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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>First months</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_of_VCheKa_and_National_Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_VCheKa_and_National_Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Consolidation of VCheKa and National Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_VCheKa_and_National_Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_types_of_Cheka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_types_of_Cheka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other types of Cheka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_types_of_Cheka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suppression_of_political_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suppression_of_political_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Suppression of political opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suppression_of_political_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_deserters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_deserters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Persecution of deserters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_deserters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Repression</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Repression-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Repression subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Repression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_of_victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Number of victims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Scholarly estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atrocities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atrocities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Atrocities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atrocities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_Chekas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_Chekas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regional Chekas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_Chekas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cheka</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjeka" title="Tsjeka – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsjeka" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="تشيكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشيكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fks-inqilab_v%C9%99_T%C9%99xribatla_M%C3%BCbariz%C9%99_%C3%BCzr%C9%99_%C3%9Cmumrusiya_F%C3%B6vq%C9%99lad%C9%99_Komissiyas%C4%B1" title="Əks-inqilab və Təxribatla Mübarizə üzrə Ümumrusiya Fövqəladə Komissiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əks-inqilab və Təxribatla Mübarizə üzrə Ümumrusiya Fövqəladə Komissiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%A7%D0%9A" title="ВЧК – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="ВЧК" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5_%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B9_%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Усерасійская надзвычайная камісія па барацьбе з контррэвалюцыяй і сабатажам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Усерасійская надзвычайная камісія па барацьбе з контррэвалюцыяй і сабатажам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5_%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B9_%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Усерасейская надзвычайная камісія па барацьбе з контрарэвалюцыяй і сабатажам – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Усерасейская надзвычайная камісія па барацьбе з контрарэвалюцыяй і сабатажам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Cheka" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чека – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чека" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcheka" title="Tcheka – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tcheka" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txek%C3%A0" title="Txekà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txekà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ceka" title="Čeka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čeka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjekaen" title="Tjekaen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tjekaen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tscheka" title="Tscheka – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tscheka" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ekaa" title="Tšekaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšekaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Τσεκά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσεκά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checa" title="Checa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Checa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88eka" title="Ĉeka – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉeka" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txeka" title="Txeka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txeka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="چکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C3%A9ka" title="Tchéka – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tchéka" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cheka" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%B9%B4" title="체카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ceka" title="Čeka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čeka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cheka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ceka" title="Čeka – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Čeka" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%A7%D7%94" title="צ'קה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'קה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ჩეკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩეკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B6%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Контрреволюция мен іріткіге қарсы күрес жөніндегі бүкілресейлік төтенше комиссиясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Контрреволюция мен іріткіге қарсы күрес жөніндегі бүкілресейлік төтенше комиссиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viskrievijas_%C4%80rk%C4%81rtas_komisija" title="Viskrievijas Ārkārtas komisija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viskrievijas Ārkārtas komisija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8CK" title="ČK – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="ČK" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjeka" title="Tsjeka – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsjeka" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC" title="チェーカー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェーカー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjeka" title="Tsjeka – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsjeka" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjeka" title="Tsjeka – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsjeka" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czeka" title="Czeka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czeka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcheka" title="Tcheka – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tcheka" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEKA" title="CEKA – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="CEKA" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5_%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Всероссийская чрезвычайная комиссия по борьбе с контрреволюцией и саботажем – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Всероссийская чрезвычайная комиссия по борьбе с контрреволюцией и саботажем" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cheka" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cheka" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ceka" title="Čeka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čeka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8CEKA" title="ČEKA – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="ČEKA" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="چێکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چێکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чека – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чека" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8CEKA" title="ČEKA – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="ČEKA" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1eka" title="Tšeka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšeka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjeka" title="Tjeka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tjeka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Cheka" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เชการ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เชการ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87eka" title="Çeka – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çeka" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%94%D1%8E_%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%9D%D0%9A_%D0%A0%D0%A0%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Всеросійська надзвичайна комісія з боротьби з контрреволюцією і саботажем при РНК РРФСР – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Всеросійська надзвичайна комісія з боротьби з контрреволюцією і саботажем при РНК РРФСР" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%A6y_ban_%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t_to%C3%A0n_Nga" title="Ủy ban Đặc biệt toàn Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ủy ban Đặc biệt toàn Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E5%8D%A1" title="契卡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="契卡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q203023#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">All-Russian Extraordinary Commission</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru" style="font-style: normal;">Всероссийская чрезвычайная комиссия</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(Russian)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png/150px-GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png 1.5x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="285" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Badge commemorating 5 years of the Cheka–GPU, issued in 1922</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">December 20, 1917<span class="noprint">; 106 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">December 20, 1917</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">February 6, 1922<span class="noprint">; 102 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">February 6, 1922</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Superseding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">Secret police</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>2 <a href="/wiki/Gorokhovaya_Street" title="Gorokhovaya Street">Gorokhovaya Street</a>, Petrograd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_(KGB)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubyanka (KGB)">Lubyanka Square</a>, Moscow</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>All-Russian Extraordinary Commission</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Всероссийская чрезвычайная комиссия</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Vserossiyskaya chrezvychaynaya komissiya</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[fsʲɪrɐˈsʲijskəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕrʲɪzvɨˈtɕæjnəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>kɐˈmʲisʲɪjə]</a></span>), abbreviated as <b>VChK</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">ВЧК</span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[vɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕe<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈka]</a></span>), and commonly known as the <b>Cheka</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">ЧК</span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[tɕɪˈka]</a></span>), was the first Soviet <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> organization. It was established on 20 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 7 December] 1917 by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was led by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stalinsleadership_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stalinsleadership-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> in 1921, the Cheka had at least 200,000 personnel. </p><p>Ostensibly created to protect the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> from "class enemies" such as the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, the Cheka soon became a tool of repression wielded against all political opponents of the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> regime. The organization had responsibility for <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">counterintelligence</a>, oversight of the loyalty of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, and protection of the country's borders, as well as the collection of <a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)">human</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technical_intelligence" title="Technical intelligence">technical intelligence</a>. At the direction of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, the Cheka performed mass arrests, imprisonments, torture, and executions without trial in what came to be known as the "<a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a>". It policed the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Labor_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor camps">labor camps</a>, conducted <a href="/wiki/Prodrazvyorstka" class="mw-redirect" title="Prodrazvyorstka">requisitions of food</a>, and put down rebellions by workers and peasants. The Cheka was responsible for executing at least 50,000 to as many as 200,000 people, though estimates vary widely. </p><p>The Cheka, the first in a long <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">succession of Soviet secret police agencies</a>, established the security service as a major player in Soviet politics. It was dissolved in February 1922, and succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">State Political Directorate</a> (GPU). Throughout the Soviet era, members of the secret police were referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Chekism" title="Chekism">Chekists</a>". