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<ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_of_Nader_Shah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Nader_Shah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Death of Nader Shah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Nader_Shah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Kandahar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Kandahar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Return to Kandahar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Return_to_Kandahar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Return to Kandahar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Kandahar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accession_and_coronation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession_and_coronation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Accession and coronation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession_and_coronation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_as_Shah_(1747–1772)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_as_Shah_(1747–1772)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Reign as Shah (1747–1772) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign_as_Shah_(1747–1772)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reign as Shah (1747–1772) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reign_as_Shah_(1747–1772)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Objectives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Military campaigns </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_campaigns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military campaigns subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campaign_to_Kabul_(1747)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_to_Kabul_(1747)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Campaign to Kabul (1747) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_to_Kabul_(1747)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_invasion_of_India_(1747–1748)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_invasion_of_India_(1747–1748)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 First invasion of India (1747–1748) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_invasion_of_India_(1747–1748)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_invasion_of_India_(1748)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_invasion_of_India_(1748)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Second invasion of India (1748) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_invasion_of_India_(1748)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Khorasan_campaign_(1749–1750)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Khorasan_campaign_(1749–1750)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 First Khorasan campaign (1749–1750) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Khorasan_campaign_(1749–1750)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_invasion_of_India_(1751–1752)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_invasion_of_India_(1751–1752)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Third invasion of India (1751–1752) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_invasion_of_India_(1751–1752)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkestan_(1751–1768)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkestan_(1751–1768)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Turkestan (1751–1768) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkestan_(1751–1768)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Khorasan_campaign_(1754–1755)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Khorasan_campaign_(1754–1755)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Second Khorasan campaign (1754–1755) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Khorasan_campaign_(1754–1755)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_invasion_of_India_(1756–1757)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_invasion_of_India_(1756–1757)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Fourth invasion of India (1756–1757) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_invasion_of_India_(1756–1757)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_battle_of_Panipat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_battle_of_Panipat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Third battle of Panipat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_battle_of_Panipat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Central Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Death and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ahmad Shah Durrani</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" > 61 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="أحمد شاه الدراني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أحمد شاه الدراني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fhm%C9%99d_xan_Abdali" title="Əhməd xan Abdali – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əhməd xan Abdali" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="احمدشاه درانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="احمدشاه درانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="আহমদ শাহ দুররানি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আহমদ শাহ দুররানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Ахмад-шах Дурані – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ахмад-шах Дурані" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Ахмад Шах Дурани – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ахмад Шах Дурани" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80hmad_Xah_Durrani" title="Àhmad Xah Durrani – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àhmad Xah Durrani" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_%C5%A0%C3%A1h_Durr%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Ahmad Šáh Durrání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ahmad Šáh Durrání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Schah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Schah Durrani – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ahmad Schah Durrani" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%87%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%87_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF" title="Αχμάντ Σαχ Ντουρανί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αχμάντ Σαχ Ντουρανί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Sah_Abdali" title="Ahmed Sah Abdali – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ahmed Sah Abdali" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_%C5%9Caho_Durrani" title="Ahmad Ŝaho Durrani – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ahmad Ŝaho Durrani" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="احمدشاه درانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="احمدشاه درانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ahmad Shah Durrani" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%9D%90%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C_%EC%83%A4_%EB%91%90%EB%9D%BC%EB%8B%88" title="아흐마드 샤 두라니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아흐마드 샤 두라니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ahmad Shah Durrani" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4-%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%B0_%D4%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Ահմադ-Շահ Դուրանի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ահմադ-Շահ Դուրանի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="अहमद शाह अब्दाली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अहमद शाह अब्दाली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ahmad Shah Durrani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ahmad Shah Durrani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99" title="אחמד שאה דוראני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אחמד שאה דוראני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಅಹಮದ್ ಷಾ ದುರಾನಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಹಮದ್ ಷಾ ದುರಾನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93-%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0_%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="აჰმად-შაჰ დურანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აჰმად-შაჰ დურანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="احمد شاہ دُرانی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="احمد شاہ دُرانی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%BB_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Ахмад шаһ Дуррани – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ахмад шаһ Дуррани" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Ахмад-шах Дурранби – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ахмад-шах Дурранби" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achmadas_%C5%A0achas_Duranis" title="Achmadas Šachas Duranis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Achmadas Šachas Duranis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="അഹ്മദ് ഷാ അബ്ദാലി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഹ്മദ് ഷാ അബ്ദാലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="अहमद शाह दुराणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अहमद शाह दुराणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="احمد شاه الدرانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="احمد شاه الدرانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Sjah_Durrani" title="Ahmed Sjah Durrani – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ahmed Sjah Durrani" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%83%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC" title="アフマド・シャー・ドゥッラーニー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アフマド・シャー・ドゥッラーニー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmed Shah Durrani – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ahmed Shah Durrani" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadshoh_Durroniy" title="Ahmadshoh Durroniy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ahmadshoh Durroniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਅਹਿਮਦ ਸ਼ਾਹ ਅਬਦਾਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਹਿਮਦ ਸ਼ਾਹ ਅਬਦਾਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="احمد شاہ ابدالی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="احمد شاہ ابدالی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="احمد شاه درانی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="احمد شاه درانی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Szah_Abdali" title="Ahmed Szah Abdali – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ahmed Szah Abdali" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amade_X%C3%A1_Durrani" title="Amade Xá Durrani – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amade Xá Durrani" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_%C8%98ah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Șah Durrani – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ahmad Șah Durrani" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Ахмад-шах Дуррани – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ахмад-шах Дуррани" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6_%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱚᱦᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱚᱵᱽᱫᱟᱞᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱚᱦᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱚᱵᱽᱫᱟᱞᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="احمد شاہ ابدالی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="احمد شاہ ابدالی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ahmad Shah Durrani" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ahmad Shah Durrani" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="احمد شاهه ابدالي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="احمد شاهه ابدالي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_%C5%A0%C3%A1h_%C3%81bd%C3%A1l%C3%AD" title="Ahmad Šáh Ábdálí – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ahmad Šáh Ábdálí" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Durani" title="Ahmed Durani – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ahmed Durani" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Ахмад Шах Дурани – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ахмад Шах Дурани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_%C5%A0ah_Dorrani" title="Ahmad Šah Dorrani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ahmad Šah Dorrani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmed Shah Durrani – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ahmed Shah Durrani" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="அகமது ஷா துரானி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அகமது ஷா துரானி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Аҳмадшоҳи Дурронӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аҳмадшоҳи Дурронӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_%C5%9Eah_D%C3%BCrr%C3%A2n%C3%AE" title="Ahmed Şah Dürrânî – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ahmed Şah Dürrânî" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_%C5%9Ea_D%C3%BCrrany" title="Ahmet Şa Dürrany – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ahmet Şa Dürrany" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Ахмед-шах Абдалі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ахмед-шах Абдалі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="احمد شاہ ابدالی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="احمد شاہ ابدالی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ahmad Shah Durrani" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ahmad Shah Durrani" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%B2%99%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%85%B0%E5%B0%BC" title="艾哈迈德沙·杜兰尼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="艾哈迈德沙·杜兰尼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%B2%99%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%85%B0%E5%B0%BC" title="艾哈迈德沙·杜兰尼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="艾哈迈德沙·杜兰尼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q46798#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ahmad_Shah_Durrani&params=31_37_10_N_65_42_25_E_">31°37′10″N 65°42′25″E / 31.61944°N 65.70694°E / 31.61944; 65.70694</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Founder of the Durrani Empire (r. 1747–1772)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ahmed Shah Durrani" redirects here. For the cricket umpire, see <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shah_Durrani_(umpire)" title="Ahmed Shah Durrani (umpire)">Ahmed Shah Durrani (umpire)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Ahmad Shah Durrani احمد شاه دراني</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Durrani_dynasty" title="Durrani dynasty">Shāh Durr-i-Durrān ("King, Pearl of Pearls")</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757,_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1259" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait of Ahmad Shah Durrani, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1757, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan" title="List of heads of state of Afghanistan">Afghan Emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">July 1747 – 4 June 1772</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coronation</th><td class="infobox-data">July 1747</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established (<a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Shah_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah of Iran">Shah of Iran</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Durrani_Wazirs" title="List of Durrani Wazirs">Wazir</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Shah Wali Khan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Ahmad Khan Abdali 1720—1722 <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadozai_Sultanate_of_Herat" title="Sadozai Sultanate of Herat">Sadozai Sultanate of Herat</a> (present-day Afghanistan) or <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> (present-day Pakistan)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><time class="dday deathdate" datetime="1772-06-04">4 June 1772</time> (aged 49–52) <a href="/wiki/Maruf,_Afghanistan" title="Maruf, Afghanistan">Maruf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Province" title="Kandahar Province">Kandahar Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a> (present-day Afghanistan)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">June 1772 <div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani">Tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, Afghanistan <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ahmad_Shah_Durrani&params=31_37_10_N_65_42_25_E_">31°37′10″N 65°42′25″E / 31.61944°N 65.70694°E / 31.61944; 65.70694</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hazrat_Begum" title="Hazrat Begum">Hazrat Begum</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1757)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iffat-un-Nissa_Begum" title="Iffat-un-Nissa Begum">Iffat-un-Nissa Begum</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1757)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Ahmad Shah Abdali</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Durrani">House of Durrani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Mohammad Zaman Khan Abdali</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zarghona_Anaa" title="Zarghona Anaa">Zarghona Anaa</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">Royal seal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Seal_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.png/85px-Seal_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Seal_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.png/128px-Seal_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Seal_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.png/170px-Seal_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.png 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="377" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg/23px-Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg/35px-Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg/46px-Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Afsharid Empire">Afsharid Empire</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/23px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/35px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/45px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service / branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Nadir_Shah_Flag.svg/23px-Nadir_Shah_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Nadir_Shah_Flag.svg/35px-Nadir_Shah_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Nadir_Shah_Flag.svg/45px-Nadir_Shah_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Afsharid_Iran" title="Military of Afsharid Iran">Persian Army</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/23px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/35px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/45px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Army" title="Afghan Army">Afghan Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1738–1772</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">Sipahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ispahsalar" title="Ispahsalar">Ispahsalar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_invasion_of_India" title="Nader Shah's invasion of India">Nader Shah's invasion of India</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khyber_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass (1738)</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal" title="Battle of Karnal">Karnal (1739)</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_War_(1743%E2%80%931746)" title="Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746)">Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746)</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Return_to_Kandahar">Farah (1747)</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Campaign_to_Kabul_(1747)">Qalati Ghilji (1747)</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Campaign_to_Kabul_(1747)">Ghazni (1747)</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Campaign_to_Kabul_(1747)">Kabul (1747)</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani">Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lahore_(1748)" title="Battle of Lahore (1748)">Lahore (1748)</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manupur_(1748)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Manupur (1748)">Manupur (1748)</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#First_Khorasan_campaign_(1749–1750)">Herat (1749–1750)</a> <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Campaign_to_Khorasan_(1750%E2%80%9351)" title="Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1750–51)">Khorasan (1750—1751)</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#First_Khorasan_campaign_(1749–1750)">Mashhad (1750)</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#First_Khorasan_campaign_(1749–1750)">Nishapur (1750)</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lahore_(1752)" title="Battle of Lahore (1752)">Lahore (1752)</a> <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Campaign_to_Khorasan_(1754%E2%80%9355)" title="Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754–55)">Khorasan (1754–1755)</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Second_Khorasan_campaign_(1754–1755)">Mashhad (1754)</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nishapur" title="Siege of Nishapur">Nishapur (1755)</a> <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Delhi_(1757)" title="Sack of Delhi (1757)">Sack of Delhi (1757)</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Fourth_invasion_of_India_(1756–1757)">Ballabhgarh (1757)</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Fourth_invasion_of_India_(1756–1757)">Gokul (1757)</a> <a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Maratha_War" title="Afghan–Maratha War">Afghan–Maratha War</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taraori_(1759)" title="Battle of Taraori (1759)">Taraori (1759)</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barari_Ghat" title="Battle of Barari Ghat">Barari Ghat (1760)</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sikandarabad" title="Battle of Sikandarabad">Sikandarabad (1760)</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat#Afghans_cross_Yamuna_and_the_Battles_of_Samalkha_and_Meerut" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Samalkha (1760)</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat#Afghans_cross_Yamuna_and_the_Battles_of_Samalkha_and_Meerut" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Meerut (1760)</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1761)</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kup" title="Battle of Kup">Kup (1762)</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pipli_Sahib" title="Battle of Pipli Sahib">Pipli Sahib (1762)</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ravi_Ford" title="Battle of the Ravi Ford">Ravi (1762)</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qarawal" title="Battle of Qarawal">Qarawal (1764)</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darbar_Sahib_(1764)" title="Battle of Darbar Sahib (1764)">Darbar Sahib (1764)</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Turkestan_(1751–1768)">Bukharan war (1768)</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Ahmad Shāh Durrānī (<a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>: احمد شاه دراني; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">احمد شاه درانی), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī (<a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>: احمد شاه ابدالي), was the first ruler and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a>. He is often regarded as the founder of modern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. Throughout his reign, Ahmad Shah fought over fifteen major military campaigns. Nine of them being centered in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, three in <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_province" title="Khorasan province">Khorasan</a>, and three in <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkestan" title="Afghan Turkestan">Afghan Turkestan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022118-3">[2]</a> Having rarely lost a battle,<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> historians widely recognize Ahmad Shah as a brilliant military leader and tactician, typically being compared to rulers such as <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a>, and as well as <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022141-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Hari_Ram_Gupta" title="Hari Ram Gupta">Hari Ram Gupta</a> refers to Ahmad Shah as the "greatest general of Asia of his time",<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> as well as one of the greatest conquerors in Asian history.