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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-conquest_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-conquest_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pre-conquest exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-conquest_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Castilian_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castilian_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Castilian conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castilian_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_of_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_of_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>System of beliefs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-System_of_beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle System of beliefs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-System_of_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_and_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religion and mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aboriginal_priests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aboriginal_priests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Aboriginal priests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aboriginal_priests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guatimac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guatimac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Guatimac</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guatimac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Festivities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funerals_and_mummies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funerals_and_mummies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Funerals and mummies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funerals_and_mummies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacrifices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacrifices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Sacrifices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacrifices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kings_(Menceys)_of_Tenerife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kings_(Menceys)_of_Tenerife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Kings (<i>Menceys</i>) of Tenerife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kings_(Menceys)_of_Tenerife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothes_and_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothes_and_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Clothes and weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothes_and_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genetics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mitochondrial_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitochondrial_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Mitochondrial DNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitochondrial_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autosomal_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autosomal_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Autosomal DNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autosomal_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archeological_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archeological_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Archeological sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archeological_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_religious_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_religious_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>New religious movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_religious_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography and further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Guanches</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanche" title="Guanche – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Guanche" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4" title="غوانش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غوانش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quan%C3%A7il%C9%99r" title="Quançilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quançilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="قوان‌چی‌‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوان‌چی‌‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Абарыгены Канарскіх астравоў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Абарыгены Канарскіх астравоў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Гуанчи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гуанчи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanxes" title="Guanxes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guanxes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan%C4%8Dov%C3%A9" title="Guančové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Guančové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guancher" title="Guancher – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Guancher" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DD%A3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="ݣوانشا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ݣوانشا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altkanarier" title="Altkanarier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Altkanarier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guant%C5%A1id" title="Guantšid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Guantšid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5" title="Γουάντσε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουάντσε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abor%C3%ADgenes_canarios" title="Aborígenes canarios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aborígenes canarios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan%C4%89oj" title="Guanĉoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Guanĉoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantxe" title="Guantxe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Guantxe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%87" title="گوانچه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوانچه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guanches" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guanches" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%80%EC%B2%B4%EC%9D%B8" title="관체인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="관체인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87" title="गुआंचे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुआंचे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan%C4%8Di" title="Guanči – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Guanči" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanche" title="Guanche – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Guanche" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanche" title="Guanche – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Guanche" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanci" title="Guanci – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guanci" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%9D" title="גואנצ'ים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גואנצ'ים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="გუანშები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გუანშები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanche" title="Guanche – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Guanche" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarienses_indigenae" title="Canarienses indigenae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Canarienses indigenae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan%C4%8Di" title="Guanči – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Guanči" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guancsok" title="Guancsok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Guancsok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="გუანშეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გუანშეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4" title="غوانش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="غوانش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanchen" title="Guanchen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Guanchen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Native inhabitants of the Canary Islands</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Guanches</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:At_Candelaria,_Tenerife_2022_118.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/At_Candelaria%2C_Tenerife_2022_118.jpg/250px-At_Candelaria%2C_Tenerife_2022_118.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/At_Candelaria%2C_Tenerife_2022_118.jpg/375px-At_Candelaria%2C_Tenerife_2022_118.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/At_Candelaria%2C_Tenerife_2022_118.jpg/500px-At_Candelaria%2C_Tenerife_2022_118.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="6960" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Statue of <a href="/wiki/Tegueste_(mencey)" title="Tegueste (mencey)">Tegueste</a> at <a href="/wiki/Candelaria,_Tenerife" title="Candelaria, Tenerife">Candelaria, Tenerife</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Guanche_language" title="Guanche language">Guanche</a> (historically)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a> (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#System_of_beliefs">Guanche mythology</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islanders" title="Canary Islanders">Canary Islanders</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Guanche</b> were the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> some 100 kilometres (60 mi) to the west of modern <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North African</a> coast.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islanders spoke the <a href="/wiki/Guanche_language" title="Guanche language">Guanche language</a>, which is believed to have been related to the <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a> of mainland North Africa; the language became extinct in the <a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th century</a>, soon after the islands were colonized. </p><p>It is believed that the Guanche may have arrived at the archipelago some time in the <a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_BC" title="1st millennium BC">first millennium BC</a>. The Guanche were the only indigenous people known to have lived in the <a href="/wiki/Macaronesia" title="Macaronesia">Macaronesian</a> archipelago region before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europeans</a>. There is no accepted evidence that the other Macaronesian <a href="/wiki/Archipelagos" class="mw-redirect" title="Archipelagos">archipelagos</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> Islands, <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>) were inhabited. </p><p>After the commencement of the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Spanish conquest of the Canaries</a>, starting in the early <a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th century</a>, many natives were outright killed by the Spanish or died of exposure to new pathogens during the social disruption.