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheka&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official designation was <b>All-Russian Extraordinary</b> (or <b>Emergency</b>) <b>Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Всероссийская чрезвычайная комиссия по борьбе с контрреволюцией и саботажем при Совете народных комиссаров РСФСР</span></span>, <i>Vserossiyskaya chrezvychaynaya komissiya po borbe s kontrrevolyutsiyey i sabotazhem pri Sovete narodnykh komisarov RSFSR</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1918 its name was changed, becoming <b>All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Profiteering and Corruption</b>. </p><p>A member of Cheka was called a <i>chekist</i> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">чеки́ст</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">chekíst</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[t͡ɕɪˈkʲist]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/34\/Ru-%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82.ogg\/Ru-%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0447\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Ru-%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82.ogg/Ru-%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82.ogg" title="File:Ru-чекист.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>). Also, the term <i>chekist</i> often referred to Soviet <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> throughout the Soviet period, despite official name changes over time. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gulag_Archipelago" title="The Gulag Archipelago">The Gulag Archipelago</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Solzhenitsyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Solzhenitsyn">Alexander Solzhenitsyn</a> recalls that <i><a href="/wiki/White_Sea%E2%80%93Baltic_Canal#Commemoration" title="White Sea–Baltic Canal">zeks</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">labor camps</a> used <i>old chekist</i> as a mark of special esteem for particularly experienced camp administrators.<sup id="cite_ref-Solzhenitsyn_cite_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solzhenitsyn_cite-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is still found in use in Russia today (for example, President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> has been referred to in the Russian <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">media</a> as a <i>chekist</i> due to his career in the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> and as head of the KGB's successor, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">FSB</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>The Chekists commonly dressed in black leather, including long flowing coats, reportedly after being issued such distinctive coats early in their existence.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communists</a> adopted this clothing fashion. The Chekists also often carried with them Greek-style <a href="/wiki/Worry_beads" title="Worry beads">worry beads</a> made of amber, which had become "fashionable among high officials during the time of the 'cleansing'".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheka&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; float:right; u"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef" colspan="2" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Chronology of Soviet<br />security agencies</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom:2px solid gray;font-size:smaller"> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png/40px-GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png/60px-GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png/80px-GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="285" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png/40px-GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png/60px-GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png/80px-GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="272" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NKVD_Emblem_(Solid_Colors).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg/40px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg/60px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg/80px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="519" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblema_KGB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/35px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/53px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/70px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="291" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>1917–22</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cheka</a></b> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Sovnarkom</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">RSFSR</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(All-Russian Extraordinary Commission)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>1922–23</b></span></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><b><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></b> of the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> of the RSFSR<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(State Political Directorate)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>1923–34</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><b><a href="/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate" title="Joint State Political Directorate">OGPU</a></b> of the Sovnarkom of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Joint State Political Directorate)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>1934–41</b><br /><b>1941–43</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><b><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a></b> of the USSR<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs)</span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_State_Security" title="Main Directorate of State Security">GUGB</a></b> of the NKVD of the USSR<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Main Directorate of State Security)</span></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>1941</b><br /><b>1943–46</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_State_Security" title="People's Commissariat for State Security">NKGB</a></b> of the USSR<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(People's Commissariat for State Security)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>1946–53</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)"><b>MGB</b></a> of the USSR<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Ministry of State Security)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>1953–54</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)"><b>MVD</b></a> of the USSR<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Ministry of Internal Affairs)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>1954–91</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><b><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></b> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union">Council of Ministers of the USSR</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Committee for State Security)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Template:Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Template talk:Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Troops">Troops for the Internal Defense of the Republic</a> (a branch of the Cheka) numbered at least 200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-History_Learning_Site:_The_Cheka_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_Learning_Site:_The_Cheka-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These troops policed <a href="/wiki/Labor_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor camps">labor camps</a>, ran the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> system, conducted <a href="/wiki/Prodrazvyorstka" class="mw-redirect" title="Prodrazvyorstka">requisitions of food</a>, and subjected political opponents to secret arrest, detention, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary execution</a>. They also put down rebellions and riots by workers<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or peasants, and mutinies in the desertion-plagued <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (August 2017)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After 1922 Cheka groups underwent the first of <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">a series of reorganizations</a>; however the theme of a government <a href="/wiki/Chekism" title="Chekism">dominated by "the organs"</a> persisted indefinitely afterward, and Soviet citizens continued to refer to members of the various organs as <a href="/wiki/Chekism" title="Chekism">Chekists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lcweb2.loc.gov_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheka&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menzhinsky_V_1921-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Menzhinsky_V_1921-2.jpg/220px-Menzhinsky_V_1921-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Menzhinsky_V_1921-2.jpg/330px-Menzhinsky_V_1921-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Menzhinsky_V_1921-2.jpg/440px-Menzhinsky_V_1921-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Presidium" title="Presidium">presidium</a> of VCheKa (left to right) <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakov Peters">Yakov Peters</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Unszlicht" title="Józef Unszlicht">Józef Unszlicht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abram_Belenky" title="Abram Belenky">Abram Belenky</a> (standing), <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Menzhinsky" title="Vyacheslav Menzhinsky">Vyacheslav Menzhinsky</a>, 1921</figcaption></figure> <p>In the first month and half after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> (1917), the duty of "extinguishing the resistance of exploiters" was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee">Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee</a> (or PVRK). It represented a temporary body working under directives of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a> (Sovnarkom) and <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">RDSRP</a>(<a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">b</a>). The VRK created new bodies of government,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> organized food delivery to cities and the Army, requisitioned products from <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>, and sent its emissaries and agitators into provinces. One of its most important functions was the security of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> order, and the fight against <a href="/wiki/Counterrevolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolutionary">counterrevolutionary</a> activity (see: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_agitation" title="Anti-Soviet agitation">Anti-Soviet agitation</a>). </p><p>On December 1, 1917, the <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Central_Executive_Committee" title="All-Russian Central Executive Committee">All-Russian Central Executive Committee</a> (VTsIK or TsIK)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reviewed a proposed reorganization of the VRK, and possible replacement of it. On December 5, the <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> VRK published an announcement of dissolution and transferred its functions to the department of TsIK for the fight against "counterrevolutionaries".<sup id="cite_ref-Mozokhin_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mozokhin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 6, the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom) strategized how to persuade government workers to strike across Russia. They decided that a special commission was needed to implement the "most energetically revolutionary" measures. <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a> (the Iron Felix) was appointed as Director and invited the participation of the following individuals: <a href="/wiki/Vasiliy_Averin" title="Vasiliy Averin">V. K. Averin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Yakovlev" title="Vasily Yakovlev">V.V Yakovlev</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=D._G._Yevseyev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D. G. Yevseyev (page does not exist)">D. G. Yevseyev</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=N._A._Zhydelev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N. A. Zhydelev (page does not exist)">N. A. Zhydelev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ksenofontov" title="Ivan Ksenofontov">I. K. Ksenofontov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grigoriy_Ordzhonikidze" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze">G. K. Ordjonikidze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakov Peters">Ya. Kh. Peters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Peterson" title="Karl Peterson">K. A. Peterson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Trifonov" title="Valentin Trifonov">V. A. Trifonov</a>. </p><p>On December 7, 1917, all invited except Zhydelev and Vasilevsky gathered in the <a href="/wiki/Smolny_Institute" title="Smolny Institute">Smolny Institute</a> to discuss the competence and structure of the commission to combat counterrevolution and sabotage. The obligations of the commission were: "to liquidate to the root all of the counterrevolutionary and sabotage activities and all attempts to them in all of Russia, to hand over counter-revolutionaries and saboteurs to the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_tribunal_(Russia)" title="Revolutionary tribunal (Russia)">revolutionary tribunals</a>, develop measures to combat them and relentlessly apply them in real-world applications. The commission should only conduct a preliminary investigation".