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_title">Name and title</h2></div> His birth name was Ahmad Khan, born into the <a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Abdali</a> tribe. After his accession to power in 1747, he became known as Ahmad Shah. His tribe also changed the name from Abdali, instead becoming the Durrani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005246-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarfield202298-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalland1995-11">[10]</a> Afghans often call him Ahmad Shāh Bābā, meaning "Ahmad Shah <a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation#List" title="Father of the Nation">the Father</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959459-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunion200771-13">[12]</a> In historical sources, his tribes name is interchangeably used between Abdali and Durrani, with other common names for him being Ahmad Shah Abdali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005246-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaurasia2002321-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> Ahmad Shah was born between 1720 and 1722 in either <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Sources are disputed on where he was born.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017287-15">[14]</a> Contemporary scholarship came to the consensus that Ahmad Shah was born in Multan, but this is disputed by Nejatie, who states that the majority of sources from Ahmad Shah's time state that he was born in Herat, rather than Multan, including the <a href="/wiki/Tarikh-i_Ahmad_Shahi" title="Tarikh-i Ahmad Shahi">Tarikh-i Ahmad Shahi</a>, a primary source commissioned by Ahmad Shah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017287-293-16">[15]</a> His father, Zaman Khan, was the <a href="/wiki/Sadozai_Sultanate_of_Herat" title="Sadozai Sultanate of Herat">emir of Herat</a>. Zaman Khan had died in 1721, leading to Ahmad Shah being raised alongside his brother Zulfiqar Khan in <a href="/wiki/Shindand" title="Shindand">Shindand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farah,_Afghanistan" title="Farah, Afghanistan">Farah</a>. In the mid 1720s, Zulfiqar Khan was invited to rule Herat. Nothing else is heard of Ahmad Shah until 1731–1732, when Zulfiqar Khan was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a>, forcing both Zulfiqar Khan and Ahmad Shah to flee to <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, where they remained political prisoners of <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Hotak" title="Hussain Hotak">Hussain Hotak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017294-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195915-16-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee202287-19">[18]</a> After Nader Shah <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar" title="Siege of Kandahar">conquered Kandahar</a>, Ahmad Shah and Zulfiqar Khan were freed. Ahmad Shah spent much of his early life in the service of Nader Shah. Accompanying him on his <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_invasion_of_India" title="Nader Shah's invasion of India">invasion of India</a>, Ahmad Shah was later resettled in <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_province" title="Mazandaran province">Mazandaran</a> alongside his brother. Iranica states that Ahmad Shah may have become the governor of Mazandaran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalland1995-11">[10]</a> After the death of his brother, Ahmad Shah enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Afsharid_Iran" title="Military of Afsharid Iran">Afsharid military</a> in 1742. Some sources suggest that it was only Zulfiqar Khan that left for Mazandaran, while Ahmad Shah remained in Nader Shah's service as an officer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017296-298-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195918-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee202291-22">[21]</a> During Nader Shah's invasion of India, Ahmad Shah personally commanded a <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiment</a> of <a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Durrani</a> tribesmen. Ahmad Shah's forces <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_invasion_of_India#Massacre_of_Delhi" title="Nader Shah's invasion of India">committed massacres and sacked Delhi</a> alongside Nader Shah's forces in 1739.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005247-23">[22]</a> According to legend, <a href="/wiki/Nizam-ul-Mulk,_Asaf_Jah_I" title="Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I">Nizam ul-Mulk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> governor of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a>, who was an expert in <a href="/wiki/Physiognomy" title="Physiognomy">physiognomy</a>, predicted that Ahmad Shah would become king. Nader Shah took notice of this and also believed in the prophecy, supposedly clipping a piece of Ahmad Shah's ears, and remarking "When you become a king, this will remind you of me". Nader Shah also requested that Ahmad Shah be generous with his descendants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017300-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195919-25">[24]</a> Nejatie is skeptical of the account.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017302-26">[25]</a> In 1744, Ahmad Shah was promoted to a personal staff of Nader Shah. In a <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_War_(1743%E2%80%931746)" title="Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746)">campaign against the Ottomans</a>, Ahmad Shah distinguished himself and was allowed to raise a contingent of 3–4,000 Durrani tribesmen by Nader Shah. Ahmad Shah's contingent became one of Nader Shah's most trusted, utilizing them to shatter the power of his other commanders due to his perception that they were planning to rebel or kill him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022100-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarfield202298-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_Nader_Shah">Death of Nader Shah</h3></div> In June 1747, Nader Shah was convinced that his <a href="/wiki/Royal_guard" title="Royal guard">personal guard</a> intended to <a href="/wiki/Assassinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassinate">assassinate</a> him. As a result, he summoned Ahmad Shah and other loyal commanders. Nader Shah ordered Ahmad Shah to assemble his <a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Durrani</a> regiments, and to arrest his personal guard. If the personal guard resisted, Ahmad Shah was given permission to kill them all. He was ordered to do this at first light. Nader Shah then chose to sleep with his favorite wife, but did so outside the royal tent, where the same guards he accused of treachery presumed <a href="/wiki/Patrol" title="Patrol">night duty</a>, while Ahmad Shah with his regiments were established at the defenses of the camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022102-28">[27]</a> News of Nader Shah's plan leaked, with the conspirators being forced to act. Four conspirators entered the royal enclosure and entered Nader Shah's tent, assassinating him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022102-103-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195921-22-30">[29]</a> Chaos ensued following the assassination, and plans to coverup by the conspirators failed. They resorted to pillaging the royal enclosure while news of Nader Shah's death rapidly spread. The next morning, the royal guard attacked Ahmad Shah's forces, who despite being heavily outnumbered, drove the Persians and <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> off. Ahmad Shah then entered the tent of Nader Shah, taking the <a href="/wiki/Koh-i-Noor" title="Koh-i-Noor">Koh-i-Noor</a> diamond and a signet ring from his body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022103-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017305-306-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Kandahar">Return to Kandahar</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kandahar_City_during_1839-42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kandahar_City_during_1839-42.jpg/220px-Kandahar_City_during_1839-42.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kandahar_City_during_1839-42.jpg/330px-Kandahar_City_during_1839-42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kandahar_City_during_1839-42.jpg/440px-Kandahar_City_during_1839-42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Lithograph of Kandahar during the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></figcaption></figure> Having driven off the Persians and Qizilbash, Ahmad Shah departed for Kandahar with his regiments, and his <a href="/wiki/Maimana_Khanate" title="Maimana Khanate">Uzbek ally</a>, Hajji Bi Ming. Ahmad Shah first settled the dispute of leadership, asserting himself as the leader of Durrani tribesmen by forcing the former leader to step down. Ahmad Shah also killed 'Abd al-Ghani Khan, his uncle and the governor of <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> to secure complete power over the Durrani regiments. With the dispute over leadership concluded, Ahmad Shah's forces grew to 6,000 Afghans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022105-33">[32]</a> Following this, Ahmad Shah moved through <a href="/wiki/Khabushan" title="Khabushan">Khabushan</a>, advancing to <a href="/wiki/Kashmar" title="Kashmar">Kashmar</a>. While on-route, Ahmad Shah accumulated supplies for his army and proceeded toward <a href="/wiki/Torbat-e_Heydarieh" title="Torbat-e Heydarieh">Torbat-e Heydarieh</a>, where they received news that <a href="/wiki/Adel_Shah" title="Adel Shah">Adel Shah</a> had sent a force to halt the Afghans. As a result, Ahmad Shah led his forces to <a href="/wiki/Ferdows" title="Ferdows">Tun</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Farah,_Afghanistan" title="Farah, Afghanistan">Farah</a>, where they defeated an army sent by Adel Shah. With Farah under his control, the Afghans proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Grishk" title="Grishk">Grishk</a>, and then Kandahar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017306-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022105-33">[32]</a> While on-route to Kandahar, Ahmad Shah recovered a military convoy that contained the annual tribute from <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>. The value of the treasure is disputed, but it's given within an estimate of 3,000,000–260,000,000 rupees. The convoy was escorted by <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Taqi_Khan_Shirazi" title="Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi">Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi</a>, a disgruntled former officer of Nader Shah, and Nasir Khan, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>. Taqi Khan joined Ahmad Shah and divided the wealth, while Nasir Khan refused and was imprisoned. Later, he was ransomed on the conditions of an annual tribute of 500,000 rupees, and that he would enter Ahmad Shah's <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>. The army of Ahmad Shah grew to over 18,000 men, also including <a href="/wiki/War_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="War elephants">war elephants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022106-107-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017307-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195932-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession_and_coronation">Accession and coronation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronation_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_in_1747_by_Breshna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Coronation_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_in_1747_by_Breshna.jpg/220px-Coronation_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_in_1747_by_Breshna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Coronation_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_in_1747_by_Breshna.jpg/330px-Coronation_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_in_1747_by_Breshna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Coronation_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_in_1747_by_Breshna.jpg/440px-Coronation_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_in_1747_by_Breshna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Legendary <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation</a> of Ahmad Shah Durrani by <a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Abdali</a> chiefs at <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> in 1747</figcaption></figure> Upon reaching Kandahar, Ahmad Shah established camp in <a href="/wiki/Naderabad,_Kandahar" title="Naderabad, Kandahar">Naderabad</a> and prepared to be crowned as King. According to legend, Ahmad Shah declared a <a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Jirga</a>, summoning all <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">tribal leaders</a> who unanimously selected Ahmad Shah as king. A piece of wheat or barley was then placed on Ahmad Shah's turban.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195924-27-38">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ganda_Singh_(historian)" title="Ganda Singh (historian)">Singh</a> cites this account, despite there being no contemporary evidence to suggest this occurred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022106-39">[38]</a> In reality, Ahmad Shah was brought to power through a nine man military council. Ahmad Shah's accession was further disputed by Jamal Khan, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Barakzai" title="Barakzai">Barakzai</a> tribe. The Barakzai were the most powerful clan of the Durranis centered in the <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Province" title="Kandahar Province">Kandahar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helmand_Province" title="Helmand Province">Helmand</a> regions. The dispute over accession continued until an agreement was made where Jamal Khan would submit to Ahmad Shah as king, while Ahmad Shah would make Jamal Khan and his descendants <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Wazir</a>. With an agreement reached, Sabir Shah, Ahmad Shah's advisor, took a piece of greenery or stalk and attached it to Ahmad Shah's cap, officially crowning him. Scholars state that Ahmad Shah's rise to power was effectively a military <a href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a>, rather than an <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022107-113-40">[39]</a> Following his accession, Ahmad Shah adopted the epithet "Durr-i Durrān", meaning "Pearl of Pearls", also changing the name of his tribe from Abdali to <a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Durrani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017334-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005248-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarfield202298-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_as_Shah_(1747–1772)">Reign as Shah (1747–1772)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contemporary_portrait_of_Nader_Shah._Artist_unknown,_created_in_ca._1740_in_Iran_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Contemporary_portrait_of_Nader_Shah._Artist_unknown%2C_created_in_ca._1740_in_Iran_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Contemporary_portrait_of_Nader_Shah._Artist_unknown%2C_created_in_ca._1740_in_Iran_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Contemporary_portrait_of_Nader_Shah._Artist_unknown%2C_created_in_ca._1740_in_Iran_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Contemporary_portrait_of_Nader_Shah._Artist_unknown%2C_created_in_ca._1740_in_Iran_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Contemporary_portrait_of_Nader_Shah._Artist_unknown%2C_created_in_ca._1740_in_Iran_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Contemporary_portrait_of_Nader_Shah._Artist_unknown%2C_created_in_ca._1740_in_Iran_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a>, who Ahmad Shah often envisioned himself as the successor of.