<sup id="cite_ref-Adhikari_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adhikari-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, any remaining survivors were assimilated into the new Spanish population and associated culture.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elements of their original culture survive within <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islanders" title="Canary Islanders">Canarian customs</a> and traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Silbo_Gomero_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Silbo Gomero language">Silbo</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">whistled language</a> of <a href="/wiki/La_Gomera" title="La Gomera">La Gomera</a> Island), as well as some lexicon of <a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian Spanish</a>. Some scholars have classified the destruction of the Guanche people and culture as an example of colonial <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adhikari_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adhikari-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, the first <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a>-wide data analysis of the ethnic Guanche confirmed a North African origin, genetically being most similar to ancient North African <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> peoples of the mainland African deserts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez-Varela_et_al.2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez-Varela_et_al.2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The native term <i>guanachinet</i> literally translated means "person of <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>" (from <i>Guan</i> = person and <i>Achinet</i> = Tenerife).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was modified, according to <a href="/wiki/Juan_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Juan Núñez de la Peña">Juan Núñez de la Peña</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castilians</a> into "Guanche".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though etymologically an ancient, Tenerife-specific term, the word <i>Guanche</i> is now used mostly to refer to the pre-Hispanic Indigenous inhabitants of the entire archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-RAE_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Palma-gravures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/La_Palma-gravures.jpg/220px-La_Palma-gravures.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/La_Palma-gravures.jpg/330px-La_Palma-gravures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/La_Palma-gravures.jpg/440px-La_Palma-gravures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Guanche rock carvings in La Palma</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands_in_pre-colonial_times" title="Canary Islands in pre-colonial times">Canary Islands in pre-colonial times</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museodelanaturalezayelhombre02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Museodelanaturalezayelhombre02.jpg/250px-Museodelanaturalezayelhombre02.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Museodelanaturalezayelhombre02.jpg/375px-Museodelanaturalezayelhombre02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Museodelanaturalezayelhombre02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Guanche pottery exhibit (<a href="/wiki/Museo_de_la_Naturaleza_y_el_Hombre" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre">Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Genetic and linguistic evidence show that North African peoples made a significant contribution to the aboriginal population of the Canaries, notably, following <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> (post-<a href="/wiki/6th_millennium_BC" title="6th millennium BC">6000 BC</a>). There are ties between the Guanche language and the Berber languages of North Africa, particularly when comparing <a href="/wiki/Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">numeral systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bynon_J._1970,_pp_64–77_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bynon_J._1970,_pp_64–77-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dalby,_1998_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalby,_1998-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research into the genetics of the Guanche population has led to the conclusion that they share an ancestry with Berber peoples who immigrated from around <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez-Varela_et_al.2017_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez-Varela_et_al.2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maca_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maca-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The islands were visited by a number of other peoples and representatives of distant civilizations during recorded history; the <a href="/wiki/Numidians" title="Numidians">Numidians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carthaginians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginians">Carthaginians</a> all knew of the islands and made frequent visits,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including expeditions dispatched from <a href="/wiki/Mogador" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogador">Mogador</a> by <a href="/wiki/Juba_II" title="Juba II">Juba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on Roman <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a>, found on and near the island of <a href="/wiki/Lanzarote" title="Lanzarote">Lanzarote</a>, the Romans visited the Canary Islands during their occupation of mainland North Africa between the <a href="/wiki/1st_century" title="1st century">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/4th_century" title="4th century">4th centuries AD</a>; the artifacts found show that the Romans engaged in trade with the people of the island. However, there is no evidence of them ever settling on or invading the Canaries.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a> of the Canaries seems to reflect diverse levels of technology, with items differing widely from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> culture that would have been encountered by the Spanish, at the time of their conquest. </p><p>Scholars believe that the original settling by humans on the islands likely resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> of uniquely-adapted <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> exhibiting <a href="/wiki/Island_gigantism" title="Island gigantism">insular gigantism</a>; one example is believed to be <i><a href="/wiki/Canariomys_bravoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Canariomys bravoi">Canariomys bravoi</a></i>, the extinct giant rat of Tenerife. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> author and military officer drawing from the accounts of <a href="/wiki/Juba_II" title="Juba II">Juba II</a> (ancient King of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>), stated that a Mauretanian expedition to the islands, circa <a href="/wiki/50_BC" title="50 BC">50 BC</a>, found the <a href="/wiki/Ruins" title="Ruins">ruins</a> of great buildings, albeit with no population to speak of.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this account is accurate, it may suggest that the Guanche were not the only inhabitants, or the first ones;<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alternatively, this could imply that the Mauretanian expedition did not explore the islands thoroughly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Tenerife, specifically the archaeological site of the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Guanches" title="Cave of the Guanches">Cave of the Guanches</a> in <a href="/wiki/Icod_de_los_Vinos" title="Icod de los Vinos">Icod de los Vinos</a>, has provided evidence of habitation dating to the <a href="/wiki/6th_century_BC" title="6th century BC">6th century BC</a>. This is based on the analyses of <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> artifacts that were found inside the cave.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the Guanche were the first peoples of Tenerife. Their population seems to have lived in relative obscurity and isolation up until the time of Castilian conquest (ca. the <a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a>); <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Castilians" title="Castilians">Castilian</a> ships may have visited the archipelago earlier for trade purposes, from the second half of the <a href="/wiki/8th_century" title="8th century">8th century</a> onward. The Spanish gradually applied the term "Guanche" to the indigenous populations of all seven Canary Islands,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with those living on Tenerife being the most important or powerful. </p><p>What remains of their language, Guanche—a few expressions, vocabulary words and the proper names of ancient chieftains, still borne by certain families<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—exhibits positive similarities with the Berber languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Bynon_J._1970,_pp_64–77_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bynon_J._1970,_pp_64–77-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dalby,_1998_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalby,_1998-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first reliable account of the Guanche language was provided by the Genoese explorer <a href="/wiki/Nicoloso_da_Recco" title="Nicoloso da Recco">Nicoloso da Recco</a> in 1341, with a translation of numbers used by the islanders. </p><p>According to European chroniclers, the Guanche did not possess a system of writing at the time of conquest; their potential writing system may have fallen into disuse, or aspects of it were simply overlooked by the colonizers. Inscriptions, glyphs, rock paintings and carvings are all quite abundant throughout the archipelago. <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyphs</a> attributed to other <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">Mediterranean civilizations</a> have also been found on some of the islands. In <a href="/wiki/1752" title="1752">1752</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Vandewalle" title="Domingo Vandewalle">Domingo Vandewalle</a>, a military governor of <a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Palmas (province)">Las Palmas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ventured to investigate the petroglyphs. Aquilino Padron, a priest at Las Palmas, catalogued inscriptions at El Julan, La Candía and La Caleta, all on <a href="/wiki/Hierro" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierro">El Hierro</a>. In <a href="/wiki/1878" title="1878">1878</a>, Dr. René Verneau discovered rock carvings in the ravines of Las Balos that resembled <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya" title="History of Libya">Libyan</a><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidian</a> script, dating from the time of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> occupation or earlier. In other locations, <a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Libyco-Berber script</a> has been identified. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-conquest_exploration">Pre-conquest exploration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-conquest exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands_in_pre-colonial_times" title="Canary Islands in pre-colonial times">Canary Islands in pre-colonial times</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlonsoFernandezdeLugo3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/AlonsoFernandezdeLugo3.JPG/260px-AlonsoFernandezdeLugo3.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/AlonsoFernandezdeLugo3.JPG/390px-AlonsoFernandezdeLugo3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/AlonsoFernandezdeLugo3.JPG/520px-AlonsoFernandezdeLugo3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Guanche kings of Tenerife surrendering to <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lugo" title="Alonso Fernández de Lugo">Alonso Fernández de Lugo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The geographic accounts of <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> mention the <a href="/wiki/Fortunate_Isles" title="Fortunate Isles">Fortunate Isles</a> but do not report anything about their populations. </p><p>An account of the Guanche population may have been made around AD 1150 by the Arab geographer <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a> in the <i>Nuzhatul Mushtaq</i>, a book he wrote for <a href="/wiki/Roger_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger II">King Roger II of Sicily</a>. Al-Idrisi reports a journey in the Atlantic Ocean made by the Mugharrarin ("the adventurers"), a family of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusian</a> seafarers from <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>. The only surviving version of this book, kept at the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</a>, and first translated by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Jaubert" title="Pierre Amédée Jaubert">Pierre Amédée Jaubert</a>, reports that, after having reached an area of "sticky and stinking waters," the Mugharrarin moved back and first reached an uninhabited Island (<a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hierro" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierro">Hierro</a>), where they found "a huge quantity of sheep, which its meat was bitter and inedible". They "continued southward" and reached another island where they were soon surrounded by barks and brought to "a village whose inhabitants were often fair haired with long and flaxen hair and the women of a rare beauty." Among the villagers, one spoke Arabic and asked them where they came from. Then the king of the village ordered them to bring villagers back to the continent. There they were surprised to be welcomed by Berbers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from the marvelous and fanciful content of this history, this account suggests that the Guanche had sporadic contacts with populations from the mainland. Al-Idrisi described the Guanche men as tall and of a reddish-brown complexion.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 14th century, the Guanche are presumed to have had other contacts with <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic</a> seafarers from Spain. This is based on the Balearic <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> found on several of the Canary Islands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Castilian_conquest">Castilian conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Castilian conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Conquest of the Canary Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Kingdom of the Canary Islands">Kingdom of the Canary Islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG/260px-AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG/390px-AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG/520px-AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lugo" title="Alonso Fernández de Lugo">Alonso Fernández de Lugo</a> presenting the captured Guanche kings of Tenerife to <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_and_Isabella" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand and Isabella">Ferdinand and Isabella</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Castilian conquest of the Canary Islands began in 1402, with the expedition of <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_B%C3%A9thencourt" title="Jean de Béthencourt">Jean de Béthencourt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gadifer_de_la_Salle" title="Gadifer de la Salle">Gadifer de la Salle</a> to the island of Lanzarote. Gadifer invaded Lanzarote and Fuerteventura. </p><p>The other five islands fought back. El Hierro and the <i><a href="/wiki/Bimbache" title="Bimbache">Bimbache</a></i> population were the next to fall, then La Gomera, Gran Canaria, La Palma and in 1496, Tenerife. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Acentejo" title="First Battle of Acentejo">First Battle of Acentejo</a> (31 May 1494), called <i>La Matanza</i> (the slaughter), Guanche ambushed the Castilians in a valley and killed many. Only one in five of the Castilians survived, including the leader, <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Fernandez_de_Lugo" class="mw-redirect" title="Alonso Fernandez de Lugo">Alonso Fernandez de Lugo</a>. </p><p>Lugo later returned to the island with the alliance of the kings of the southern part of the island. He defeated the Guanches in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aguere" title="Battle of Aguere">Battle of Aguere</a>. The northern Menceyatos or provinces fell after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Acentejo" title="Second Battle of Acentejo">Second Battle of Acentejo</a> with the defeat of the successor of <a href="/wiki/Bencomo" title="Bencomo">Bencomo</a>, Bentor, Mencey of Taoro—what is now the Orotava Valley—in 1496. </p><p>Various scholars have used the term "genocide" to describe the conquest of the Canary Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Adhikari_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adhikari-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Conversi_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conversi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blench_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Adikhari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohamed Adikhari (page does not exist)">Mohamed Adikhari</a> argues that the Canary Islands were the scene of "Europe's first overseas settler colonial genocide," and that the mass killing and enslavement of natives, along with forced deportation, sexual violence and confiscation of land and children constituted an attempt to "destroy in whole" the Guanche people.<sup id="cite_ref-Adhikari_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adhikari-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tactics used in the Canary Islands in the 15th century served as a model for the Iberian colonisation of the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-Adhikari_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adhikari-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Conversi_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conversi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Guanche_language" title="Guanche language">Guanche language</a></div> <p>The native <a href="/wiki/Guanche_language" title="Guanche language">Guanche language</a> is now known only through a few sentences and individual words, supplemented by several placenames. Many modern <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a> propose that it belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bynon_J._1970,_pp_64–77_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bynon_J._1970,_pp_64–77-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dalby,_1998_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalby,_1998-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, while there are recognizable Berber words (particularly with regards to agriculture) within the Guanche language, no Berber grammatical inflections have been identified; there is a large stock of vocabulary that does not bear any resemblance to Berber whatsoever.<sup id="cite_ref-Kossman_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kossman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other strong similarities to the Berber languages are reflected in their counting system, while some authors suggest the Canarian branch would be a sister branch to the surviving continental Berber languages, splitting off during the early development of the language family and before the <i>terminus post quem</i> for the origin of Proto-Berber.<sup id="cite_ref-Militarev_2018_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Militarev_2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_of_beliefs">System of beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: System of beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_mythology">Religion and mythology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion and mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Traditional Berber religion</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MNH_-_Mencey-St%C3%A4be.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/MNH_-_Mencey-St%C3%A4be.jpg/187px-MNH_-_Mencey-St%C3%A4be.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/MNH_-_Mencey-St%C3%A4be.jpg/281px-MNH_-_Mencey-St%C3%A4be.