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The commission should also observe the press and counterrevolutionary parties, sabotaging officials and other criminals. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sankt_Petersburg-Regierungssitz_Smolny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sankt_Petersburg-Regierungssitz_Smolny.jpg/220px-Sankt_Petersburg-Regierungssitz_Smolny.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sankt_Petersburg-Regierungssitz_Smolny.jpg/330px-Sankt_Petersburg-Regierungssitz_Smolny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sankt_Petersburg-Regierungssitz_Smolny.jpg/440px-Sankt_Petersburg-Regierungssitz_Smolny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Smolny_Institute" title="Smolny Institute">Smolny</a>, the seat of the Soviet government, 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>Three sections were created: informational, organizational, and a unit to combat counter-revolution and sabotage. Upon the end of the meeting, Dzerzhinsky reported to the <a href="/wiki/Sovnarkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovnarkom">Sovnarkom</a> with the requested information. The commission was allowed to apply such measures of repression as 'confiscation, deprivation of ration cards, publication of lists of enemies of the people etc.'".<sup id="cite_ref-Mozokhin_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mozokhin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That day, Sovnarkom officially confirmed the creation of VCheKa. The commission was created not under the VTsIK as was previously anticipated, but rather under the Council of the People's Commissars.<sup id="cite_ref-People's_Commissars_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-People's_Commissars-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 8, 1917, some of the original members of the VCheka were replaced. Averin, Ordzhonikidze, and Trifonov were replaced by V. V. Fomin, S. E. Shchukin, Ilyin, and Chernov.<sup id="cite_ref-People's_Commissars_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-People's_Commissars-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the meeting of December 8, the presidium of VChK was elected of five members, and chaired by Dzerzhinsky. The issues of "<a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculation</a>" or profiteering, such as by black market grain sellers<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>" was raised at the same meeting,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was assigned to Peters to address and report with results to one of the next meetings of the commission. A circular, published on December 28 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> December 15] 1917, gave the address of VCheka's first headquarters as "Petrograd, Gorokhovaya 2, 4th floor".<sup id="cite_ref-People's_Commissars_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-People's_Commissars-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 11, Fomin was ordered to organize a section to suppress "speculation." And in the same day, VCheKa offered Shchukin to conduct arrests of counterfeiters. </p><p>In January 1918, a subsection of the anti-counterrevolutionary effort was created to police bank officials. The structure of VCheKa was changing repeatedly. By March 1918, when the organization came to Moscow, it contained the following sections: against counterrevolution, speculation, non-residents, and information gathering. By the end of 1918–1919, some new units were created: secretly operative, investigatory, of transportation, military (special), operative, and instructional. By 1921, it changed once again, forming the following sections: directory of affairs, administrative-organizational, secretly operative, economical, and foreign affairs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_months">First months</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheka&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First months"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first months of its existence, VCheKa consisted of only 40 officials. It commanded a team of soldiers, the Sveaborgesky regiment, as well as a group of Red Guardsmen. On January 14, 1918, Sovnarkom ordered Dzerzhinsky to organize teams of "energetic and ideological" sailors to combat speculation. By the spring of 1918, the commission had several teams: in addition to the Sveaborge team, it had an intelligence team, a team of sailors, and a strike team. Through the winter of 1917–1918, all activities of VCheKa were centralized mainly in the city of Petrograd. It was one of several other commissions in the country which fought against counterrevolution, speculation, banditry, and other activities perceived as crimes. Other organizations included: the Bureau of Military Commissars, and an Army-Navy investigatory commission to attack the counterrevolutionary element in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, plus the Central Requisite and Unloading Commission to fight speculation. The investigation of counterrevolutionary or major criminal offenses was conducted by the Investigatory Commission of Revtribunal. The functions of VCheKa were closely intertwined with the Commission of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bonch-Bruyevich" title="Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich">V. D. Bonch-Bruyevich</a>, which beside the fight against wine <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> was engaged in the investigation of most major political offenses (see: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonch-Bruyevich_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonch-Bruyevich Commission (page does not exist)">Bonch-Bruyevich Commission</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrovskiy_Grigoriy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Petrovskiy_Grigoriy.jpg/150px-Petrovskiy_Grigoriy.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Petrovskiy_Grigoriy.jpg/225px-Petrovskiy_Grigoriy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Petrovskiy_Grigoriy.jpg/300px-Petrovskiy_Grigoriy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Grigory Petrovsky</figcaption></figure> <p>All results of its activities, VCheKa had either to transfer to the Investigatory Commission of Revtribunal, or to dismiss. The control of the commission's activity was provided by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Justice (Soviet Union)">People's Commissariat for Justice</a> (Narkomjust, at that time headed by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Steinberg" title="Isaac Steinberg">Isaac Steinberg</a>) and Internal Affairs (NKVD, at that time headed by <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Petrovsky" title="Grigory Petrovsky">Grigory Petrovsky</a>). Although the VCheKa was officially an independent organization from the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, its chief members such as Dzerzhinsky, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Latsis" title="Martin Latsis">Latsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Unszlicht" title="Józef Unszlicht">Unszlicht</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moisei_Uritsky" title="Moisei Uritsky">Uritsky</a> (all main chekists), since November 1917 composed the collegiate of NKVD headed by Petrovsky. In November 1918, Petrovsky was appointed as head of the All-Ukrainian Central <a href="/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Military Revolutionary Committee">Military Revolutionary Committee</a> during VCheKa's expansion to provinces and front-lines. At the time of political competition between Bolsheviks and SRs (January 1918), <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left SRs</a> attempted to curb the rights of VCheKa and establish through the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Justice (Soviet Union)">Narkomiust</a> their control over its work. Having failed in attempts to subordinate the VCheKa to Narkomiust, the Left SRs tried to gain control of the Extraordinary Commission in a different way: they requested that the Central Committee of the party be granted the right to directly enter their representatives into the VCheKa. <a href="/wiki/Sovnarkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovnarkom">Sovnarkom</a> recognized the desirability of including five representatives of the Left Socialist-Revolutionary faction of VTsIK. Left SRs were granted the post of a companion (deputy) chairman of VCheKa. However, Sovnarkom, in which the majority belonged to the representatives of RSDLP(b) retained the right to approve members of the collegium of the VCheKa. </p><p>Originally, members of the Cheka were exclusively <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a>; however, in January 1918, <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left SRs</a> also joined the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Left SRs were expelled or arrested later in 1918, following the attempted assassination of <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a> by an SR, <a href="/wiki/Fanni_Kaplan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanni Kaplan">Fanni Kaplan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_of_VCheKa_and_National_Establishment">Consolidation of VCheKa and National Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheka&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consolidation of VCheKa and National Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the end of January 1918, the Investigatory Commission of <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a> (probably same as of Revtribunal) petitioned <a href="/wiki/Sovnarkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovnarkom">Sovnarkom</a> to delineate the role of detection and judicial-investigatory organs. It offered to leave, for the VCheKa and the Commission of Bonch-Bruyevich, only the functions of detection and suppression, while investigative functions entirely transferred to it. The Investigatory Commission prevailed. On January 31, 1918, Sovnarkom ordered to relieve VCheKa of the investigative functions, leaving for the commission only the functions of detection, suppression, and prevention of anti revolutionary crimes. At the meeting of the Council of People's Commissars on January 31, 1918, a merger of VCheKa and the Commission of Bonch-Bruyevich was proposed. The existence of both commissions, VCheKa of Sovnarkom and the Commission of Bonch-Bruyevich of VTsIK, with almost the same functions and equal rights, became impractical. A decision followed two weeks later.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 23, 1918, VCheKa sent a radio telegram to all Soviets with a petition to immediately organize emergency commissions to combat counter-revolution, sabotage and speculation, if such commissions had not been yet organized. February 1918 saw the creation of local Extraordinary Commissions. One of the first founded was the Moscow Cheka. Sections and commissariats to combat counterrevolution were established in other cities. The Extraordinary Commissions arose, usually in the areas during the moments of the greatest aggravation of political situation. On February 25, 1918, as the counterrevolutionary organization <i>Union of Front-liners</i> was making advances, the executive committee of the <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a> Soviet formed a counter-revolutionary section. On March 7, 1918, because of the move from <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> to Moscow, the Petrograd Cheka was created. On March 9, a section for combating counterrevolution was created under the <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a> Soviet. Extraordinary commissions were also created in <a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherepovets" title="Cherepovets">Cherepovets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast">Rostov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taganrog" title="Taganrog">Taganrog</a>. On March 18, VCheKa adopted a resolution, <i>The Work of VCheKa on the All-Russian Scale</i>, foreseeing the formation everywhere of Extraordinary Commissions after the same model, and sent a letter that called for the widespread establishment of the Cheka in combating counterrevolution, speculation, and sabotage. Establishment of provincial Extraordinary Commissions was largely completed by August 1918. In the Soviet Republic, there were 38 <a href="/wiki/Guberniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Guberniya">gubernatorial</a> Chekas (Gubcheks) by this time. </p><p>On June 12, 1918, the All-Russian Conference of Cheka adopted the <i>Basic Provisions on the Organization of Extraordinary Commissions</i>. They set out to form Extraordinary Commissions not only at <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guberniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Guberniya">Guberniya</a> levels, but also at the large <a href="/wiki/Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyezd">Uyezd</a> Soviets. In August 1918, in the Soviet Republic had accounted for some 75 Uyezd-level Extraordinary Commissions. By the end of the year, 365 Uyezd-level Chekas were established. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dzerzhinsky_4-16291.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dzerzhinsky_4-16291.jpg/300px-Dzerzhinsky_4-16291.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dzerzhinsky_4-16291.jpg/450px-Dzerzhinsky_4-16291.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dzerzhinsky_4-16291.jpg/600px-Dzerzhinsky_4-16291.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2611" /></a><figcaption>Felix Dzerzhinsky in a meeting among other members of the Presidium of the Cheka, 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1918, the All-Russia Extraordinary Commission and the Soviets managed to establish a local Cheka apparatus. It included Oblast, Guberniya, <a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">Raion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyezd">Uyezd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volost" title="Volost">Volost</a> Chekas, with Raion and Volost Extraordinary Commissioners. In addition, border security Chekas were included in the system of local Cheka bodies. </p><p>In the autumn of 1918, as consolidation of the political situation of the republic continued, a move toward elimination of Uyezd-, Raion-, and Volost-level Chekas, as well as the institution of Extraordinary Commissions was considered. On January 20, 1919, VTsIK adopted a resolution prepared by VCheKa, <i>On the abolition of Uyezd Extraordinary Commissions</i>. On January 16 the presidium of VCheKa approved the draft on the establishment of the Politburo at Uyezd <a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">militsiya</a>. This decision was approved by the Conference of the Extraordinary Commission IV, held in early February 1920. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_types_of_Cheka">Other types of Cheka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheka&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other types of Cheka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_6011_stamp_(Birth_centenary_of_Martin_Latsis,_Soviet_politician,_Bolshevik_revolutionary_and_state_security_high_officer_of_the_Cheka_from_Courland).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_6011_stamp_%28Birth_centenary_of_Martin_Latsis%2C_Soviet_politician%2C_Bolshevik_revolutionary_and_state_security_high_officer_of_the_Cheka_from_Courland%29.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_6011_stamp_%28Birth_centenary_of_Martin_Latsis%2C_Soviet_politician%2C_Bolshevik_revolutionary_and_state_security_high_officer_of_the_Cheka_from_Courland%29.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_6011_stamp_%28Birth_centenary_of_Martin_Latsis%2C_Soviet_politician%2C_Bolshevik_revolutionary_and_state_security_high_officer_of_the_Cheka_from_Courland%29.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Latsis" title="Martin Latsis">Martin Latsis</a> on a Soviet <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On August 3, a VCheKa section for combating counterrevolution, speculation and sabotage on railways was created. On August 7, 1918, <a href="/wiki/Sovnarkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovnarkom">Sovnarkom</a> adopted a decree on the organization of the railway section at VCheKa. Combating counterrevolution, speculation, and <a href="/wiki/Crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes">crimes</a> on railroads was passed under the jurisdiction of the railway section of VCheKa and local Cheka. In August 1918, railway sections were formed under the Gubcheks. Formally, they were part of the non-resident sections, but in fact constituted a separate division, largely autonomous in their activities. The gubernatorial and oblast-type Chekas retained in relation to the transportation sections only control and investigative functions. </p><p>The beginning of a systematic work of organs of VCheKa in <a href="/wiki/RKKA" class="mw-redirect" title="RKKA">RKKA</a> refers to July 1918, the period of extreme tension of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">civil war</a> and class struggle in the country. On July 16, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars formed the Extraordinary Commission for combating counterrevolution at the Czechoslovak (Eastern) Front, led by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Latsis" title="Martin Latsis">M. I. Latsis</a>. In the fall of 1918, Extraordinary Commissions to combat counterrevolution on the Southern (Ukraine) Front were formed. In late November, the Second All-Russian Conference of the Extraordinary Commissions accepted a decision after a report from <a href="/w/index.php?title=I._N._Polukarov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I. N. Polukarov (page does not exist)">I. N. Polukarov</a> to establish at all frontlines, and army sections of the Cheka and granted them the right to appoint their commissioners in military units. On December 9, 1918, the collegiate (or presidium) of VCheKa had decided to form a military section, headed by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Sergeevich_Kedrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Sergeevich Kedrov">M. S. Kedrov</a>, to combat counterrevolution in the Army. In early 1919, the military control and the military section of VCheKa were merged into one body, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Section_of_the_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Special Section of the Republic (page does not exist)">Special Section of the Republic</a>, with Kedrov as head. On January 1, he issued an order to establish the Special Section. The order instructed agencies everywhere to unite the Military control and the military sections of Chekas and to form special sections of frontlines, armies, military districts, and <a href="/wiki/Guberniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Guberniya">guberniyas</a>. </p><p>In November 1920 the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Labor_and_Defense" title="Council of Labor and Defense">Soviet of Labor and Defense</a> created a Special Section of VCheKa for the security of the state border. On February 6, 1922, after the Ninth All-Russian Soviet Congress, the Cheka was dissolved by VTsIK, "with expressions of gratitude for heroic work." It was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/State_Political_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Political Administration">State Political Administration</a> or GPU, a section of the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (RSFSR). Dzerzhinsky remained as chief of the new organization. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheka&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suppression_of_political_opposition">Suppression of political opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheka&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Suppression of political opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_terror_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Red_terror_001.jpg/220px-Red_terror_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Red_terror_001.jpg/330px-Red_terror_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Red_terror_001.jpg/440px-Red_terror_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Corpses of hostages executed by Cheka in 1918 in the basement of Tulpanov's house in <a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Communism" title="The Black Book of Communism">The Black Book of Communism</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_terror_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Red_terror_002.jpg/220px-Red_terror_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Red_terror_002.jpg/330px-Red_terror_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Red_terror_002.jpg/440px-Red_terror_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Corpses of people executed by Cheka in 1918 at a yard in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Communism" title="The Black Book of Communism">The Black Book of Communism</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As its name implied, the Extraordinary Commission had virtually unlimited powers and could interpret them in any way it wished. No standard procedures were ever set up, except that the commission was supposed to send the arrested to the Military-Revolutionary tribunals if outside of a war zone. This left an opportunity for a wide range of interpretations, as the whole country was in total chaos. At the direction of Lenin, the Cheka performed mass arrests, imprisonments, and executions of "<a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemies of the people">enemies of the people</a>". In this, the Cheka said that they targeted "class enemies" such as the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>, and members of the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>. </p><p>Within a month, the Cheka had extended its repression to all political opponents of the communist government, including <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchists</a> and others on the left. On April 11/12, 1918, some 26 anarchist political centres in Moscow were attacked. Forty anarchists were killed by Cheka forces, and about 500 were arrested and jailed after a pitched battle took place between the two groups.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the anarchists' resistance, the Cheka orchestrated a massive retaliatory campaign of repression, executions, and arrests against all opponents of the Bolshevik government, in what came to be known as "<a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a>". The <i>Red Terror</i>, implemented by Dzerzhinsky on September 5, 1918, was vividly described by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> journal <i>Krasnaya Gazeta</i>: </p> <blockquote><p>Without mercy, without sparing, we will kill our enemies in scores of hundreds. Let them be thousands, let them drown themselves in their own blood. For the blood of Lenin and <a href="/wiki/Moisei_Uritsky" title="Moisei Uritsky">Uritsky</a> … let there be floods of blood of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> – more blood, as much as possible..."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>An early Bolshevik, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Victor Serge</a> described in his book <i>Memoirs of a Revolutionary</i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Since the first massacres of Red prisoners by the Whites, the murders of Volodarsky and Uritsky and the attempt against Lenin (in the summer of 1918), the custom of arresting and, often, executing hostages had become generalized and legal. Already the Cheka, which made mass arrests of suspects, was tending to settle their fate independently, under formal control of the Party, but in reality without anybody's knowledge. The Party endeavoured to head it with incorruptible men like the former convict Dzerzhinsky, a sincere idealist, ruthless but chivalrous, with the emaciated profile of an <a href="/wiki/Inquisitor" title="Inquisitor">Inquisitor</a>: tall forehead, bony nose, untidy goatee, and an expression of weariness and austerity. But the Party had few men of this stamp and many Chekas. I believe that the formation of the Chekas was one of the gravest and most impermissible errors that the Bolshevik leaders committed in 1918 when plots, blockades, and interventions made them lose their heads. All evidence indicates that <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_tribunal_(Russia)" title="Revolutionary tribunal (Russia)">revolutionary tribunals</a>, functioning in the light of day and admitting the right of defense, would have attained the same efficiency with far less abuse and depravity. Was it necessary to revert to the procedures of the Inquisition?"</p></blockquote> <p>The Cheka was also used against <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a>. After the Insurgent Army had served its purpose in aiding the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> to stop the <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">Whites</a> under <a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Denikin</a>, the Soviet communist government decided to eliminate the anarchist forces. In May 1919, two Cheka agents sent to assassinate Makhno were caught and executed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Cheka_spec._CHON_units_shooting_priest_1920_Moscow-_White_Guard_Propaganda_Poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chinese_Cheka_spec._CHON_units_shooting_priest_1920_Moscow-_White_Guard_Propaganda_Poster.jpg/220px-Chinese_Cheka_spec._CHON_units_shooting_priest_1920_Moscow-_White_Guard_Propaganda_Poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chinese_Cheka_spec._CHON_units_shooting_priest_1920_Moscow-_White_Guard_Propaganda_Poster.jpg/330px-Chinese_Cheka_spec._CHON_units_shooting_priest_1920_Moscow-_White_Guard_Propaganda_Poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chinese_Cheka_spec._CHON_units_shooting_priest_1920_Moscow-_White_Guard_Propaganda_Poster.jpg/440px-Chinese_Cheka_spec._CHON_units_shooting_priest_1920_Moscow-_White_Guard_Propaganda_Poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="2326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_the_Russian_Revolution_and_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Chinese in the Russian Revolution and in the Russian Civil War">Chinese Chekists</a> executing an Orthodox priest in Moscow, <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Russian</a> anti-Bolshevik propaganda poster, c. 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>Many victims of Cheka repression were "bourgeois hostages" rounded up and held in readiness for <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary execution</a> in reprisal for any alleged counter-revolutionary act. Wholesale, indiscriminate arrests became an integral part of the system.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cheka used trucks disguised as delivery trucks, called "Black Marias", for the secret arrest and transport of prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was during the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a> that the Cheka, hoping to avoid the bloody aftermath of having half-dead victims writhing on the floor, developed a technique for execution known later by the German words "<i>Nackenschuss</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> or "<i>Genickschuss</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span>, a shot to the <a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">nape</a> of the neck, which caused minimal blood loss and instant death. The victim's head was bent forward, and the executioner fired slightly downward at point-blank range. This had become the standard method used later by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> to liquidate <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">purge</a> victims and others.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_of_deserters">Persecution of deserters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheka&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Persecution of deserters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is believed that there were more than three million <a href="/wiki/Deserter" class="mw-redirect" title="Deserter">deserters</a> from the Red Army in 1919 and 1920 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Approximately 500,000 deserters were arrested in 1919 and close to 800,000 in 1920, by troops of the 'Special Punitive Department' of the Cheka, created to punish desertions.