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mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udenomsparlamentarisk_opposition" title="Udenomsparlamentarisk opposition – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Udenomsparlamentarisk opposition" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische_Opposition" title="Außerparlamentarische Opposition – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Außerparlamentarische Opposition" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oposici%C3%B3n_Extraparlamentaria" title="Oposición Extraparlamentaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oposición Extraparlamentaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksterparlamenta_opozicio_(APO)" title="Eksterparlamenta opozicio (APO) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eksterparlamenta opozicio (APO)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische_Opposition" title="Außerparlamentarische Opposition – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Außerparlamentarische Opposition" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische_Opposition" title="Special:EditPage/Außerparlamentarische Opposition">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische+Opposition%22">"Außerparlamentarische Opposition"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische+Opposition%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische+Opposition%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische+Opposition%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische+Opposition%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische+Opposition%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> The <b>Außerparlamentarische Opposition</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Extra-parliamentary_opposition" title="Extra-parliamentary opposition">extra-parliamentary opposition</a></i>, commonly known as the <b>APO</b>), was a political <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protest</a> movement in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> during the latter half of the 1960s and early 1970s, forming a central part of the <a href="/wiki/German_student_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="German student movement">German student movement</a>. Its membership consisted mostly of young people disillusioned with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition_(Germany)" title="Grand coalition (Germany)">grand coalition</a> (<i>Große Koalition</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD) and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU). Since the coalition controlled 95 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>, the APO provided a more effective outlet for student dissent. Its most prominent member and unofficial spokesman was <a href="/wiki/Rudi_Dutschke" title="Rudi Dutschke">Rudi Dutschke</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische_Opposition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As opposed to APO, there was also opposition from other parties that, although they are represented in parliament, do not participate in the formation of the government. Small parties receive too few votes in an election to reenter the parliament. For example, in the past the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) has often not been represented in Länderparlamente (federal state governments), but they are not classified as APO. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="APO_in_Germany">APO in Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische_Opposition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: APO in Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>APO in Germany called primarily for the constitutional freedom of opinion, the press and assembly to convey its demands publicly. New political currents usually begin outside the parliament and usually creep over the Länderparlamente into the <a href="/wiki/German_Bundestag" class="mw-redirect" title="German Bundestag">German Bundestag</a> (federal parliament) or even into the Bundesregierung Deutschlands (the German federal government). For example, the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance '90/The Greens">Green Party</a> entered into a coalition with the SPD (the social democratic party in Germany) in 1998, it remained in government until 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="APO_in_the_1960s">APO in the 1960s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische_Opposition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: APO in the 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The student movement began to gain strength and momentum in the middle of the 1960s in West Germany. The student movement is often used synonymously with APO, since it was at the time the most prominent form of extraparliamentary opposition in Germany. The student movement reached its peak in 1967 and 1968, especially in towns with universities. The most cited form of student-led APO was headed by the <a href="/wiki/Sozialistischer_Deutscher_Studentenbund" title="Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund">Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund</a> (the socialist German student group).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to social democratic historian <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_August_Winkler" title="Heinrich August Winkler">Heinrich August Winkler</a>, major factors that formed the backdrop of this movement were criticism of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, students' anti-authoritarian rebellion against their parents' generation, criticism of professors' dominance of universities and continuity of the societal relations of power, especially the continuity in the civil service since the Nazi era, and the criticism of the centre-left <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> by those to the left of the SPD.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The APO was formed through the opposition mounting against the "<a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">grand coalition</a>" government in power since 1966, which united the CDU and the SPD under the Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</a> (CDU) and its proposed <a href="/wiki/German_Emergency_Acts" title="German Emergency Acts">German Emergency Acts</a> (emergency laws), which would maximise governmental control in case of a public dispute, allowing them to restrict civil rights such as privacy and freedom of movement. With 49 seats in parliament, the FDP was the only opposing party in the parliament at the time; the rest were in extraparliamentary opposition. This weakened the opposition, the Bundestag strengthened the APO in Germany.