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/MNH_-_Mencey-St%C3%A4be.jpg/375px-MNH_-_Mencey-St%C3%A4be.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="3462" /></a><figcaption>Chieftains' batons from La Palma</figcaption></figure> <p>Little is known of the religion of the Guanches. There was a general belief in a supreme being, called <a href="/wiki/Acham%C3%A1n" title="Achamán">Achamán</a> in Tenerife, <a href="/wiki/Acoran" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoran">Acoran</a> in Gran Canaria, Eraoranhan in Hierro, and <a href="/wiki/Abora" title="Abora">Abora</a> in La Palma. The women of Hierro worshipped a goddess called <a href="/wiki/Moneiba" title="Moneiba">Moneiba</a>. According to tradition, the male and female gods lived in mountains, from which they descended to hear the prayers of the people. On other islands, the natives venerated the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>. A belief in an evil spirit was general. The demon of Tenerife was called <a href="/wiki/Guayota" title="Guayota">Guayota</a> and lived at the peak of <a href="/wiki/Teide" title="Teide">Teide</a> volcano, which was the <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a> called <a href="/wiki/Teide" title="Teide">Echeyde</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Tenerife and Gran Canaria, the minor demons took the form of wild black woolly dogs called Jucanchas<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the first and <a href="/wiki/Tibicena" title="Tibicena">Tibicenas</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the latter, which lived in deep caves of the mountains, emerging at night to attack livestock and human beings. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teide_Tenerife3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Teide_Tenerife3.jpg/220px-Teide_Tenerife3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Teide_Tenerife3.jpg/330px-Teide_Tenerife3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Teide_Tenerife3.jpg/440px-Teide_Tenerife3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Mount Teide on Tenerife</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magec" title="Magec">Magec</a> (god of the Sun) and <a href="/wiki/Chaxiraxi" title="Chaxiraxi">Chaxiraxi</a> (the goddess mother) were also worshipped. In times of drought, the Guanches drove their flocks to consecrated grounds, where the lambs were separated from their mothers in the belief that their plaintive bleating would melt the heart of the Great Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the religious feasts, hostilities were held in abeyance, from war to personal quarrels. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">Idols</a> have been found in the islands, including the Idol of Tara (<a href="/wiki/Museo_Canario" title="Museo Canario">Museo Canario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_de_Gran_Canaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Palmas de Gran Canaria">Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Guatimac" title="Guatimac">Guatimac</a> (Museum Archaeological of Puerto de la Cruz in Tenerife). But many more figures have been found in the rest of the archipelago. </p><p>Most researchers agree that the Guanches performed their worship in the open, under sacred trees such as <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dracaena_draco" title="Dracaena draco">drago</a>, or near sacred mountains such as Mount <a href="/wiki/Teide" title="Teide">Teide</a>, which was believed to be the abode of the devil <a href="/wiki/Guayota" title="Guayota">Guayota</a>. Mount Teide was sacred to the aboriginal Guanches and since 2007 is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. But sometimes the Guanches also performed worship in caves, as in "Cave of Achbinico" in Tenerife. Until the 20th century, there were in the Canary Islands (especially in northern Tenerife) individuals called "Animeros." They were similar to healers and mystics with a syncretic beliefs combining elements of the Guanche religion and Christianity. As in other countries close to the islands (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Marabouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Marabouts">marabouts</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Animero" title="Animero">Animeros</a> were considered "persons blessed by God."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:At_Tenerife_2020_292.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/At_Tenerife_2020_292.jpg/169px-At_Tenerife_2020_292.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/At_Tenerife_2020_292.jpg/254px-At_Tenerife_2020_292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/At_Tenerife_2020_292.jpg/338px-At_Tenerife_2020_292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="6960" /></a><figcaption>Guanche idol in the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Guanche" title="Museo Guanche">Museo Guanche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Principal gods of Tenerife </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>God </th> <th>Role </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acham%C3%A1n" title="Achamán">Achamán</a> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Gods">supreme god</a> of the Guanches on the island of Tenerife; he is the father god and creator. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaxiraxi" title="Chaxiraxi">Chaxiraxi</a> </td> <td>The native Guanche goddess known as "supporter of he who holds the world [Abreu (<i>ca.</i> 1590, III, 13) d. 1676: 90r]."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guaiaxerax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guaiaxerax (page does not exist)">Guayaxerax</a> </td> <td>A divine child, son of Chaxiraxi and "supporter of Heaven and Earth." [Abreu (<i>ca.</i> 1590, III, 13) d. 1676: 90r].<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magec" title="Magec">Magec</a> </td> <td>The god of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and the light, and also thought to be one of the principal <a href="/wiki/Divinities" class="mw-redirect" title="Divinities">divinities</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Achuguayo" title="Achuguayo">Achuguayo</a> </td> <td>The "Supreme Being," according to oral tradition. [Bethencourt Alfonso (1911) 1994b: 260].<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Achuhucanac" title="Achuhucanac">Achuhucanac</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> god, identified with the supreme god (Achamán). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guayota" title="Guayota">Guayota</a> </td> <td>The principal malignant deity and Achamán's adversary, who dwells inside Mount Teide. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Mythical beings </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Being </th> <th>Role </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maxios" title="Maxios">Maxios</a> </td> <td>Benevolent minor <a href="/wiki/Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods">gods</a> or genies; domestic spirits and guardians of specific places. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibicena" title="Tibicena">Tibicenas</a> </td> <td>Demons in the form of black dogs, these were children of Guayota, the malignant deity. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aboriginal_priests">Aboriginal priests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aboriginal priests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Guanches had <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shamans</a> who were connected with the gods and ordained hierarchically: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Religious authority </th> <th>Jurisdiction </th> <th>Definition </th></tr> <tr> <td>Guadameñe or <a href="/wiki/Gua%C3%B1ame%C3%B1e" title="Guañameñe">Guañameñe</a> </td> <td>Tenerife </td> <td>spiritual advisers to the <a href="/wiki/Mencey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mencey">Menceyes</a> (Aboriginal kings), who directed the worship. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Faykan or Faicán </td> <td>Gran Canaria </td> <td>a spiritual and religious person in charge, who directed the worship. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maguadas or Arimaguadas </td> <td>Tenerife <p>Gran Canaria </p> </td> <td>women priestesses dedicated to worship. They took part in some rituals. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kankus </td> <td>Tenerife </td> <td>the priests responsible for the worship of the ancestor spirits and Maxios (minor gods or genies). </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guatimac">Guatimac</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Guatimac"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guatimac" title="Guatimac">Guatimac</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivities">Festivities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Festivities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Be%C3%B1esmen" title="Beñesmen">Beñesmen</a></b> or <b>Beñesmer</b> was a festival of the agricultural calendar of the Guanches (the Guanche new year) to be held after the gathering of crops devoted to Chaxiraxi (on August 15). In this event the Guanches shared milk, <a href="/wiki/Gofio" title="Gofio">gofio</a>, sheep or goat meat. At the present time, this coincides with the pilgrimage to the Basilica of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Candelaria" title="Virgin of Candelaria">Virgin of Candelaria</a> (Patron of Canary Islands). </p><p>Among the cultural events are significant traces of aboriginal traditions at the holidays and in the current Romería Relief in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BC%C3%ADmar" title="Güímar">Güímar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>) and the lowering of the Rama, in Agaete (Gran Canaria).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funerals_and_mummies">Funerals and mummies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Funerals and mummies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Momia_guanche_museo_santa_cruz_27-07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Momia_guanche_museo_santa_cruz_27-07.JPG/250px-Momia_guanche_museo_santa_cruz_27-07.