: 50 Years an American Hero</a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0070039551" title="Special:BookSources/978-0070039551"><bdi>978-0070039551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joe+Louis%3A+50+Years+an+American+Hero&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0070039551&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=Barbara+Munder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjoelouis50yearsa00barr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Margolick" class="citation book cs1">Margolick, David (2005). Beyond Glory: Joe Louis Vs. Max Schmeling, and a World on the Brink. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0375726194" title="Special:BookSources/978-0375726194"><bdi>978-0375726194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Glory%3A+Joe+Louis+Vs.+Max+Schmeling%2C+and+a+World+on+the+Brink&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0375726194&rft.aulast=Margolick&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mead" class="citation book cs1">Mead, Chris (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/championjoelouis00mead">Champion – Joe Louis, Black Hero in White America</a>. New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684184623" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684184623"><bdi>978-0684184623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Champion+%E2%80%93+Joe+Louis%2C+Black+Hero+in+White+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0684184623&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchampionjoelouis00mead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Myler" class="citation book cs1">Myler, Patrick (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ExgnPewr_2QC">Ring of Hate: Joe Louis vs. Max Schmeling: The Fight of the Century</a>. New York: Arcade Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559707893" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559707893"><bdi>978-1559707893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ring+of+Hate%3A+Joe+Louis+vs.+Max+Schmeling%3A+The+Fight+of+the+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1559707893&rft.aulast=Myler&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DExgnPewr_2QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Nagler" class="citation book cs1">Nagler, Barney (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brownbomber0000nagl">Brown Bomber</a>. New York: World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0529045225" title="Special:BookSources/978-0529045225"><bdi>978-0529045225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brown+Bomber&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=World&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0529045225&rft.aulast=Nagler&rft.aufirst=Barney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrownbomber0000nagl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Roberts" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, James B.; Alexander B. Skutt (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aA2LO_DGdu4C&q=the+boxing+register">The Boxing Register: International Boxing Hall of Fame Official Record Book (4th ed.)</a>. Ithaca: McBooks Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1590131213" title="Special:BookSources/978-1590131213"><bdi>978-1590131213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boxing+Register%3A+International+Boxing+Hall+of+Fame+Official+Record+Book+%284th+ed.%29&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=McBooks+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1590131213&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft.au=Alexander+B.+Skutt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaA2LO_DGdu4C%26q%3Dthe%2Bboxing%2Bregister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Schaap" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Schaap" title="Jeremy Schaap">Schaap, Jeremy</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRYtQ_K9sfYC&pg=PA267">Cinderella Man</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0618551170" title="Special:BookSources/978-0618551170"><bdi>978-0618551170</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cinderella+Man&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0618551170&rft.aulast=Schaap&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRYtQ_K9sfYC%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Vitale" class="citation book cs1">Vitale, Rugio (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0bs_S3aJW6UC&q=%22joe+louis%22">Joe Louis: Boxing Champion</a>. Los Angeles: Holloway House Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870675706" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870675706"><bdi>978-0870675706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joe+Louis%3A+Boxing+Champion&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Holloway+House+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0870675706&rft.aulast=Vitale&rft.aufirst=Rugio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0bs_S3aJW6UC%26q%3D%2522joe%2Blouis%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoe+Louis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> This article incorporates material from the <a href="/wiki/Citizendium" title="Citizendium">Citizendium</a> article "<a href="https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Joe_Louis" class="extiw" title="citizendium:Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a>", which is licensed under the <a 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title="commons:Category:Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/009027">Boxing record for Joe Louis</a> from <a href="/wiki/BoxRec" title="BoxRec">BoxRec</a> (registration required)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TC5wJ__tqC8">The Joe Louis Story (1953) - Biographical movie about boxing champion of the world - Full Movie</a> YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/NBA_World_Heavyweight_Title_Fights">NBA World Heavyweight Title Fights</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/NYSAC_World_Heavyweight_Title_Fights">NYSAC World Heavyweight Title Fights</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibhof.com/pages/about/inductees/modern/louis.html">Boxing Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/sportscentury/features/00016109.html">ESPN.