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cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <b>Monument to the Unknown Hero</b> (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian Cyrillic</a>: <span lang="sr-Cyrl">Споменик Незнаном јунаку</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian" title="Romanization of Serbian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Serbian-language romanization"><i lang="sr-Latn">Spomenik Neznanom junaku</i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> memorial located atop <a href="/wiki/Avala" title="Avala">Mount Avala</a>, south-east of <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, and designed by the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87" title="Ivan Meštrović">Ivan Meštrović</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-monuments_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monuments-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The memorial was built in 1934–1938<sup id="cite_ref-monuments_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monuments-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the place where an unknown Serbian World War I soldier was buried.<sup id="cite_ref-monuments_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monuments-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is similar to many other <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier">tombs of the unknown soldier</a> built by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">allies</a> after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-monuments_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monuments-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDrnov" title="Žrnov">Žrnov fortress</a> was previously located on the same place.<sup id="cite_ref-monuments_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monuments-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Monument to the Unknown Hero</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DJI_0387-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DJI_0387-12.jpg/290px-DJI_0387-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DJI_0387-12.jpg/435px-DJI_0387-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DJI_0387-12.jpg/580px-DJI_0387-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1867"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Monument to the Unknown Hero</div></td></tr><tr style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">For <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> heroes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em">Unveiled</th><td class="infobox-data">28 June 1938<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">28 June 1938</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero&params=44_41_19.3_N_20_30_56.9_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°41′19.3″N</span> <span class="longitude">20°30′56.9″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.688694°N 20.515806°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.688694; 20.515806</span></span></span></a></span></span><br><div style="display:inline;" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Avala" title="Avala">Avala</a></div><br>near <div style="display:inline;" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em">Designed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87" title="Ivan Meštrović">Ivan Meštrović</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em"><div style="font-weight:normal;">Unknowns</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.2em;font-style:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Alexander I King of Yugoslavia</a> to the Unknown Hero</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid blue; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Heritage_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Heritage of Serbia">Cultural Heritage of Serbia</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Monuments_of_Exceptional_Importance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Monuments of Exceptional Importance">Cultural Monument of Exceptional Importance</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1984</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs/spomenik.php?id=620">СК 644</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origin"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origin</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Predecessor"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Predecessor</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Monument"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Monument</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Design"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Design</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Controversies"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Controversies</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Identity_speculation"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Identity speculation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Conspiracy_theories"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Conspiracy theories</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Ceremonies"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Ceremonies</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_sources"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External sources</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruine_am_Avala._Oktober_1915._(BildID_15454216).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ruine_am_Avala._Oktober_1915._%28BildID_15454216%29.jpg/250px-Ruine_am_Avala._Oktober_1915._%28BildID_15454216%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1680"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 333px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ruine_am_Avala._Oktober_1915._%28BildID_15454216%29.jpg/250px-Ruine_am_Avala._Oktober_1915._%28BildID_15454216%29.