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Momia_guanche_museo_santa_cruz_27-07.JPG/375px-Momia_guanche_museo_santa_cruz_27-07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Momia_guanche_museo_santa_cruz_27-07.JPG/500px-Momia_guanche_museo_santa_cruz_27-07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mummy_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s" title="Mummy of San Andrés">Mummy of San Andrés</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_la_Naturaleza_y_el_Hombre" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre">Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guanche_mummies" title="Guanche mummies">Guanche mummies</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummification</a> was not commonly practiced throughout the islands but was highly developed on <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a> in particular. In <a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria" title="Gran Canaria">Gran Canaria</a> there is currently a debate on the true nature of the mummies of the ancient inhabitants of the island, as researchers point out that there was no real intention to mummify the deceased and that the good conservation of some of them is due rather to environmental factors.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/La_Palma" title="La Palma">La Palma</a> they were preserved by these environmental factors and in <a href="/wiki/La_Gomera" title="La Gomera">La Gomera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/El_Hierro" title="El Hierro">El Hierro</a> the existence of mummification is not verified. In <a href="/wiki/Lanzarote" title="Lanzarote">Lanzarote</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuerteventura" title="Fuerteventura">Fuerteventura</a> this practice is ruled out. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Replica_de_momia_guanche_en_la_gruta_del_Parque_del_Drago,_Icod_de_los_Vinos,_Tenerife,_Espa%C3%B1a,_2012-12-13,_DD_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Replica_de_momia_guanche_en_la_gruta_del_Parque_del_Drago%2C_Icod_de_los_Vinos%2C_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-13%2C_DD_01.jpg/250px-Replica_de_momia_guanche_en_la_gruta_del_Parque_del_Drago%2C_Icod_de_los_Vinos%2C_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-13%2C_DD_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Replica_de_momia_guanche_en_la_gruta_del_Parque_del_Drago%2C_Icod_de_los_Vinos%2C_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-13%2C_DD_01.jpg/375px-Replica_de_momia_guanche_en_la_gruta_del_Parque_del_Drago%2C_Icod_de_los_Vinos%2C_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-13%2C_DD_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Replica_de_momia_guanche_en_la_gruta_del_Parque_del_Drago%2C_Icod_de_los_Vinos%2C_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-13%2C_DD_01.jpg/500px-Replica_de_momia_guanche_en_la_gruta_del_Parque_del_Drago%2C_Icod_de_los_Vinos%2C_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-13%2C_DD_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2764" data-file-height="1844" /></a><figcaption>Replica of a mummy burial in the cave of Parque del Drago, Tenerife</figcaption></figure> <p>The Guanches <a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">embalmed</a> their dead; many mummies have been found in an extreme state of desiccation, each weighing not more than 3 kg (7 lb). Two almost inaccessible caves in a vertical rock by the shore 5 km (3 mi) from Santa Cruz on Tenerife are said still to contain remains. The process of embalming seems to have varied. In Tenerife and Gran Canaria, the corpse was simply wrapped up in goat and sheep skins, while in other islands a resinous substance was used to preserve the body, which was then placed in a cave difficult to access, or buried under a <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work of embalming was reserved for a special class, with women tending to female corpses, and men for the male ones. Embalming seems not to have been universal.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_la_Naturaleza_y_el_Hombre" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre">Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>) mummies of original inhabitants of the Canary Islands are displayed. </p><p>In 1933, the largest Guanche necropolis of the Canary Islands was found, at Uchova in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Abona" title="San Miguel de Abona">San Miguel de Abona</a> in the south of the island of Tenerife. This cemetery was almost completely looted; it is estimated to have contained between 60 and 74 mummies.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacrifices">Sacrifices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sacrifices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although little is known about this practice among them, it has been shown that they performed both <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifices" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal sacrifices">animal sacrifices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifices" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sacrifices">human sacrifices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a> during the summer solstice, the Guanches killed livestock and threw them into a fire as an offering to the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bethencourt Alfonso has claimed that goat kids were tied by the legs, alive, to a stake so that they could be heard bleating by the gods. It is likely that animals were also sacrificed on the other islands.<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for human sacrifices, in Tenerife it was the custom to throw a living child from the <i>Punta de Rasca</i> at sunrise at the summer solstice. Sometimes these children came from all parts of the island, even from remote areas of <i>Punta de Rasca</i>. It follows that it was a common custom of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this island sacrificing other human victims associated with the death of the king, where adult men rushed to the sea are also known. Embalmers who produced the <a href="/wiki/Guanche_mummies" title="Guanche mummies">Guanche mummies</a> also had a habit of throwing themselves into the sea one year after the king's death.<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bones of children mixed with lambs and kids were found in <a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria" title="Gran Canaria">Gran Canaria</a>, and in Tenerife amphorae have been found with remains of children inside. This suggests a different kind of ritual infanticide than those who were thrown overboard.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.es_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.es-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Child_sacrifice" title="Child sacrifice">Child sacrifice</a> has been seen in other cultures, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>—<a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.es_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.es-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (February 2025)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_system">Political system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenerife_preconquista.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tenerife_preconquista.png/220px-Tenerife_preconquista.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tenerife_preconquista.png/330px-Tenerife_preconquista.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tenerife_preconquista.png/440px-Tenerife_preconquista.png 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Tenerife prior to the Castilian invasion</figcaption></figure> <p>The political and social institutions of the Guanches varied. In some islands like Gran Canaria, hereditary <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a> by matrilineality prevailed,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in others the government was <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">elective</a>. In Tenerife all the land belonged to the kings who leased it to their subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Gran Canaria, <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> was regarded as honorable, and whenever a new king was installed, one of his subjects willingly honored the occasion by throwing himself over a precipice.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some islands, <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">polyandry</a> was practised;<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in others they were <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a>. Insult of a woman by an armed man was allegedly a capital offense.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anyone accused of a crime had to attend a public trial in Tagoror, a public court where those prosecuted were sentenced after a trial. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:At_Candelaria,_Tenerife_2022_124.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/At_Candelaria%2C_Tenerife_2022_124.jpg/220px-At_Candelaria%2C_Tenerife_2022_124.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/At_Candelaria%2C_Tenerife_2022_124.jpg/330px-At_Candelaria%2C_Tenerife_2022_124.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/At_Candelaria%2C_Tenerife_2022_124.jpg/440px-At_Candelaria%2C_Tenerife_2022_124.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="6960" /></a><figcaption>A statue of the Guanche Mencey Añaterve. <a href="/wiki/Candelaria,_Tenerife" title="Candelaria, Tenerife">Candelaria, Tenerife</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The island of Tenerife was divided into nine small kingdoms (<i>menceyatos</i>), each ruled by a king or <i>Mencey</i>. The Mencey was the ultimate ruler of the kingdom, and at times, meetings were held between the various kings. When the Castilians invaded the Canary Islands, the southern kingdoms joined the Castilian invaders on the promise of the richer lands of the north; the Castilians betrayed them after ultimately securing victory at the Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aguere" title="Battle of Aguere">Aguere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Acentejo" title="Second Battle of Acentejo">Acentejo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kings_(Menceys)_of_Tenerife"><span id="Kings_.28Menceys.29_of_Tenerife"></span>Kings (<i>Menceys</i>) of Tenerife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kings (Menceys) of Tenerife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Acaimo" title="Acaimo">Acaimo</a></b> or Acaymo of <a href="/wiki/Menceyato_de_Tacoronte" class="mw-redirect" title="Menceyato de Tacoronte">Menceyato de Tacoronte</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Adjona" title="Adjona">Adjona</a></b> of <a href="/wiki/Menceyato_de_Abona" class="mw-redirect" title="Menceyato de Abona">Menceyato de Abona</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/A%C3%B1aterve" title="Añaterve">Añaterve</a></b> of <a href="/wiki/Menceyato_de_G%C3%BC%C3%ADmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Menceyato de Güímar">Menceyato de