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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_subsection_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Systems_with_two_groupings_(moieties)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems_with_two_groupings_(moieties)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Systems with two groupings (moieties)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems_with_two_groupings_(moieties)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yolngu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yolngu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Yolngu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yolngu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems_with_four_sections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems_with_four_sections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Systems with four sections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems_with_four_sections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gamilaraay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gamilaraay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Gamilaraay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gamilaraay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martuthunira" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martuthunira"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Martuthunira</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martuthunira-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alyawarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alyawarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Alyawarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alyawarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems_with_eight_groups_(subsection_systems)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems_with_eight_groups_(subsection_systems)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Systems with eight groups (subsection systems)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems_with_eight_groups_(subsection_systems)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lardil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lardil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Lardil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lardil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pintupi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pintupi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Pintupi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pintupi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kunwinjku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kunwinjku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Kunwinjku</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kunwinjku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extension_of_the_system_to_non-relatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extension_of_the_system_to_non-relatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Extension of the system to non-relatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extension_of_the_system_to_non-relatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Some_common_kinship_terms_used_in_Aboriginal_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Some_common_kinship_terms_used_in_Aboriginal_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Some common kinship terms used in Aboriginal English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Some_common_kinship_terms_used_in_Aboriginal_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist template-anthropology-of-kinship"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Kinship_and_descent" title="Category:Kinship and descent">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Anthropology of <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eg-filiation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/100px-Eg-filiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/150px-Eg-filiation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/200px-Eg-filiation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_taboo" title="Incest taboo">Incest taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">Endogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moiety_(kinship)" title="Moiety (kinship)">Moiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_service" title="Bride service">Bride service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_and_cross_cousins" title="Parallel and cross cousins">Parallel / cross cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">Cousin marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororate_marriage" title="Sororate marriage">Sororate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage" title="Posthumous marriage">Posthumous marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joking_relationship" title="Joking relationship">Joking relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fictive_kinship" title="Fictive kinship">Fictive</a> / <a href="/wiki/Milk_kinship" title="Milk kinship">Milk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nurture_kinship" title="Nurture kinship">Nurture kinship</a></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Descent</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognatic_kinship" title="Cognatic kinship">Cognatic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">Bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilateral" title="Matrilateral">Matrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">Lineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_(kinship)" title="Collateral (kinship)">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_society" title="House society">House society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avunculate" title="Avunculate">Avunculate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Linealities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambilineality" title="Ambilineality">Ambilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilineality" title="Unilineality">Unilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Household forms and residence</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">Matrifocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilocal_residence" title="Matrilocal residence">Matrilocal</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Neolocal_residence" title="Neolocal residence">Neolocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilocal_residence" title="Patrilocal residence">Patrilocal</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Terminology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_kinship" title="Classificatory kinship">Classificatory terminologies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By group</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo (Inuit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_kinship" title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology#Dravidian" title="Kinship terminology">Dravidian <i>(debated)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Case studies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_kinship" title="Burmese kinship">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_kinship" title="Chinese kinship">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_Tibet" title="Polyandry in Tibet">Polyandry in Tibet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_India" title="Polyandry in India">in India</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Feminist</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chambri_people#Marriage_within_the_Chambri" title="Chambri people">Chambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosuo_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosuo women">Mosuo</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexuality</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa" title="Coming of Age in Samoa">Coming of Age in Samoa</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Bell_(anthropologist)" title="Diane Bell (anthropologist)">Diane Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Boellstorff" title="Tom Boellstorff">Tom Boellstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goody" title="Jack Goody">Jack Goody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Herdt" title="Gilbert Herdt">Gilbert Herdt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Kulick" title="Don Kulick">Don Kulick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lancaster" title="Roger Lancaster">Roger Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Lamphere" title="Louise Lamphere">Louise Lamphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Leacock" title="Eleanor Leacock">Eleanor Leacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Moore" title="Henrietta Moore">Henrietta Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_O._Murray" title="Stephen O. Murray">Stephen O. Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Rosaldo" title="Michelle Rosaldo">Michelle Rosaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Gayle Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Schneider" title="David M. Schneider">David M. Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Strathern" title="Marilyn Strathern">Marilyn Strathern</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_theory" title="Alliance theory">Alliance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_matrilineal_or_matrilocal_societies" title="List of matrilineal or matrilocal societies">Matrilineal / matrilocal societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminist anthropology</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Repression_in_Savage_Society" title="Sex and Repression in Savage Society">Sex and Repression in Savage Society</a></i></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Social_Bonding_and_Nurture_Kinship" title="Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship">Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship</a></i></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/The_Traffic_in_Women:_Notes_on_the_Political_Economy_of_Sex" title="The Traffic in Women: Notes on the Political Economy of Sex">"The Traffic in Women"</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social anthropology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology_of_kinship" title="Template:Anthropology of kinship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology_of_kinship" title="Template talk:Anthropology of kinship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology_of_kinship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology of kinship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Aboriginal Australian kinship</b> comprises the systems of <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_customary_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal customary law">Aboriginal customary law</a> governing social interaction relating to <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> in traditional <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_culture" title="Australian Aboriginal culture">Aboriginal cultures</a>. It is an integral part of the culture of every <a href="/wiki/List_of_Aboriginal_Australian_group_names" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Aboriginal Australian group names">Aboriginal group</a> across Australia, and particularly important with regard to <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriages</a> between <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal people</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_subsection_system">The subsection system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_kinship&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The subsection system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subsection systems are a unique social structure that divide all of Australian Aboriginal society into a number of groups, each of which combines particular sets of kin. In Central Australian Aboriginal English vernacular, subsections are widely known as "<b>skins</b>". Each subsection is given a name that can be used to refer to individual members of that group. Skin is passed down by a person's parents to their children. </p><p>The name of the groups can vary. There are systems with two such groupings (these are known as '<a href="/wiki/Kinship#Lineages,_clans,_phratries,_moieties,_and_matrimonial_sides" title="Kinship">moieties</a>' in kinship studies), systems with four (sections), six and eight (subsection systems). Some language groups extend this by having distinct male and female forms, giving a total of sixteen skin names, for example the Pintupi (listed below) and Warlpiri. While membership in skin groups is ideally based on blood relations, Australian Aboriginal subsection systems are classificatory, meaning that even people who are not actual blood relations are assigned to a subsection. They are also universal, meaning that every member of the society is assigned a position in the system. </p><p>Subsection systems are found in Aboriginal societies across much of Central, Western and Northern Australia. On the basis of detailed analysis and comparison of the various subsection systems and their terminologies, and in particular the apparent prefix /j-/ for male and /n-/ for female, it has been identified as a social innovation originally from the Daly River region of the Northern Territory, which then spread rapidly southwards to other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systems_with_two_groupings_(moieties)"><span id="Systems_with_two_groupings_.28moieties.29"></span>Systems with two groupings (moieties)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_kinship&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Systems with two groupings (moieties)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yolngu">Yolngu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_kinship&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Yolngu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yolŋu">Yolŋu</a> people of north-eastern <a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a> divide society (and much of the natural world) into two <a href="/wiki/Kinship#Lineages,_clans,_phratries,_moieties,_and_matrimonial_sides" title="Kinship">moieties</a>: <i>Dhuwa</i> and <i>Yirritja</i>. Each of these is represented by people of a number of different groups (each with their own lands, languages and philosophies) through their <a href="/wiki/Hereditary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary">hereditary</a> <a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">estates</a> – so many things are either <i>Yirritja</i> or <i>Dhuwa</i>: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Skin name </th> <th>Clan groups </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Yirritja</b></i> </td> <td>Gumatj, Gupapuyngu, Wangurri, Ritharrngu, Mangalili,<br />Munyuku, Madarrpa, Warramiri, Dhalwangu, Liyalanmirri. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Dhuwa</b></i> </td> <td>Rirratjingu, Galpu, Djambarrpuyngu, Golumala, Marrakulu,<br />Marrangu, Djapu, Datiwuy, Ngaymil, Djarrwark. </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Fish, stone, river, sea etc., belongs to one or the other moiety. Things that are not either Dhuwa or Yirritja are called <i>wakinŋu</i>. Yolŋu also have a kinship system with eight subsections (four Dhuwa and four Yirritja which is what creates moiety). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systems_with_four_sections">Systems with four sections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_kinship&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Systems with four sections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gamilaraay">Gamilaraay</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_kinship&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gamilaraay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gamilaraay_language" title="Gamilaraay language">Gamilaraay</a> language group from <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> have a four-section system. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Moiety </th> <th>Section name (female) </th> <th>Marries (male) </th> <th>Children </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Gamilaraay-language text"><i lang="kld">Wudhurruu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gamilaraay-language text"><i lang="kld">Gabudhaa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gamilaraay-language text"><i lang="kld">Yibaay</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gamilaraay-language text"><i lang="kld">Marrii, Maadhaa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Gamilaraay-language text"><i lang="kld">Maadhaa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gamilaraay-language text"><i lang="kld">Gambuu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gamilaraay-language text"><i lang="kld">Gabii, Gabudhaa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Gamilaraay-language text"><i lang="kld">Yangu(r)u</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gamilaraay-language text"><i lang="kld">Buudhaa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gamilaraay-language text"><i lang="kld">Marrii</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gamilaraay-language text"><i lang="kld">Yibaay, Yibadhaa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Gamilaraay-language text"><i lang="kld">Yibadhaa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gamilaraay-language text"><i lang="kld">Gabii</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gamilaraay-language text"><i lang="kld">Gambu, Buudhaa</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Martuthunira">Martuthunira</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_kinship&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Martuthunira"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nom-peau-marthutunira.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nom-peau-marthutunira.png/220px-Nom-peau-marthutunira.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nom-peau-marthutunira.png/330px-Nom-peau-marthutunira.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nom-peau-marthutunira.png/440px-Nom-peau-marthutunira.png 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Graph that sums up kinship in the Martuthunira society. Unnamed nodes stand for different marriage types: they are linked to spouses by simple lines and to children by arrows.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Martuthunira_language" title="Martuthunira language">Martuthunira</a> language group from the <a href="/wiki/Pilbara" title="Pilbara">Pilbara</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> have a four-section system.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The spelling <span class="nowrap">⟨l.y⟩</span> indicates that the letters represent two distinct <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>, and are not a <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a>). </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Section name (female) </th> <th>Marries (male) </th> <th>Children </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Martuyhunira-language text"><i lang="vma">Karimarra</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Martuyhunira-language text"><i lang="vma">Panaka</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Martuyhunira-language text"><i lang="vma">Pal.yarri</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Martuyhunira-language text"><i lang="vma">Panaka</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Martuyhunira-language text"><i lang="vma">Karimarra</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Martuyhunira-language text"><i lang="vma">Purungu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Martuyhunira-language text"><i lang="vma">Pal.yarri</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Martuyhunira-language text"><i lang="vma">Purungu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Martuyhunira-language text"><i lang="vma">Karimarra</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Martuyhunira-language text"><i lang="vma">Purungu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Martuyhunira-language text"><i lang="vma">Pal.yarri</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Martuyhunira-language text"><i lang="vma">Panaka</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Similar systems are found across most language groups in the Pilbara, though with some variation in the forms of the names. For example, speakers of <a href="/wiki/Ngarla_language" title="Ngarla language">Ngarla</a> use <span title="Ngarla-language text"><i lang="nrk">Milangka</i></span> where Martuthunira use <span title="Martuyhunira-language text"><i lang="vma">Pal.yarri</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alyawarra">Alyawarra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_kinship&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alyawarra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Alyawarre" title="Alyawarre">Alyawarre</a> language group from <a href="/wiki/Central_Australia" title="Central Australia">Central Australia</a> also have a four-section system, but use different terms from the Martuthunira.