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3></div> At the beginning of his rule, Ahmad Shah's <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">empire</a> consisted of <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Province" title="Kandahar Province">Kandahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helmand_Province" title="Helmand Province">Helmand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Farah_Province" title="Farah Province">Farah</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bala_Murghab" title="Bala Murghab">Bala Murghab</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kalat" title="Khanate of Kalat">Khanate of Kalat</a> ruled by <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khan_I_Ahmadzai" title="Nasir Khan I Ahmadzai">Nasir Khan</a> also rested under Afghan suzerainty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022115-43">[42]</a> However, Ahmad Shah had no administrative experience, nor did much of his closest advisors. As a result, he chose to adopt a government style similar to the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a>, with his main idea of a government based on an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>. A tribal council ruled in hand with Ahmad Shah as well, serving as a form of <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a>. However, Ahmad Shah had made the positions of his cabinet <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary</a>, thus making it difficult to dismiss advisors without causing conflict. Their roles, however, were mostly purely <a href="/wiki/De-jure" class="mw-redirect" title="De-jure">de-jure</a>, and tasks were delegated to subordinates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022116-117-44">[43]</a> The civil service of the empire was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Qizilbash" title="Afghan Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a>, as most of the Durrani elite were <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">illiterate</a>. The Qizilbash also significantly formed the major part of Ahmad Shah's <a href="/wiki/Royal_guard" title="Royal guard">bodyguard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi199725-45">[44]</a> counterbalancing other Durrani leaders and tribes. The complications and effectively divided government made the administration difficult to function, and caused ethnic tension between the Qizilbash and tribal council of Ahmad Shah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022117-46">[45]</a> Further complications erupted in Ahmad Shah's administration over exempting his own tribe from taxation. Other Afghan tribes and ethnicities were discontent from such, as they were also devoid of being allowed to serve in the administration of the empire. This was further exasperated by Ahmad Shah when he gave the right of <a href="/wiki/Tax_revenue" title="Tax revenue">revenue collection</a> to the highest bidder. The victors of these auctions, typically members of Ahmad Shah's own tribe, were completely free in taxing as much as they wished. While members of the Durrani tribe rapidly became rich, some landholders were forced into complete debt, forcing many to sell their lands or flee the kingdom, likely being bought up by the Durranis who had driven them to <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022117-46">[45]</a> Ahmad Shah envisioned himself as the successor of <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a>. Instead of establishing a capable administration, Ahmad Shah focused on wars and military campaigns to supply his treasury, with any downturns easily being covered by the treasures of war. Throughout his reign, he rarely spent his time in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, the capital of his empire,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalland1995-11">[10]</a> and instead pursued military campaigns, returning only to restore stability after conflict. By the end of his reign, Ahmad Shah committed to over fifteen military campaigns, Nine of them being centered in India, three in <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_province" title="Khorasan province">Khorasan</a>, and three in <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkestan" title="Afghan Turkestan">Afghan Turkestan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022117-118-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objectives">Objectives</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> was a relatively poor country. As a result, Ahmad Shah, following in the footsteps of conquerors before him such as <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1964262-48">[47]</a> and invaded India to plunder and obtain wealth. Relating as well from <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a>, Ahmad Shah invaded India to also establish his own political dominance, as the power vacuum following the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> allowed him to repeat extensive campaigns, while also reviving the prominence of Afghans in India. Furthermore, by institutionalizing the <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holy_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy war">holy war</a>, Ahmad Shah was able to direct the majority of his campaigns toward India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005248-249-49">[48]</a> Moreover, Ahmad Shah saw invasions as the proper way to propagate his strength. The Afghan chiefs and <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> initially saw him as an upstart, and as a result, Ahmad Shah sought victories to legitimize himself and to bring the nobility under him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta196169-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_campaigns">Military campaigns</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_to_Kabul_(1747)">Campaign to Kabul (1747)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghazni_City_during_1839-42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ghazni_City_during_1839-42.jpg/220px-Ghazni_City_during_1839-42.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ghazni_City_during_1839-42.jpg/330px-Ghazni_City_during_1839-42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ghazni_City_during_1839-42.jpg/440px-Ghazni_City_during_1839-42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Lithograph depicting the city of Ghazni and its citadel</figcaption></figure> Weeks after Ahmad Shah's accession, Nasir Khan, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">revolted</a> against him. Ahmad Shah previously imprisoned Nasir Khan and ransomed him for an annual tribute of 500,000 rupees, and while Nasir Khan was attempting to raise this amount, the <a href="/wiki/Ghilzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghilzai">Ghilzai</a> tribes refused to pay their taxes toward the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durranis</a>, and only wished to do so to their <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> sovereign, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a>. With a growing Ghilzai revolt, Nasir Khan declared his independence from Durrani suzerainty and began raising an army of <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a>, while also frantically asking Muhammad Shah for aid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022118-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195936-37-51">[50]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">Autumn</a> of 1747, Ahmad Shah began his campaign against Nasir Khan. Appointing his nephew Luqman Khan as the <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> while he left on campaign, Ahmad Shah marched his army toward <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a> only to be halted at <a href="/wiki/Qalati_Ghilji" title="Qalati Ghilji">Qalati Ghilji</a> by his former allies, the <a href="/wiki/Tokhi" title="Tokhi">Tokhi Ghilzai</a>. Ahmad Shah stormed the fortress of Qalat, bringing the Tokhis to submission and annexing their lands over the following decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022118-3">[2]</a> Ahmad Shah continued to Ghazni, defeating the governor established there and conquering it with little opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195936-37-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJr2015261-52">[51]</a> Before advancing on Kabul, Ahmad Shah garnered the support of the <a href="/wiki/Suleimankhel" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleimankhel">Suleimankhel</a> tribes in the region, while <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Taqi_Khan_Shirazi" title="Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi">Taqi Khan</a> managed to procure the defection of the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Qizilbash" title="Afghan Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> garrison in Kabul, so that once the Afghan army would arrive, they'd hand over the city. The acceptance of these terms forced Nasir Khan to flee to Peshawar, and when Ahmad Shah arrived at Kabul in October 1747, the Qizilbash handed over the <a href="/wiki/Bala_Hissar,_Kabul" title="Bala Hissar, Kabul">Bala Hissar</a> fortress. Ahmad Shah awarded the Qizilbash by giving them districts in <a href="/wiki/Chindawol" title="Chindawol">Chindawol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murad_Khani" title="Murad Khani">Murad Khani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022118-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195937-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi1997111-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_invasion_of_India_(1747–1748)">First invasion of India (1747–1748)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lahore_(1748)" title="Battle of Lahore (1748)">Battle of Lahore (1748)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manupur" title="Battle of Manupur">Battle of Manupur</a></div> With Kabul under his control, Ahmad Shah dispatched his <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a>, Jahan Khan, toward Peshawar with the intention of advancing as far as <a href="/wiki/Attock" title="Attock">Attock</a>. Jahan Khan quickly overran <a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a>, and Nasir Khan was unable to create a significant defense at the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a>, forcing him to flee. The Afghan armies approached Peshawar, prompting many <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a> to declare for them, such as the <a href="/wiki/Yusufzai" title="Yusufzai">Yusufzai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afridi" title="Afridi">Afridi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khattak" title="Khattak">Khattak</a>. With Nasir Khan overwhelmed, he completely withdrew from Peshawar and fled to Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022119-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1964127-56">[55]</a> Shah Nawaz Khan, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">governor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, opened correspondence with the Afghans after they had seized Peshawar. Shah Nawaz, having toppled his brother from power to assume control over the Punjab itself, was opposed by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="List of emperors of the Mughal Empire">Mughal emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a>, who refused to recognize him as governor. As a result, the Afghans promised Shah Nawaz the position of governor of the Punjab if he accepted Durrani suzerainty. Shah Nawaz accepted this before the Mughal <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">vizier</a> promised to confirm him as governor if he opposed the Afghan invasion instead, which Shah Nawaz accepted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022119-120-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta197883-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195942-43-59">[58]</a> The betrayal saw Ahmad Shah dispatch Sabir Shah to try and convince Shah Nawaz once again. However, after diplomatically insulting Shah Nawaz, Sabir Shah was imprisoned and executed, and Shah Nawaz began marching against the Afghan army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005250-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022120-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1964128-62">[61]</a> Ahmad Shah crossed the <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi River</a> on 10 January, and established himself at the <a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalimar Gardens</a>, outside of <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. The armies of Shah Nawaz and Ahmad Shah <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lahore_(1748)" title="Battle of Lahore (1748)">began battle</a> on 11 January, and as the battle began, the Afghan regiments of Shah Nawaz's army defected. Despite commanding a much larger army then the Afghans, the Mughals were utterly defeated, and Shah Nawaz fled to <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022120-121-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1964129-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta197884-65">[64]</a> With the defeat of the Mughals, the Afghans entered <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, plundering and massacring the city. Thousands were also conscripted into the Afghan army, while the Mughals began mobilizing a larger army. Ahmad Shah left Lahore on 19 February with his army, beginning to advance on <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. The Afghans captured <a href="/wiki/Sirhind-Fategarh" title="Sirhind-Fategarh">Sirhind</a> and pressed the advance, outmaneuvering Mughal forces until they were caught at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manupur_(1748)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Manupur (1748)">Manupur</a>, where they battled. The Afghan army pressed the attack until a catastrophe occurred in the form that the ammunition stores of the Afghan army caught fire and exploded, incinerating 1,000 men, and forcing a complete withdrawal from the battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022121-122-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1964130-142-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta197885-86-68">[67]</a> The Mughals did not pursue the Afghan army due to the death of Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a>, and turmoil in the camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195967-70-69">[68]</a> Withdrawing to Lahore, Ahmad Shah became aware that his nephew, Luqman Khan, who had been left as regent in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> while he embarked on campaign, had revolted. Ahmad Shah immediately returned to <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and marched on Kandahar. The revolt was quickly quelled, and Ahmad Shah spent the summer of 1748 preparing for his second invasion of India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022122-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195968-72-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1964143-72">[71]</a> The timing was significant for Ahmad Shah, as <a href="/wiki/Itimad-ad-Daula,_Qamar-ud-Din_Khan" title="Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan">Qamar-ud-Din</a>, a significant commander for the Mughals at Manupur, had been killed, while the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah's death saw him succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur" title="Ahmad Shah Bahadur">Bahadur Shah</a>, who largely focused on pleasure-seeking. Ahmad Shah also wished to avenge his defeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta196174-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_invasion_of_India_(1748)">Second invasion of India (1748)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir-Mannu-by-Aftab-Mussawar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mir-Mannu-by-Aftab-Mussawar.jpg/220px-Mir-Mannu-by-Aftab-Mussawar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mir-Mannu-by-Aftab-Mussawar.jpg/330px-Mir-Mannu-by-Aftab-Mussawar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mir-Mannu-by-Aftab-Mussawar.jpg/440px-Mir-Mannu-by-Aftab-Mussawar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Moin-ul-Mulk, the Mughal governor of the Punjab (r.1748–1753)</figcaption></figure> In November 1748, Ahmad Shah began his second invasion of India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi1997111-54">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moin-ul-Mulk" title="Moin-ul-Mulk">Moin-ul-Mulk</a>, the new governor of the Punjab, urgently requested reinforcement from the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. Moin-ul-Mulk, wishing to not fight the Afghans on open plains, remained on the defensive at <a href="/wiki/Sodhra" title="Sodhra">Sodhra</a>, as an on-going power struggle with the Mughal ex-governor of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, Nasir Khan, threatened his position. As a result, Jahan Khan was able to raid the countryside, including the <a href="/wiki/Chaj_Doab" title="Chaj Doab">Chaj Doab</a>, while a party of Sikhs raided <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022122-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005251-74">[73]</a> Ahmad Shah advanced to Kopra, and engaged in skirmishes with Moin-ul-Mulk's army. Overwhelmed with the rising power of the Sikhs and the Afghan invasion, Moin-ul-Mulk opened negotiation, ceding the revenues of <a href="/wiki/Gujrat,_Pakistan" title="Gujrat, Pakistan">Gujrat</a>, Aurangabad, <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pasrur" title="Pasrur">Pasrur</a>, which all amounted to revenues worth 1.4 million rupees yearly. Ahmad Shah returned to <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> following the treaty, crossing through <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan" title="Dera Ismail Khan">Dera Ismail Khan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan" title="Dera Ghazi Khan">Dera Ghazi Khan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022123-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005251-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi2014111-76">[75]</a> The regions of Dera Ismail Khan and Dera Ghazi Khan fell as he returned to Afghanistan, confirming the former tribal chiefs as governors in the region under his suzerainty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195980-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Khorasan_campaign_(1749–1750)">First Khorasan campaign (1749–1750)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Campaign_to_Khorasan_(1750-51)" class="mw-redirect" title="Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1750-51)">Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1750-51)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nader_Shah_Afshar_and_his_court,_India_or_Iran,_18th_century_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nader_Shah_Afshar_and_his_court%2C_India_or_Iran%2C_18th_century_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Nader_Shah_Afshar_and_his_court%2C_India_or_Iran%2C_18th_century_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="508" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nader_Shah_Afshar_and_his_court%2C_India_or_Iran%2C_18th_century_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Nader_Shah_Afshar_and_his_court%2C_India_or_Iran%2C_18th_century_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nader_Shah_Afshar_and_his_court%2C_India_or_Iran%2C_18th_century_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Nader_Shah_Afshar_and_his_court%2C_India_or_Iran%2C_18th_century_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption>Detail of Shahrokh Shah, ruler of the Afsharids, in court</figcaption></figure> Between 1749–1750, after his second invasion of India, Ahmad Shah launched his first campaign into <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_province" title="Khorasan province">Khorasan</a>. Intent on conquering <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, Ahmad Shah besieged the city for a long period of time until it finally fell in late 1750.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi2014110-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022131-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry1985-80">[79]</a> With the fall of Herat, Ahmad Shah continued his campaign into Khorasan, invading the <a href="/wiki/Afsharids" class="mw-redirect" title="Afsharids">Afsharids</a> and besieging <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, where he remained until November 1750. Attempts to storm the city by the Afghans were unsuccessful, and Lee and Gupta state that <a href="/wiki/Shahrokh_Shah" title="Shahrokh Shah">Shahrokh Shah</a> surrendered to Ahmad Shah personally so he could raise the siege. Shahrokh Shah accepted Afghan suzerainty, paying large tribute and releasing members of Ahmad Shah's family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022132-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195988-89-82">[81]</a> Noelle however, states that Ahmad Shah lifted the siege on 10 November, and was intent on returning years later. Shahrokh Shah had released a son of Ahmad Shah, possibly being <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a>, or Ahmad Shah's youngest son, Sanjar Mirza.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi2014110-78">[77]</a> Nonetheless, after the siege of Mashhad, Ahmad Shah advanced to <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>, which was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Bayat_Amirdom" title="Qara Bayat Amirdom">Qara Bayat Amirdom</a>. He besieged the city and demanded its surrender, which the governor, Jafar Khan, refused despite only having a few thousand men as garrison. Ahmad Shah ordered the walls to be breached, utilizing <a href="/wiki/Cannons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannons">cannons</a>, which the Afghans surged through. However, the defenders of the city had established defenses and a trap, which the Afghans fell into. Close-quarters combat began after, in which Jafar Khan was killed. His nephew, Abbas Quli, took command of the garrison and repulsed the Afghan forces, inflicting horrific casualties unto them, including some 12,000 dead, and thousands more wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022132-133-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi2014110-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195990-92-84">[83]</a> With his army seriously weakened, Ahmad Shah ordered a <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">retreat</a> to Herat. The harsh winter weather killed thousands while the Afghans retreated,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi2014110-78">[77]</a> and Ahmad Shah was forced to leave behind much of his baggage, including his artillery and food supplies. When the Afghans reached the <a href="/wiki/Hari_(Afghanistan)" title="Hari (Afghanistan)">Hari Rud</a> river, it was completely frozen. Attempting to cross it caused much of the ice to break, killing even more men and sweeping away <a href="/wiki/Pack_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pack animals">pack animals</a> for the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022133-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195990-92-84">[83]</a> Upon the armies return to Herat, Ahmad Shah faced an assassination conspiracy from Darwish Ali Khan Hazara, Ahmad Shah's governor of Herat. The conspiracy was quickly quelled and Darwish Ali was imprisoned, where in his stead, Ahmad Shah appointed <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah</a> as the new governor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022132-133-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195990-92-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_invasion_of_India_(1751–1752)">Third invasion of India (1751–1752)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lahore_(1752)" title="Battle of Lahore (1752)">Battle of Lahore (1752)</a></div> Possibly due to Ahmad Shah's struggle in Khorasan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959101-86">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moin-ul-Mulk" title="Moin-ul-Mulk">Moin-ul-Mulk</a> failed to pay the agreed tribute to Ahmad Shah from his second invasion on the revenues of <a href="/wiki/Gujrat,_Pakistan" title="Gujrat, Pakistan">Gujrat</a>, Aurangabad, <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pasrur" title="Pasrur">Pasrur</a>. Inducing Ahmad Shah to invade again, he began in November 1751, leading his forces to invade the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>. Moin-ul-Mulk immediately sent 900,000 rupees forward as tribute, which Ahmad Shah seized and continued his march. With the <a href="/wiki/Vanguard" title="Vanguard">advance guard</a> under Jahan Khan, Ahmad Shah led his forces through <a href="/wiki/Rohtas_Fort" title="Rohtas Fort">Rohtas</a>, Gujrat, and Shahdara. Jahan Khan's forces pillaged the countryside while skirmishes began with Moin-ul-Mulk, who raised his own force to meet the Afghans in battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959101-106-87">[86]</a> The advance of Ahmad Shah triggered mass panic in Lahore, with many fleeing to <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> for safety.