Güímar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bencomo" title="Bencomo">Bencomo</a></b> of <a href="/wiki/Menceyato_de_Taoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Menceyato de Taoro">Menceyato de Taoro</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beneharo" title="Beneharo">Beneharo</a></b> of <a href="/wiki/Menceyato_de_Anaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Menceyato de Anaga">Menceyato de Anaga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pelicar_(mencey)" title="Pelicar (mencey)">Pelicar</a></b> of <a href="/wiki/Menceyato_de_Adeje" class="mw-redirect" title="Menceyato de Adeje">Menceyato de Adeje</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pelinor_(mencey)" title="Pelinor (mencey)">Pelinor</a></b> of <a href="/wiki/Menceyato_de_Icode" class="mw-redirect" title="Menceyato de Icode">Menceyato de Icode</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Romen_(mencey)" title="Romen (mencey)">Romen</a></b> of <a href="/wiki/Menceyato_de_Daute" class="mw-redirect" title="Menceyato de Daute">Menceyato de Daute</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tegueste_(mencey)" title="Tegueste (mencey)">Tegueste</a></b> of <a href="/wiki/Menceyato_de_Tegueste" class="mw-redirect" title="Menceyato de Tegueste">Menceyato de Tegueste</a></li></ul> <p>In Tenerife, the grand Mencey <a href="/wiki/Tinerfe" title="Tinerfe">Tinerfe</a> and his father Sunta governed the unified island, which afterwards was divided into nine kingdoms by the children of Tinerfe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clothes_and_weapons">Clothes and weapons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Clothes and weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guanches wore <a href="/wiki/Garment" class="mw-redirect" title="Garment">garments</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a> skins or woven from plant fibers called Tamarcos, which have been found in the tombs of Tenerife. They had a taste for ornaments and necklaces of wood, bone and shells, worked in different designs. Beads of baked earth, cylindrical and of all shapes, with smooth or polished surfaces, mostly colored black and red, were fairly common. Dr. René Verneau suggested that the objects the Castilians referred to as <i>pintaderas</i>, baked clay seal-shaped objects, were used as vessels for painting the body in various colours. They manufactured rough <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, mostly without decorations, or ornamented by making fingernail indentations. </p><p>Guanche weapons adapted to the insular environment (using wood, bone, <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a> and stone as primary materials), with later influences from medieval European weaponry. Basic armaments in several of the islands included <a href="/wiki/Javelin_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Javelin (weapon)">javelins</a> of 1 to 2 m in length (known as <i>Banot</i> on Tenerife); round, polished stones; spears; maces (common in Gran Canaria and Tenerife, and known as <i>Magado</i> and <i>Sunta</i>, respectively); and shields (small in Tenerife and human-sized in Gran Canaria, where they were known as <i>Tarja</i>, made of <a href="/wiki/Dracaena_draco" title="Dracaena draco">Drago wood</a> and painted with geometric shapes). After the arrival of the Europeans, Guanche nobility from Gran Canaria were known to wield large wooden swords (larger than the European two-handed type) called <i>Magido</i>, which were said to be very effective against both infantrymen and cavalry. Weaponry made of wood was hardened with fire. These armaments were commonly complemented with an obsidian knife known as <i>Tabona</i>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen2.jpg/250px-Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen2.jpg/375px-Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen2.jpg/500px-Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1943" data-file-height="1381" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of a Guanche settlement of Tenerife</figcaption></figure> <p>Dwellings were situated in natural or artificial caves in the mountains. In areas where cave dwellings were not feasible, they built small round houses and, according to the Castilians, practiced crude fortification. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen1.JPG/250px-Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen1.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen1.JPG/375px-Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen1.JPG/500px-Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The Guanches on Tenerife</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Presumed Guanche names of the Canary Islands </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Spanish </th> <th>Guanche </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Tenerife </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Achinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Achinet">Achinech</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Achineche </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asensen </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">La Gomera </td> <td>Gomera </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gomahara </td></tr> <tr> <td>La Palma </td> <td>Benahoare </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">El Hierro </td> <td>Eseró </td></tr> <tr> <td>Heró </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gran Canaria </td> <td>Tamaran </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Lanzarote </td> <td>Titerogakaet </td></tr> <tr> <td>Titeroigatra </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Fuerteventura </td> <td>Maxorata </td></tr> <tr> <td>Erbania </td></tr> <tr> <td>Erbani </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MNH_-_Sch%C3%BCssel_Garafia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pottery"><img alt="Pottery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/MNH_-_Sch%C3%BCssel_Garafia.jpg/120px-MNH_-_Sch%C3%BCssel_Garafia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/MNH_-_Sch%C3%BCssel_Garafia.jpg/180px-MNH_-_Sch%C3%BCssel_Garafia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/MNH_-_Sch%C3%BCssel_Garafia.jpg/240px-MNH_-_Sch%C3%BCssel_Garafia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3174" data-file-height="1998" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pottery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MNH_-_Mencey-Stab.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mencey baton"><img alt="Mencey baton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/MNH_-_Mencey-Stab.jpg/48px-MNH_-_Mencey-Stab.jpg" decoding="async" width="48" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/MNH_-_Mencey-Stab.jpg/72px-MNH_-_Mencey-Stab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/MNH_-_Mencey-Stab.jpg/96px-MNH_-_Mencey-Stab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="3580" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mencey baton</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Guatimac_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guatimac idol"><img alt="Guatimac idol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/El_Guatimac_2.jpg/90px-El_Guatimac_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/El_Guatimac_2.jpg/135px-El_Guatimac_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/El_Guatimac_2.jpg/180px-El_Guatimac_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guatimac" title="Guatimac">Guatimac</a> idol</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MNH_-_M%C3%BChlstein_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone artefacts"><img alt="Stone artefacts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/MNH_-_M%C3%BChlstein_2.jpg/80px-MNH_-_M%C3%BChlstein_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/MNH_-_M%C3%BChlstein_2.jpg/120px-MNH_-_M%C3%BChlstein_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/MNH_-_M%C3%BChlstein_2.jpg/160px-MNH_-_M%C3%BChlstein_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone artefacts</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waffen_der_Canarios_Torriani_1590.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Waffen_der_Canarios_Torriani_1590.jpg/260px-Waffen_der_Canarios_Torriani_1590.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Waffen_der_Canarios_Torriani_1590.jpg/390px-Waffen_der_Canarios_Torriani_1590.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Waffen_der_Canarios_Torriani_1590.jpg/520px-Waffen_der_Canarios_Torriani_1590.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Guanche warriors of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canaria">Grand Canaria</a> by <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Torriani" class="extiw" title="es:Leonardo Torriani">Leonardo Torriani</a>, 1592</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bimbache#Genetics" title="Bimbache">Bimbache § Genetics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kelif_el_Boroud#Genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelif el Boroud">Kelif el Boroud § Genetics</a></div> <p><a href="#CITEREFMaca-Meyer_et_al.2003">Maca-Meyer et al. 2003</a> extracted 71 samples of <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> from Guanches buried at numerous Canary Islands (c. 1000 AD). The examined Guanches were found to have closest genetic affinities to modern Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islanders" title="Canary Islanders">Canary Islanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a>. They carried a significantly high amount of the maternal haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U6" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U6b1</a>. U6b1 is found at very low frequencies in North Africa today, and it was suggested that later developments have significantly altered the Berber gene pool. The authors of the study suggested that the Guanches were descended from migrants from mainland North Africa related to the Berbers, and that the Guanches contributed 42–73% to the maternal gene pool of modern Canary Islanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaca-Meyer_et_al.2003_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaca-Meyer_et_al.2003-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="#CITEREFFregel_et_al.2009a">Fregel et al. 2009a</a> extracted 30 samples of <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</a> from Guanches of the Canary Islands. These belonged to the paternal haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M132" title="Haplogroup E-M132">E1a*</a>, (3.33%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-V68" title="Haplogroup E-V68">E1b1b1a*</a> (23.33%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-Z827" title="Haplogroup E-Z827">E1b1b1b*</a> (26.67%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M170" title="Haplogroup I-M170">I*</a> (6.67%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M267" title="Haplogroup J-M267">J1*</a> (16.67%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K-M9" title="Haplogroup K-M9">K*</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_P_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)">P*</a> (3.33%), and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269" title="Haplogroup R-M269">R1b1b2</a> (10.00%). E1a*, E1b1b1a* and E1b1b1b* are common lineages among Berbers, and their high frequency among the Guanches were considered evidence that they were migrants from North Africa. R1b1b2 and I* are very common in lineages in Europe, and their moderate frequency among the examined Guanche males was suggested to have been a result of prehistoric gene flow from Europe into the region across the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. It was found that Guanche males contributed less to the gene pool of modern Canary Islanders than Guanche females (as would be expected from the extremely bloody conquest of the islands). Haplogroups typical among the Guanche have been found at high frequencies in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, suggesting that descendants of the Guanche played an active role in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFregel_et_al.2009a_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFregel_et_al.2009a-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canarios_Torriani_1590.