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Section name (female) </th> <th>Marries (male) </th> <th>Children </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Alyawarr-language text"><i lang="aly">Kngwarriya</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alyawarr-language text"><i lang="aly">Upurla</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alyawarr-language text"><i lang="aly">Kimarra</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Alyawarr-language text"><i lang="aly">Upurla</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alyawarr-language text"><i lang="aly">Kngwarriya</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alyawarr-language text"><i lang="aly">Pitjarra</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Alyawarr-language text"><i lang="aly">Pitjarra</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alyawarr-language text"><i lang="aly">Kimarra</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alyawarr-language text"><i lang="aly">Upurla</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Alyawarr-language text"><i lang="aly">Kimarra</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alyawarr-language text"><i lang="aly">Pitjarra</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alyawarr-language text"><i lang="aly">Kngwarriya</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systems_with_eight_groups_(subsection_systems)"><span id="Systems_with_eight_groups_.28subsection_systems.29"></span>Systems with eight groups (subsection systems)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_kinship&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Systems with eight groups (subsection systems)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lardil">Lardil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_kinship&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lardil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lardil_people" title="Lardil people">Lardil</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mornington_Island" title="Mornington Island">Mornington Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a> have eight subsection groups, shown here with some of their totems: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Subsection group </th> <th>Totems </th> <th>May marry only<br />subsection group </th> <th>Children will be </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Balyarriny</i></span> </td> <td>Black tiger shark,<br />sea turtle </td> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Kamarrangi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Buranyi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Bangariny</i></span> </td> <td>Brown shark, turtle </td> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Yakimarr</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Ngarrijbalangi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Buranyi</i></span> </td> <td>Crane, salt water, <br />sleeping turtle </td> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Kangal</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Balyarriny</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Burrarangi</i></span> </td> <td>Lightning, rough sea,<br />black dingo </td> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Ngarrijbalangi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Kamarrangi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Kamarrangi</i></span> </td> <td>Rock, pelican, <a href="/wiki/Brolga" title="Brolga">brolga</a>,<br />red dingo </td> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Balyarriny</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Burrarangi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Kangal</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barramundi" title="Barramundi">Barramundi</a>,<br />grey shark </td> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Buranyi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Yakimarr</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Ngarrijbalangi</i></span> </td> <td>Rainbird, shooting star,<br />egret </td> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Burrarangi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Bangariny</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Yakimarr</i></span> </td> <td>Seagull, barramundi,<br />grey shark </td> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Bangariny</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Lardil-language text"><i lang="lbz">Kangal</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Each Lardil person belongs to one of these groups. Their paternal <a href="/wiki/Grandfather" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandfather">grandfather</a>'s subsection determines their own; so a Balyarriny man or woman will have a Balyarriny grandfather. Members of each group may only marry members of one other, specified, group. </p><p>Once a person's subsection group is known, their relationship to any other Lardil can be determined. A Ngarrijbalangi is a 'father' to a Bangariny, a 'father-in-law' to a Yakimarr and a 'son' to another Bangariny, either in a social sense or purely through linearship. </p><p>The mechanics of the Lardil skin system means that generations of males cycle back and forth between two subsections. <i>Ngarrijbalangi</i> is father to <i>Bangariny</i> and <i>Bangariny</i> is father to <i>Ngarrijbalangi</i> and similarly for the three other pairs of subsections. Generations of women, however, cycle through four subsections before arriving back at the starting point. This means that a woman has the same subsection name as her (<a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilineal</a>) great-great-grandmother. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pintupi">Pintupi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_kinship&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pintupi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nom-peau-mariage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Nom-peau-mariage.png/220px-Nom-peau-mariage.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Nom-peau-mariage.png/330px-Nom-peau-mariage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Nom-peau-mariage.png/440px-Nom-peau-mariage.png 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>Graph that sums up kinship among Warlpiri (Australian aboriginals). Unlabelled nodes stand for allowed weddings. Resulting children subsections are indicated by arrows.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pintupi" title="Pintupi">Pintupi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert (Australia)">Western Desert</a> also have an eight-subsection system, made more complex by distinct forms for male and female subsection names; male forms begin with "Tj", the female forms with "N". The <a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_people" title="Warlpiri people">Warlpiri</a> system is almost the same: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gender </th> <th>Subsection name </th> <th>First marriage<br /> preference </th> <th>Children will be </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Male</b> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjapaltjarri</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Nakamarra</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjungurrayi, Nungurrayi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Female</b> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Napaltjarri</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjakamarra</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjupurrula, Napurrula</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Male</b> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjapangati</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Nampitjinpa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjapanangka, Napanangka</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Female</b> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Napangati</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjampitjinpa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjangala, Nangala</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Male</b> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjakamarra</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Napaltjarri</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjupurrula, Napurrula</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Female</b> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Nakamarra</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjapaltjarri</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjungurrayi, Nungurrayi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Male</b> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjampitjinpa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Napangati</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjangala, Nangala</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Female</b> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Nampitjinpa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjapangati</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjapanangka, Napanangka</