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="333" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ruine_am_Avala._Oktober_1915._%28BildID_15454216%29.jpg/375px-Ruine_am_Avala._Oktober_1915._%28BildID_15454216%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ruine_am_Avala._Oktober_1915._%28BildID_15454216%29.jpg/500px-Ruine_am_Avala._Oktober_1915._%28BildID_15454216%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Avala in October 1915, when the unknown soldier was killed</figcaption></figure> <p>On the night of 13/14 October 1915, Combined squad of the Belgrade's Defense, held the line Avala-<a href="/wiki/Zuce" title="Zuce">Zuce</a>, defending it from the joint Austro-Hungarian and German offensive. Austro-Hungarian 9th Hill brigade of the 59th Division took the front rim of Avala on 16 October, with an assignment to push Serbian forces from the mountain. Austro-Hungarians were reinforced with one German half-battalion. However, one Serbian battalion successfully defended the top of Avala against the Austro-Hungarian battalions of the 49th and 84th regiments, aided by the 204th German reserve infantry regiment. On the same day, the command of the Belgrade's Defense ordered the retreat to the new positions so on 17 October occupational forces reached the southern section of Avala, conquering the entire mountain. Their soldiers then buried Serbian combatants who were <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a>. In the valley, below Žrnov, on the grave of one of them, they placed a wooden cross with the inscription in German: "One unknown Serbian soldier".<sup id="cite_ref-magazin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magazin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Predecessor">Predecessor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Predecessor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>In the late 1920, a popular news topic in Serbia was the burial of the French "unknown soldier" in <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a>. As the French influence was very strong on Serbian army since the mid-19th century, the idea of doing the same spread among the veterans and social associations, reaching the National Assembly. Existing commemorative cross from 1915 was known only locally and to the Avala visitors. In the first half of 1921 the initiative to build a more dignified commemorative mark gained momentum. On 24 June 1921, president of the Constitutional Assembly, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ribar" title="Ivan Ribar">Ivan Ribar</a>, summoned state dignitaries to the meeting with the agenda of constructing the monument. Present at the meeting, among others, were the general and the former defense minister Mihailo Rašić, Rector of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Belgrade" title="University of Belgrade">University of Belgrade</a> <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Gavrilovi%C4%87" title="Bogdan Gavrilović">Bogdan Gavrilović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Belgrade" title="Mayor of Belgrade">mayor of Belgrade</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobra_Mitrovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dobra Mitrović (page does not exist)">Dobra Mitrović</a> and manager of the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_in_Belgrade" title="National Theatre in Belgrade">National Theatre in Belgrade</a> <a href="/wiki/Milan_Grol" title="Milan Grol">Milan Grol</a>. It was decided that the future monument will be "dignified...but humble".<sup id="cite_ref-magazin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magazin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First step was to determine whether it was indeed a Serbian soldier in the grave under the wooden cross. An exhumation was conducted by the commission on 23 November 1921. Parts of the grenade are found under the skull, almost as a pillow, while the skeleton had the blown left side of the chest, so it is estimated that he was killed by the Austro-Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzer</a> while he was watching from the lookout. He was apparently buried in the crater formed by the explosion of the very grenade that killed him. Other objects found in the grave include: parts of the military blouse, Serbian bandolier (belt with <i>fišeklijas</i>, the powder pockets, full of ammunition), <a href="/wiki/Knapsack" class="mw-redirect" title="Knapsack">knapsack</a>, military boots with telephone wires instead of the shoe laces, a wallet with three coins: two 1904 Serbian coins of 2 dinars, with the profile of King <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia" title="Peter I of Serbia">Peter I of Serbia</a>, and one coin of 1 <a href="/wiki/Groschen" title="Groschen">groschen</a> (that is, 20 <a href="/wiki/Para_(currency)" title="Para (currency)">paras</a> from 1912) and a piece of paper, barely recognizable, which is suspected to be a 10 dinars banknote from 1908. The soldier had no identity badge which suggests that he was either member of the Third Call regiments (with soldiers over 38 years old) or was drafted immediately prior to the battle which is probably correct as the skeletal remains indicated a very young male, not older than 19–20 years. Some sources actually claim he was only 15.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was said that his skull was "small, like that of a boy" and that the skeleton was petite, of a boyish, thin stature. The ammunition was Russian (<a href="/wiki/Tula_Arms_Plant" title="Tula Arms Plant">Tula Arms Plant</a>, 1906), 7.62 mm × 57 mm (0.300 in × 2.244 in), which means that he used a <a href="/wiki/Mosin%E2%80%93Nagant" title="Mosin–Nagant">Mosin–Nagant</a> M1891 rifle. The boots were American, M-1910, mostly distributed to the members of the Personnel department and, to a lesser extent, to the regiments of the First Call (which drafted the youngest soldiers, up to 31 years old). The commission concluded that the remains do belong to a Serbian soldier and reburied him, with the grenade parts, while his personal belongings were taken to the cabinet of the president of the assembly for safekeeping.