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1978109-88">[87]</a> In January 1752, Ahmad Shah forded the <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</a> in secrecy at Ghazipur, before advancing on <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. Jahan Khan began advancing on Lahore as well, initially being driven out of Faiz Bagh, and instead establishing himself at the <a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalimar gardens</a>. Moin-ul-Mulk immediately dashed back to Lahore, to which the Afghans laid siege for over four months. Receiving no aid from the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>, or any other nobles, Moin-ul-Mulk settled for a <a href="/wiki/Pitched_battle" title="Pitched battle">pitched battle</a> with the Afghans outside of Lahore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959106-110-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1964269-270-90">[89]</a> On 6 March, after a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lahore_(1752)" title="Battle of Lahore (1752)">fierce battle</a>, Moin-ul-Mulk was defeated and surrendered to Ahmad Shah, who received him in person. Impressed by the efforts of Moin-ul-Mulk in his resistance, Ahmad Shah instated him as the governor of <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> under his suzerainty. Lahore was however, plundered and slaughtered. Following this, Ahmad Shah drafted a peace treaty with Moin-ul-Mulk, officiating the annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> including <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> and Lahore, and as far as <a href="/wiki/Sirhind-Fategarh" title="Sirhind-Fategarh">Sirhind</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a>. The Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur" title="Ahmad Shah Bahadur">Bahadur Shah</a> signed the treaty on 3 April 1752, ending Mughal rule in the Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005252-253-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959119-123-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022123-75">[74]</a> Having conquered the Punjab, Ahmad Shah also dispatched his general, Shah Pasand Khan, with 15,000 men to <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, which was embroiled in civil war. Supporting the deposed governor, Mir Muqim, Afghan forces quickly occupied <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> and established complete control in the province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022123-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmu1969348-349-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkestan_(1751–1768)">Turkestan (1751–1768)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkestan" title="Afghan Turkestan">Afghan Turkestan</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_Turkestan_in_1751.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Afghan_Turkestan_in_1751.jpg/250px-Afghan_Turkestan_in_1751.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Afghan_Turkestan_in_1751.jpg/375px-Afghan_Turkestan_in_1751.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Afghan_Turkestan_in_1751.jpg/500px-Afghan_Turkestan_in_1751.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Map of Afghan Turkestan in January 1751, Balkh is still under the rule of Qataghan/Kunduz</figcaption></figure> At the start of Ahmad Shah's reign, he had held friendly relations with the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Maimana_Khanate" title="Maimana Khanate">Maimana Khanate</a>, Hajji Bi, who had assumed control over the <a href="/wiki/Chahar_Wilayat" title="Chahar Wilayat">Chahar Wilayat</a>. Coming into conflict against Hazara Bi, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Qataghan_Province" title="Qataghan Province">Qataghan</a>, Hajji Bi lost control over <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> to the Qataghanids. In 1751, Hajji Bi, with a delegation of amirs, traveled to Herat, seeking Ahmad Shah's aid to reclaim Balkh. Ahmad Shah accepted the call to arms, forging an alliance with Hajji Bi, and sent thousands of Afghan and <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> men under Allah Khan Turkman. Hajji Bi was also bestowed by Ahmad Shah the titles of governor of Balkh and tax collector.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022134-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee199685-95">[94]</a> Not much information is given about the campaign against the Qataghanids. However, by the summer of 1752, the forces of the alliance were victorious, and Balkh was restored to the rule of the Maimana Khanate. While the campaign ensued, a commander of one of the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Qizilbash" title="Afghan Qizilbash">Afghan Qizilbash</a> forces fought with Allah Khan, prompting Mizrab Bi, a son of Hazara Bi, to revolt in 1753. Hajji Bi urgently requested aid from Ahmad Shah again, which he responded with by sending 5,000 men north. After having been restored to Balkh, Hajji Bi pursued a campaign in Qataghan, and with aid from the Afghans, the revolt was defeated. Mizrab Bi was brought to submission, and <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> was subjugated as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022135-136-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee199685-86-97">[96]</a> In 1755—1756, Hajji Bi petitioned Ahmad Shah at <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> to be made <a href="/wiki/Ispahsalar" title="Ispahsalar">commander-in-chief</a> of forces in Balkh. The request was accepted, stripping Allah Khan of his position. However, Hajji Bi became noted for his abuse of power in the position, triggering an investigation by the Afghans, who sent Allah Khan to oversee the affairs of the region. Allah Khan immediately declared the reports of oppression to be true, and was reinstated as commander-in-chief in Balkh. Ahmad Shah also declared a new governor of Balkh, Nawab Khan Alakozai.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022136-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee199686-99">[98]</a> Believing that it was the beginning of the Afghans attempting to assert their own hegemony over all of Turkestan, Hajji Bi began plotting with Izbasar, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Sheberghan" title="Sheberghan">Sheberghan</a>. The two began a rebellion that achieved little, ending in a pardon for both Hajji Bi and Izbasar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee199686-87-100">[99]</a> In 1761, Rahim Bi Manghit, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, began an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkestan" title="Afghan Turkestan">Afghan Turkestan</a>, intent on re-establishing Bukharan suzerainty over the region. Izbazar declared his loyalty to the ruler of Bukhara, and aided in the invasion. Bukharan forces initially overran <a href="/wiki/Aqcha" title="Aqcha">Aqcha</a> before being defeated by Allah Khan, who built a pyramid with the head of dead Bukharan soldiers. Afghan forces continued to Aqcha, where the Bukharans and Izbasar were defeated again. Aqcha was besieged, while another force of 8,000 Bukharans were sent to Aqcha to relieve the siege, only to be defeated by the combined forces of Allah Khan and Hajji Bi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022136-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee199687-89-101">[100]</a> Attempts to breach the walls of Aqcha failed, and instead, negotiations began. The Bukharans withdrew across the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a>, while Allah Khan was sent to Sheberghan to bring Izbasar into submission. Izbasar, however, opened negotiation with Nawab Khan, who demanded Allah Khan be put to death due to an enmity between the two. Izbasar complied, executing Allah Khan, receiving a pardon from Nawab Khan as a result.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022136-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee199687-89-101">[100]</a> In 1768, a rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Qataghan_Province" title="Qataghan Province">Qataghan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> prompted an invasion from Shah Murad Manghit, the next Bukharan ruler. Ahmad Shah sent 6,000 men under Shah Wali Khan to face the rebels. As a result, Shah Murad crossed the Amu Darya, advancing to <a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a>, and threatening to attack Aqcha. In response, Ahmad Shah mobilized an army, affirming his authority in <a href="/wiki/Maimana_Khanate" title="Maimana Khanate">Maimana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andkhoy_(city)" title="Andkhoy (city)">Andkhoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheberghan" title="Sheberghan">Sheberghan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> as he advanced. This quickly brought Shah Murad to negotiation, who recognized Afghan control over Balkh, with the amirs of the <a href="/wiki/Chahar_Wilayat" title="Chahar Wilayat">Chahar Wilayat</a> also submitting tribute to the Durranis. To further avoid a battle with the Afghans, Shah Murad surrendered the <a href="/wiki/Cloak_of_Muhammad" title="Cloak of Muhammad">cloak of Muhammad</a> after Ahmad Shah had demanded it. With the cloak, Ahmad Shah created a shrine known as the <a href="/wiki/Kirka_Sharif" title="Kirka Sharif">Kirka Sharif</a>, which was built next to <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Mausoleum of Ahmad Shah Durrani">his tomb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022136-137-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee199690-91-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi199771-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Khorasan_campaign_(1754–1755)">Second Khorasan campaign (1754–1755)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Campaign_to_Khorasan_(1754%E2%80%9355)" title="Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754–55)">Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754–55)</a></div> In 1754, Ahmad Shah began preparing for a second campaign to Khorasan. During this time, <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a> was besieged by Alam Khan, a former Afsharid viceroy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry1985-80">[79]</a> When Ahmad Shah began his invasion, Alam Khan's army completely dispersed, forcing his withdrawal to <a href="/wiki/Sabzevar" title="Sabzevar">Sabzevar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry1985-80">[79]</a> Beginning his campaign in May 1754, Ahmad Shah departed from <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> with his army and advanced toward <a href="/wiki/Ferdows" title="Ferdows">Tun</a>. Ahmad Shah dispatched Jahan Khan and <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khan_I_Ahmadzai" title="Nasir Khan I Ahmadzai">Nasir Khan</a>, the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kalat" title="Khanate of Kalat">Khanate of Kalat</a>, to devastate the countryside. Following this, the Afghan forces marched against the governor of <a href="/wiki/Tabas" title="Tabas">Tabas</a>, Ali Murad Khan, who assembled his own army and met the Afghans in battle. Singh describes the battle that took place as one of the most bloodiest battles in Persian history. Ammunition failed to gain any clear advantage for both sides, forcing both armies to draw swords and began clashing. The battle remained indecisive until Ali Murad Khan was killed, and the remaining Persian army was completely <a href="/wiki/Rout" title="Rout">routed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195995-96-105">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani,_Mashhad_Mint.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Coin_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani%2C_Mashhad_Mint.png/220px-Coin_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani%2C_Mashhad_Mint.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Coin_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani%2C_Mashhad_Mint.png/330px-Coin_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani%2C_Mashhad_Mint.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Coin_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani%2C_Mashhad_Mint.png/440px-Coin_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani%2C_Mashhad_Mint.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ahmad Shah Durrani, minted in Mashhad, date unknown</figcaption></figure> With the Persians defeated, <a href="/wiki/Tabas" title="Tabas">Tabas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdows" title="Ferdows">Tun</a> were conquered in between June and July of 1754 by the Afghans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195996-106">[105]</a> Ahmad Shah then led his forces to <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, arriving before the city on 23 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi2014110-78">[77]</a> A long siege protracted until the <a href="/wiki/Afsharids" class="mw-redirect" title="Afsharids">Afsharids</a> finally submitted to Ahmad Shah on 1 December 1754. On the 4th, Ahmad Shah's name was <a href="/wiki/Khutbah#Sovereign's_name" title="Khutbah">read in the sermon</a>, acknowledging his sovereignty over the Afsharids. With their victory, the Durranis annexed territories of <a href="/wiki/Torshiz" title="Torshiz">Torshiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakharz" title="Bakharz">Bakharz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torbat-e_Jam" title="Torbat-e Jam">Jam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khaf,_Iran" title="Khaf, Iran">Khaf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torbat-e_Heydarieh" title="Torbat-e Heydarieh">Turbat-e Haidari</a> from the Afsharids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195997-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi2014110-78">[77]</a> On 9 May 1755, <a href="/wiki/Shahrokh_Shah" title="Shahrokh Shah">Shahrokh Shah</a> was officially re-instated as ruler over <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, effectively as a Durrani protectorate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry1985-80">[79]</a> Following this, Ahmad Shah began his march on Nishapur in the spring of 1755, while Shah Pasand Khan was dispatched toward <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_province" title="Mazandaran province">Mazandaran</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hasan_Khan_Qajar" title="Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar">Qajars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi2014110-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195989-108">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Quran_dedicated_to_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani,_c.1754.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/A_Quran_dedicated_to_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani%2C_c.1754.jpg/220px-A_Quran_dedicated_to_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani%2C_c.1754.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/A_Quran_dedicated_to_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani%2C_c.1754.jpg/330px-A_Quran_dedicated_to_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani%2C_c.1754.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/A_Quran_dedicated_to_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani%2C_c.1754.jpg/440px-A_Quran_dedicated_to_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani%2C_c.1754.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> dedicated to Ahmad Shah Durrani, c.1754</figcaption></figure> During the siege of Mashhad, The Camesgazak Kurd contingent of Alam Khan's forces completely defected to the Afghans, killing Alam Khan as well after dragging him from Sabzevar, which was conquered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry1985-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195995-109">[108]</a> On 17 June 1755, the Afghan armies arrived at Nishapur, resulting in Abbas Quli's immediate submission. Abbas Quli sought to be pardoned for giving resistance during Ahmad Shah's first campaign. Not long after, however, Nishapur raised in <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellion</a> due to news that Shah Pasand Khan had been defeated by the Qajars. The gates of the city were closed on Ahmad Shah's troops,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195989-108">[107]</a> prompting the Afghans to begin a one-week siege.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi2014110-111-110">[109]</a> During the siege, Ahmad Shah lacked important <a href="/wiki/Siege_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege equipment">siege equipment</a>, which he solved by having every mounted soldier carry kilograms of <a href="/wiki/Gunmetal" title="Gunmetal">gunmetals</a>. As the siege began, Ahmad Shah's <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> cannon makers melted down the metal the soldiers had carried, forging a large cannon. The first shot of the cannon blasted through the city walls, and caused havoc in the city through houses and <a href="/wiki/Bazaars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazaars">bazaars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019133-111">[110]</a> The weapon forced the submission of the cities elders, and they opened the gates of the city despite Abbas Quli's opposition. The city was then subsequently <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">plundered</a>, with the populace of the city spared if they went to <a href="/wiki/Mosques" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques">mosques</a> and didn't take anything with them. Afghan forces went to houses and tore down the defenses, <a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">razing</a> significant portions of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019134-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi2014111-76">[75]</a> Following the victory at Nishapur, Ahmad Shah defeated the Qajars and advanced further by sacking the cities of Tun and Tabas, instilling massacres in their cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019134-112">[111]</a> Abbas Quli was initially taken by Ahmad Shah until he had earned his favor. Abbas Quli married one of Ahmad Shah's daughters, while Ahmad Shah married Abbas Quli's sister. With the arrangements, Abbas Quli was allowed to return to Nishapur as governor of the city. He would remain close to Ahmad Shah throughout his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959100,_135-113">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_invasion_of_India_(1756–1757)">Fourth invasion of India (1756–1757)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Delhi_(1757)" title="Sack of Delhi (1757)">Sack of Delhi (1757)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Emperor_Alamgir_II_-_Sukha_Luhar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Emperor_Alamgir_II_-_Sukha_Luhar.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Emperor_Alamgir_II_-_Sukha_Luhar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Emperor_Alamgir_II_-_Sukha_Luhar.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Emperor_Alamgir_II_-_Sukha_Luhar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Emperor_Alamgir_II_-_Sukha_Luhar.