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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=CJK&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="CJK">CJK</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Logographs in shared East Asian written tradition</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">For help with CJK character display, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(East_Asian)" title="Help:Multilingual support (East Asian)">Help:Multilingual support (East Asian)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_old_man_is_72_years_old_final.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/The_old_man_is_72_years_old_final.png/330px-The_old_man_is_72_years_old_final.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/The_old_man_is_72_years_old_final.png/500px-The_old_man_is_72_years_old_final.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/The_old_man_is_72_years_old_final.png/960px-The_old_man_is_72_years_old_final.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2850" /></a><figcaption>Translation of "That old man is 72 years old" in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional characters</a>), <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">internationalization</a>, <b>CJK characters</b> is a collective term for <a href="/wiki/Graphemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphemes">graphemes</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korean_writing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean writing system">Korean writing systems</a>, which each include <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>. It can also go by <b>CJKV</b> to include <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a>, the Chinese-origin <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logographic</a> script formerly used for the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese language</a>, or <b>CJKVZ</b> to also include <a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a>, used to write the <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang languages</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_repertoire">Character repertoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CJK_characters&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Character repertoire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standard Mandarin Chinese and Standard Cantonese are written almost exclusively in Chinese characters. Over 3,000 characters are required for general <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>, with up to 40,000 characters for reasonably complete coverage. Japanese uses fewer characters—general literacy in Japanese can be expected with 2,136 characters. The use of Chinese characters in Korea is increasingly rare, although idiosyncratic use of Chinese characters in proper names requires knowledge (and therefore availability) of many more characters. Even today, however, South Korean students are taught <a href="/wiki/Basic_Hanja_for_educational_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Hanja for educational use">1,800 characters</a>. </p><p>Other scripts used for these languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> for Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a> for Japanese, and <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">hangul</a> for Korean, are not strictly "CJK characters", although CJK character sets almost invariably include them as necessary for full coverage of the target languages. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sinology" title="Sinology">sinologist</a> Carl Leban (1971) produced an early survey of CJK encoding systems. </p><p>Until the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> was the written language of government and scholarship in Vietnam. Popular literature in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> was written in the <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">chữ Nôm</a></i></span> script, consisting of Chinese characters with many characters created locally. Since the 1920s, the script since then used for recording literature has been the Latin-based <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulmas1991113–115_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulmas1991113–115-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis1977_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis1977-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encoding">Encoding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CJK_characters&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of characters required for complete coverage of all these languages' needs cannot fit in the 256-character code space of 8-bit <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encodings</a>, requiring at least a 16-bit fixed width encoding or multi-byte variable-length encodings. The 16-bit fixed width encodings, such as those from <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> up to and including version 2.0, are now deprecated due to the requirement to encode more characters than a 16-bit encoding can accommodate—Unicode 5.0 has some 70,000 Han characters—and the requirement by the Chinese government that software in China support the <a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a> character set. </p><p>Although CJK encodings have common character sets, the encodings often used to represent them have been developed separately by different East Asian governments and software companies, and are mutually incompatible. <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> has attempted, with some controversy, to unify the character sets in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Han_unification" title="Han unification">Han unification</a>. </p><p>CJK character encodings should consist minimally of Han characters plus language-specific phonetic scripts such as <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a>, hiragana, katakana and hangul.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CJK character encodings include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big5" title="Big5">Big5</a> (the most prevalent encoding before Unicode was implemented)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Character_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Chinese Character Code for Information Interchange">CCCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNS_11643" title="CNS 11643">CNS 11643</a> (official standard of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(Taiwan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (Taiwan)">Republic of China</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EUC-JP" class="mw-redirect" title="EUC-JP">EUC-JP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EUC-KR" class="mw-redirect" title="EUC-KR">EUC-KR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_2312" title="GB 2312">GB 2312</a> (subset and predecessor of GB 18030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a> (mandated standard in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>)</li> <li>Giga Character Set (GCS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2022-JP" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 2022-JP">ISO 2022-JP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-2022-KR" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-2022-KR">ISO-2022-KR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_X_1001" title="KS X 1001">KS X 1001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPS_9566" title="KPS 9566">KPS 