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The APO demanded a democratization of university politics. A motto of the student movement protesting against the old-fashioned nature of higher education institutions was "Unter den Talaren – Muff von 1000 Jahren" ("under the university gowns, the musty smell of a thousand years"), which also referred to <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>, who had called his regime a rule for a thousand years. </p><p>The APO criticised society's repression of the crimes of <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a> through its parents' generation, only interested in economic recovery. Thus, it joined worldwide protests against the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and showed solidarity with the guerrilla fighters campaigning in <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> against the actions of the US. Among other protagonists, the movement idolised Cuban guerilla fighter <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> and the founder of the Vietnamese Communist Party <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>. "Ho-Ho-Ho-Chi-Minh" was often chanted at demonstrations towards the end of the 1960s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Soon student movement took part in discussions about society and criticised society, demanding fundamental changes in society towards a socialist revolutionary ideal. New forms of communal life were tried, as well as new forms of protests and political actions. In particular, life in the <a href="/wiki/Kommune_1" title="Kommune 1">Kommune I</a> (Commune 1) had begun, spurred on by the words of <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Teufel" title="Fritz Teufel">Fritz Teufel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Kunzelmann" title="Dieter Kunzelmann">Dieter Kunzelmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Langhans" title="Rainer Langhans">Rainer Langhans</a>. Its members were often prosecuted, which caused a platform for further protests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The APO also found support and theoretical guidance from intellectuals and philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Ernst Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On the whole, the West German APO consisted of young people, mostly students, who could hardly gain a foothold in workforce. A few analysts of the time, such as <a href="/wiki/Jutta_Ditfurth" title="Jutta Ditfurth">Jutta Ditfurth</a>, spoke out against these assumptions and embraced the workforce, including them in the political movement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In France, the case was somewhat different. Their solidarity was found between the unions and the student activists, which led to a near-revolutionary situation and much disruption, street fighting and mass strikes in May 1968, culminating in a state crisis. One of the protagonists of the German and French APO, activist and later Green Party politician <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cohn-Bendit" title="Daniel Cohn-Bendit">Daniel Cohn-Bendit</a> was refused reentry into France on the initiative of president <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>. Further members of the APO were <a href="/wiki/Joschka_Fischer" title="Joschka Fischer">Joseph "Joschka" Fischer</a> (German foreign minister from 1998 to 2005) and Matthias Beltz, who became a famous <a href="/wiki/Kabarett" title="Kabarett">kabarettist</a> in the 1980s and the 1990s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intensified_conflict">Intensified conflict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische_Opposition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Intensified conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A watershed in the history of the West German APO commenced on 2 June 1967, during demonstrations against the official visit of the Iranian Shah <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> when student <a href="/wiki/Benno_Ohnesorg" class="mw-redirect" title="Benno Ohnesorg">Benno Ohnesorg</a> was shot by a policeman. Ohnesorg was attending his first-ever political demonstration, and his death left his pregnant girlfriend to fend for herself. The student movement radicalised itself, became more militant and focused its attention on the <a href="/wiki/Springer_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Press">Springer Press</a>, namely the <i><a href="/wiki/Bild_Zeitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bild Zeitung">Bild Zeitung</a></i> (the German equivalent of the British publication <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></i>), which greatly opposed the student movement to the general public.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Less than a year after the death of Benno Ohnesorg, a young worker named <a href="/wiki/Josef_Bachmann" title="Josef Bachmann">Josef Bachmann</a> attempted to assassinate Rudi Dutschke, one of the most prominent leaders of the student movement; Bachmann shot Dutschke three times at close range, hitting him once in the head.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutschke suffered health problems from the shooting for the rest of his life, including an epileptic condition that caused his death by an accidental drowning in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1969, the APO, in its then-current form, played no further role in West Germany, although there was further extraparliamentary opposition. <a href="/wiki/New_social_movements" title="New social movements">New social movements</a> in the 1970s affected political and social areas, which had already been addressed in part by the student movement. Environmental protection and nuclear power became the latest themes focused on by former APO activists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_the_end_of_the_APO_to_the_founding_of_the_Green_Party">From the end of the APO to the founding of the Green Party</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische_Opposition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From the end of the APO to the founding of the Green Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The APO disbanded itself in 1968, dividing into smaller communist groups known as <a href="/wiki/K-Gruppen" title="K-Gruppen">K-Gruppen</a>, which remained on the political landscape but had no notable influence on West German politics. </p><p>The "Marsch durch die Institutionen" (march through the institutions) propagated by <a href="/wiki/Rudi_Dutschke" title="Rudi Dutschke">Rudi Dutschke</a> was embarked upon, resulting