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These troops were used to forcibly <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriate</a> deserters, taking and shooting hostages to force compliance or to set an example. </p><p>In September 1918, according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Communism" title="The Black Book of Communism">The Black Book of Communism</a></i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cheka#Dubious" title="Talk:Cheka">discuss</a></i>]</sup>, in only twelve provinces of Russia, 48,735 deserters and 7,325 "bandits" were arrested, 1,826 were killed and 2,230 were executed. The exact identity of these individuals is confused by the fact that the Soviet Bolshevik government used the term 'bandit' to cover ordinary criminals as well as armed and unarmed political opponents, such as the anarchists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repression">Repression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheka&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Repression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 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a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Mass repression<br />in the Soviet Union</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;padding:0.1em 0;;font-size:95%;"> Economic repression</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekulakization" title="Dekulakization">Dekulakization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Soviet famine of 1930–1933">Soviet famine of 1930–1933</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Kazakh famine of 1930–1933">Kazakhstan</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;padding:0.1em 0;;font-size:95%;"> <a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purges_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Purges of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Purges of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Punitive psychiatry</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;padding:0.1em 0;;font-size:95%;"> <a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1975–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Islam in the Soviet Union">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">Legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Images</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhdanov_Doctrine" title="Zhdanov Doctrine">Art</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;padding:0.1em 0;;font-size:95%;"> Ethnic repression</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-Cossackization" title="De-Cossackization">De-Cossackization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_operations_of_the_NKVD" title="Mass operations of the NKVD">National operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens_(1939%E2%80%931946)" title="Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)">Repressions of Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Ukrainian_language_suppression" title="Chronology of Ukrainian language suppression">Ukrainian language suppression</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding:0 0.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Repression in the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Repression in the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Repression in the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_victims">Number of victims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheka&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Number of victims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estimates on Cheka executions vary widely. The lowest figures (<i>disputed below</i>) are provided by Dzerzhinsky's lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Martin_Latsis" title="Martin Latsis">Martyn Latsis</a>, limited to RSFSR over the period 1918–1920: </p> <ul><li>For the period 1918 – July 1919, covering only twenty provinces of central Russia:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>In 1918: 6,300; in 1919 (up to July): 2,089; Total: 8,389</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>For the whole period 1918–19:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>In 1918: 6,185; in 1919: 3,456; Total: 9,641</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>For the whole period 1918–20:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>In January–June 1918: 22; in July–December 1918: more than 6,000; in 1918–20: 12,733.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Experts generally agree these semi-official figures are vastly understated.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pioneering historian of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Melgunov" title="Sergei Melgunov">Sergei Melgunov</a> claims that this was done deliberately in an attempt to demonstrate the government's humanity. For example, he refutes the claim made by Latsis that only 22 executions were carried out in the first six months of the Cheka's existence by providing evidence that the true number was 884 executions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> W. H. Chamberlin claims, "It is simply impossible to believe that the Cheka only put to death 12,733 people in all of Russia up to the end of the civil war."<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlin_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlin-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rayfield" title="Donald Rayfield">Donald Rayfield</a> concurs, noting that, "Plausible evidence reveals that the actual numbers … vastly exceeded the official figures."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlin provides the "reasonable and probably moderate" estimate of 50,000,<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlin_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlin-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others provide estimates ranging up to 500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several scholars put the number of executions at about 250,000.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some believe it is possible more people were murdered by the Cheka than died in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian James Ryan gives a modest estimate of 28,000 executions per year from December 1917 to February 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lenin himself seemed unfazed by the killings. On 12 January 1920, while addressing trade union leaders, he said: "We did not hesitate to shoot thousands of people, and we shall not hesitate, and we shall save the <span class="nowrap">country."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> On 14 May 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a>, chaired by Lenin, passed a motion "broadening the rights of the [Cheka] in relation to the use of the [death penalty]."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_estimates">Scholarly estimates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheka&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scholarly estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no consensus among the Western historians on the number of deaths from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a>. One source gives estimates of 28,000 executions per year from December 1917 to February 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan20122_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan20122-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates for the number of people shot during the initial period of the Red Terror are at least 10,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2012114_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2012114-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates for the whole period go for a low of 50,000<sup id="cite_ref-anatomy_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anatomy-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to highs of 140,000<sup id="cite_ref-anatomy_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anatomy-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 200,000 executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowe2002151_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2002151-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most estimations for the number of executions in total put the number at about 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Vadim Erlikhman's investigation, the number of the Red Terror's victims is at least 1,200,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Robert Conquest</a>, a total of 140,000 people were shot in 1917–1922.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Candidate of Historical Sciences Nikolay Zayats states that the number of people shot by the Cheka in 1918–1922 is about 37,300 people, shot in 1918–1921 by the verdicts of the tribunals – 14,200, i.e. about 50,000–55,000 people in total, although executions and atrocities were not limited to the Cheka, having been organized by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to anti-Bolshevik <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Melgunov" title="Sergei Melgunov">Sergei Melgunov</a> (1879–1956), at the end of 1919, the Special Investigation Commission to investigate the atrocities of the Bolsheviks estimated the number of deaths at 1,766,188 people in 1918–1919 only.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atrocities">Atrocities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheka&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Atrocities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cheka engaged in the widespread practice of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>. Depending on Cheka committees in various cities, the methods included:<sup id="cite_ref-Linc_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linc-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being skinned alive, scalped, "crowned" with barbed wire, impaled, crucified, hanged, stoned to death, tied to planks and pushed slowly into furnaces or tanks of boiling water, or rolled around naked in internally nail-studded barrels. Chekists reportedly poured water on naked prisoners in the winter-bound streets until they became living ice statues. Others beheaded their victims by twisting their necks until their heads could be torn off.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="That sounds like way too much work to be real. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese in Russian Revolution">Cheka detachments</a> stationed in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kiev</a> would attach an iron tube to the torso of a bound victim and insert a rat in the tube closed off with wire netting, while the tube was held over a flame until the rat began gnawing through the victim's guts in an effort to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-Linc_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linc-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Women and children were also victims of Cheka terror. Women would sometimes be tortured and raped before being shot. Children between the ages of 8 and 13 were imprisoned and occasionally executed.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>All of these atrocities were published on numerous occasions in <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Izvestiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Izvestiya">Izvestiya</a></i>: January 26, 1919 <i>Izvestiya</i> #18 article <i>Is it really a medieval imprisonment?</i> («Неужели средневековый застенок?»); February 22, 1919 <i>Pravda</i> #12 publishes details of the <a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a> Cheka's tortures, September 21, 1922 <i>Socialist Herald</i> publishes details of series of tortures conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a> Cheka (hot basement, cold basement, skull measuring, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chekists were also supplemented by the militarized Units of Special Purpose (the Party's Spetsnaz or <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">ЧОН</span></span>). </p><p>Cheka was actively and openly utilizing kidnapping methods.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With kidnapping methods, Cheka was able to extinguish numerous cases of discontent especially among the rural population. Among the notorious ones was the <a href="/wiki/Tambov_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tambov rebellion">Tambov rebellion</a>. </p><p>Villages were bombarded to complete annihilation, as in the case of Tretyaki, Novokhopersk uyezd, <a href="/wiki/Voronezh_Governorate" title="Voronezh Governorate">Voronezh Governorate</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As a result of this relentless violence, more than a few Chekists ended up with psychopathic disorders, which <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a> said were "an occupational hazard of the Chekist profession." Many hardened themselves to the executions by heavy drinking and drug use. Some developed a gangster-like slang for the verb to kill in an attempt to distance themselves from the killings, such as 'shooting partridges', or 'sealing' a victim, or giving him a <i>natsokal</i> (onomatopoeia of the trigger action).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 30, 1992, by the initiative of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Russian Federation">President of the Russian Federation</a> the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation recognized the Red Terror as unlawful, which in turn led to the suspension of Communist Party of the RSFSR. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_Chekas">Regional Chekas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheka&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Regional Chekas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cheka" title="Special:EditPage/Cheka">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cheka departments were organized not only in big cities and <a href="/wiki/Guberniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Guberniya">guberniya</a> seats, but also in each <a href="/wiki/Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyezd">uyezd</a>, at any front-lines and military formations. Nothing is known on what resources they were created. Many who were hired to head those departments were so-called "nestlings of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a>". </p> <dl><dt>Moscow Cheka (1918–1919)</dt></dl> <ul><li>Chairman – <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhynsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Dzerzhynsky">Felix Dzerzhynsky</a>, Deputy – <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakov Peters">Yakov Peters</a> (initially heading the Petrograd Department), other members – Shklovsky, Kneyfis, Tseystin, Razmirovich, Kronberg, Khaikina, Karlson, Shauman, Lentovich, Rivkin, Antonov, Delafabr, Tsytkin, G.Sverdlov, Bizensky, <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Blumkin" title="Yakov Blumkin">Yakov Blumkin</a>, Aleksandrovich, Fines, Zaks, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Goldin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yakov Goldin (page does not exist)">Yakov Goldin</a>, Galpershtein, Kniggisen, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Latsis" title="Martin Latsis">Martin Latsis</a> (later transfer (chief of jail), Fogel, Zakis, Shillenkus, Yanson).</li></ul> <dl><dt>Petrograd Cheka (1918–1919)</dt></dl> <ul><li>Chairman – Meinkman, <a href="/wiki/Moisei_Uritsky" title="Moisei Uritsky">Moisei Uritsky</a> (reiller, <a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Koz%C5%82owski" title="Mieczysław Kozłowski">Kozlovsky</a>, Model, Rozmirovich, I.Diesporov, Iselevich, Krassikov, Bukhan, Merbis, Paykis, <a href="/wiki/Jaan_Anvelt" title="Jaan Anvelt">Anvelt</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Kharkov Cheka</dt></dl> <ul><li>Deych, Vikhman, Timofey, Vera (Dora) Grebenshchikova, Aleksandra (ag</li> <li>Ashykin.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheka&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Cheka were popular staples in Soviet film and literature. This was partly due to a romanticization of the organisation in the post-Stalin period, and also because they provided a useful action/detection template. Films featuring the Cheka include <a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Miles_of_Fire" title="Miles of Fire">Miles of Fire</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Mikhalkov" title="Nikita Mikhalkov">Nikita Mikhalkov</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/At_Home_among_Strangers" class="mw-redirect" title="At Home among Strangers">At Home among Strangers</a></i>, the miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adjutant_of_His_Excellency" title="The Adjutant of His Excellency">The Adjutant of His Excellency</a></i>, and also <i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Season" title="Dead Season">Dead Season</a></i> (starring <a href="/wiki/Donatas_Banionis" title="Donatas Banionis">Donatas Banionis</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/1992_in_film" title="1992 in film">1992</a> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">drama film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chekist" title="The Chekist">The Chekist</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Spain, during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, the detention and torture centers operated by the <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republicans</a> were named "<i>checas</i>" after the Soviet organization.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). It is a opinion column commenting a book authored by a right-wing writer. (March 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Laurencic" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso Laurencic">Alfonso Laurencic</a> was their promoter, ideologist and builder.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dzerzhinsky, who rarely drank, is said to have told Lenin – on an occasion in which he did so excessively – that secret police work could be done by "only saints or scoundrels ... but now the saints are running away from me and I am left with the scoundrels<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>".</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chekist" title="The Chekist">The Chekist</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Rogozhkin" title="Aleksandr Rogozhkin">Aleksandr Rogozhkin</a>, is a 1992 French–Russian film based on a 1923 short story by Vladimir Zazubrin. It tells the story of a bloody work and downfall of a Soviet Cheka security official involved in mass executions during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheka&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Happy_Birthday,_Executioners_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Happy_Birthday%2C_Executioners_03.jpg/220px-Happy_Birthday%2C_Executioners_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Happy_Birthday%2C_Executioners_03.jpg/330px-Happy_Birthday%2C_Executioners_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Happy_Birthday%2C_Executioners_03.jpg/440px-Happy_Birthday%2C_Executioners_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption><i>“Happy Birthday, Executioners”</i> near the main FSB building, on the day the centenary of the Cheka was celebrated, 20 December 2017</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Preobrazhenskiy" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Preobrazhenskiy">Konstantin Preobrazhenskiy</a> criticised the continuing celebration of the professional holiday of the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">old</a> and the modern Russian security services on the anniversary of the creation of the Cheka, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Day_of_the_Security_Authorities_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Day of the Security Authorities of the Russian Federation (page does not exist)">The Day of the Security Authorities of the Russian Federation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:День работника органов безопасности Российской Федерации">ru</a>]</span>, with the assent of the Presidents of Russia. (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, former KGB officer, chose not to change the date to another): "The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">successors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> still haven't renounced anything; they even celebrate their professional <a href="/wiki/Holiday" title="Holiday">holiday</a> the same day, as during <a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">repression</a>, on the 20th of December. It is as if the present intelligence and counterespionage services of Germany celebrated <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> Day. I can imagine how indignant our press would be!"<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheka&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chekism" title="Chekism">Chekism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_the_border_troops_USSR_and_RF" title="Commanders of the border troops USSR and RF">Commanders of the border troops USSR and RF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Case_Examination_Group" title="Central Case Examination Group">Central Case Examination Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry for State Security (Soviet Union)">Ministry for State Security (Soviet Union)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhrana" title="Okhrana">Okhrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Commissariat for State Security (Soviet Union)">People's Commissariat for State Security (Soviet Union)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheka&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, Mark D. (2001). <i>Voices of Revolution, 1917</i>. London and New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 265–266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09016-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09016-1"><bdi>978-0-300-09016-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+Revolution%2C+1917&rft.place=London+and+New+Haven&rft.pages=265-266&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09016-1&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Mark+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stalinsleadership-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stalinsleadership_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Impact of Stalin's Leadership in the USSR, 1924–1941</i>. Nelson Thornes. 2008. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7487-8267-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7487-8267-3"><bdi>978-0-7487-8267-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Stalin%27s+Leadership+in+the+USSR%2C+1924%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7487-8267-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorehead1958" class="citation book cs1">Moorehead, Alan (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russianrevolutio0000moor/page/260"><i>The Russian Revolution</i></a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russianrevolutio0000moor/page/260">260</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0881843316" title="Special:BookSources/978-0881843316"><bdi>978-0881843316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0881843316&rft.aulast=Moorehead&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussianrevolutio0000moor%2Fpage%2F260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Tcheka</b> – Official designation pertaining to <a href="/wiki/State_Archive_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="State Archive of the Russian Federation">State Archive of the Russian Federation</a> «ф. 130, оп. 1, д. 1, л. 31 об.»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solzhenitsyn_cite-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Solzhenitsyn_cite_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolzhenitsyn1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Solzhenitsyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn, Alexander</a> (1974). <i>The Gulag Archipelago</i>. Vol. II. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. pp. 537–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092103-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092103-3"><bdi>978-0-06-092103-3</bdi></a>. <q><i>An old Chekist</i>! Who has not heard these words, drawled with emphasis, as a mark of special esteem? If the zeks wish to distinguish a camp keeper from those who are inexperienced, inclined to fuss, and do not have a bulldog grip, they say: 'And the chief there is an o-o-old Chekist!' ... 'An old Chekist' – what that means at the least is that he was well-regarded under <a href="/wiki/Genrikh_Yagoda" title="Genrikh Yagoda">Yagoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Yezhov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lavrenti_Beria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavrenti Beria">Beria</a>. He was useful to them all.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gulag+Archipelago&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=537-38&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-06-092103-3&rft.aulast=Solzhenitsyn&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidoff2011" class="citation news cs1">Davidoff, Victor (2011-05-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511025828/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/a-stalin-slip-and-putin-trick/436470.html">"A Stalin Slip and Putin Trick | Opinion"</a>. <i>The Moscow Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/a-stalin-slip-and-putin-trick/436470.html">the original</a> on 2011-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=A+Stalin+Slip+and+Putin+Trick+%26%23124%3B+Opinion&rft.date=2011-05-10&rft.aulast=Davidoff&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle%2Fa-stalin-slip-and-putin-trick%2F436470.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhvostov1995" class="citation book cs1">Khvostov, Mikhail (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UBbSGEaFZkIC&q=cheka+head+to+toe+black+leather&pg=PA34"><i>The Russian Civil War (1): The Red Army</i></a>. Bloomsbury US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1855326088" title="Special:BookSources/978-1855326088"><bdi>978-1855326088</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Civil+War+%281%29%3A+The+Red+Army&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+US&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1855326088&rft.aulast=Khvostov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUBbSGEaFZkIC%26q%3Dcheka%2Bhead%2Bto%2Btoe%2Bblack%2Bleather%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2007" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi3ow3TU8-4C&q=cheka+leather+coats&pg=PA70"><i>Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant</i></a>. Random House Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307431837" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307431837"><bdi>978-0307431837</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-27</span></span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+His+Hangmen%3A+The+Tyrant&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0307431837&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYi3ow3TU8-4C%26q%3Dcheka%2Bleather%2Bcoats%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis Rapoport, <i>Stalin's war against the Jews: the doctors' plot and the Soviet solution</i>, 1991, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_Learning_Site:_The_Cheka-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_Learning_Site:_The_Cheka_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150516133305/http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/the_Cheka.htm">"The Cheka"</a>. History Learning Site. January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/the_Cheka.htm">the original</a> on 2015-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cheka&rft.pub=History+Learning+Site&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylearningsite.co.uk%2Fthe_Cheka.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVladimir_Brovkin1990" class="citation book cs1">Vladimir Brovkin (1990). <i>Workers' Unrest and the Bolsheviks' Response in 1919</i>. Slavic Review. pp. 350–373.