<sup id="cite_ref-magazin_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magazin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whois_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whois-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glas_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Assembly Board organized many events in 1922 in order to gather the funding for the monument, but also used the other means for the promotional purposes, like the cinema shows. Also, some more prominent events are used, like the Christmas money collecting by the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Dimitrije" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Dimitrije">Patriarch Dimitrije</a> or the wedding of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">King Alexander I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maria_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Maria of Yugoslavia">Queen Maria</a> on 8 June 1922. Not having much faith in the politicians and expecting that they would drag the process, local administration organized the construction in 1922. As the railway was being built in the area (<a href="/wiki/Top%C4%8Dider" title="Topčider">Topčider</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mala_Krsna" title="Mala Krsna">Mala Krsna</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Railways" title="Yugoslav Railways">Yugoslav Railways</a> donated all the needed materials. When the Board found out that the locals are building their own monument, conceptually completely different from their idea, Ivan Ribar held talks with the local administration and an agreement was reached that this monument will be a "temporary solution". The monument was built near the place where an earlier monument to the unknown soldier was built. It was projected by Milan Minić and the construction began on 1 April 1922. The monument was built by the local villagers, aided by the engineers and workers from the <a href="/wiki/Rakovica,_Belgrade" title="Rakovica, Belgrade">Rakovica</a> railway section. The monument was finished on 14 May 1922 and publicly dedicated on 1 June 1922. The base was a two-leveled square pedestal with a regular, four-sided pyramid made of the roughly dressed stone. The base of the pyramid was 3 m × 3 m (9.8 ft × 9.8 ft) and it was 5 m (16 ft) tall. Four <a href="/wiki/Flower_box" title="Flower box">jardinières</a> were leaned on each side of the pyramid, with the seedlings of the <a href="/wiki/Common_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Common box">common box</a>. They were <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal">hexagonally</a> shaped and also made of the roughly dressed stone. On top of the pyramid a six-armed cross was placed. On the eastern side of the pedestal a plate was placed with the inscription: "To the fallen heroes in the wars for liberation and unification 1912–1918, this monument is erected by the thankful people of the <a href="/wiki/Vra%C4%8Dar" title="Vračar">Vračar</a> District. Consecrated on 1 June 1922". On the other three side the inscriptions simply said "cross (made) of <a href="/wiki/Carrara_marble" title="Carrara marble">Carrara marble</a>". On the western side of the horizontal arm of the cross another inscription read: "Unknown Serbian soldier confirmed by the commission on 29 November 1921". The monument was encircled by 16 short stone pillars, 4 on each side, connected with chains. Remains of the unknown soldier were placed in the metal coffin and walled in the monument, together with the small wooden case in the colors of the Serbian flag containing the grenade parts, and remains of another three unidentified soldiers which were discovered in the foothills of Avala. Among the dignitaries at the dedication of the monument were Ivan Ribar, other senior politicians from the Assembly, presidents of the surrounding municipalities and districts and several government ministers. King Alexander visited the location later that same day.<sup id="cite_ref-monuments_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monuments-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-magazin_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magazin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 June 1938, when the new monument was finished, the remains of the unknown soldier were taken from the old coffin, washed in white wine, wrapped in white linen and placed in the new metal coffin which was moved to the crypt inside the new monument. Remains of the other three soldiers were placed in the memorial ossuary in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Fortress" title="Belgrade Fortress">Belgrade Fortress</a>. Personal belongings of the soldier were handed over to the Military Museum, also on the Fortress, but they disappeared later. The old monument was completely demolished, except for the six-armed cross which was moved to the <a href="/wiki/Churchyard" title="Churchyard">churchyard</a> of the Church of Saint Mary Magdalene in <a href="/wiki/Beli_Potok_(Belgrade)" title="Beli Potok (Belgrade)">Beli Potok</a>, where it is still located.<sup id="cite_ref-magazin_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magazin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glas_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tucic9_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucic9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Monument">Monument</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Monument" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero,_interior.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero%2C_interior.JPG/150px-Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero%2C_interior.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="3004"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 190px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero%2C_interior.JPG/150px-Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero%2C_interior.JPG" data-width="150" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero%2C_interior.JPG/225px-Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero%2C_interior.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero%2C_interior.JPG/300px-Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero%2C_interior.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The tomb of the Unknown Hero inside the monument</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero_(Avala,_Serbia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero_%28Avala%2C_Serbia%29.jpg/220px-Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero_%28Avala%2C_Serbia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero_%28Avala%2C_Serbia%29.jpg/220px-Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero_%28Avala%2C_Serbia%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero_%28Avala%2C_Serbia%29.jpg/330px-Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero_%28Avala%2C_Serbia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero_%28Avala%2C_Serbia%29.jpg/440px-Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero_%28Avala%2C_Serbia%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>View from the <a href="/wiki/Avala_TV_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Avala TV Tower">Avala TV Tower</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The construction of the new monument was ordered by King Alexander to commemorate the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913) and the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918). The monument was designed by Croatian sculptor Ivan Meštrović, and the main engineer was Stevan Živanović.