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Emperor_Alamgir_II_-_Sukha_Luhar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II">Alamgir II</a></figcaption></figure> Moin-ul-Mulk governed the Punjab until his death in November 1753, and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Mughlani_Begum" title="Mughlani Begum">Mughlani Begum</a>. In March 1756, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mughal_grand_viziers" title="List of Mughal grand viziers">Mughal vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_ud-Din_Khan_Feroze_Jung_III" title="Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III">Imad ul-Mulk</a> imprisoned and replaced her with <a href="/wiki/Adina_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Adina Beg">Adina Beg</a>. Mughlani Begum pleaded Ahmad Shah to lead another invasion, promising wealth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1976169-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1978123-128-115">[114]</a> Due to the tyrannies of Imad ul-Mulk, several nobles such as <a href="/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah" title="Najib ad-Dawlah">Najib ud-Daula</a>, a chief of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rohilkhand" title="Kingdom of Rohilkhand">Rohilkand</a>, and the new Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II">Alamgir II</a>, pleaded for Ahmad Shah to invade. Ahmad Shah accepted the invitations and began his <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani#Fourth_Invasion" title="Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani">fourth invasion</a> in November 1756, leaving <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> on the 15th, and crossing <a href="/wiki/Attock" title="Attock">Attock</a> on the 26th with an army of 80,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta196181-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959148-151-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1961326-118">[117]</a> He reached Lahore on 20 December, seizing the city with little resistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019124-119">[118]</a> Ahmad Shah garnered tribute from the city before continuing his march, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a> river on 10 January at <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Vanguard" title="Vanguard">advance guard</a> under his general, Jahan Khan, seized <a href="/wiki/Sirhind" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirhind">Sirhind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnal" title="Karnal">Karnal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Panipat" title="Panipat">Panipat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta196180-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959153-121">[120]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Marathas</a>, who had signed a treaty to protect the Mughals from foreign invasions in 1752,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005223-122">[121]</a> assembled a contingent of 3,400 men under Antaji Mankeshwar, battling the Afghans at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narela" title="Battle of Narela">Narela</a>. The Maratha forces, however, were defeated and forced to withdraw with losses of 100 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959158-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarua200555-124">[123]</a> Following the defeat of the Marathas, Najib ud-Daula defected to the Afghans, with Imad ul-Mulk surrendering not long after. Jahan Khan continued his advance to Luni and besieged <a href="/wiki/Shahdara_district" title="Shahdara district">Shahdara</a> on 17 January, with the <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid</a> in Delhi reading Ahmad Shah's name in the <a href="/wiki/Khutbah" title="Khutbah">Khutbah</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Khutbah#Sovereign's_name" title="Khutbah">sign of sovereignty</a>. The Afghan forces continued advancing on <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, arriving before the city on 28 January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959163-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1978129-126">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatehpuri_Masjid_in_Delhi_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Fatehpuri_Masjid_in_Delhi_19.jpg/220px-Fatehpuri_Masjid_in_Delhi_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Fatehpuri_Masjid_in_Delhi_19.jpg/330px-Fatehpuri_Masjid_in_Delhi_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Fatehpuri_Masjid_in_Delhi_19.jpg/440px-Fatehpuri_Masjid_in_Delhi_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fatehpuri_Mosque" title="Fatehpuri Mosque">Fatehpuri Mosque</a>, where Alamgir received Ahmad Shah before he entered Delhi</figcaption></figure> Meeting with Alamgir at the <a href="/wiki/Fatehpuri_Mosque" title="Fatehpuri Mosque">Fatehpuri Mosque</a>, Ahmad Shah led a grand entry into Delhi, which was marked with a <a href="/wiki/Gun_salute" title="Gun salute">gun salute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959164-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005254-128">[127]</a> However many inhabitants of the city had already fled or hidden, with the streets completely deserted. Many people barricaded themselves in their houses. Ahmad Shah's name was also inserted in the <a href="/wiki/Khutbah" title="Khutbah">Khutbah</a> for other mosques. Initially, the Afghan army was ordered not to sack the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019124-119">[118]</a> Alamgir was placed under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005226-129">[128]</a> and houses outside the city of Delhi were ravaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005254-128">[127]</a> On the 29th, the <a href="/wiki/Bazaars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazaars">bazaars</a> of the city were sacked and Jahan Khan's soldiers extracted tribute from <a href="/wiki/Feroz_Shah_Kotla" title="Feroz Shah Kotla">Feroz Shah Kotla</a>, a large <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortress</a> in Delhi. On 30 January, Ahmad Shah <a href="/wiki/Coining_(mint)" title="Coining (mint)">minted coins</a> in his name. He further married <a href="/wiki/Hazrat_Begum" title="Hazrat Begum">Hazrat Begum</a>, a daughter of Alamgir,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar197189-90-130">[129]</a> whilst also marrying his son, <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a>, to another daughter of Alamgir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1961326-327-131">[130]</a> Ahmad Shah then ordered all <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> to wear distinctive marks on their head,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1961327-132">[131]</a> as well as forbidding non-Muslims from wearing the <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turban</a>. Extortionate demands were also placed upon the Mughal nobility. The Mughal nobility refused, to which Ahmad Shah dispatched his own tax collectors, demanding additional tribute. Those suspected of concealing valuables were subjected to torture, including <a href="/wiki/Foot_whipping" title="Foot whipping">foot whipping</a>. Many thousands died or were <a href="/wiki/Cripple" title="Cripple">crippled</a> as a result, while others resorted to suicide. Additionally, a tax was imposed on every household in Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019124-119">[118]</a> Imad ul-Mulk was forced to hand over gold and ornaments valued at 10 million rupees, and another 300,000 gold coins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta196181-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959165-133">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intizam-ud-Daulah" title="Intizam-ud-Daulah">Intizam-ud-Daulah</a> was summoned, and many of his assets were confiscated, including over 10 million rupees and 100 of his wives. Unable to produce the required wealth, Intizam admitted that his father had buried a fortune, which the Afghans uncovered. The Afghans recovered over 15 million rupees in cash, along with various goods, including 200 golden candles that were the size of a man. The treasure also included <a href="/wiki/Diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamonds">diamonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubies" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubies">rubies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearls" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearls">pearls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emeralds" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeralds">emeralds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta196181-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959166-134">[133]</a> After the sacking, Ahmad Shah campaigned against the <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur_State" title="Bharatpur State">Jats</a>. <a href="/wiki/Suraj_Mal" title="Suraj Mal">Suraj Mal</a>, the ruler of the Jats, initially submitted to Ahmad Shah, but refused to send asylum seekers from the sacking of Delhi, resulting in conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta196183-84-135">[134]</a> An Afghan force was sent to <a href="/wiki/Faridabad" title="Faridabad">Faridabad</a>, seizing the fortress and razing it. However, a Jat raid under <a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh" title="Jawahar Singh">Jawahar Singh</a> defeated the Afghans, massacring them. Ahmad Shah, in response, laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Ballabhgarh" title="Ballabhgarh">Ballabhgarh</a>, while Jahan Khan and Najib ud-Daula were dispatched to loot the surrounding regions. They advanced toward <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, while Jawahar Singh met them for battle at <a href="/wiki/Chaumuhan" title="Chaumuhan">Chaumuhan</a>. The battle that ensued left between 10—12,000 dead on both sides combined, with an innumerable amount of men wounded as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta196185-86-136">[135]</a> Jawahar Singh, however, alongside Antaji Mankeshwar, reinforced Ballabhgarh. The cannon fire of the Afghans completely broke the defenses of the fortress, forcing Jawahar to withdraw in the night, with Afghan forces seizing the city on 4 March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019124-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959175-176-137">[136]</a> An expedition under Abdus Samad Khan, another one of Ahmad Shah's generals, nearly arrested Jawahar Singh through ambush, but Jawahar ultimately evaded capture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta196184-138">[137]</a> Toward the end of February 1757, the Afghan forces arrived at and attacked <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>. The city, despite being inhabited overwhelmingly by non-combatants, mainly <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrims">pilgrims</a> due to the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> festival, was attacked and the inhabitants were massacred by the Afghans. The Afghan forces slaughtered and defiled the bodies of Hindu <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetics</a> by humiliating them with slaughtered cows, shoving pieces in their mouths. Temples of the city were razed, and the images of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idols</a> were destroyed. Jahan Khan furthered the massacre by rewarding a bounty of five rupees for every Hindu head, resulting in the death of thousands of men, women, and children. The Muslims of the city were subjected to the attack as well. Following his massacre at Mathura, Jahan Khan continued his campaign, with the city of <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a> being attacked and its inhabitants massacred on 6 March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019125-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959176-178-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta196185-87-141">[140]</a> The Tarikh-I-Husain Shahi establishes the idol destruction in line with <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a>, remarking: "Idols were broken and kicked about like polo-balls by the Islamic heroes."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1971119-142">[141]</a> Ahmad Shah, following Jahan Khan, attacked the city of <a href="/wiki/Gokul" title="Gokul">Gokul</a> on 16 March, which was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9Ban%C4%81mi_Sampradaya#Naga_Sadhus_akharas" title="Daśanāmi Sampradaya">Naga Sadhus</a>, a Hindu <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti</a> sect. The Afghans attacked the city where a battle ensued, resulting in the death of 2,000 men for both sides. Jugal Kishor, a diplomat from the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a>, informed Ahmad Shah that their was nothing of value in Gokul. Ahmad Shah ordered a withdrawal, sparing the city from a sacking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959179-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta196188-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019125-139">[138]</a> On 21 March, Jahan Khan arrived before <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> with 15,000 men. Civilians from the town received Jahan Khan and his army, promising 500,000 rupees in tribute. However, after failing to raise the amount, Afghan forces entered the city, plundering it and massacring over 2,000. The Afghan forces attempted to seize the <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a> but failed due to the defense of Mirza Saifullah, the garrison commander. He defended the fort with extensive artillery usage, preventing the Afghans from approaching with cannons. Jahan Khan seized 100,000 rupees in tribute, before withdrawing to Ahmad Shah's camp on 24 March after being recalled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959176-177-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta196185-86-136">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">Cholera</a> had broken out in the Afghan camp, killing around 150 men per day, beginning mainly from the polluted <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamuna River">Yamuna River</a> which was overwhelmed with bodies. As a result, Ahmad Shah intended to return to Afghanistan, especially to secure the loot from the campaign. The heat as a result from the beginning of the Indian summer also convinced him. As a result, Ahmad Shah began returning for Afghanistan in April 1757, declaring his son, Timur Shah, governor of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, while Jahan Khan served as his deputy. <a href="/wiki/Sirhind-Fategarh" title="Sirhind-Fategarh">Sirhind</a> was annexed from the Mughals, while <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_ud-Din_Khan_Feroze_Jung_III" title="Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III">Imad ul-Mulk</a> was re-instated as <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a>, with Najib ud-Daula given the office of <a href="/wiki/Bakhshi_(Mughal_Empire)" title="Bakhshi (Mughal Empire)">Mir Bakhshi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005254-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959180-189-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta196189-91-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019125-126-148">[147]</a> Alamgir was permitted to rule Delhi, however as a vassal of the Durrani Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005254-128">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg/220px-Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg/330px-Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg/440px-Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Robert Clive</a> meeting with <a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar" title="Mir Jafar">Mir Jafar</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a>. The Afghan invasion had dire consequences for the Mughals, with most of their armies as well as those of the Bengal Subah forcibly being deployed against Ahmad Shah, leading to a crushing British victory in June 1757</figcaption></figure> The Afghan invasion had dire consequences for the Mughal Empire, as most of the Mughal army, along with those from the Bengal Subah, were forcibly deployed against the Afghans. Mere months later, the army of the Bengal Subah, weakened due to the Afghan invasion, were utterly defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a>, beginning the rise of <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British</a> power in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019130-149">[148]</a> The total loot Ahmad Shah carried back to Afghanistan is disputed. Its been estimated from contemporary writers that the Afghans seized 30 to 300 million rupees worth of goods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959186-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019126-151">[150]</a> Over 28,000 elephants, camels, and <a href="/wiki/Mules" class="mw-redirect" title="Mules">mules</a> carried Ahmad Shah's loot, alongside his 80,000 men, who carried whatever they took, with many of the Afghan cavalry returning on foot, while they loaded loot unto their horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959186-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019126-151">[150]</a> The massacres done by the Afghans throughout the campaign made the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamuna River">Yamuna River</a> flow red with blood for two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarua200555-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_battle_of_Panipat">Third battle of Panipat</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Panipat_(1761)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Panipat (1761)">Battle of Panipat (1761)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani,_minted_in_Shahjahanabad_(Delhi).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Coin_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani%2C_minted_in_Shahjahanabad_%28Delhi%29.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani%2C_minted_in_Shahjahanabad_%28Delhi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Coin_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani%2C_minted_in_Shahjahanabad_%28Delhi%29.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani%2C_minted_in_Shahjahanabad_%28Delhi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Coin_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani%2C_minted_in_Shahjahanabad_%28Delhi%29.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani%2C_minted_in_Shahjahanabad_%28Delhi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Gold coin of Ahmad Shah Durrani, minted in Shahjahanabad (<a href="/wiki/Old_Delhi" title="Old Delhi">Old Delhi</a>), dated 1760–61.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Third_battle_of_Panipat_13_January_1761.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Third_battle_of_Panipat_13_January_1761.jpg/250px-The_Third_battle_of_Panipat_13_January_1761.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Third_battle_of_Panipat_13_January_1761.jpg/375px-The_Third_battle_of_Panipat_13_January_1761.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Third_battle_of_Panipat_13_January_1761.jpg/500px-The_Third_battle_of_Panipat_13_January_1761.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Durrani sitting on a brown horse during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Panipat_(1761)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Panipat (1761)">1761 Battle of Panipat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">Northern India</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Mughal power in northern India had been declining since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, who died in 1707. In 1751–52, the Ahamdiya treaty was signed between the Marathas and Mughals, when <a href="/wiki/Balaji_Bajirao" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaji Bajirao">Balaji Bajirao</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Panipat-152">[151]</a> Through this treaty, the Marathas controlled large parts of India from their capital at <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> and Mughal rule was restricted only to Delhi (Mughals remained the nominal heads of Delhi). Marathas were now straining to expand their area of control toward the Northwest of India. Durrani <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Delhi_(1757)" title="Sack of Delhi (1757)">sacked the Mughal capital</a> and withdrew with the booty he coveted. To counter the Afghans, Peshwa <a href="/wiki/Balaji_Bajirao" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaji Bajirao">Balaji Bajirao</a> sent <a href="/wiki/Raghunathrao" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghunathrao">Raghunathrao</a>. He succeeded in ousting Timur Shah and his court from India and brought northwest of India up to <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> under Maratha rule.<a href="#cite_note-K._RoyIHB-153">[152]</a> Thus, upon his return to Kandahar in 1757, Durrani chose to return to India and confront the Maratha forces to regain northwestern part of the subcontinent. In 1761, Durrani set out on his campaign to win back lost territories. The early skirmishes ended in victory for the Afghans against the Maratha garrisons in northwest India. By 1759, Durrani and his army had reached Lahore and were poised to confront the Marathas. By 1760, the Maratha groups had coalesced into a big enough army under the command of <a href="/wiki/Sadashivrao_Bhau" title="Sadashivrao Bhau">Sadashivrao Bhau</a>. Once again, <a href="/wiki/Panipat" title="Panipat">Panipat</a> was the scene of a battle for control of northern India. The <a href="/wiki/Third_battle_of_Panipat" class="mw-redirect" title="Third battle of Panipat">Third battle of Panipat</a> was fought between Durrani's Afghan forces and the Maratha forces in January 1761, and resulted in a decisive Durrani victory.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h3></div> The Afaqi brothers died in Badakhshan and the ruler Sultan Shah delivered their bodies to the Qing. Ahmad Shah Durrani accused Sultan Shah of having caused the Afaqi brothers to die.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> Durrani dispatched troops to <a href="/wiki/Kokand" title="Kokand">Kokand</a> after rumours that the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> planned to launch an expedition to Samarkand, but the alleged expedition never happened and Ahmad Shah subsequently withdrew his forces when his attempt at an anti-Qing alliance among Central Asian states failed.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> Durrani then sent envoys to Beijing to discuss the situation regarding the <a href="/wiki/Khoja_(Turkestan)" title="Khoja (Turkestan)">Afaqi Khojas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque_in_Kandahar-2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mosque_in_Kandahar-2011.jpg/250px-Mosque_in_Kandahar-2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mosque_in_Kandahar-2011.jpg/375px-Mosque_in_Kandahar-2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mosque_in_Kandahar-2011.jpg/500px-Mosque_in_Kandahar-2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani">tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar City</a>, which also serves as the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational Mosque">Congregational Mosque</a> and contains the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Cloak" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of the Cloak">sacred cloak</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Prophet">Islamic Prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> wore.