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Male</b> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjapanangka</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Napurrula</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjapangati, Napangati</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Female</b> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Napanangka</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjupurrula</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjakamarra, Nakamarra</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Male</b> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjungurrayi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Nangala</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjapaltjarri, Napaltjarri</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Female</b> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Nungurrayi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjangala</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjampitjinpa, Nampitjinpa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Male</b> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjupurrula</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Napanangka</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjakamarra, Nakamarra</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Female</b> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Napurrula</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjapanangka</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjapangati, Napangati</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Male</b> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjangala</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Nungurrayi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjampitjinpa, Nampitjinpa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Female</b> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Nangala</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjungurrayi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pintupi-Luritja-language text"><i lang="piu">Tjapaltjarri, Napaltjarri</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kunwinjku">Kunwinjku</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_kinship&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kunwinjku"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kunwinjku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunwinjku language">Kunwinjku</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Western Arnhem Land</a> have a similar system; male forms begin with <span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Na-</i></span>, the female forms with <span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngal-</i></span>:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gender </th> <th>Subsection name </th> <th>First marriage<br /> preference </th> <th>Second marriage<br /> preference </th> <th>First marriage <br />children will be </th> <th>Second marriage <br />children will be </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Male</b> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nabulanj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalwakadj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalkangila</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nabangardi, <br />Ngalbangardi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakodjok, <br />Ngalkodjok</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Female</b> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalbulanj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nawakadj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakangila</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nawamud, <br />Ngalwamud</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nawamud, <br />Ngalwamud</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Male</b> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nangarridj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalkangila</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalwakadj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakodjok, <br />Ngalkodjok</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nabangardi <br />Ngalbangardi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Female</b> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalgarridj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakangila</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nawakadj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakamarrang, <br />Ngalkamarrang</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakamarrang, <br />Ngalkamarrang</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Male</b> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakamarrang</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalkodjok</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalbangardi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nawakadj, <br />Ngalwakadj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakangila <br />Ngalkangila</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Female</b> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalkamarrang</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakodjok</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nabangardi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nabulanj, <br />Ngalbulanj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nabulanj, <br />Ngalbulanj</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Male</b> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nawamud</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalbangardi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalkodjok</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakangila, <br />Ngalkangila</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nawakadj, <br />Ngalwakadj</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Female</b> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalwamud</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nabangardi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakodjok</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nangarridj,<br /> Ngalgarridj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nangarridj, <br />Ngalgarridj</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Male</b> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nawakadj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalbulanj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalgarridj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nawamud, <br />Ngalwamud</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakamarrang, <br />Ngalkamarrang</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Female</b> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalwakadj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nabulanj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nangarridj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nabangardi, <br />Ngalbangardi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nabangardi, <br />Ngalbangardi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Male</b> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakangila</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalgarridj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalbulanj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakamarrang, <br />Ngalkammarang</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nawamud, <br />Ngalwamud</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Female</b> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalkangila</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nangarridj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nabulanj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakodjok, <br />Ngalkodjok</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakodjok, <br />Ngalkodjok</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Male</b> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakodjok</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalkamarrang</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalwamud</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nabulanj, <br />Ngalbulanj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nangarridj, <br />Ngalgarridj</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Female</b> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalkodjok</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakamarrang</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nawamud</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nawakadj, <br />Ngalwakadj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nawakadj, <br />Ngalwakadj</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Male</b> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nabangardi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalwamud</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalkamarrang</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nangarridj, <br />Ngalgarridj</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nabulanj, <br />Ngalbulanj</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Female</b> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Ngalbangardi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nawamud</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakamarrang</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakangila, <br />Ngalkangila</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Gunwinggu-language text"><i lang="gup">Nakangila, <br />Ngalkangila</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Each person therefore has a <a href="/wiki/Patriline" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriline">patrimoiety</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Matriline" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriline">matrimoiety</a>, a father's and a mother's subsection group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extension_of_the_system_to_non-relatives">Extension of the system to non-relatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_kinship&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Extension of the system to non-relatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outsiders who have significant interaction with such groups may be given a 'skin name', commonly based on the people they have interacted with and the types of interaction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Some_common_kinship_terms_used_in_Aboriginal_English">Some common kinship terms used in Aboriginal English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_kinship&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Some common kinship terms used in Aboriginal English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Australian Aboriginal English</a></div> <p>The variety of English used by many Australian Aboriginal people employs kinship terms in ways that are based on their equivalents in Australian Aboriginal languages. </p> <ul><li><i>Aunty</i> and <i>uncle</i> are terms of address for older people, to whom the speaker may not be related.