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espn.com/classic/s/louisjoeadd.html">ESPN.com -- additional information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/joe-louis">FBI file on Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/jlouis.htm">Joe Louis profile</a> at Cyber Boxing Zone</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6515548">The Fight of the Century</a> NPR special on the selection of the radio broadcast to the <a href="/wiki/National_Recording_Registry" title="National Recording Registry">National Recording Registry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0521876/">Joe Louis</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916151627/http://www.wtvm.com/Global/story.asp?S=4700959">"Remembering Joe Louis"</a>, WTVM</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=897&dat=19380330&id=BjcxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LVADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6394,4280484">Louis to train in Thomas bout</a> old newspaper clipping</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #78FF78;">Sporting positions </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="border-left: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; background:#C1D8FF; font-weight: bold;">Amateur boxing titles </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Max Marek</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chicago Golden Gloves Tournament of Champions light heavyweight champion 1934 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Joe Bauer</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_national_amateur_boxing_championships" title="United States national amateur boxing championships">National AAU Boxing Championships</a> light heavyweight champion 1934 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="border-left: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; background:#C1D8FF; font-weight: bold;">Major world boxing titles </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="4">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_J._Braddock" title="James J. Braddock">James J. Braddock</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> NYSAC heavyweight champion June 22, 1937 – March 1, 1949 Retired </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="4">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><a href="/wiki/Ezzard_Charles" title="Ezzard Charles">Ezzard Charles</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_WBA_world_champions#Heavyweight" title="List of WBA world champions">NBA heavyweight champion</a> June 22, 1937 – March 1, 1949 Retired </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Ring_world_champions#Heavyweight" title="List of The Ring world champions">The Ring heavyweight champion</a> June 22, 1937 – March 1, 1949 Retired </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_undisputed_world_boxing_champions#Heavyweight" title="List of undisputed world boxing champions">Undisputed heavyweight champion</a> June 22, 1937 – March 1, 1949 Retired </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Records </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dempsey" title="Jack Dempsey">Jack Dempsey</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heavyweight_boxing_champions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heavyweight boxing champions">Youngest Heavyweight Champion</a> June 22, 1937 – November 30, 1956 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Patterson" title="Floyd Patterson">Floyd Patterson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Burns_(Canadian_boxer)" title="Tommy Burns (Canadian boxer)">Tommy Burns</a> 11</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Most opponents beaten for the world heavyweight championship 22 12th opponent beaten on December 16, 1940 5 December 1947 – 25 April 2015 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Klitschko" title="Wladimir Klitschko">Wladimir Klitschko</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Burns_(Canadian_boxer)" title="Tommy Burns (Canadian boxer)">Tommy Burns</a> 13</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Most wins in world heavyweight championship fights 27 14th win on January 31, 1941 June 25, 1948 – present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Incumbent</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dempsey" title="Jack Dempsey">Jack Dempsey</a> 2 638 days</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Longest cumulative world heavyweight championship reign 4 270 days (11 years, 8 months, 8 days) 2 639 days on September 12, 1944 1 March 1949 – 14 August 2015 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Klitschko" title="Wladimir Klitschko">Wladimir Klitschko</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dempsey" title="Jack Dempsey">Jack Dempsey</a> 7 years, 2 months, 19 days</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Longest individual world heavyweight championship reign 11 years, 8 months, 8 days 7 years, 2 months, 20 days on September 12, 1944 March 1, 1949 – present </td> 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id="The_Ring_magazine_Fighter_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_magazine_Fighter_of_the_Year" title="The Ring magazine Fighter of the Year">The Ring magazine Fighter of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Gene_Tunney" title="Gene Tunney">Tunney</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Loughran" title="Tommy Loughran">Loughran</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Max_Schmeling" title="Max Schmeling">Schmeling</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Loughran" title="Tommy Loughran">Loughran</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Sharkey" title="Jack Sharkey">Sharkey</a></li> <li>1933: No award</li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Tony_Canzoneri" title="Tony Canzoneri">Canzoneri</a> & <a href="/wiki/Barney_Ross" title="Barney Ross">Ross</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Barney_Ross" title="Barney Ross">Ross</a></li> <li>1936: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Armstrong" title="Henry Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li>1938: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis</a></li> <li>1939: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis</a></li> <li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Billy_Conn" title="Billy Conn">Conn</a></li> <li>1941: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis</a></li> <li>1942: <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Robinson" title="Sugar Ray Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Apostoli" title="Fred Apostoli">Apostoli</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Beau_Jack" title="Beau Jack">Jack</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Willie_Pep" title="Willie Pep">Pep</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Tony_Zale" title="Tony Zale">Zale</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Gus_Lesnevich" title="Gus Lesnevich">Lesnevich</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Ike_Williams" title="Ike Williams">Williams</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Ezzard_Charles" title="Ezzard Charles">Charles</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Ezzard_Charles" title="Ezzard