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Workers%27+Unrest+and+the+Bolsheviks%27+Response+in+1919&rft.pages=350-373&rft.pub=Slavic+Review&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Vladimir+Brovkin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Courtois" title="Stéphane Courtois">Stéphane Courtois</a>, <i>The <a href="/wiki/Black_Book_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Book of Communism">Black Book of Communism</a>: Crimes, Terror, Repression</i>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1999, 858 pp., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674076087" title="Special:BookSources/0674076087">0674076087</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lcweb2.loc.gov_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/soviet_union/su_glos.html#union">"Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Glossary"</a>. Lcweb2.loc.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library+of+Congress+%2F+Federal+Research+Division+%2F+Country+Studies+%2F+Area+Handbook+Series%2F+Soviet+Union+%2F+Glossary&rft.pub=Lcweb2.loc.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fsoviet_union%2Fsu_glos.html%23union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Central_Executive_Committee" title="All-Russian Central Executive Committee">All-Russian Central Executive Committee</a> (VTsIK or TsIK) is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">RDSRP</a>(<a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">b</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mozokhin-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mozokhin_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mozokhin_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mozohin.ru/article/a-4.html">Mozokhin, O.B. <i>out of history of activities of VChK, OGPU, NKVD, MGB</i></a>. FSB archives.<span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-People's_Commissars-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-People's_Commissars_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-People's_Commissars_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-People's_Commissars_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804181732/http://memory.irk.ru/zp1.htm">"Partial protocol of the 21st session of the Council of the People's Commissars"</a>. Memory.irk.ru. 1998-12-26. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.irk.ru/zp1.htm">the original</a> on 2017-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Partial+protocol+of+the+21st+session+of+the+Council+of+the+People%27s+Commissars&rft.pub=Memory.irk.ru&rft.date=1998-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.irk.ru%2Fzp1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2007" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Oliver (2007-12-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-ir.info/2007/12/02/76/">"How much did the Bolsheviks need the Cheka and how well did they make use of it?"</a>. <i>E-International Relations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E-International+Relations&rft.atitle=How+much+did+the+Bolsheviks+need+the+Cheka+and+how+well+did+they+make+use+of+it%3F&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-ir.info%2F2007%2F12%2F02%2F76%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1958" class="citation journal cs1">Carr, E. H. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/149095">"The Origin and Status of the Cheka"</a>. <i>Soviet Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668135808410134">10.1080/09668135808410134</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-5859">0038-5859</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/149095">149095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Origin+and+Status+of+the+Cheka&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=1958&rft.issn=0038-5859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F149095%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668135808410134&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=E.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F149095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schapiro (1984).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Izvestiya">Izvestiya</a></i>. February 28, 1918.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Avrich. G. Maximoff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Applebaum (2003), p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avrich, Paul, "Russian Anarchists and the Civil War", <i>Russian Review</i>, Volume 27, Issue 3 (July 1968), pp. 296–306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figes (1996), p. 643.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnknown2016" class="citation book cs1">Unknown (17 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150522035058/http://gulaghistory.org/items/show/186"><i>Prisoners Exiting a Black Maria</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulaghistory.org/items/show/186">the original</a> on 2015-05-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-31</span></span> – via Gulag: Many Days, Many Lives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoners+Exiting+a+Black+Maria&rft.pub=Wayback+Machine&rft.date=2016-12-17&rft.au=Unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulaghistory.org%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul, Allen. <i>Katyn: Stalin's Massacre and the Seeds of Polish Resurrection</i>. Naval Institute Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-670-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-670-1">1-55750-670-1</a>. pp. 111/112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain, William Henry, <i>The Russian Revolution: 1917–1921</i>, New York: Macmillan Co. (1957), p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 463–464, Leggett (1986).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Melgunov" title="Sergei Melgunov">Sergei Melgunov</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/redterror.pdf">"The Record of the Red Terror"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221170529/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/redterror.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-12-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, paulbogdanor.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chamberlin-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlin_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlin_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 74–75, Chamberlin (1935).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rayfield" title="Donald Rayfield">Donald Rayfield</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stalin_and_His_Hangmen" title="Stalin and His Hangmen">Stalin and His Hangmen</a>: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him.</i> <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0375506322" title="Special:BookSources/0375506322">0375506322</a>, p. 1926: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi3ow3TU8-4C&pg=RA2-PA1915">GBYi</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sK5CJFpb2DAC&dq=lethal+politics+cheka+executions+most+probably+about+500,000&pg=PA39">p. 39</a>, Rummel (1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2273462.stm">"Statue plan stirs Russian row"</a>. BBC News. 2002-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Statue+plan+stirs+Russian+row&rft.date=2002-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F2273462.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9TWUAQ7Xof8C&pg=PA28">page 28</a>, Andrew and Mitrokhin, <i>The Sword and the Shield</i>, paperback edition, Basic books, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 180, Overy, <i>The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</i>, W. W. Norton & Company; 1st American Ed edition, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 649, Figes (1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryan, James (2012). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Lenins-Terror-The-Ideological-Origins-of-Early-Soviet-State-Violence/Ryan/p/book/9781138815681">Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence</a>.</i> London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138815681" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138815681">978-1138815681</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 72 & 73, Volkogonov (1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 238, Volkogonov (1994).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan20122-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan20122_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan (2012)</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2012114-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2012114_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan (2012)</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anatomy-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anatomy_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anatomy_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stone, Bailey (2013). <i>The Anatomy of Revolution Revisited: A Comparative Analysis of England, France, and Russia</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pipes, Richard (2011). <i>The Russian Revolution</i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 838.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2002151-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowe2002151_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowe2002">Lowe (2002)</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Bruce_Lincoln" title="W. Bruce Lincoln">Lincoln, W. Bruce</a> (1989). <i>Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War</i>. Simon & Schuster. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671631667" title="Special:BookSources/0671631667"><bdi>0671631667</bdi></a>. <q>... the best estimates set the probable number of executions at about a hundred thousand.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Victory%3A+A+History+of+the+Russian+Civil+War&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0671631667&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=W.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Эрлихман, Вадим Викторович (page does not exist)">Эрлихман В. В.</a>" <i>Потери народонаселения в XX веке.: Справочник</i> <abbr>М.</abbr>: Издательский дом «Русская панорама», 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5931651071" title="Special:BookSources/5931651071">5931651071</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConquest2007" class="citation book cs1">Conquest, Robert (2007). <i>The Great Terror: A Reassessment, 40th Anniversary Edition</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. in Preface, p. xvi: "Exact numbers may never be known with complete certainty, but the total of deaths caused by the whole range of Soviet regime's terrors can hardly be lower than some fifteen million.".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Terror%3A+A+Reassessment%2C+40th+Anniversary+Edition&rft.pages=in+Preface%2C+p.+xvi%3A+%22Exact+numbers+may+never+be+known+with+complete+certainty%2C+but+the+total+of+deaths+caused+by+the+whole+range+of+Soviet+regime%27s+terrors+can+hardly+be+lower+than+some+fifteen+million.%22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Conquest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scepsis.net/library/id_3807.html">К вопросу о масштабах красного террора в годы Гражданской войны</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Часть IV. На гражданской войнe. // <i><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Melgunov" title="Sergei Melgunov">Sergei Melgunov</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.ru/POLITOLOG/MELGUNOW/terror.txt">«Красный террор» в России 1918–1923.</a> – 2-ое изд., доп. – Берлин, 1924</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linc-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Linc_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linc_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lincoln (1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">page 198, Leggett (1986).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft2199n7h5;chunk.id=d0e670;doc.view=print">"Russia's Last Capitalists "d0e670"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>publishing.cdlib.org</i>. pp. 40–43<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publishing.cdlib.org&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Last+Capitalists+%22d0e670%22&rft.pages=40-43&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft2199n7h5%3Bchunk.id%3Dd0e670%3Bdoc.view%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mozohin.ru/article/a-10.html">History of governmental bodies of Cheka</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">В. П. Данилов. «Советская деревня глазами ВЧК-ОГПУ-НКВД», 1918–1922, М., 1998. // РГВА (Российский Государственный Военно-исторический Архив), 33987/3/32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">page 647, Figes (1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0103949/">"Chekist"</a>. 1 January 2000 – via IMDb.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chekist&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0103949%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firmaspress.com/285.htm">International justice begins at home</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031205105934/http://www.firmaspress.com/285.htm">Archived</a> December 5, 2003, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Chac%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Chacón (page does not exist)">Rafael Chacón</a>, "<i>Por qué hice las checas de Barcelona. Laurencic ante el consejo de guerra</i>", <i>Editorial Solidaridad nacional</i>, Barcelona, 1939.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStove" class="citation web cs1">Stove, R. J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070623095512/http://www.nationalobserver.net/2001_winter_106.htm">"Nationalobserver.net"</a>. <i>www.nationalobserver.net</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalobserver.net/2001_winter_106.htm">the original</a> on 2007-06-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationalobserver.net&rft.atitle=Nationalobserver.net&rft.aulast=Stove&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalobserver.net%2F2001_winter_106.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article of Konstantin Preobrazhenskiy: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://justicefornorthcaucasus.info/?p=1115535600">People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs and Gestapo: cooperation of friends</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=ru&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsb.ru%2Ffsb%2Fhistory.htm">History of creation of the FSB on the official website of FSB</a> (English translation).