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Canarios_Torriani_1590.jpg/260px-Canarios_Torriani_1590.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Canarios_Torriani_1590.jpg/390px-Canarios_Torriani_1590.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Canarios_Torriani_1590.jpg/520px-Canarios_Torriani_1590.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1489" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Guanches of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canaria">Grand Canaria</a> by <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Torriani" class="extiw" title="es:Leonardo Torriani">Leonardo Torriani</a>, 1592</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="#CITEREFFregel_et_al.2009b">Fregel et al. 2009b</a> extracted the mtDNA of 30 Guanches from <a href="/wiki/La_Palma" title="La Palma">La Palma</a>, (Benahoaritas). 93% of their mtDNA haplogroups were found to be of <a href="/wiki/West_Eurasia" class="mw-redirect" title="West Eurasia">West Eurasian</a> origin, while 7% were of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan African</a> origin. About 15% of their West Eurasian maternal lineages are specific to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> rather than North Africa, suggesting that the Benahoaritas traced partial descent from either of these regions. The examined Benahoaritas were found to have high frequencies of the maternal haplogroups U6b1 and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)#H1" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H1-16260</a>. U6b1 has not been found in North Africa, while H1-16260 is "extremely rare." The results suggested that the North African population from whom the Benahoaritas and other Guanches descended has been largely replaced by subsequent migrations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFregel_et_al.2009b_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFregel_et_al.2009b-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gomeros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gomeros.jpg/260px-Gomeros.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gomeros.jpg/390px-Gomeros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gomeros.jpg/520px-Gomeros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Gomeros of <a href="/wiki/La_Gomera" title="La Gomera">La Gomera</a> by <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Torriani" class="extiw" title="es:Leonardo Torriani">Leonardo Torriani</a>, 1592</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="#CITEREFPereira_et_al.2010">Pereira et al. 2010</a> studies the origins of the maternal haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U6" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U6</a>, which is characteristic of Guanches. It was suggested that the U6 was brought to North Africa by <a href="/wiki/Cro-Magnon" title="Cro-Magnon">Cro-Magnon</a>-like humans from the Near East during the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>, who were probably responsible for the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPereira_et_al.2010_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereira_et_al.2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also suggested that the maternal haplogroup H1, also frequent among Guanches, was brought to North Africa during the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> by migrants from Iberia, who may have participated in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsian culture">Capsian culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPereira_et_al.2010_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereira_et_al.2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a further study, <a href="#CITEREFSecher_et_al.2014">Secher et al. 2014</a> suggested that U6 was brought to the Levant from Central Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> by people of the <a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a> culture, forming the <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Aurignacian" title="Levantine Aurignacian">Levantine Aurignacian</a> (c. 33000 BC), whose descendants had then further spread U6 as part of a remigration into Africa. U6b1a was suggested to have been brought to the Canary Islands during the initial wave of settlement by Guanches, while U6c1 was suggested to have been brought in a second wave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESecher_et_al.2014_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESecher_et_al.2014-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bimbaches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bimbaches.jpg/260px-Bimbaches.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bimbaches.jpg/390px-Bimbaches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bimbaches.jpg/520px-Bimbaches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="1043" /></a><figcaption>Painting of <a href="/wiki/Bimbache" title="Bimbache">Bimbache</a> of <a href="/wiki/El_Hierro" title="El Hierro">El Hierro</a> by <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Torriani" class="extiw" title="es:Leonardo Torriani">Leonardo Torriani</a>, 1592</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="#CITEREFFregel_et_al.2015">Fregel et al. 2015</a> examined the mtDNA of Guanches of <a href="/wiki/La_Gomera" title="La Gomera">La Gomera</a> (Gomeros). 65% of the examined Gomeros were found to be carriers of the maternal haplogroup U6b1a. The Gomero appeared to be descended from the earliest wave of settlers to the Canary Islands. The maternal haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup T (mtDNA)">T2c1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U6" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U6c1</a> may have been introduced in a second wave of colonization affecting the other islands. It was noted that 44% of modern La Gomerans carry U6b1a. It was determined that La Gomerans have the highest amount of Guanche ancestry among modern Canary Islanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFregel_et_al.2015_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFregel_et_al.2015-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="#CITEREFOrdóñez_et_al.2017">Ordóñez et al. 2017</a> examined the remains of a large number of Guanches of El Hierro (<a href="/wiki/Bimbache" title="Bimbache">Bimbache</a>) buried at Punta Azul, El Hierro (c. 1015–1200 AD). The 16 samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to the paternal haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M132" title="Haplogroup E-M132">E1a</a> (1 sample), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-V68" title="Haplogroup E-V68">E1b1b1a1</a> (7 samples) and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269" title="Haplogroup R-M269">R1b1a2</a> (R1b-M269) (7 samples).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrdóñez_et_al.201724Table_2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrdóñez_et_al.201724Table_2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the extracted samples of <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> belonged to the maternal haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)#H1" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H1-1626</a>. The Bimbache were identified as descendants of the first wave of Guanche settlers on the Canary Islands, as they lacked the paternal and maternal lineages identified with the hypothetical second wave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrdóñez_et_al.2017_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrdóñez_et_al.2017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="#CITEREFRodríguez-Varela_et_al.2017">Rodríguez-Varela et al. 2017</a> examined the <a href="/wiki/AtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="AtDNA">atDNA</a> of 11 Guanches buried at Gran Canaria and Tenerife. The 3 samples of Y-DNA extracted all belonged to the paternal haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M215_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)">E1b1b1b1a1</a> (E-M183), while the 11 samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to the maternal haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H1cf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H2a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L3_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)">L3b1a</a> (3 samples), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup T (mtDNA)">T2c12</a>, U6b1a (3 samples), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup J (mtDNA)">J1c3</a> and U6b.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez-Varela_et_al.20173397Table_1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez-Varela_et_al.20173397Table_1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was determined that the examined Guanches were genetically similar between the 7th and 11th centuries AD, and that they displayed closest genetic affinity to modern North Africans, "but with a tendency (especially for individuals from Gran Canaria) to occupy a space outside modern Northwest African variation, closer to Europeans." The evidence supported the notion that the Guanches were descended from a Berber-like population who had migrated from mainland North Africa. Among modern populations, Guanches were also found to be genetically similar to modern <a href="/wiki/Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinians">Sardinians</a>. Some models found the Guanche to be more closely related to modern Sardinians than modern North Africans. They were determined to be carriers of <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Early European Farmer">Early European Farmer</a> (EEF) ancestry, which probably spread into North Africa from Iberia during the Neolithic, or perhaps also later.