Charles">Charles</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Robinson" title="Sugar Ray Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Marciano" title="Rocky Marciano">Marciano</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Bobo_Olson" title="Bobo Olson">Olson</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Marciano" title="Rocky Marciano">Marciano</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Marciano" title="Rocky Marciano">Marciano</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Patterson" title="Floyd Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Basilio" title="Carmen Basilio">Basilio</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Ingemar_Johansson" title="Ingemar Johansson">Johansson</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Ingemar_Johansson" title="Ingemar Johansson">Johansson</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Patterson" title="Floyd Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Brown_(boxer)" title="Joe Brown (boxer)">Brown</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Dick_Tiger" title="Dick Tiger">Tiger</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Clay</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Emile_Griffith" title="Emile Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Dick_Tiger" title="Dick Tiger">Tiger</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Ali</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Frazier" title="Joe Frazier">Frazier</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Nino_Benvenuti" title="Nino Benvenuti">Benvenuti</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_N%C3%A1poles" title="José Nápoles">Nápoles</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Frazier" title="Joe Frazier">Frazier</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Frazier" title="Joe Frazier">Frazier</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Ali</a> & <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Monz%C3%B3n" title="Carlos Monzón">Monzón</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/George_Foreman" title="George Foreman">Foreman</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Ali</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Ali</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/George_Foreman" title="George Foreman">Foreman</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Z%C3%A1rate_Serna" title="Carlos Zárate Serna">Zárate</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Ali</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Leonard" title="Sugar Ray Leonard">Leonard</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hearns" title="Thomas Hearns">Hearns</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Leonard" title="Sugar Ray Leonard">Leonard</a> & <a href="/wiki/Salvador_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Salvador Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Larry_Holmes" title="Larry Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Marvelous_Marvin_Hagler" title="Marvelous Marvin Hagler">Hagler</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hearns" title="Thomas Hearns">Hearns</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Marvelous_Marvin_Hagler" title="Marvelous Marvin Hagler">Hagler</a> & <a href="/wiki/Donald_Curry" title="Donald Curry">Curry</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Tyson" title="Mike Tyson">Tyson</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Evander_Holyfield" title="Evander Holyfield">Holyfield</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Tyson" title="Mike Tyson">Tyson</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Pernell_Whitaker" title="Pernell Whitaker">Whitaker</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Julio César Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/James_Toney" title="James Toney">Toney</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Riddick_Bowe" title="Riddick Bowe">Bowe</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Carbajal" title="Michael Carbajal">Carbajal</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jones_Jr." title="Roy Jones Jr.">Jones Jr.</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Oscar_De_La_Hoya" title="Oscar De La Hoya">De La Hoya</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Evander_Holyfield" title="Evander Holyfield">Holyfield</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Evander_Holyfield" title="Evander Holyfield">Holyfield</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Mayweather_Jr." title="Floyd Mayweather Jr.">Mayweather Jr.</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Paulie_Ayala" title="Paulie Ayala">Ayala</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Trinidad" title="Félix Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Hopkins" title="Bernard Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Forrest" title="Vernon Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/James_Toney" title="James Toney">Toney</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Glen_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Glen Johnson (boxer)">Johnson</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Hatton" title="Ricky Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Manny_Pacquiao" title="Manny Pacquiao">Pacquiao</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Mayweather_Jr." title="Floyd Mayweather Jr.">Mayweather Jr.</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Manny_Pacquiao" title="Manny Pacquiao">Pacquiao</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Manny_Pacquiao" title="Manny Pacquiao">Pacquiao</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mart%C3%ADnez_(boxer)" title="Sergio Martínez (boxer)">Martínez</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Ward" title="Andre Ward">Ward</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Juan Manuel Márquez">Márquez</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Adonis_Stevenson" title="Adonis Stevenson">Stevenson</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kovalev" title="Sergey Kovalev">Kovalev</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Tyson_Fury" title="Tyson Fury">Fury</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Frampton" title="Carl Frampton">Frampton</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Vasiliy_Lomachenko" title="Vasiliy Lomachenko">Lomachenko</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Usyk" title="Oleksandr Usyk">Usyk</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Canelo_%C3%81lvarez" title="Canelo Álvarez">Álvarez</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Tyson_Fury" title="Tyson Fury">Fury</a> & <a href="/wiki/Teofimo_Lopez" title="Teofimo Lopez">Lopez</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Canelo_%C3%81lvarez" title="Canelo