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russiatrek.org/about-russian-holidays">Russian holidays and celebrations info</a>: "December 20 – The day of national security service workers (professional holiday)".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheka&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War#Violence_and_terror" title="Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War">Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War § Violence and terror</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union#Terror,_famine_and_the_Gulag" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Terror, famine and the Gulag</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Andrew, Christopher M.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Mitrokhin" title="Vasili Mitrokhin">Vasili Mitrokhin</a> (1999) <i>The Sword and the Shield : The <a href="/wiki/Mitrokhin_Archive" title="Mitrokhin Archive">Mitrokhin Archive</a> and the Secret History of the KGB.</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00312-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00312-5">0-465-00312-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">Carr, E. H.</a> (1958) <i>The Origin and Status of the Cheka.</i> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Studies">Soviet Studies</a>, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–11.</li> <li>Chamberlin, W. H. (1935) <i>The Russian Revolution 1917–1921, </i> 2 vols. London and New York. The Macmillan Company.</li> <li>Dziak, John. (1988) <i>Chekisty: A History of the KGB.</i> Lexington, Massachusetts Lexington Books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Figes, Orlando</a> (1997) <i>A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924.</i> <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-85916-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-85916-8">0-670-85916-8</a>.</li> <li>Leggett, George (1986) <i>The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police.</i> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822862-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822862-7">0-19-822862-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Bruce_Lincoln" title="W. Bruce Lincoln">Lincoln, W. Bruce</a> (1999) <i>Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War.</i> Da Capo Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80909-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80909-5">0-306-80909-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2002" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Norman (2002). <i>Mastering Twentieth Century Russian History</i>. Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333963074" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333963074"><bdi>978-0333963074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mastering+Twentieth+Century+Russian+History&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0333963074&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Melgunov" title="Sergei Melgunov">Melgounov, Sergey Petrovich</a> (1925) <i>The Red Terror in Russia.</i> London & Toronto: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, Richard</a> (2004) <i>The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia.</i> W. W. Norton & Company; 1st American edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._J._Rummel" title="R. J. Rummel">Rummel, Rudolph Joseph</a> (1990) <i>Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917.</i> Transaction Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56000-887-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56000-887-3">1-56000-887-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2012" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/products/9781138815681"><i>Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-81568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-81568-1"><bdi>978-1-138-81568-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%27s+Terror%3A+The+Ideological+Origins+of+Early+Soviet+State+Violence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-138-81568-1&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fproducts%2F9781138815681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Schapiro" title="Leonard Schapiro">Schapiro, Leonard B.</a> (1984) <i>The Russian Revolutions of 1917 : The Origins of Modern Communism.</i> New York: Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-07154-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-07154-6">0-465-07154-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Volkogonov" title="Dmitri Volkogonov">Volkogonov, Dmitri</a> (1994) <i>Lenin: A New Biography.</i> <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">Free Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-933435-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-933435-7">0-02-933435-7</a></li> <li>Volkogonov, Dmitri (1998) <i>Autopsy of an Empire: The Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime</i> <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">Free Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-87112-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-87112-2">0-684-87112-2</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheka&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cheka" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cheka">Cheka</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus-educational.com/RUScheka.htm">The Cheka</a> – Spartacus Schoolnet collection of primary source extracts relating to the Cheka</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrono.ru/organ/ukazatel/gulag.php">Development of the Soviet system of punitive organs</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Secret_police_agencies_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Secret_police_of_Communist_Europe" title="Template:Secret police of Communist Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Secret_police_of_Communist_Europe" title="Template talk:Secret police of Communist Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Extraordinary Commission (Cheka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">State Political Directorate (GPU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate" title="Joint State Political Directorate">Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_State_Security" title="Main Directorate of State Security">Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_State_Security" title="People's Commissariat for State Security">People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">Ministry of State Security (MGB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">Committee for State Security (KGB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigurimi" title="Sigurimi">Directorate of State Security (Sigurimi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_(Bulgaria)" title="Committee for State Security (Bulgaria)">Committee for State Security (DS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/StB" title="StB">State Security (StB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Ministry for State Security (Stasi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Protection_Authority" title="State Protection Authority">State Protection Authority (ÁVH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_III" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs III">Ministry of Internal Affairs III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">Ministry of Public Security (UB/MBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Service_(Poland)" title="Security Service (Poland)">Security Service (SB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Department of State Security (Securitate)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OZNA" title="OZNA">Department of National Security (OZNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_for_State_Security_(Yugoslavia)" title="Directorate for State Security (Yugoslavia)">Directorate for State Security (UDBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOS_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="KOS (Yugoslavia)">Counterintelligence Service (KOS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_Revolution" title="Template:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_Revolution" title="Template talk:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky%E2%80%93Krasnov_uprising" title="Kerensky–Krasnov uprising">Kerensky–Krasnov uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_mutiny" title="Junker mutiny">Junker mutiny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Kiev Bolshevik Uprising">Kiev Bolshevik Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_SR_uprising" title="Left SR uprising">Left SR uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion" title="Tambov Rebellion">Tambov Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li>Interventions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Central Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War">Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Committee_of_the_State_Duma" title="Provisional Committee of the State Duma">Provisional Committee of the State Duma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-independence_movements_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War">Pro-independence movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Council of the People's Commissars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Military Revolutionary Committee">Military Revolutionary Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Guards" title="Black Guards">Black Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_armies" title="Green armies">Green armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Russia)" title="Red Guards (Russia)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_forces_in_battle_with_the_counterrevolution_in_the_South_of_Russia" title="Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia">Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Tsentralna Rada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_Russia_in_1917" title="Political parties of Russia in 1917">Parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party" title="Constitutional Democratic Party">Kadets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabat" title="Nabat">Nabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left SRs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_October_17" title="Union of October 17">Union of October 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund" title="General Jewish Labour Bund">General Jewish Labour Bund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Monarchists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Georgy Lvov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Guchkov" title="Alexander Guchkov">Alexander Guchkov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Pyotr Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Alexander Kolchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Krasnov" title="Pyotr Krasnov">Pyotr Krasnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Nikolai Yudenich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Lavr Kornilov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Budyonny" title="Semyon Budyonny">Semyon Budyonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Yakov Sverdlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Right SRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernov" title="Viktor Chernov">Viktor Chernov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Savinkov" title="Boris Savinkov">Boris Savinkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Sokoloff" title="Boris Sokoloff">Boris Sokoloff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left SRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Blumkin" title="Yakov Blumkin">Yakov Blumkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Kamkov" title="Boris Kamkov">Boris Kamkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Natanson" title="Mark Natanson">Mark Natanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova" title="Maria Spiridonova">Maria Spiridonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Antonov_(politician)" title="Alexander Antonov (politician)">Alexander Antonov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Nikiforova" title="Maria Nikiforova">Maria Nikiforova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Petrichenko" title="Stepan Petrichenko">Stepan Petrichenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Chernyi" title="Lev Chernyi">Lev Chernyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semen_Karetnyk" title="Semen Karetnyk">Semen Karetnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedir_Shchus" title="Fedir Shchus">Fedir Shchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Bilash" title="Viktor Bilash">Viktor Bilash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanya_Baron" title="Fanya Baron">Fanya Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Councils_in_Poland" title="Workers' Councils in Poland">Workers' Councils in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian-Soviet_conflict" title="Belarusian-Soviet conflict">Belarusian-Soviet conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_Union_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_Union_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Soviet Union–related articles">Index of Soviet Union–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_opposition_groups" title="Category:Soviet opposition groups">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">Anthem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Anthems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Emblems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4283858-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50077985">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ruská SFSR. Črezvyčajnaja komissija po bor'be s kontrrevoljucijej i sabotažem"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002105969&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9dj89h3zqnl0x">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269633605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/082999155">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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