9566</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift-JIS" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift-JIS">Shift-JIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRON_(encoding)" title="TRON (encoding)">TRON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></li></ul> </div> <p>The CJK character sets take up the bulk of the assigned <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> code space. There is much controversy among Japanese experts of Chinese characters about the desirability and technical merit of the <a href="/wiki/Han_unification" title="Han unification">Han unification</a> process used to map multiple Chinese and Japanese character sets into a single set of unified characters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>All three languages can be written both <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts" title="Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts">left-to-right and top-to-bottom</a> (right-to-left and top-to-bottom in ancient documents), but are usually considered left-to-right scripts when discussing encoding issues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CJK_characters&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Libraries cooperated on encoding standards for <a href="/wiki/JACKPHY" title="JACKPHY">JACKPHY</a> characters in the early 1980s. According to <a href="/wiki/Ken_Lunde" title="Ken Lunde">Ken Lunde</a>, the abbreviation "CJK" was a registered <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> of <a href="/wiki/Research_Libraries_Group" title="Research Libraries Group">Research Libraries Group</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which merged with <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> in 2006). The trademark owned by OCLC between 1987 and 2009 has now expired.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CJK_characters&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_description_languages" title="Chinese character description languages">Chinese character description languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_encoding" title="Chinese character encoding">Chinese character encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese input methods for computers">Chinese input methods for computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs" title="CJK Compatibility Ideographs">CJK Compatibility Ideographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_strokes" title="Chinese character strokes">Chinese character strokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK Unified Ideographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_Text_Layout_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex Text Layout languages">Complex Text Layout languages</a> (CTL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input_method_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Input method editor">Input method editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language_and_computers" title="Japanese language and computers">Japanese language and computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language_and_computers" title="Korean language and computers">Korean language and computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_CJK_fonts" title="List of CJK fonts">List of CJK fonts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinoxenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinoxenic">Sinoxenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-width_encoding" title="Variable-width encoding">Variable-width encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language_and_computers" title="Vietnamese language and computers">Vietnamese language and computers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CJK_characters&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulmas1991113–115-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulmas1991113–115_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoulmas1991">Coulmas (1991)</a>, pp. 113–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis1977-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis1977_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1977">DeFrancis (1977)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation foldoc">This article is based on material taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foldoc.org/CJK">CJK</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Free_On-line_Dictionary_of_Computing" title="Free On-line Dictionary of Computing">Free On-line Dictionary of Computing</a></i>  prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>, version 1.3 or later.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/cjk.inf">Ken Lunde, 1996</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trademarks.justia.com/736/38/cjk-73638777.html">Justia listing</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CJK_characters&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCoulmas1991" class="citation book cs1">Coulmas, Florian (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writingsystemsof0000coul"><i>The writing systems of the world</i></a></span>. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18028-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18028-9"><bdi>978-0-631-18028-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+writing+systems+of+the+world&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18028-9&rft.aulast=Coulmas&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwritingsystemsof0000coul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACJK+characters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeFrancis1977" class="citation book cs1">DeFrancis, John (1977). <i>Colonialism and language policy in Viet Nam</i>. The Hague: Mouton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7643-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7643-7"><bdi>978-90-279-7643-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism+and+language+policy+in+Viet+Nam&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-90-279-7643-7&rft.aulast=DeFrancis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACJK+characters" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CJK_characters&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_DeFrancis" title="John DeFrancis">DeFrancis, John</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chinese_Language:_Fact_and_Fantasy" title="The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy">The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy</a></i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1068-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1068-6">0-8248-1068-6</a>.</li> <li>Hannas, William C. <i>Asia's Orthographic Dilemma</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1892-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1892-X">0-8248-1892-X</a> (paperback); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1842-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1842-3">0-8248-1842-3</a> (hardcover).</li> <li>Lemberg, Werner: The CJK package for LATEX2ε—Multilingual support beyond babel. TUGboat, Volume 18 (1997), No. 3—Proceedings of the 1997 Annual Meeting.</li> <li>Leban, Carl. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ePLMGwAACAAJ">Automated Orthographic Systems for East Asian Languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean)</a></i>, State-of-the-art Report, Prepared for the Board of Directors, Association for Asian Studies. 1971.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Lunde" title="Ken Lunde">Lunde, Ken</a>. <i>CJKV Information Processing</i>. Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly & Associates, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56592-224-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56592-224-7">1-56592-224-7</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CJK_characters&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linfo.org/cjkv.html">CJKV: A Brief Introduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb18-3/cjkintro600.pdf">Lemberg CJK article from above, TUGboat18-3</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wenlin.com/cdl/#jarg">On "CJK Unified Ideograph"</a>, from Wenlin.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624130411/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jonathan.deboynepollard/FGA/unicode-cjkv-character-set-rationalization.html">FGA: Unicode CJKV character set rationalization</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CJK_ideographs_in_Unicode" title="Template:CJK ideographs in Unicode"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CJK_ideographs_in_Unicode" title="Template talk:CJK ideographs in Unicode"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CJK_ideographs_in_Unicode" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CJK ideographs in Unicode"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="CJK_ideographs_in_Unicode&#91;&#91;#cnote_a_grp_version&#124;&#91;a&#93;&#93;&#93;436" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK ideographs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a><sup id="ref_a_grp_version_1" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a_grp_version">[a]</a></sup></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_block" title="Unicode block">Block name</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Plane_(Unicode)" title="Plane (Unicode)">Plane</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Chart range</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Characters</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Han_unification" title="Han unification">Han unification</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Scripts_in_Unicode" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripts in Unicode">Scripts contained in block</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:6em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_(Unicode_block)" title="CJK Unified Ideographs (Unicode block)">CJK Unified Ideographs</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_A" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_B" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_C" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_D" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_E" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_F" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_G" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_H" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_I" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Radicals_Supplement" title="CJK Radicals Supplement">CJK Radicals Supplement</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Radicals_(Unicode_block)" title="Kangxi Radicals (Unicode block)">Kangxi Radicals</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ideographic_Description_Characters" title="Ideographic Description Characters">Ideographic Description Characters</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Symbols_and_Punctuation" title="CJK Symbols and Punctuation">CJK Symbols and Punctuation</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Strokes_(Unicode_block)" title="CJK Strokes (Unicode block)">CJK Strokes</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months" title="Enclosed CJK Letters and Months">Enclosed CJK Letters and Months</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Compatibility" title="CJK Compatibility">CJK Compatibility</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs" title="CJK Compatibility Ideographs">CJK Compatibility Ideographs</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Compatibility_Forms" title="CJK Compatibility Forms">CJK Compatibility Forms</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Enclosed_Ideographic_Supplement" title="Enclosed Ideographic Supplement">Enclosed Ideographic Supplement</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs_Supplement" title="CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement">CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:4.5em;"><div> <p>0 <a href="/wiki/Unicode_plane#Basic_Multilingual_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode plane">BMP</a><br /> 0 BMP<br /> 2 <a href="/wiki/Unicode_plane#Supplementary_Ideographic_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode plane">SIP</a><br /> 2 SIP<br /> 2 SIP<br /> 2 SIP<br /> 2 SIP<br /> 3 <a href="/wiki/Unicode_plane#Tertiary_Ideographic_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode plane">TIP</a><br /> 3 TIP<br /> 2 SIP<br /> 0 BMP<br /> 0 BMP<br /> 0 BMP<br /> 0 BMP<br /> 0 BMP<br /> 0 BMP<br /> 0 BMP<br /> 0 BMP<br /> 0 BMP<br /> 1 <a href="/wiki/Unicode_plane#Supplementary_Multilingual_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode plane">SMP</a><br /> 2 SIP<br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:8.5em;"><div> <p>4E00–9FFF<br /> 3400–4DBF<br /> 20000–2A6DF<br /> 2A700–2B73F<br /> 2B740–2B81F<br /> 2B820–2CEAF<br /> 2CEB0–2EBEF<br /> 30000–3134F<br /> 31350–323AF<br /> 2EBF0–2EE5F<br /> 2E80–2EFF<br /> 2F00–2FDF<br /> 2FF0–2FFF<br /> 3000–303F<br /> 31C0–31EF<br /> 3200–32FF<br /> 3300–33FF<br /> F900–FAFF<br /> FE30–FE4F<br /> 1F200–1F2FF<br /> 2F800–2FA1F<br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:right;width:2em;"><div> <p>20,992<br /> 6,592<br /> 42,720<br /> 4,154<br /> 222<br /> 5,762<br /> 7,473<br /> 4,939<br /> 4,192<br /> 622<br /> 115<br /> 214<br /> 16<br /> 64<br /> 39<br /> 255<br /> 256<br /> 472<br /> 32<br /> 64<br /> 542<br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:9em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">Unified</a><br /> Unified<br /> Unified<br /> Unified<br /> Unified<br /> Unified<br /> Unified<br /> Unified<br /> Unified<br /> Unified<br /> Not unified<br /> Not unified<br /> Not unified<br /> Not unified<br /> Not unified<br /> Not unified<br /> Not unified<br /> 12 are unified<br /> Not unified<br /> Not unified<br /> Not unified<br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:28em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Han</a><br /> Han<br /> Han<br /> Han<br /> Han<br /> Han<br /> Han<br /> Han<br /> Han<br /> Han<br /> Han<br /> Han<br /> <a href="/wiki/Scripts_in_Unicode#Common_and_inherited_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripts in Unicode">Common</a><br /> Han, <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>, Common, <a href="/wiki/Scripts_in_Unicode#Common_and_inherited_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripts in Unicode">Inherited</a><br /> Common<br /> Hangul, <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a>, Common<br /> Katakana, Common<br /> Han<br /> Common<br /> <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a>, Common<br /> Han<br /> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Totals</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"> </td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><div style="text-align: center; padding-right: 0">21</div></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>5 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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