in the formation of the Green Party 11 years later. The idea behind this march was that political structures could be manipulated only from within, so it made more sense for larger groups to disband and for individuals and smaller groups to work more or less independently in their local areas to change the political system of their federal republic. The Green Party was formed to organize and accommodate the <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Germany">anti-nuclear movement in Germany</a>, the peace movement activists and other new social movements in the 1970s and 1980s, whose founders had previously been very active in the APO. </p><p>In 1983, the <a href="/wiki/German_Green_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="German Green Party">German Green Party</a> was elected into the Bundestag, where it stood for the concept of movement and change, so that its roots and philosophy were seen in new social movements. Within only a few years, the Greens gained much political power and prestige. In the time following the party's founding, there was a divide between the fundamentalists and the realists, which still exists. It was the willingness of the Greens to compromise and adapt that has led to their increased political power. In particular, since they entered into a coalition government with the SPD in 1998 and supported issues targeted by the APO which were in the eyes of many underrepresented such as participation in the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> in 1999 and the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghan War</a> in 2002. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radicalised_groups">Radicalised groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische_Opposition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Radicalised groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A small number of APO activists such as <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Baader" title="Andreas Baader">Andreas Baader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Ensslin" title="Gudrun Ensslin">Gudrun Ensslin</a>, journalist <a href="/wiki/Ulrike_Meinhof" title="Ulrike Meinhof">Ulrike Meinhof</a> resorted to arson in department stores and illegal underground work. They collaborated in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">"RAF" (German: Rote Armee Fraktion; English: Red Army Faction)</a>. This was initially called the "bewaffneten Widerstand" (English: armed opposition), and eventually became the <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> group known as the <a href="/wiki/Baader-Meinhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Baader-Meinhof">Baader-Meinhof Gruppe</a>. Bank robberies, kidnappings and even murders were committed against protagonists of businesses, politics and justice by the RAF, the "<a href="/wiki/Movement_2_June" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement 2 June">Bewegung 2. Juni</a>" (Movement of the 2nd June) and the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Cells_(German_group)" title="Revolutionary Cells (German group)">"Revolutionären Zellen"</a> (Revolutionary Cells) until the 1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische_Opposition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_student_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="German student movement">German student movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische_Opposition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_August_Winkler" title="Heinrich August Winkler">Winkler, Heinrich August</a> (2007). <i>Germany: The Long Road West: Volume 2: 1933–1990</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191500619" title="Special:BookSources/9780191500619"><bdi>9780191500619</bdi></a>. <q>Opposition to the US war in South-East Asia united student protest movements from Berkeley to Paris to Berlin. Another thing they had in common was the anti-authoritarian rebellion against the lifestyle of the older generation, against professors' control of the universities, against the 'establishment' and what only seemed to be its tolerance, but what was in reality 'repressive tolerance'. There were additional grounds for protest in West Germany. The most important was the 'repression of the past' and what seemed to be its cause: the continuity of the societal relations of power, defined as a 'restoration'. Another factor was the virtual disappearance of a parliamentary opposition from the left after the formation of a Grand Coalition in late 1966. The student movement and its 'hard core', the SDS, seized this opportunity to represent itself as an 'Extra-Parliamentary Opposition' ... and to level the same charges against the SPD that the extreme left had used repeatedly against it, ever since 1914: 'treason' against its principles</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+The+Long+Road+West%3A+Volume+2%3A+1933%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780191500619&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+August&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAu%C3%9Ferparlamentarische+Opposition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barclay, David E. (2012). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nJxPJ3jQDuEC&pg=PA125">Benno Ohnesorg, Rudi Dutschke, and the Student Movement in West Berlin: Critical Reflections after Forty Years</a>." In Philip Broadbent and Sabine Hake (Eds.), <i>Berlin Divided City, 1945–1989</i> (pp. 125–134). New York: Berghahn Books. p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/interview-remembering-student-movement-firebrand-rudi-dutschke/a-5031510-1">Interview: Remembering student-movement firebrand Rudi Dutschke</a>" [Louisa Schaefer interview with Gretchen Dutschke-Klotz, Dutschke's widow] (24 December 2009). <i>Deutsche Welle</i>. Retrieved 2015-12-12.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Außerparlamentarische_Opposition&oldid=1250300236">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Außerparlamentarische_Opposition&oldid=1250300236</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische_Opposition" title="Category:Außerparlamentarische Opposition">Außerparlamentarische Opposition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Advocacy_groups_in_Germany" title="Category:Advocacy groups in Germany">Advocacy groups in Germany</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2022">Articles needing additional references from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2020">Use dmy dates from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 October 2024, at 16:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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