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucic7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucic7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Royal Army">Yugoslav Royal Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Navy" title="Royal Yugoslav Navy">Navy</a> took part in processing and mounting the blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucic7_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucic7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Alexander I of Yugoslavia laid the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation stone">foundation stone</a> for the new monument on 28 June 1934,<sup id="cite_ref-landscape_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landscape-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just few months before he was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia#Assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Alexander I of Yugoslavia">assassinated in Marseilles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-freemasons_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freemasons-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the construction of the new monument started in 1934, the ancient fortified town of <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDrnov" title="Žrnov">Žrnov</a> was located atop the Avala mountain. It was then demolished by dynamite to free the space for the new monument.<sup id="cite_ref-freemasons_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freemasons-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The building of the new monument wasn't without the controversy. Public was against the demolition of the old Žrnov town, while the especially vocal was the author <a href="/wiki/Branislav_Nu%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Branislav Nušić">Branislav Nušić</a>. He also protested that the monument is so distant from Belgrade, which would prevent the citizens to pay their respect. Nušić wrote: "to Avala go only the wealthy men who have cars, bringing their mistresses with them". However, King Alexander was adamant that the monument has to be built on Avala, stating "either there or nowhere", while Nušić proposed one of the central city squares, <a href="/wiki/Republic_Square_(Belgrade)" title="Republic Square (Belgrade)">Republic Square</a>, close to the modern <i>Staklenac</i> shopping center. Ironically, on that section of the square, today known as the Plateau of Zoran Đinđić, actually the monument to Branislav Nušić was erected.<sup id="cite_ref-whois_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whois-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Monument to the Unknown Hero was declared <a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Culture_of_Exceptional_Importance_(Serbia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of Culture of Exceptional Importance (Serbia)">Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance</a> in 1987, and it is protected by <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Serbia">Republic of Serbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-monuments_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monuments-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surrounding area around the monument was landscaped in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-monuments_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monuments-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-landscape_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landscape-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decorative lights were out of use since the early 1990s. Reconstruction of the light system is to be finished in late February 2019. Over 100 lanterns will be placed around the monument, access paths and the plateau surrounding the monument. Of those, 14 are reflectors lighting the monument itself. They are arranged based on the original project by Meštrović. Following his ideas from 1938, the poles will be decorated later in the year, to resemble the burning torch-shaped candelabra.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Design" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The monument is in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a><sup id="cite_ref-landscape_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landscape-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made of black granite from <a href="/wiki/Jablanica,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Jablanica, Bosnia and Herzegovina">Jablanica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-landscape_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landscape-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tucic7_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucic7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sarcophagus in surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">caryatids</a> representing all the peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>. They represent <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>’s, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbian</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Serbia_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="South Serbia (1919–1922)">South Serbian</a> women.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucic9_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucic9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top of the sarcophagus is marked with an inscription reading "Alexander I King of Yugoslavia to the Unknown Hero".<sup id="cite_ref-Tucic7_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucic7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monument is 14.5 metres (48 ft) high, and 36 metres (118 ft) in length, while the stairs from the approaching side are 93 metres (305 ft) long.