</li> <li><i>Brother</i> and <i>sister</i>—as well as for reference to siblings this term is used to refer to children of one's mother's sister and of father's brother (cousin), just as in many indigenous languages.</li> <li><i>Cousin-brother</i> and <i>cousin-sister</i> are often used to refer to children of one's mother's sister and father's brother.</li> <li><i>Cousin</i> refers to children of one's father's sister and mother's brother, but may be extended to any relative of one's own generation, such as one who might share the same great-grandparent, which is a second-cousin in Aboriginal terms.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/South_East_Queensland" title="South East Queensland">south-east Queensland</a>, <i>daughter</i> is used to refer to any woman of one's great-grandparents' generation. This is due to the cyclical nature of traditional kinship systems and mirrors usage in many Australian languages.</li> <li><i>Father</i> and <i>mother</i> include any relative of one's parents' generation, such as uncles, aunts, their own cousins and in-laws.</li> <li><i>Grandfather</i> and <i>grandmother</i> can refer to anyone of one's grandparents' generation. <i>Grandfather</i> can also refer to any respected elderly man, to whom the speaker may not be related.</li> <li><i>Poison</i> refers to a relation one is obligated to avoid. See <a href="/wiki/Avoidance_speech" title="Avoidance speech">avoidance speech</a>.</li> <li>The term <i>second</i>, or <i>little bit</i> in northern Australia, is used with a distant relative who is described using a close kinship term. For example, one's <i>second father</i> or <i>little bit father</i> is a man of one's father's generation not closely related to the speaker. Usually having a <i>second mother</i> is having a woman of your own mother's generation who seems to act like a mother and would most likely care for you if anything were to happen to your own parents. It is contrasted with <i>close</i>, <i>near</i> or <i>true</i>.</li> <li>A <i>skin</i> or <i>skin group</i> is a section determined by the skin of a person's parents, and determines whom a person is eligible to marry.</li> <li><i>Son</i> can refer to any male of the next generation, such as nephews, just as <i>daughter</i> can refer to any female of the next generation, including nieces.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_kinship&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noongar_kin_systems" title="Noongar kin systems">Noongar kin systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_people#Kinship" title="Warlpiri people">Warlpiri kinship</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_kinship&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcConvell1996" class="citation journal cs1">McConvell, Patrick (October 1996). "Backtracking to Babel: the chronology of Pama-Nyungan expansion in Australia". <i>Archaeology in Oceania</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 125–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4453.1996.tb00356.x">10.1002/j.1834-4453.1996.tb00356.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+in+Oceania&rft.atitle=Backtracking+to+Babel%3A+the+chronology+of+Pama-Nyungan+expansion+in+Australia&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=125-144&rft.date=1996-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1834-4453.1996.tb00356.x&rft.aulast=McConvell&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+kinship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp,_JanetNicholas_Thieberger1992" class="citation book cs1">Sharp, Janet; Nicholas Thieberger (1992). <i>Bilybara: Aboriginal languages of the Pilbara region</i>. Port Hedland, Western Australia: Wangka Maya, The Pilbara Aboriginal Language Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-10711-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-646-10711-9"><bdi>0-646-10711-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bilybara%3A+Aboriginal+languages+of+the+Pilbara+region&rft.place=Port+Hedland%2C+Western+Australia&rft.pub=Wangka+Maya%2C+The+Pilbara+Aboriginal+Language+Centre&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-646-10711-9&rft.au=Sharp%2C+Janet&rft.au=Nicholas+Thieberger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+kinship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWafer,_Jim1982" class="citation book cs1">Wafer, Jim (1982). <i>A Simple Introduction to Central Australian Kinship Systems</i>. Institute for Aboriginal Development, Alice Springs, Northern Territory.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Simple+Introduction+to+Central+Australian+Kinship+Systems&rft.pub=Institute+for+Aboriginal+Development%2C+Alice+Springs%2C+Northern+Territory&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Wafer%2C+Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+kinship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Etherington, Steven; Etherington, Narelle, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/15561244?selectedversion=NBD12689936">Kunwinjku Kunwok : a short introduction to Kunwinjku language and society</a></i>, Kunwinjku Language Centre, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0958690901" title="Special:BookSources/0958690901">0958690901</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_kinship&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Binnion, Joan (1979) <i>The Lardil People of Mornington Island (Student Handbook)</i>, Aboriginal Community College, Port Adelaide.</li> <li>Dousset, Laurent, 2011, <i>Australian Aboriginal Kinship: An introductory handbook with particular emphasis on the Western Desert</i>, Marseille, Pacific-credo Publications.</li> <li>Hansen, Kenneth C. and Lesley E. Hansen, 1979, <i>Pintupi/Luritja kinship</i>, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Institute for Aboriginal Development.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_kinship&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Australian Aboriginal Kinship</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Australian+Aboriginal+kinship">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austkin.net">AustKin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060716082552/http://www.ausanthrop.net/research/kinship/">Ausanthrop kinship tutorial</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060922065524/http://www.ausanthrop.net/research/kinship/kinship2.php">Ausanthrop</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clc.org.au/articles/info/aboriginal-kinship">"Kinship and Skin Names"</a>. <i>Central Land Council, Northern Territory</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Land+Council%2C+Northern+Territory&rft.atitle=Kinship+and+Skin+Names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clc.org.au%2Farticles%2Finfo%2Faboriginal-kinship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Aboriginal+kinship" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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title="Corroboree">Corroboree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_(Indigenous_Australians)" title="Country (Indigenous Australians)">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadly_Awards" title="Deadly Awards">Deadly Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_deities" title="Category:Australian Aboriginal deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">The Dreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_enumeration" title="Australian Aboriginal enumeration">Enumeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_elder" title="Australian Aboriginal elder">Elders</a></li> <li>Flags <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_flag" title="Australian Aboriginal flag">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander_flag" title="Torres Strait Islander flag">Torres Strait Islander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdaitcha" title="Kurdaitcha">Kurdaitcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_literature" title="Indigenous Australian literature">Literature of Indigenous Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marn_Grook" title="Marn Grook">Marn Grook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_stick" title="Message stick">Message stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAIDOC_Week" title="NAIDOC Week">NAIDOC Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Human_Rights_Awards" title="National Indigenous Human Rights Awards">National Indigenous Human Rights Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outstation_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Outstation movement">Outstation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riji" title="Riji">Riji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_seasons" title="Indigenous Australian seasons">Seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sacred_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal sacred sites">Sacred sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_ceremony" title="Smoking ceremony">Smoking ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songline" title="Songline">Songlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_traditional_custodianship" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian traditional