Álvarez">Álvarez</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Bivol" title="Dmitry Bivol">Bivol</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Naoya_Inoue" title="Naoya Inoue">Inoue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sugar_Ray_Robinson_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sugar_Ray_Robinson_Award" title="Template:Sugar Ray Robinson Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sugar_Ray_Robinson_Award" title="Template talk:Sugar Ray Robinson Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sugar_Ray_Robinson_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sugar Ray Robinson Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sugar_Ray_Robinson_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Robinson_Award" title="Sugar Ray Robinson Award">Sugar Ray Robinson Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dempsey" title="Jack Dempsey">Dempsey</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Billy_Conn" title="Billy Conn">Conn</a></li> <li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Armstrong" title="Henry Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li>1941: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis</a></li> <li>1942: <a href="/wiki/Barney_Ross" title="Barney Ross">Ross</a></li> <li>1943: Boxers of the Armed Forces</li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Benny_Leonard" title="Benny Leonard">B. Leonard</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Walker_(boxer)" title="Mickey Walker (boxer)">Walker</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Tony_Zale" title="Tony Zale">Zale</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Gus_Lesnevich" title="Gus Lesnevich">Lesnevich</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Ike_Williams" title="Ike Williams">Williams</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Ezzard_Charles" title="Ezzard Charles">Charles</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Robinson" title="Sugar Ray Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Joe_Walcott" title="Jersey Joe Walcott">Walcott</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Marciano" title="Rocky Marciano">Marciano</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Kid_Gavil%C3%A1n" title="Kid Gavilán">Gavilán</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Bobo_Olson" title="Bobo Olson">Olson</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Basilio" title="Carmen Basilio">Basilio</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Patterson" title="Floyd Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Basilio" title="Carmen Basilio">Basilio</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Archie_Moore" title="Archie Moore">Moore</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Ingemar_Johansson" title="Ingemar Johansson">Johansson</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Patterson" title="Floyd Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Gene_Fullmer" title="Gene Fullmer">Fullmer</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Dick_Tiger" title="Dick Tiger">Tiger</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Emile_Griffith" title="Emile Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Willie_Pastrano" title="Willie Pastrano">Pastrano</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Ali</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Dick_Tiger" title="Dick Tiger">Tiger</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ortiz_(boxer)" title="Carlos Ortiz (boxer)">Ortiz</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Foster_(boxer)" title="Bob Foster (boxer)">Foster</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Frazier" title="Joe Frazier">Frazier</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Ken_Buchanan" title="Ken Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Frazier" title="Joe Frazier">Frazier</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Monz%C3%B3n" title="Carlos Monzón">Monzón</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/George_Foreman" title="George Foreman">Foreman</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Ali</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Ali</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joe_Frazier" title="Joe Frazier">Frazier</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Davis_Jr." title="Howard Davis Jr.">Davis Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Leonard" title="Sugar Ray Leonard">S. R. Leonard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Randolph" title="Leo Randolph">Randolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Spinks" title="Leon Spinks">L. Spinks</a> & <a href="/wiki/Michael_Spinks" title="Michael Spinks">M. Spinks</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Ken_Norton" title="Ken Norton">Norton</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Larry_Holmes" title="Larry Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Leonard" title="Sugar Ray Leonard">S. R. Leonard</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hearns" title="Thomas Hearns">Hearns</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Leonard" title="Sugar Ray Leonard">S. R. Leonard</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Pryor" title="Aaron Pryor">Pryor</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Marvelous_Marvin_Hagler" title="Marvelous Marvin Hagler">Hagler</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hearns" title="Thomas Hearns">Hearns</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Marvelous_Marvin_Hagler" title="Marvelous Marvin Hagler">Hagler</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Tyson" title="Mike Tyson">Tyson</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Julio César Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Tyson" title="Mike Tyson">Tyson</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Pernell_Whitaker" title="Pernell Whitaker">Whitaker</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Evander_Holyfield" title="Evander Holyfield">Holyfield</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/James_Toney" title="James Toney">Toney</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Riddick_Bowe" title="Riddick Bowe">Bowe</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Pernell_Whitaker" title="Pernell Whitaker">Whitaker</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/George_Foreman" title="George Foreman">Foreman</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Oscar_De_La_Hoya" title="Oscar De La Hoya">De La Hoya</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Evander_Holyfield" title="Evander Holyfield">Holyfield</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Evander_Holyfield" title="Evander Holyfield">Holyfield</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Shane_Mosley" title="Shane Mosley">Mosley</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Lennox_Lewis" title="Lennox Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Trinidad" title="Félix Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Hopkins" title="Bernard Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Forrest" title="Vernon Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/James_Toney" title="James Toney">Toney</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Glen_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Glen Johnson (boxer)">Johnson</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Hatton" title="Ricky Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Manny_Pacquiao" title="Manny Pacquiao">Pacquiao</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Mayweather_Jr." title="Floyd Mayweather Jr.">Mayweather Jr.