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucic9_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucic9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tomb with the remains of the unknown hero is located in the crypt (underground room) in the base of the monument.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucic9_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucic9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tomb is marked only by the date "1912–1918", the duration of the Balkan Wars and World War I. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avala-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Avala-3.jpg/250px-Avala-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Avala-3.jpg/250px-Avala-3.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Avala-3.jpg/375px-Avala-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Avala-3.jpg/500px-Avala-3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Stairs to the monument</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spomenik_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Spomenik_1.JPG/220px-Spomenik_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 329px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Spomenik_1.JPG/220px-Spomenik_1.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="329" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Spomenik_1.JPG/330px-Spomenik_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Spomenik_1.JPG/440px-Spomenik_1.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Feminine statues</figcaption></figure> <p>There is also a deeper symbolism of the complex. The monument is placed on the five-step pyramid, which symbolizes five centuries of Ottoman occupation of Serbia. Caryatids actually represent mothers of the fallen soldiers, who are keeping the peace and sanctity of the burial place. The monument is also one of the rare such venues which is located outside of the town center. King Alexander wanted to transform the top of the Avala into the replica of the <a href="/wiki/Kajmak%C4%8Dalan" title="Kajmakčalan">Kajmakčalan</a> mountain which gained almost mythical importance after the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaymakchalan" title="Battle of Kaymakchalan">Battle of Kaymakchalan</a> between Serbia and Bulgaria, and was euphemistically called "Gate of the Homeland" or the "Altar of the Motherland". The monument was to represent the relocated commemorative chapel from Kajmakčalan and even plants which grow on that mountain, or resemble it, were planted around the monument. During the 1934–1938 period when the monument was built, the surrounding area was also forested with the specific species of conifers. They were specifically ordered from the <a href="/wiki/Botanischer_Garten_M%C3%BCnchen-Nymphenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg">botanical garden in Munich, Germany</a>. A certain number of trees was donated to Yugoslavia personally by Adolf Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Controversies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Some historians consider the terminology used for the complex erroneous. Instead of the monument, word tomb should be used instead: Tomb of the Unknown Hero.<sup id="cite_ref-Ristić_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risti%C4%87-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identity_speculation">Identity speculation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Identity speculation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Based on the examination in 1921 and the properties discovered, it wasn't possible to identify the soldier or even to conclude in which unit he served.<sup id="cite_ref-magazin_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magazin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several historians from <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> have claimed that the unknown hero is a <a href="/wiki/Bosniak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosniak">Bosniak</a> named Sulejman Balić, a soldier from <a href="/wiki/Duga_Poljana_(Sjenica)" title="Duga Poljana (Sjenica)">Duga Poljana</a>, a town between <a href="/wiki/Novi_Pazar" title="Novi Pazar">Novi Pazar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sjenica" title="Sjenica">Sjenica</a>, that fought in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Serbian_Army" title="Royal Serbian Army">Royal Serbian Army</a> against Austria-Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-glas_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But as the evidence suggest, the soldier was drafted immediately prior to the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign_(1915)" title="Serbian campaign (1915)">Central Powers offensive</a> in October 1915, as he didn't receive the ID badge, so this claim is unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-whois_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whois-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conspiracy_theories">Conspiracy theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conspiracy theories" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Hastiness by which the Žrnov was demolished and king Alexander's insisting on building the monument on this location despite all the opposition, in time influenced numerous conspiracy theories. Conspiracies were the basis of the second season of <i><a href="/wiki/Shadows_over_Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadows over Balkan">Shadows over Balkan</a></i> TV series in 2019–2020.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the main theories is that the monument is a <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Masonic</a> temple. Reasons include suspected Masonic membership of both the king Alexander and Meštrović, and silver hammer which the king used to mark the beginning of the works. However, silver tools were used for the same purpose by the medieval Serbian rulers, so as by the king Milan who used a silver hammer when the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Main_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrade Main railway station">Belgrade Main railway station</a> began in 1881. Also, nothing in the memorial complex points to the worship function. The monument's form actually strikingly resembles the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Cyrus">Tomb of Cyrus</a>, built for <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> in ancient <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a>, in the 6th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Ristić_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risti%C4%87-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Ceremonies">Ceremonies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ceremonies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>The monument is used for the official commemorations of the important historic dates. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia" title="President of Serbia">President</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Serbia" title="Prime Minister of Serbia">Prime Minister</a> and other officials visit the monument for the wreath-laying ceremony on dates like the <a href="/wiki/Statehood_Day_(Serbia)" title="Statehood Day (Serbia)">Statehood Day</a> (15 February),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day (9 May)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 15 September, the date when the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a> was broken through in 1918. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Culture_of_Exceptional_Importance_(Serbia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of Culture of Exceptional Importance (Serbia)">Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Serbia" title="Tourism in Serbia">Tourism in Serbia</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-monuments-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monuments_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monuments_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monuments_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monuments_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monuments_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monuments_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monuments_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monuments_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs/spomenik.php?id=620">"СПОМЕНИК НЕЗНАНОМ ЈУНАКУ НА АВАЛИ (<i>Monument to the Unknown Hero on Avala</i>)"</a>. <i>Monuments of Culture of Serbia</i> (in Serbian). National Center for Digitization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monuments+of+Culture+of+Serbia&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%9A+%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%97%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%9C+%D0%88%D0%A3%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A3+%D0%9D%D0%90+%D0%90%D0%92%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%98+%28Monument+to+the+Unknown+Hero+on+Avala%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs%2Fspomenik.php%3Fid%3D620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonument+to+the+Unknown+Hero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-magazin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-magazin_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magazin_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magazin_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magazin_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magazin_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magazin_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranko_Bogdanović2017" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Branko Bogdanović (6 August 2017), "Mesto poklonjenja onima koji se iz boja nisu vratili", <i><a href="/wiki/Politika" title="Politika">Politika</a>-Magazin, No. 1036</i> (in Serbian), pp. 27–29</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politika-Magazin%2C+No.+1036&rft.atitle=Mesto+poklonjenja+onima+koji+se+iz+boja+nisu+vratili&rft.pages=27-29&rft.date=2017-08-06&rft.au=Branko+Bogdanovi%C4%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonument+to+the+Unknown+Hero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleksandar_Todorović2017" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aleksandar Todorović (30 October 2017), "Avala krije svoje tajne" [Avala is hiding its secrets], <i><a href="/wiki/Politika" title="Politika">Politika</a></i> (in Serbian), p. 32</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politika&rft.atitle=Avala+krije+svoje+tajne&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft.au=Aleksandar+Todorovi%C4%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonument+to+the+Unknown+Hero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whois-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whois_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whois_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whois_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolic2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nikolic, Zoran (31 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/beograd.74.html:446587-Beogradske-price-Ko-je-Neznani-junak">"Beogradske priče: Ko je Neznani junak? (<i>Belgrade Stories: Who's unknown hero?</i>)"</a>. <i>Novosti.rs</i> (in Serbian). <a href="/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dernje_Novosti" class="mw-redirect" title="Večernje Novosti">Večernje Novosti</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Novosti.rs&rft.atitle=Beogradske+pri%C4%8De%3A+Ko+je+Neznani+junak%3F+%28Belgrade+Stories%3A+Who%27s+unknown+hero%3F%29&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft.aulast=Nikolic&rft.aufirst=Zoran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novosti.rs%2Fvesti%2Fbeograd.74.html%3A446587-Beogradske-price-Ko-je-Neznani-junak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonument+to+the+Unknown+Hero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glas-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glas_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glas_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glas_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2003/05/14/srpski/T03051302.shtml">"Neznani junak je Sulejman Balić?"</a>. <i>Glas Javnosti</i>. 14 May 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glas+Javnosti&rft.atitle=Neznani+junak+je+Sulejman+Bali%C4%87%3F&rft.date=2003-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farhiva.glas-javnosti.rs%2Farhiva%2F2003%2F05%2F14%2Fsrpski%2FT03051302.