custodianship">Traditional custodianship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjurunga" title="Tjurunga">Tjurunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Category:Culture of the Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Language(s)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avoidance_speech" title="Avoidance speech">Avoidance speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Australian Aboriginal English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Kriol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Kriol language">Australian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_group_names" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indigenous Australian group names">Language groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Australian_Aboriginal_origin" title="List of English words of Australian Aboriginal origin">Loanwords into English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_languages" title="Tasmanian languages">Palawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_place_names_of_Aboriginal_origin" title="List of Australian place names of Aboriginal origin">Placenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Sign languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taboo_on_the_dead" title="Taboo on the dead">Taboo on the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_languages" title="Torres Strait Island languages">Torres Strait Island languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Organisations_serving_Indigenous_Australians" title="Category:Organisations serving Indigenous Australians">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Commission" title="Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission">ATSIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Medical_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Medical Service">Aboriginal Medical Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aborigines_Advancement_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Aborigines Advancement League">Aborigines Advancement League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aborigines_Progressive_Association" title="Aborigines Progressive Association">Aborigines Progressive Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">AIATSIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_Progressive_Association" title="Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association">Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigines%27_League" title="Australian Aborigines' League">Australian Aborigines' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australian_mass_media" title="Category:Indigenous Australian mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Australia%27s_First_Peoples" title="National Congress of Australia's First Peoples">National Congress of Australia's First Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Council" title="National Indigenous Council">National Indigenous Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Registrar_of_Indigenous_Corporations" title="Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations">Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australian_politics" title="Category:Indigenous Australian politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_Aboriginal_Party" title="Registered Aboriginal Party">Registered Aboriginal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_Australia" title="Reconciliation Australia">Reconciliation Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconciliation_Week" title="National Reconciliation Week">National Reconciliation Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Sorry_Day" title="National Sorry Day">Sorry Day</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority" title="Torres Strait Regional Authority">TSRA</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Land_councils" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land_council" title="Land council">Land councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Land_Council" title="Central Land Council">Central Land Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberley_Land_Council" title="Kimberley Land Council">Kimberley Land Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maralinga_Tjarutja" title="Maralinga Tjarutja">Maralinga Tjarutja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Local_Aboriginal_Land_Council" title="Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council">Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSW_Aboriginal_Land_Council" title="NSW Aboriginal Land Council">NSW Aboriginal Land Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Land_Council" title="Northern Land Council">Northern Land Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Aboriginal_Land_and_Sea_Council" title="South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council">South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_Land_Council" title="Tiwi Land Council">Tiwi Land Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_bushcraft" title="Category:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft">Bushcraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buka_cloak" title="Buka cloak">Buka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_bread" title="Bush bread">Bush bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Bush tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_medicine" title="Bush medicine">Bush medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolamon_(vessel)" title="Coolamon (vessel)">Coolamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_dugout_canoe" title="Aboriginal dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_fibrecraft" title="Australian Aboriginal fibrecraft">Fibrecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-stick_farming" title="Fire-stick farming">Fire-stick farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_food_groups" title="Indigenous Australian food groups">Food groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humpy" title="Humpy">Humpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possum-skin_cloak" title="Possum-skin cloak">Possum-skin cloak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarred_tree" title="Scarred tree">Scarred tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soakage_(source_of_water)" title="Soakage (source of water)">Soaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinifex_resin" title="Spinifex resin">Spinifex resin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sweets" title="Australian Aboriginal sweets">Sweets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddy" title="Waddy">Waddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">Woomera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_art" title="Category:Australian Aboriginal art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_artefacts" title="Australian Aboriginal artefacts">Artefacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bark_painting" title="Bark painting">Bark painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary visual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didgeridoo" title="Didgeridoo">Didgeridoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreaming_(Australian_Aboriginal_art)" title="Dreaming (Australian Aboriginal art)">Dreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia" title="Indigenous music of Australia">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australian_musical_groups" title="Category:Indigenous Australian musical groups">Music groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rock" title="Indigenous rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aboriginal_%26_Torres_Strait_Islander_Art_Award" title="National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award">NATSIA Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papunya_Tula" title="Papunya Tula">Papunya Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpainting#Indigenous_Australian_sandpainting" title="Sandpainting">Sandpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibe_Australia" title="Vibe Australia">Vibe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Visual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yininmadyemi_-_Thou_didst_let_fall" title="Yininmadyemi - Thou didst let fall">Yininmadyemi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Category:History of Indigenous Australians">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Land_Rights_Act_1976" title="Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976">Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Frontier_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Frontier Wars">Australian Frontier Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathurst_War" title="Bathurst War">Bathurst War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkesbury_and_Nepean_Wars" title="Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars">Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledon_Bay_crisis" title="Caledon Bay crisis">Caledon Bay crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cummeragunja_walk-off" title="Cummeragunja walk-off">Cummeragunja walk-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Mourning_(Australia)" title="Day of Mourning (Australia)">Day of Mourning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_Hill_walk-off" title="Wave Hill walk-off">Gurindji Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_historical_figures" title="List of Indigenous Australian historical figures">Historical figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars">Australian history wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_breastplate" title="Aboriginal breastplate">King plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of massacres of Indigenous Australians">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_missions" title="Category:Australian Aboriginal missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_native_police" title="Australian native police">Native police</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Native_Title_Act_1993" title="Native Title Act 1993">Native Title Act 