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temur-Shah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Temur-Shah.jpg/200px-Temur-Shah.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Temur-Shah.jpg/300px-Temur-Shah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Temur-Shah.jpg/400px-Temur-Shah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="1226" /></a><figcaption>Son and Successor to Ahmad Shah, <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a></figcaption></figure> Ahmad Shah may have suffered an injury due to a flying brick striking his nose when the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harimandir Sahib</a> was destroyed with gunpowder.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Other sources state that he suffered from what Afghan sources described as a "gangrenous ulcer", which may attribute to numerous illnesses, such as <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">Leprosy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Syphilis</a>, or a tumor.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Lee writes: "Ahmad Shah gained poor health as a result of all his campaigns. Despite all attempts to treat it, a wound in his nose remained. The ulcer in his later years began eating into his brain".<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Following the advice of his physicians, he spent part of the summer in the cooler climate of the Margha plain in the <a href="/wiki/Toba_Achakzai" title="Toba Achakzai">Toba Achakzai</a> range during the last few years of his life. He died of his illness on 4 June 1772 (2 <a href="/wiki/Rabi%27_al-Awwal" title="Rabi' al-Awwal">Rabi' al-Awwal</a> 1186) in <a href="/wiki/Maruf,_Afghanistan" title="Maruf, Afghanistan">Maruf</a>, Toba Achakzai, east of Kandahar. Some other sources state that he died on 16 October 1772.<a href="#cite_note-:3-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> Ahmad Shah was buried in the city of Kandahar adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Cloak" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of the Cloak">Shrine of the Cloak</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani">a large mausoleum</a> was built. It has been described in the following way: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Under the shimmering turquoise dome that dominates the sand-blown city of Kandahar lies the body of Ahmad Shah Abdali, the young Kandahari warrior who in 1747 became the region's first Durrani king. The mausoleum is covered in deep blue and white tiles behind a small grove of trees, one of which is said to cure toothache, and is a place of pilgrimage. In front of it is a small mosque with a marble vault containing one of the holiest relics in the Islamic World, a kherqa, the Sacred Cloak of Mohammed that was given to Ahmad Shah by <a href="/wiki/Mir_Muhammad_Murad_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Muhammad Murad Beg">Mured Beg</a>, the Emir of <a href="/wiki/Bokhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Bokhara">Bokhara</a>. The Sacred Cloak is kept locked away, taken out only at times of great crisis but the mausoleum is open and there is a constant line of men leaving their sandals at the door and shuffling through to marvel at the surprisingly long marble tomb and touch the glass case containing Ahmad Shah's brass helmet. Before leaving they bend to kiss a length of pink velvet said to be from his robe. It bears the unmistakable scent of jasmine.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a></blockquote> In his tomb his epitaph is written: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> The King of high rank, Ahmad Shah Durrani, Was equal to <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau I">Kisra</a> in managing the affairs of his government. In his time, from the awe of his glory and greatness, The lioness nourished the stag with her milk. From all sides in the ear of his enemies there arrived A thousand reproofs from the tongue of his dagger. The date of his departure for the house of mortality Was the year of the Hijra 1186 (1772 A.D.)<a href="#cite_note-Dupree-164">[163]</a> </div></blockquote> Durrani's victory over the Marathas influenced the history of the subcontinent and, in particular, the policies of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in the region.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] His refusal to continue his campaigns deeper into India prevented a clash with the company and allowed them to continue to acquire power and influence after they established complete control over the former Mughal province of <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> in 1793. Fear of another Afghan invasion influenced company policy-makers for almost half a century after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Panipat_(1761)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Panipat (1761)">Battle of Panipat</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The acknowledgment of Durrani's military accomplishments is reflected in an intelligence report made by Company officials on the Battle of Panipat, which referred to Ahmad Shah as the 'King of Kings'.<a href="#cite_note-British_library-165">[164]</a> This fear led in 1798 to a Company envoy being sent to the Persian court in part to instigate the Persians in their claims on Herat to forestall a possible Afghan invasion of India that might have halted <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company expansion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-British_library-165">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountstuart_Elphinstone" title="Mountstuart Elphinstone">Mountstuart Elphinstone</a> wrote of Ahmad Shah: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">His military courage and activity are spoken of with admiration, both by his own subjects and the nations with whom he was engaged, either in wars or alliances. He seems to have been naturally disposed to mildness and clemency and though it is impossible to acquire sovereign power and perhaps, in Asia, to maintain it, without crimes; yet the memory of no eastern prince is stained with fewer acts of cruelty and injustice.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Mountstuart_Elphinstone" title="Mountstuart Elphinstone">Mountstuart Elphinstone</a></cite></div></blockquote> His successors, beginning with his son <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah</a> and ending with <a href="/wiki/Shuja_Shah_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuja Shah Durrani">Shuja Shah Durrani</a>, proved largely incapable of governing the last Afghan empire and faced with advancing enemies on all sides. Much of the territory conquered by Ahmad Shah fell to others by the end of the 19th century. Timur Shah consolidated the holdings of the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a>, quashed civil war and rebellion throughout his reign and led multiple campaigns into Punjab to try and repeat his fathers success. After the death of <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah</a>, his son, <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani" title="Zaman Shah Durrani">Zaman Shah Durrani</a> ascended to the throne; throughout his reign he lost the outlying territories, alienated some <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a> and those of other Durrani lineages. Zaman Shah led campaigns into Punjab, capturing <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. Due to internal strife, he withdrew on all attempts. He was later deposed by <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Durrani" title="Mahmud Shah Durrani">Mahmud Shah Durrani</a>, his brother, and the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Realm</a> continued to disintegrate in the following years from progressive succession crises, usually between Timur Shah's sons, with <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Durrani" title="Mahmud Shah Durrani">Mahmud Shah Durrani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani" title="Zaman Shah Durrani">Zaman Shah Durrani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shah_Shuja_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Shuja Durrani">Shah Shuja Durrani</a>. Afghanistan remained disunited until <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a>'s ascendancy in 1826. Chaos had effectively reigned and it ceased to exist as a single entity, disintegrating into a fragmented collection of small countries or units. Throughout his reign, the khan focused on reuniting it and somewhat did so with the <a href="/wiki/Herat_Campaign_of_1862-63" class="mw-redirect" title="Herat Campaign of 1862-63">Herat Campaign of 1862-63</a>, which retook <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, and the eventual conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Qandahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Qandahar">Principality of Qandahar</a>. In Pakistan, a <a href="/wiki/Short-range_ballistic_missile" title="Short-range ballistic missile">short-range ballistic missile</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdali-I" title="Abdali-I">Abdali-I</a>, is named in the honour of Ahmad Shah Abdali.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetry">Poetry</h2></div> Durrani wrote a collection of <a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">odes</a> in his native Pashto. He was also the author of several poems in Persian. One of his most famous Pashto poems was Love of a Nation:<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> ستا د عشق له وينو ډک سول ځيګرونه By blood, we are immersed in love of you ستا په لاره کښې بايلي زلمي سرونه The youth lose their heads for your sake تا ته راسمه زړګی زما فارغ سي I come to you and my heart finds rest بې له تا مې اندېښنې د زړه مارونه Away from you, grief clings to my heart like a snake که هر څو مې د دنيا ملکونه ډېر سي Whatever countries I conquer in the world, زما به هېر نه سي دا ستا ښکلي باغونه I will never forget your beautiful gardens د ډیلي تخت هېرومه چې را ياد کړم I forget the throne of Delhi when I remember, زما د ښکلي پښتونخوا د غرو سرونه The mountain tops of my beautiful <a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunkhwa</a> د فريد او د حميد دور به بيا سي The eras of <a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Farid</a> [Sher Shah Suri] and <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Khan_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamid Khan Lodi">Hamid</a> [Lodi] will return, چې زه وکاندم پر هر لوري تاختونه When I launch attacks on all sides که تمامه دنيا يو خوا ته بل خوا يې If I must choose between the world and you, زما خوښ دي ستا خالي تش ډګرونه I shall not hesitate to claim your barren deserts as my own </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <ul><li>In the 1994 television series <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Maratha" title="The Great Maratha">The Great Maratha</a>, the character of Ahmad Shah Durrani is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Christo" title="Bob Christo">Bob Christo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a></li> <li>In the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> war drama <a href="/wiki/Panipat_(film)" title="Panipat (film)">Panipat</a> film, Ahmad Shah Durrani appears as the main antagonist who invades the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>, and is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Dutt" title="Sanjay Dutt">Sanjay Dutt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Afghanistan">List of monarchs of Afghanistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> School of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2014/09/afghan-first-lady-shadow-1920s-queen-2014930142515254965.html">"Afghan first lady in shadow of 1920s queen?"</a>. 1 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023020907/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2014/09/afghan-first-lady-shadow-1920s-queen-2014930142515254965.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2020 – via www.aljazeera.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghan+first+lady+in+shadow+of+1920s+queen%3F&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2F2014%2F09%2Fafghan-first-lady-shadow-1920s-queen-2014930142515254965.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022118-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022118_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022118_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022118_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022118_3-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalrympleAnand2016">Dalrymple & Anand 2016</a>, p. 67: "Few possessors of the Koh-I-Noor have led happy lives, and while Ahmad Shah rarely lost a battle, he was eventually defeated by a foe more intractable than any army..." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022141-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022141_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFK._PalatTabyshalieva2003">K. Palat & Tabyshalieva 2003</a>, p. 290: "Ahmad Shah Durrani was not only a visionary leader but also a talented military man." </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta1978">Gupta 1978</a>, p. 192: "The Afghans fought with equal valour and energy and displayed strategy under the leadership of the greatest general of Asia of his time..." </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta1976">Gupta 1976</a>, p. 225-226: "Ahmad Shah Abdali was one of the greatest conquerors who have ever appeared in Asia." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005246-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005246_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005246_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta 2005</a>, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarfield202298-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarfield202298_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarfield202298_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarfield202298_10-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarfield2022">Barfield 2022</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalland1995-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalland1995_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalland1995_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalland1995_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalland1995">Balland 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959459-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959459_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1959">Singh 1959</a>, p. 459. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunion200771-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunion200771_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunion2007">Runion 2007</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaurasia2002321-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaurasia2002321_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChaurasia2002">Chaurasia 2002</a>, p. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017287-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENejatie2017287_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNejatie2017">Nejatie 2017</a>, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017287-293-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENejatie2017287-293_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNejatie2017">Nejatie 2017</a>, p. 287-293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017294-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENejatie2017294_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNejatie2017">Nejatie 2017</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195915-16-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh195915-16_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1959">Singh 1959</a>, p. 15-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee202287-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee202287_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017296-298-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENejatie2017296-298_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNejatie2017">Nejatie 2017</a>, p. 296-298. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195918-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh195918_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1959">Singh 1959</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee202291-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee202291_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005247-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005247_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta 2005</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017300-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENejatie2017300_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNejatie2017">Nejatie 2017</a>, p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195919-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh195919_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1959">Singh 1959</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017302-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENejatie2017302_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNejatie2017">Nejatie 2017</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022100-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022100_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022102-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022102_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022102-103-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022102-103_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 102-103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195921-22-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh195921-22_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1959">Singh 1959</a>, p. 21-22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022103-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022103_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017305-306-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENejatie2017305-306_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNejatie2017">Nejatie 2017</a>, p. 305-306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022105-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022105_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022105_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017306-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENejatie2017306_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNejatie2017">Nejatie 2017</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022106-107-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022106-107_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 106-107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017307-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENejatie2017307_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNejatie2017">Nejatie 2017</a>, p. 307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195932-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh195932_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1959">Singh 1959</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195924-27-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh195924-27_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1959">Singh 1959</a>, p. 24-27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022106-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022106_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022107-113-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022107-113_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 107-113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENejatie2017334-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENejatie2017334_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNejatie2017">Nejatie 2017</a>, p. 334. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005248-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005248_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta 2005</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022115-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022115_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022116-117-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022116-117_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 116-117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi199725-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi199725_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoelle-Karimi1997">Noelle-Karimi 1997</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022117-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022117_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022117_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022117-118-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022117-118_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 117-118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1964262-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar1964262_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar1964">Sarkar 1964</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005248-249-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005248-249_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta 2005</a>, p. 248-249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta196169-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta196169_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta1961">Gupta 1961</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195936-37-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh195936-37_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh195936-37_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1959">Singh 1959</a>, p. 36-37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJr2015261-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJr2015261_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJr2015">Jr 2015</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195937-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh195937_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1959">Singh 1959</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi1997111-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi1997111_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi1997111_54-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoelle-Karimi1997">Noelle-Karimi 1997</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022119-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022119_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1964127-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar1964127_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar1964">Sarkar 1964</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022119-120-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022119-120_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 119-120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta197883-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta197883_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta1978">Gupta 1978</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195942-43-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh195942-43_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1959">Singh 1959</a>, p. 42-43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005250-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005250_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta 2005</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022120-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022120_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1964128-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar1964128_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar1964">Sarkar 1964</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022120-121-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022120-121_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 120-121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1964129-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar1964129_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar1964">Sarkar 1964</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta197884-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta197884_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta1978">Gupta 1978</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022121-122-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022121-122_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 121-122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1964130-142-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar1964130-142_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar1964">Sarkar 1964</a>, p. 130-142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta197885-86-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta197885-86_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta1978">Gupta 1978</a>, p. 85-86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195967-70-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh195967-70_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1959">Singh 1959</a>, p. 67-70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022122-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022122_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022122_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195968-72-71"><a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry1985-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry1985_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry1985_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry1985_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry1985_80-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry1985_80-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerry1985">Perry 1985</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022132-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022132_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195988-89-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh195988-89_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1959">Singh 1959</a>, p. 88-89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022132-133-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022132-133_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022132-133_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 132-133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195990-92-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh195990-92_84-0">a</a> <a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195989-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh195989_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh195989_108-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1959">Singh 1959</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh195995-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh195995_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1959">Singh 1959</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi2014110-111-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoelle-Karimi2014110-111_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoelle-Karimi2014">Noelle-Karimi 2014</a>, p. 110-111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019133-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019133_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2019">Lee 2019</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019134-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019134_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019134_112-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2019">Lee 2019</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959100,_135-113"><a 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Panipat. </li> <li id="cite_note-K._RoyIHB-153"><a href="#cite_ref-K._RoyIHB_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2004" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Kaushik (2004). India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil. Permanent Black, India. pp. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-109-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-109-8"><bdi>978-81-7824-109-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Historic+Battles%3A+From+Alexander+the+Great+to+Kargil&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.pub=Permanent+Black%2C+India&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7824-109-8&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeene2007" class="citation web cs1">Keene, H.G (4 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024445/http://emotional-literacy-education.com/classic-books-online-a/tfmeh10.htm">"The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan by H.G. Keene"</a>. emotional-literacy-education.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emotional-literacy-education.com/classic-books-online-a/tfmeh10.htm">the original</a> on 17 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=emotional-literacy-education.com&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+the+Moghul+Empire+of+Hindustan+by+H.G.+Keene&rft.date=2007-10-04&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=H.G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femotional-literacy-education.com%2Fclassic-books-online-a%2Ftfmeh10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewby2005" class="citation book cs1">Newby, L. J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTmO416hNQ8C&pg=PA33">The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C1760-1860</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14550-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14550-4"><bdi>978-90-04-14550-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+And+the+Khanate%3A+A+Political+History+of+Qing+Relations+With+Khoqand+C1760-1860&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14550-4&rft.aulast=Newby&rft.aufirst=L.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTmO416hNQ8C%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewby2005" class="citation book cs1">Newby, L. J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTmO416hNQ8C">The Empire And the Khanate</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004145508" title="Special:BookSources/9004145508"><bdi>9004145508</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412063033/https://books.google.com/books?id=KTmO416hNQ8C">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+And+the+Khanate&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9004145508&rft.aulast=Newby&rft.aufirst=L.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTmO416hNQ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewby2005" class="citation book cs1">Newby, L. J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTmO416hNQ8C&pg=PA35">The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C1760-1860</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14550-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14550-4"><bdi>978-90-04-14550-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+And+the+Khanate%3A+A+Political+History+of+Qing+Relations+With+Khoqand+C1760-1860&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14550-4&rft.aulast=Newby&rft.aufirst=L.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTmO416hNQ8C%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal2004" class="citation book cs1">Grewal, J. S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SonXAAAAMAAJ">The Khalsa Sikh and Non-Sikh Perspectives</a>. Manohar. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173045806" title="Special:BookSources/9788173045806"><bdi>9788173045806</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Khalsa+Sikh+and+Non-Sikh+Perspectives&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Manohar&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788173045806&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSonXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam,_Anita2017" class="citation book cs1">William, Anita, Dalrymple, Anand (2017). Koh-I-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond (Hardcover ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63557-076-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63557-076-2"><bdi>978-1-63557-076-2</bdi></a>. <q>Few possessors of the Koh-i-Noor have led happy lives, and while Ahmad Shah rarely lost a battle, he was eventually defeated by a foe more intractable than any army. From early on in his reign, his face began to be eaten away by what the Afghan sources call a 'gangrenous ulcer', possibly leprosy, syphilis or some form of tumour. Even as he was winning his greatest victory at Panipat, Ahmad Shah's disease had already consumed his nose, and a diamond-studded substitute was attached in its place.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Koh-I-Noor%3A+The+History+of+the+World%27s+Most+Infamous+Diamond&rft.pages=65&rft.edition=Hardcover&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-63557-076-2&rft.aulast=William%2C+Anita&rft.aufirst=Dalrymple%2C+Anand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2019" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Jonathan (2019). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789140101" title="Special:BookSources/9781789140101"><bdi>9781789140101</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+A+History+from+1260+to+the+Present&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781789140101&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-161"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaggu2018" class="citation book cs1">Saggu, Devinder Singh (2018). Battle Tactics And War Manoeuvres of the Sikhs. Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781642490060" title="Special:BookSources/9781642490060"><bdi>9781642490060</bdi></a>. <q>In the following years Abdali's face became disfigured due to the wound inflicted on his nose by the flying brick. To cover it up, he got a nose of silver made. As ordained by Providance, maggot's formation took place in his nose, throat and brain. So much so that it became difficult for him to swallow the food. Maggots would slip down his throat. Attendants, tried to feed him milk by spoon but maggots would fall from his nose in the spoon. His condition became miserable and on the night of 16th Oct, 1772 at Toba Maruf in Suilleman hills he met with a terrible end.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Tactics+And+War+Manoeuvres+of+the+Sikhs&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781642490060&rft.aulast=Saggu&rft.aufirst=Devinder+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Malleson1878" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Malleson, George (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ec2AQAAMAAJ">History of Afghanistan From the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878</a>. British India: W.H Allen Company. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780341781523" title="Special:BookSources/9780341781523"><bdi>9780341781523</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002100539/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/History_of_Afghanistan/0ec2AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Afghanistan+From+the+Earliest+Period+to+the+Outbreak+of+the+War+of+1878&rft.place=British+India&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=W.H+Allen+Company&rft.date=1878&rft.isbn=9780341781523&rft.aulast=Bruce+Malleson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ec2AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Lamb, Christina (2002). The Sewing Circles of Herat. HarperCollins. First Perennial edition (2004), p. 38. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050527-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050527-3">0-06-050527-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dupree-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Dupree_164-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hatch_Dupree" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy Hatch Dupree">Nancy Hatch Dupree</a> – An Historical Guide To Afghanistan – The South (Chapter 16) </li> <li id="cite_note-British_library-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-British_library_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-British_library_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170521120830/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/afghanistan/afghanistancollection/1919to1928/sources1919to1928.html">"Central Asia"</a>. The British Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/subjects/central-asia">the original</a> on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Library&rft.atitle=Central+Asia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fsubjects%2Fcentral-asia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192733/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GI03Df02.html">"Asia Times Online :: South Asia news, business and economy from India and Pakistan"</a>. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asia+Times+Online+%3A%3A+South+Asia+news%2C+business+and+economy+from+India+and+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FSouth_Asia%2FGI03Df02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100908224421/http://www.afghan-web.com/culture/poetry/poems.html">"Ahmad Shah Durrani (Pashto Poet)"</a>. Abdullah Qazi. Afghanistan Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghan-web.com/culture/poetry/poems.html#">the original</a> on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abdullah+Qazi&rft.atitle=Ahmad+Shah+Durrani+%28Pashto+Poet%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afghan-web.com%2Fculture%2Fpoetry%2Fpoems.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maic.jmu.edu/journal/8.1/features/kim/kim.htm">"A Profile of Afghanistan – Ahmad Shah Durrani (Pashto Poet)"</a>. Kimberly Kim. <a href="/wiki/Mine_Action_Information_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Mine Action Information Center">Mine Action Information Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090522212212/http://maic.jmu.edu/journal/8.1/features/kim/kim.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kimberly+Kim&rft.atitle=A+Profile+of+Afghanistan+%E2%80%93+Ahmad+Shah+Durrani+%28Pashto+Poet%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaic.jmu.edu%2Fjournal%2F8.1%2Ffeatures%2Fkim%2Fkim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkbar2008" class="citation book cs1">Akbar, Said Hyder (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tF8D2jWMunwC">Come Back to Afghanistan: A California Teenager's Story</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781596919976" title="Special:BookSources/9781596919976"><bdi>9781596919976</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017095254/https://books.google.com/books?id=tF8D2jWMunwC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Come+Back+to+Afghanistan%3A+A+California+Teenager%27s+Story&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2008-12&rft.isbn=9781596919976&rft.aulast=Akbar&rft.aufirst=Said+Hyder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtF8D2jWMunwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/mr-christo-s-mojo/">"Mr Christos Mojo"</a>. The Indian Express. 6 March 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Mr+Christos+Mojo&rft.date=2011-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fnews-archive%2Fweb%2Fmr-christo-s-mojo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://connectgujarat.com/ashutosh-gowarikers-period-drama-panipat-first-poster-is-out/">"Ashutosh Gowariker's period drama 'Panipat' first poster is out"</a>. connectgujarat.com. 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10399-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10399-3"><bdi>978-90-04-10399-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22ancient+Supremacy%22%3A+Bukhara%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+the+Battle+for+Balkh%2C+1731-1901&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10399-3&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWe1tAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._PalatTabyshalieva2003" class="citation book cs1">K. 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UNESCO Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103876-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103876-1"><bdi>978-92-3-103876-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+Development+in+contrast%3A+from+the+sixteenth+to+the+mid-nineteenth+century&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103876-1&rft.aulast=K.+Palat&rft.aufirst=Madhavan&rft.au=Tabyshalieva%2C+Anara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ca%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FHistory_of_civilizations_of_Central_Asia%2FAzG5llo3YCMC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGommans1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jos_Gommans" title="Jos Gommans">Gommans, Jos J. L.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-2TH8UYeAaoC">The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire: C. 1710-1780</a>. BRILL Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10109-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10109-8"><bdi>90-04-10109-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Indo-Afghan+Empire%3A+C.+1710-1780&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=90-04-10109-8&rft.aulast=Gommans&rft.aufirst=Jos+J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-2TH8UYeAaoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParmu1969" class="citation book cs1">Parmu, R. K. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.ca/books/edition/A_History_of_Muslim_Rule_in_Kashmir_1320/hqM5AQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=A%20History%20of%20Muslim%20Rule%20in%20Kashmir,%201320-1819">A History of Muslim Rule in Kashmir, 1320-1819</a>. People's Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Muslim+Rule+in+Kashmir%2C+1320-1819&rft.pub=People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Parmu&rft.aufirst=R.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ca%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FA_History_of_Muslim_Rule_in_Kashmir_1320%2FhqM5AQAAIAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0%26bsq%3DA%2520History%2520of%2520Muslim%2520Rule%2520in%2520Kashmir%2C%25201320-1819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrympleAnand2016" class="citation book cs1">Dalrymple, William; Anand, Anita (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Kohinoor/EoJoDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">Kohinoor: The Story of the World's Most Infamous Diamond</a>. Juggernaut Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-86228-08-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-86228-08-6"><bdi>978-93-86228-08-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kohinoor%3A+The+Story+of+the+World%27s+Most+Infamous+Diamond&rft.pub=Juggernaut+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-93-86228-08-6&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Anand%2C+Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ca%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FKohinoor%2FEoJoDwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1971" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books/about/1754_1771_Panipat_3d_ed_1966_1971_printi.html?id=RtU5AQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y">1754-1771 (Panipat). 3d ed. 1966, 1971 printing</a>. Orient Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1754-1771+%28Panipat%29.