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonument+to+the+Unknown+Hero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucic9-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucic9_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucic9_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucic9_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucic9_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuci%C4%872008">Tucić 2008</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucic7-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucic7_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucic7_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucic7_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucic7_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuci%C4%872008">Tucić 2008</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-landscape-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-landscape_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landscape_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landscape_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landscape_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJDP2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">JDP (14 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/beograd.74.html:185784-Junak-docekao-majstore">"Junak dočekao majstore (<i>Hero welcomed masters</i>)"</a>. <i>Novosti.rs</i> (in Serbian). <a href="/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dernje_Novosti" class="mw-redirect" title="Večernje Novosti">Večernje Novosti</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Novosti.rs&rft.atitle=Junak+do%C4%8Dekao+majstore+%28Hero+welcomed+masters%29&rft.date=2006-07-14&rft.au=JDP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novosti.rs%2Fvesti%2Fbeograd.74.html%3A185784-Junak-docekao-majstore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonument+to+the+Unknown+Hero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freemasons-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-freemasons_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freemasons_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolic2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nikolic, Zoran (7 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/beograd.74.html:447725-Beogradske-price-Aleksandrov-cekic-udario-po-Zrnovu">"Beogradske priče: Aleksandrov čekić udario po Žrnovu (<i>Belgrade Stories: Alexander hammer hit the Zrnovo</i>)"</a>. <i>Novosti.rs</i> (in Serbian). <a href="/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dernje_Novosti" class="mw-redirect" title="Večernje Novosti">Večernje Novosti</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Novosti.rs&rft.atitle=Beogradske+pri%C4%8De%3A+Aleksandrov+%C4%8Deki%C4%87+udario+po+%C5%BDrnovu+%28Belgrade+Stories%3A+Alexander+hammer+hit+the+Zrnovo%29&rft.date=2013-08-07&rft.aulast=Nikolic&rft.aufirst=Zoran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novosti.rs%2Fvesti%2Fbeograd.74.html%3A447725-Beogradske-price-Aleksandrov-cekic-udario-po-Zrnovu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonument+to+the+Unknown+Hero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranka_Vasiljević2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Branka Vasiljević (9 February 2019). "Sto svetiljki za Neznanog junaka" [A hundred lights for the Unknown Hero]. <i>Politika</i> (in Serbian). p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politika&rft.atitle=Sto+svetiljki+za+Neznanog+junaka&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2019-02-09&rft.au=Branka+Vasiljevi%C4%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonument+to+the+Unknown+Hero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelena_Čalija2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jelena Čalija (15–16 February 2019). "Капија отаџбине на врху Авале" [Gate of the Homeland on the top of Avala]. <i>Politika</i> (in Serbian). p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politika&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%85%D1%83+%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2019-02-15%2F2019-02-16&rft.au=Jelena+%C4%8Calija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonument+to+the+Unknown+Hero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ristić-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Risti%C4%87_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Risti%C4%87_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDejan_Ristić2020" class="citation book cs1">Dejan Ristić (2020). <i>Митови српске историје</i> [<i>Myths of Serbian history</i>]. Vukotić Media. pp. 190–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8681510094" title="Special:BookSources/978-8681510094"><bdi>978-8681510094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5&rft.pages=190-199&rft.pub=Vukoti%C4%87+Media&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-8681510094&rft.au=Dejan+Risti%C4%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonument+to+the+Unknown+Hero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovosti_online2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Novosti online (15 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/reportaze/aktuelno.293.html:830297-Zasto-je-unisten-Zrnov-iz-Senki-Hir-masona-ili-spomenik-srpskim-borcima-koji-je-smetao">"Zašto je uništen Žrnov iz Senki: Hir masona ili spomenik srpskim borcima koji je smetao"</a> [Why was Žrnov from the <i>Shadows</i> demolished: whim of the Freemasons or monument to Serbian soldiers which was in the way]. <i><a href="/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dernje_Novosti" class="mw-redirect" title="Večernje Novosti">Večernje Novosti</a></i> (in Serbian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ve%C4%8Dernje+Novosti&rft.atitle=Za%C5%A1to+je+uni%C5%A1ten+%C5%BDrnov+iz+Senki%3A+Hir+masona+ili+spomenik+srpskim+borcima+koji+je+smetao&rft.date=2019-11-15&rft.au=Novosti+online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novosti.rs%2Fvesti%2Fnaslovna%2Freportaze%2Faktuelno.293.html%3A830297-Zasto-je-unisten-Zrnov-iz-Senki-Hir-masona-ili-spomenik-srpskim-borcima-koji-je-smetao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonument+to+the+Unknown+Hero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Politika/367906/Nikolic-polozio-venac-na-Spomenik-neznanom-junaku-na-Avali">"Nikolić položio venac na Spomenik neznanom junaku na Avali (<i>Nikolic laid a wreath at the Monument to the Unknown Hero on Avala</i>)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blic" title="Blic">Blic</a>. 