1993</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilbara_strike" title="Pilbara strike">Pilbara strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pintupi_Nine" title="Pintupi Nine">Pintupi Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apology_to_Australia%27s_Indigenous_peoples" title="Apology to Australia's Indigenous peoples">Apology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Tent_Embassy" title="Aboriginal Tent Embassy">Tent embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_history_of_Western_Australia" title="Aboriginal history of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Australian_referendum_(Aboriginals)" title="1967 Australian referendum (Aboriginals)">1967 Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_recognition_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians">Constitutional recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians_and_crime" title="Indigenous Australians and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_health_in_Australia" title="Indigenous health in Australia">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights_in_Australia" title="Indigenous land rights in Australia">Land rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_title_in_Australia" title="Native title in Australia">Native title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Indigenous Protected Area">Protected Area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Media portrayals of Indigenous Australians">Media portrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_National_Emergency_Response" title="Northern Territory National Emergency Response">Northern Territory National Emergency Response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_self-determination" title="Indigenous Australian self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_in_Australia" title="Reconciliation in Australia">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-Caste_Act" title="Half-Caste Act">Half-Caste Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uluru_Statement_from_the_Heart" title="Uluru Statement from the Heart">Uluru Statement from the Heart</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_treaties_in_Australia" title="Indigenous treaties in Australia">Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_commission#Australia" title="Truth commission">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Voice_to_Parliament" title="Indigenous Voice to Parliament">Voice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Voting rights of Indigenous Australians">Voting rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Personal_names" title="Template:Personal names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Personal_names" title="Template talk:Personal names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Personal_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Personal names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">Personal names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">anthroponymy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Surname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">Matrilineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_name_affixes" title="List of family name affixes">Affixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">Nobiliary particle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_name" class="mw-redirect" title="First name">First name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Last name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By trait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">Double-barrelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">Epithet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_epithet" title="Animal epithet">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_epithet" title="Lists of people by epithet">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_epithet" title="Plant epithet">Plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">Matronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mononymous_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononymous person">Mononymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational name">Occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Surname</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">Sobriquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknonymy" title="Teknonymy">Teknonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrial_name" title="Patrial name">Patrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_name" title="Unisex name">Unisex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_name" title="Virtue name">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By life situation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aptronym" title="Aptronym">Aptronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">Code name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">Placeholder name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notname" title="Notname">Notname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonyms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bug%C5%8D" title="Bugō">Bugō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nicknames" title="Lists of nicknames">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_by_nickname" title="List of monarchs by nickname">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">Nom de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">Pen name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">Heteronym</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikona" title="Shikona">Shikona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stage_names" title="List of stage names">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-word_stage_names" title="List of one-word stage names">Mononyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Username</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture<br /><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_name" title="Amami name">Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_titles" title="Chinese titles">Titles</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_name" title="Okinawan name">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Asia<br />and Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_name" title="Kalmyk name">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakut names">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a><br />and Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_name" title="Afghan name">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber name (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun name">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_name" title="Somali name">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_name" title="Fijian name">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_names" title="Akan names">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_naming_customs" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo naming customs">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia" title="Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia">Eritrean and Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language#Naming_system" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_names" title="Zimbabwean names">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_name" title="Armenian name">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname#Ashkenazi_Jewry" title="Jewish surname">Ashkenazi Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian name (page does not exist)">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Cypriot</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_name" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_surnames" title="Manx surnames">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_name" title="English name">English</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Canadian_name" title="Canadian name">Canadian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hongkongese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan name (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">Nomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_name" title="Croatian name">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Russian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashubian name (page does not exist)">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_onomastics" title="Macedonian onomastics">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Suffixes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_name" title="Balinese name">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese name">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Chinese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer name">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_name" title="Lao name">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_name" title="Sinhalese name">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Biblical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">Saint's name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_surname" title="Buddhist surname">Buddhist surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">Theophoric name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manners of address<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles" title="List of titles">List</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Title_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Title of authority">of authority</a>/<a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">of honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary styles">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-nominal_letters" title="Pre-nominal letters">Pre-nominal letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_titles_of_nobility" title="False titles of nobility">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">Subsidiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">Substantive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional titles">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic ranks">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Honorary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial titles">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Papal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">Name day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym and exonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Galton–Watson process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></li></ul></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_given_names" title="List of most popular given names">Given</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_common_surnames" title="Lists of most common surnames">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Namesake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">Nomen nescio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">Misnomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">Identifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">Proper name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">Signature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">Monogram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelrtva" title="Khelrtva">Khelrtva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signum_manus" title="Signum manus">Signum manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_names" title="Category:Lists of names">Category:Lists of names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Family" title="Template:Family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Family" title="Template talk:Family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_family" title="History of the family">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_family" title="Conjugal family">Conjugal family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immediate_family" title="Immediate family">Immediate family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">Matrifocal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_relationship#Human_relationships" title="Coefficient of relationship">First-degree relatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">father</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">daughter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Sibling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother" title="Brother">brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister" title="Sister">sister</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second-degree relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent" title="Grandparent">Grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandchild" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandchild">Grandchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">Uncle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aunt" title="Aunt">Aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niece_and_nephew" title="Niece and nephew">Niece/Nephew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third-degree relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great-grandparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-grandparent">Great-grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great-grandchild" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-grandchild">Great-grandchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great-uncle" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-uncle">Great-uncle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Great-aunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-aunt">Great-aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">Cousin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Family-in-law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">Spouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">husband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent-in-law" title="Parent-in-law">Parent-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling-in-law" title="Sibling-in-law">Sibling-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Child-in-law">Child-in-law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daughter-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughter-in-law">daughter-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Son-in-law">son-in-law</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepfamily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepparent">Stepparent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepfather" title="Stepfather">stepfather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepmother" title="Stepmother">stepmother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepchild" title="Stepchild">Stepchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepsibling" title="Stepsibling">Stepsibling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australian Aboriginal kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disownment" title="Disownment">Disownment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_estrangement" title="Family estrangement">Estrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_choice" title="Family of choice">Family of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_kinship" title="Fictive kinship">Fictive kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurture_kinship" title="Nurture kinship">Nurture kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_kinship" title="Chinese kinship">Chinese kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">Hawaiian kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_kinship" title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha kinship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">lineage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">Bilateral descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Family name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom" title="Heirloom">Heirloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">Heredity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">Lineal descendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_(kinship)" title="Collateral (kinship)">collateral descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progenitor" title="Progenitor">Progenitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">Royal descent</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Family_trees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_tree" title="Family tree">Family trees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">Pedigree chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genogram" title="Genogram">Genogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahnentafel" title="Ahnentafel">Ahnentafel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogical_numbering_systems" title="Genealogical numbering systems">Genealogical numbering systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seize_quartiers" title="Seize quartiers">Seize quartiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarters_of_nobility" title="Quarters of nobility">Quarters of nobility</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relationships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape (parental love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros (marital love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia (brotherly love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storge" title="Storge">Storge (familial love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day" title="Mother's Day">Mother's Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Mother's Day (United States)">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day" title="Father's Day">Father's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%E2%80%93Daughter_Day" title="Father–Daughter Day">Father–Daughter Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siblings_Day" title="Siblings Day">Siblings Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparents%27_Day" title="Grandparents' Day">National Grandparents Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_Day" title="Parents' Day">Parents' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day_(Japan)" title="Children's Day (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day" title="Family Day">Family Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day_(Canada)" title="Family Day (Canada)">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Day" title="American Family Day">American Family Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Families" title="International Day of Families">International Day of Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Family_Week" title="National Family Week">National Family Week</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Family_Week_(UK)" title="National Family Week (UK)">UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adoption_Day" title="National Adoption Day">National Adoption Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_anniversary" title="Wedding anniversary">Wedding anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">Godparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_order" title="Birth order">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Only_child" title="Only child">Only child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_child_syndrome" title="Middle child syndrome">Middle child syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Sociology of the family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Motherhood" title="Museum of Motherhood">Museum of Motherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_family" title="Astronaut family">Astronaut family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_abuse" title="Sibling abuse">Sibling abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_estrangement" title="Sibling estrangement">Sibling estrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_rivalry" title="Sibling rivalry">Sibling rivalry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_kinship&oldid=1250008673">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_kinship&oldid=1250008673</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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