</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Manny_Pacquiao" title="Manny Pacquiao">Pacquiao</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Manny_Pacquiao" title="Manny Pacquiao">Pacquiao</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mart%C3%ADnez_(boxer)" title="Sergio Martínez (boxer)">Martínez</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Ward" title="Andre Ward">Ward</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Nonito_Donaire" title="Nonito Donaire">Donaire</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Mayweather_Jr." title="Floyd Mayweather Jr.">Mayweather Jr.</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Terence_Crawford" title="Terence Crawford">Crawford</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Mayweather_Jr." title="Floyd Mayweather Jr.">Mayweather Jr.</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Frampton" title="Carl Frampton">Frampton</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Vasiliy_Lomachenko" title="Vasiliy Lomachenko">Lomachenko</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Usyk" title="Oleksandr Usyk">Usyk</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Canelo_%C3%81lvarez" title="Canelo Álvarez">Álvarez</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Teofimo_Lopez" title="Teofimo Lopez">López</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Canelo_%C3%81lvarez" title="Canelo Álvarez">Álvarez</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Bivol" title="Dmitry Bivol">Bivol</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Naoya_Inoue" title="Naoya Inoue">Inoue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Associated_Press_Male_Athlete_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Associated_Press_Male_Athlete_of_the_Year_navbox" title="Template:Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Associated_Press_Male_Athlete_of_the_Year_navbox" title="Template talk:Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Associated_Press_Male_Athlete_of_the_Year_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Associated_Press_Male_Athlete_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press_Athlete_of_the_Year" title="Associated Press Athlete of the Year">Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Pepper_Martin" title="Pepper Martin">Pepper Martin</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Gene_Sarazen" title="Gene Sarazen">Gene Sarazen</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hubbell" title="Carl Hubbell">Carl Hubbell</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Dean" title="Dizzy Dean">Dizzy Dean</a></li> <li>1935: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joe Louis</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Don_Budge" title="Don Budge">Don Budge</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Don_Budge" title="Don Budge">Don Budge</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Nile_Kinnick" title="Nile Kinnick">Nile Kinnick</a></li> <li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Harmon" title="Tom Harmon">Tom Harmon</a></li> <li>1941: <a href="/wiki/Joe_DiMaggio" title="Joe DiMaggio">Joe DiMaggio</a></li> <li>1942: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinkwich" title="Frank Sinkwich">Frank Sinkwich</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Gunder_H%C3%A4gg" title="Gunder Hägg">Gunder Hägg</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Byron_Nelson" title="Byron Nelson">Byron Nelson</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Byron_Nelson" title="Byron Nelson">Byron Nelson</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Davis_(halfback)" title="Glenn Davis (halfback)">Glenn Davis</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Lujack" title="Johnny Lujack">Johnny Lujack</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Lou_Boudreau" title="Lou Boudreau">Lou Boudreau</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Hart" title="Leon Hart">Leon Hart</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Konstanty" title="Jim Konstanty">Jim Konstanty</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Dick_Kazmaier" title="Dick Kazmaier">Dick Kazmaier</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Mathias" title="Bob Mathias">Bob Mathias</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Hogan" title="Ben Hogan">Ben Hogan</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Willie_Mays" title="Willie Mays">Willie Mays</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Cassady" title="Howard Cassady">Howard Cassady</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mantle" title="Mickey Mantle">Mickey Mantle</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Ted_Williams" title="Ted Williams">Ted Williams</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Herb_Elliott" title="Herb Elliott">Herb Elliott</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Ingemar_Johansson" title="Ingemar Johansson">Ingemar Johansson</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Rafer_Johnson" title="Rafer Johnson">Rafer Johnson</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Maris" title="Roger Maris">Roger Maris</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Maury_Wills" title="Maury Wills">Maury Wills</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Koufax" title="Sandy Koufax">Sandy Koufax</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Don_Schollander" title="Don Schollander">Don Schollander</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Koufax" title="Sandy Koufax">Sandy Koufax</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Robinson" title="Frank Robinson">Frank Robinson</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Yastrzemski" title="Carl Yastrzemski">Carl Yastrzemski</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Denny_McLain" title="Denny McLain">Denny McLain</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Seaver" title="Tom Seaver">Tom