15 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nikoli%C4%87+polo%C5%BEio+venac+na+Spomenik+neznanom+junaku+na+Avali+%28Nikolic+laid+a+wreath+at+the+Monument+to+the+Unknown+Hero+on+Avala%29&rft.pub=Blic&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blic.rs%2FVesti%2FPolitika%2F367906%2FNikolic-polozio-venac-na-Spomenik-neznanom-junaku-na-Avali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonument+to+the+Unknown+Hero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130903014317/http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Politika/381739/Nikolicev-lapsus-u-spomenknjizi-neznanom-junaku">"Nikolićev lapsus u spomen-knjizi neznanom junaku (<i>Nikolic's lapse in the memorial book of the Unknown Soldier</i>)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blic" title="Blic">Blic</a>. 9 May 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Politika/381739/Nikolicev-lapsus-u-spomenknjizi-neznanom-junaku">the original</a> on 3 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nikoli%C4%87ev+lapsus+u+spomen-knjizi+neznanom+junaku+%28Nikolic%27s+lapse+in+the+memorial+book+of+the+Unknown+Soldier%29&rft.pub=Blic&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blic.rs%2FVesti%2FPolitika%2F381739%2FNikolicev-lapsus-u-spomenknjizi-neznanom-junaku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonument+to+the+Unknown+Hero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_sources">External sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero_(Avala)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Monument to the Unknown Hero (Avala)">Monument to the Unknown Hero (Avala)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucić2008" class="citation book cs1">Tucić, Hajna (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beogradskonasledje.rs/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Spomenik_neznanom_junaku.pdf"><i>Monument to the Unknown Hero on Avala</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Belgrade: Institute for Protection of Cultural Monuments. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8681157329" title="Special:BookSources/978-8681157329"><bdi>978-8681157329</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monument+to+the+Unknown+Hero+on+Avala&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=Institute+for+Protection+of+Cultural+Monuments&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8681157329&rft.aulast=Tuci%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Hajna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeogradskonasledje.rs%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F06%2FSpomenik_neznanom_junaku.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonument+to+the+Unknown+Hero" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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</div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8E" title="Помнік невядомаму герою – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Помнік невядомаму герою" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Паметник на незнайния юнак (Авала) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Паметник на незнайния юнак (Авала)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_nezn%C3%A1m%C3%A9ho_voj%C3%ADna_(Avala)" title="Památník neznámého vojína (Avala) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Památník neznámého vojína (Avala)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denkmal_des_Unbekannten_Soldaten_auf_der_Avala" title="Denkmal des Unbekannten Soldaten auf der Avala – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Denkmal des Unbekannten Soldaten auf der Avala" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumento_al_H%C3%A9roe_Desconocido_en_Avala" title="Monumento al Héroe Desconocido en Avala – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monumento al Héroe Desconocido en Avala" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%82%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%AF%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF)" title="یادبود قهرمان گمنام (بلگراد) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یادبود قهرمان گمنام (بلگراد)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_au_H%C3%A9ros_inconnu_du_mont_Avala" title="Monument au Héros inconnu du mont Avala – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monument au Héros inconnu du mont Avala" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B6_(%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1)" title="Անհայտ հերոսի հուշարձան (Սերբիա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անհայտ հերոսի հուշարձան (Սերբիա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spomenik_Neznanom_junaku" title="Spomenik Neznanom junaku – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Spomenik Neznanom junaku" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumen_untuk_Pahlawan_yang_Tak_Dikenal" title="Monumen untuk Pahlawan yang Tak Dikenal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Monumen untuk Pahlawan yang Tak Dikenal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumento_al_Milite_Ignoto_(Belgrado)" title="Monumento al Milite Ignoto (Belgrado) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monumento al Milite Ignoto (Belgrado)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomnik_Nieznanego_%C5%BBo%C5%82nierza_(Serbia)" title="Pomnik Nieznanego Żołnierza (Serbia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pomnik Nieznanego Żołnierza (Serbia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumentul_Soldatului_Necunoscut_(Serbia)" title="Monumentul Soldatului Necunoscut (Serbia) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Monumentul Soldatului Necunoscut (Serbia)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8E" title="Памятник неизвестному герою – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Памятник неизвестному герою" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Споменик Незнаном јунаку – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Споменик Незнаном јунаку" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spomenik_Neznanom_junaku" title="Spomenik Neznanom junaku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Spomenik Neznanom junaku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0simsiz_Kahraman_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1" title="İsimsiz Kahraman Anıtı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsimsiz Kahraman Anıtı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 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