+3d+ed.+1966%2C+1971+printing&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Sir+Jadunath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2F1754_1771_Panipat_3d_ed_1966_1971_printi.html%3Fid%3DRtU5AQAAIAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarua2005" class="citation book cs1">Barua, Pradeep (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&redir_esc=y">The State at War in South Asia</a>. U of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1344-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1344-9"><bdi>978-0-8032-1344-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+at+War+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Pradeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIIQhuAOGaIC%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry1985" class="citation web cs1">Perry, John R. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/alam-khan-arab-e-kozayma-amir-viceroy-of-the-afsharid-state-of-khorasan-1161-68-1748-54">"ʿALAM KHAN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Iranica">Encyclopedia Iranica</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=%CA%BFALAM+KHAN&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Falam-khan-arab-e-kozayma-amir-viceroy-of-the-afsharid-state-of-khorasan-1161-68-1748-54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Durrani" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Position established</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Afghanistan">Emir of Afghanistan</a> 1747–1772 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:Monarchs of Afghanistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Afghanistan" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Afghanistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Afghanistan1231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan#Monarchs" title="List of heads of state of Afghanistan">Monarchs of Afghanistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/23px-Black_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/35px-Black_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/46px-Black_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirwais_Hotak" title="Mirwais Hotak">Mirwais Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_Hotak" title="Abdul Aziz Hotak">Abdul Aziz Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hotak" title="Mahmud Hotak">Mahmud Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Hotak" title="Ashraf Hotak">Ashraf Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Hotak" title="Hussain Hotak">Hussain Hotak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/23px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/35px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/45px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani" title="Zaman Shah Durrani">Zaman Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Durrani" title="Mahmud Shah Durrani">Mahmud Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Shujah_Durrani" title="Shah Shujah Durrani">Shah Shujah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shah_Durrani" title="Ali Shah Durrani">Ali Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Shah_Durrani" title="Ayub Shah Durrani">Ayub Shah Durrani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Barakzai Emirate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mohammad_Khan" title="Sultan Mohammad Khan">Sultan Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Ali_Khan" title="Sher Ali Khan">Sher Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Afzal_Khan" title="Mohammad Afzal Khan">Mohammad Afzal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Azam_Khan" title="Mohammad Azam Khan">Mohammad Azam Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Yaqub_Khan" title="Mohammad Yaqub Khan">Mohammad Yaqub Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Emir_of_Afghanistan)" title="Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)">Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Khan" title="Habibullah Khan">Habibullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehandad_Khan" title="Jehandad Khan">Jehandad Khan</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasrullah_Khan_(Afghanistan)" title="Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)">Nasrullah Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Barakzai Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd-al_Karim" title="Abd-al Karim">Abd-al Karim</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan" title="Inayatullah Khan">Inayatullah Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">Saqqawist Emirate</a> (unrecognized)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habibull%C4%81h_Kalak%C4%81ni" title="Habibullāh Kalakāni">Habibullāh Kalakāni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Barakzai Kingdom</a> (restored)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nadir_Shah" title="Mohammad Nadir Shah">Mohammad Nadir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Zahir_Shah" title="Mohammad Zahir Shah">Mohammad Zahir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salemai" title="Salemai">Salemai</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>‡ Localized rebel monarchs</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Durrani_dynasty_(1747–1842)124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Durrani_dynasty" title="Template:Durrani dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Durrani_dynasty" title="Template talk:Durrani dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Durrani_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Durrani dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Durrani_dynasty_(1747–1842)124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Durrani_dynasty" title="Durrani dynasty">Durrani dynasty</a> (1747–1842)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani" title="Zaman Shah Durrani">Zaman Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Durrani" title="Mahmud Shah Durrani">Mahmud Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja_Shah_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuja Shah Durrani">Shuja Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shah_Durrani" title="Ali Shah Durrani">Ali Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Shah_Durrani" title="Ayub Shah Durrani">Ayub Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamran_Shah_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamran Shah Durrani">Kamran Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Yusuf_Durrani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Yusuf Durrani (page does not exist)">Mohammad Yusuf Durrani</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_conquest_of_North-west_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha conquest of North-west India">Maratha conquest of North-west India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Panipat_(1761)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Panipat (1761)">Third battle of Panipat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadashivrao_Bhau" title="Sadashivrao Bhau">Sadashivrao Bhau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar" title="Fath-Ali Shah Qajar">Fath-Ali Shah Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Shah_Qajar" title="Mohammad Shah Qajar">Mohammad Shah Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pashtun-related_topics222" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pashtun" title="Template:Pashtun"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pashtun" title="Template talk:Pashtun"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtun" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtun"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pashtun-related_topics222" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a>-related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashtun_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Pashtun empires and dynasties">Dynasties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_dynasty" title="Durrani dynasty">Durrani dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khilji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahlul_Khan_Lodi" title="Bahlul Khan Lodi">Bahlul Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak_Ahmad_Khan_Yusufzai" title="Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai">Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Khan_Lodi" title="Ibrahim Khan Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaju_Khan" title="Gaju Khan">Gaju Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Khan_Yousafzai" title="Kalu Khan Yousafzai">Kalu Khan Yusufzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimal_Khan_Mohmand" title="Aimal Khan Mohmand">Aimal Khan Mohmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Khan_Afridi" title="Darya Khan Afridi">Darya Khan Afridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirwais_Hotak" title="Mirwais Hotak">Mirwais Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hotak" title="Mahmud Hotak">Mahmud Hotak</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah" title="Najib ad-Dawlah">Najib Khan Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Wazir Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Emir_of_Afghanistan)" title="Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)">Victor of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_of_Maiwand" title="Malalai of Maiwand">Malalai of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidu_Baba" title="Saidu Baba">Saidu Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Tarzi" title="Mahmud Tarzi">Mahmud Tarzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi" title="Soraya Tarzi">Soraya Tarzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nadir_Shah" title="Mohammad Nadir Shah">Nadir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_Powinda" title="Mulla Powinda">Mulla Powinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Bacha Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartor_Faqir" title="Sartor Faqir">Sartor Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umra_Khan" title="Umra Khan">Umra Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_of_Ipi" title="Faqir of Ipi">Faqir of Ipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Samad_Khan_Achakzai" title="Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai">Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Wali_Khan" title="Abdul Wali Khan">Wali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Zahir_Shah" title="Mohammad Zahir Shah">Zahir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Daoud_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Daoud Khan">Daoud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ahad_Momand" title="Abdul Ahad Momand">Abdul Ahad Momand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ashraf_Ghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ashraf Ghani">Ashraf Ghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arfa_Siddiq" title="Arfa Siddiq">Arfa Siddiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_Kakar" title="Malalai Kakar">Malalai Kakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzoor_Pashteen" title="Manzoor Pashteen">Manzoor Pashteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Wazir" title="Ali Wazir">Ali Wazir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Pashtun culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">Pashtunization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">northern Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_clothing" title="Pashtun clothing">Pashtun clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_media" title="Pashto media">Pashto media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_singers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pashto-language singers">Pashto singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loya_jirga" class="mw-redirect" title="Loya jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Khan_and_Durkhani" title="Adam Khan and Durkhani">Adam Khan and Durkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Khan_and_Sherbano" title="Yusuf Khan and Sherbano">Yusuf Khan and Sherbano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Jirga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_poets" title="List of Pashto-language poets">Poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Kror_Suri" title="Amir Kror Suri">Amir Kror Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Roshan" title="Pir Roshan">Pir Roshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahman_Baba" title="Rahman Baba">Rahman Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazo_Tokhi" title="Nazo Tokhi">Nazo Tokhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Baba" title="Abdul Hamid Baba">Abdul Hamid Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Hotak" title="Hussain Hotak">Hussain Hotak</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Shinwari" title="Hamza Shinwari">Hamza Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmal_Khattak" title="Ajmal Khattak">Ajmal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_Stori" title="Kabir Stori">Kabir Stori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghani_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Ghani Khan">Ghani Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citizens' groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement" title="Pashtun Tahafuz Movement">Pashtun Tahafuz Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Peace_Movement_(Afghanistan)" title="People's Peace Movement (Afghanistan)">People's Peace Movement</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious-military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics and controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan (ethnonym)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannu_Resolution" title="Bannu Resolution">Bannu Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabagh_Dam" title="Kalabagh Dam">Kalabagh Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Anti-Pashtun sentiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles and conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">First Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa" title="Battle of Chausa">Battle of Chausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malandari_Pass_(1586)" title="Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)">Malandari Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gulnabad" title="Battle of Gulnabad">Battle of Gulnabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Herat_War" title="First Herat War">Herat War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maiwand" title="Battle of Maiwand">Battle of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Afghan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Second Waziristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Mohmand campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_tribal_revolts_of_1944%E2%80%931947" title="Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947">Tribal revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">War in North-West Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peshawar_related_topics121" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peshawar" title="Template:Peshawar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peshawar" title="Template talk:Peshawar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peshawar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peshawar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peshawar_related_topics121" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Peshawar" title="History of Peshawar">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Peshawar" title="Timeline of Peshawar">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahmed Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayors_of_Peshawar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayors of Peshawar (page does not exist)">Mayors of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">City District Government</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peshawar_Towns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peshawar Towns (page does not exist)">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subahdar#Nazim" title="Subahdar">Nazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_District" title="Peshawar District">Peshawar District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwardes_College_Peshawar" title="Edwardes College Peshawar">Edwardes College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_College_Peshawar" title="Government College Peshawar">Government College Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamia_College_University" title="Islamia College University">Islamia College University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_College_for_Women" title="Jinnah College for Women">Jinnah College for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Medical_College" title="Khyber Medical College">Khyber Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Medical_University" title="Khyber Medical University">Khyber Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Judicial_Academy" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Judicial Academy">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Judicial Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Graduate_Medical_Institute_Peshawar" title="Post Graduate Medical Institute Peshawar">Post Graduate Medical Institute Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Agriculture,_Peshawar" title="University of Agriculture, Peshawar">University of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Peshawar" title="University of Peshawar">University of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Engineering_%26_Technology,_Peshawar" title="University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar">University of Engineering & Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacha_Khan_International_Airport" title="Bacha Khan International Airport">Bacha Khan International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransPeshawar" title="TransPeshawar">TransPeshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Circular_Railway" title="Peshawar Circular Railway">Peshawar Circular Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Ring_Road" title="Peshawar Ring Road">Peshawar Ring Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_City_railway_station" title="Peshawar City railway station">Peshawar City station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Cantonment_railway_station" title="Peshawar Cantonment railway station">Peshawar Cantonment station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-1_motorway_(Pakistan)" title="M-1 motorway (Pakistan)">Peshawar-Islamabad Motorway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E1_expressway_(Pakistan)" title="E1 expressway (Pakistan)">Peshawar-Torkham Expressway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Afghan refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Market" title="American Market">American Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawari_chappal" title="Peshawari chappal">Peshawari chappal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawari_turban" title="Peshawari turban">Peshawari turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naswar" title="Naswar">Naswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_Bazaar" title="Qissa Khwani Bazaar">Qissa Khwani Bazaar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbab_Niaz_Stadium" title="Arbab Niaz Stadium">Arbab Niaz Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qayyum_Stadium" title="Qayyum Stadium">Qayyum Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayatabad_Sports_Complex" title="Hayatabad Sports Complex">Hayatabad Sports Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistan_Tennis_Club_Peshawar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pakistan Tennis Club Peshawar (page does not exist)">Pakistan Tennis Club Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehmas_Khan_Football_Stadium" title="Tehmas Khan Football Stadium">Tehmas Khan Football Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Gymkhana_Ground" title="Peshawar Gymkhana Ground">Peshawar Gymkhana Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Golf_Club" title="Peshawar Golf Club">Peshawar Golf Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Peshawar" title="List of universities in Peshawar">List of Universities in Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Peshawar" title="List of people from Peshawar">List of people from Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan_by_population" title="List of cities in Pakistan by population">List of cities in Pakistan by population</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_educational_institutions_in_Peshawar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of educational institutions in Peshawar (page does not exist)">List of educational institutions in Peshawar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/21px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/32px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/42px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="222" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Royalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Royalty">Royalty</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Ahmad Shah Durrani at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" class="extiw" title="c:احمدشاه ابدالی">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" 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projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-21T23:56:40Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T19:59:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f3\/Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg","headline":"founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire (r. 1747\u20131772)"}</script> </body> </html>