Seaver</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/George_Blanda" title="George Blanda">George Blanda</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Lee_Trevino" title="Lee Trevino">Lee Trevino</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Spitz" title="Mark Spitz">Mark Spitz</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/O._J._Simpson" title="O. J. Simpson">O. J. Simpson</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Lynn" title="Fred Lynn">Fred Lynn</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Caitlyn_Jenner" title="Caitlyn Jenner">Bruce Jenner</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Steve_Cauthen" title="Steve Cauthen">Steve Cauthen</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Guidry" title="Ron Guidry">Ron Guidry</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Willie_Stargell" title="Willie Stargell">Willie Stargell</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_Ice" title="Miracle on Ice">U.S. Olympic Hockey Team</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/John_McEnroe" title="John McEnroe">John McEnroe</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky" title="Wayne Gretzky">Wayne Gretzky</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Lewis" title="Carl Lewis">Carl Lewis</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Lewis" title="Carl Lewis">Carl Lewis</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Gooden" title="Dwight Gooden">Dwight Gooden</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Larry_Bird" title="Larry Bird">Larry Bird</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Johnson_(Canadian_sprinter)" title="Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)">Ben Johnson</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Orel_Hershiser" title="Orel Hershiser">Orel Hershiser</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Montana" title="Joe Montana">Joe Montana</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Montana" title="Joe Montana">Joe Montana</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jordan" title="Michael Jordan">Michael Jordan</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jordan" title="Michael Jordan">Michael Jordan</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jordan" title="Michael Jordan">Michael Jordan</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/George_Foreman" title="George Foreman">George Foreman</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Cal_Ripken_Jr." title="Cal Ripken Jr.">Cal Ripken Jr.</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Johnson_(sprinter)" title="Michael Johnson (sprinter)">Michael Johnson</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Woods" title="Tiger Woods">Tiger Woods</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Mark_McGwire" title="Mark McGwire">Mark McGwire</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Woods" title="Tiger Woods">Tiger Woods</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Woods" title="Tiger Woods">Tiger Woods</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Bonds" title="Barry Bonds">Barry Bonds</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Lance_Armstrong" title="Lance Armstrong">Lance Armstrong</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Lance_Armstrong" title="Lance Armstrong">Lance Armstrong</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Lance_Armstrong" title="Lance Armstrong">Lance Armstrong</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Lance_Armstrong" title="Lance Armstrong">Lance Armstrong</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Woods" title="Tiger Woods">Tiger Woods</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Brady" title="Tom Brady">Tom Brady</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Phelps" title="Michael Phelps">Michael Phelps</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Johnson" title="Jimmie Johnson">Jimmie Johnson</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Drew_Brees" title="Drew Brees">Drew Brees</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Rodgers" title="Aaron Rodgers">Aaron Rodgers</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Phelps" title="Michael Phelps">Michael Phelps</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/LeBron_James" title="LeBron James">LeBron James</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Madison_Bumgarner" title="Madison Bumgarner">Madison Bumgarner</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Curry" title="Stephen Curry">Stephen Curry</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/LeBron_James" title="LeBron James">LeBron James</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Jose_Altuve" title="Jose Altuve">Jose Altuve</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/LeBron_James" title="LeBron James">LeBron James</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Kawhi_Leonard" title="Kawhi Leonard">Kawhi Leonard</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/LeBron_James" title="LeBron James">LeBron James</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Shohei_Ohtani" title="Shohei Ohtani">Shohei Ohtani</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Judge" title="Aaron Judge">Aaron Judge</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Shohei_Ohtani" title="Shohei Ohtani">Shohei Ohtani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_society" title="Category:African-American society">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273206#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273206#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273206#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118869418">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80024557">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16907693q">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16907693q">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621016">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35313572">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4889568">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074866702">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/7020882">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000381866">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=130079">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2020P6994">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810667883705606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007301310505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c4748cdf-54f2-4038-8b0a-f57a610df425">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118869418.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118869418">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/07653152X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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