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One Guanche was also found to have ancestry related to European hunter-gathers, providing further evidence of prehistoric gene flow from Europe. It was estimated that modern Canary Islanders derive 16–31% of their atDNA from the Guanches. Furthermore, according to the phenotype analysis, these Guanche samples were showing light and medium skin, dark hair and brown eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez-Varela_et_al.2017_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez-Varela_et_al.2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="#CITEREFFregel_et_al.2018">Fregel et al. 2018</a> examined remains at the Late Neolithic site of <a href="/wiki/Kelif_el_Boroud" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelif el Boroud">Kelif el Boroud</a>, Morocco (c. 3780–3650 BC). The Kelif el Boroud people were modeled as being equally descended from people buried at the Neolithic sites of <a href="/wiki/Ifri_N%27Ammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifri N'Ammar">Ifri N'Ammar</a>, Morocco (c. 5325–4786 BC) and the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_El_Toro" title="Cave of El Toro">Cave of El Toro</a>, Spain (c. 5280–4750 BC). The Kelif el Boroud were thus determined to have carried 50% EEF ancestry, which may have spread with the <a href="/wiki/Cardial_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardial Ware">Cardial Ware</a> culture from Iberia to North Africa during the Neolithic. After the Kelif el Boroud people, additional European ancestry may have been brought to the region from Iberia by people of the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture</a>. Guanches were found to the genetically very similar to the Kelif el Boroud people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFregel_et_al.2018_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFregel_et_al.2018-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2020 review Fregel et al. identified European Bronze Age ancestry in the Guanches, which could be explained by "the presence of Bell-Beaker pottery in the North African archaeological record," as well as observing a certain admixture "possibly related to trans-Saharan migrations".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="#CITEREFFregel_et_al.2019">Fregel et al. 2019</a> examined the mtDNA of 48 Guanches buried on all the islands of the Canaries. They were found to be carrying maternal lineages characteristic of North Africa, Europe and the Near East, with Eurasian lineages centered around the Mediterranean being the most common. It was suggested that some of these Eurasian haplogroups had arrived in the region through Chalcolithic and Bronze Age migrations from Europe. Genetic diversity was found to be the highest at Gran Canaria, Tenerife, and La Palma, while Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and particularly La Gomera and El Hierro had low diversity. Significant genetic differences were detected between Guanches of western and eastern islands, which supported the notion that Guanches were descended from two distinct migration waves. It was considered significant that 40% of all examined Guanches so far belonged to the maternal <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">haplogroup H</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFregel_et_al.2019_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFregel_et_al.2019-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spatial_frequency_distribution_(%25)_of_haplogroup_H1_in_western_Eurasia_and_North_Africa..png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Spatial_frequency_distribution_%28%25%29_of_haplogroup_H1_in_western_Eurasia_and_North_Africa..png/220px-Spatial_frequency_distribution_%28%25%29_of_haplogroup_H1_in_western_Eurasia_and_North_Africa..png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Spatial_frequency_distribution_%28%25%29_of_haplogroup_H1_in_western_Eurasia_and_North_Africa..png/330px-Spatial_frequency_distribution_%28%25%29_of_haplogroup_H1_in_western_Eurasia_and_North_Africa..png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Spatial_frequency_distribution_%28%25%29_of_haplogroup_H1_in_western_Eurasia_and_North_Africa..png/440px-Spatial_frequency_distribution_%28%25%29_of_haplogroup_H1_in_western_Eurasia_and_North_Africa..png 2x" data-file-width="2872" data-file-height="2154" /></a><figcaption>Spatial frequency distribution (%) of haplogroup H1 in western Eurasia and North Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>Serrano et al. 2023 analysed genome-wide data from 49 Guanche individuals, whose ancestry was modelled as comprising 73.3% <a href="/wiki/Kehf_el_Baroud" title="Kehf el Baroud">Morocco Late Neolithic</a>, 6.9% Morocco Early Neolithic, 13.4% <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Germany Bell Beaker</a> and 6.4% <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Eastern_Africa#Ancient_DNA" title="Genetic history of Eastern Africa">Mota</a>, on average. Germany Bell Beaker ancestry reached 16.2% and 17.9% in samples from Gran Canaria and Lanzarote respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitochondrial_DNA">Mitochondrial DNA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mitochondrial DNA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regarding mitochondrial DNA, the maternal lineages are characterized by the prevalence of North-African lineages, followed by Europeans and finally in a small percentage by Sub-Saharans. According to different studies, the percentages are the following: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>North-African</th> <th>European</th> <th>Sub-Saharan </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Canary Islands<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></td> <td>57%</td> <td>43%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Canary Islands<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></td> <td>50.2%</td> <td>43.2%</td> <td>6.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Gran Canaria<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></td> <td>55%</td> <td>45%</td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autosomal_DNA">Autosomal DNA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Autosomal DNA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2018 study of 400 adult men and women of all the islands, except La Graciosa, examined the relationship of Canarian genetic diversity with the more prevalent complex diseases in the archipelago. It detected that Canarian DNA shows distinctive genetics, resulting from variables such as the geographical isolation of the islands, environmental adaptations and the historical mixture of Pre-Hispanic population of the archipelago (coming from North Africa), with European and Sub-Saharan individuals. Specifically, the study estimated that the Canarian population, at an autosomal level, is 75% European, 22% North-African and 3% Sub-Saharan.<sup id="cite_ref-sociedad_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sociedad-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The table below shows the genomic proportions of North African and Sub-Saharan African ancestry by island.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="3">North African</th> <th colspan="3">Sub-Saharan African </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><b>Minimum</b></td> <td><b>Average</b></td> <td><b>Maximum</b></td> <td><b>Minimum</b></td> <td><b>Average</b></td> <td><b>Maximum</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Fuerteventura</b></td> <td>0.218</td> <td>0.255</td> <td>0.296</td> <td>0.011</td> <td>0.027</td> <td>0.046 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Lanzarote</b></td> <td>0.214</td> <td>0.254</td> <td>0.296</td> <td>0.014</td> <td>0.032</td> <td>0.057 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Gran Canaria</b></td> <td>0.155</td> <td>0.200</td> <td>0.264</td> <td>0.005</td> <td>0.032</td> <td>0.082 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Tenerife</b></td> <td>0.149</td> <td>0.208</td> <td>0.255</td> <td>0.002</td> <td>0.015</td> <td>0.057 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>La Gomera</b></td> <td>0.160</td> <td>0.221</td> <td>0.289</td> <td>0.013</td> <td>0.048</td> <td>0.092 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>La Palma</b></td> <td>0.170</td> <td>0.200</td> <td>0.245</td> <td>0.000</td> <td>0.013</td> <td>0.032 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>El Hierro</b></td> <td>0.192</td> <td>0.246</td> <td>0.299</td> <td>0.005</td> <td>0.020</td> <td>0.032 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archeological_sites">Archeological sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Archeological sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main and most significant archaeological sites on each island are:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanzarote" title="Lanzarote">Lanzarote</a>: Zonzamas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuerteventura" title="Fuerteventura">Fuerteventura</a>: <a href="/wiki/Monta%C3%B1a_de_Tindaya" title="Montaña de Tindaya">Montaña de Tindaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria" title="Gran Canaria">Gran Canaria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Painted_Cave,_Galdar" title="Painted Cave, Galdar">Painted Cave of Gáldar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>: Masca's solar station</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Gomera" title="La Gomera">La Gomera</a>: Fortress of Chipude</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Palma" title="La Palma">La Palma</a>: Cave of Belmaco</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Hierro" title="El Hierro">El Hierro</a>: Archaeological zone of El Julan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museums">Museums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museodelanaturalezayelhombre06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Museodelanaturalezayelhombre06.jpg/250px-Museodelanaturalezayelhombre06.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Museodelanaturalezayelhombre06.jpg/375px-Museodelanaturalezayelhombre06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Museodelanaturalezayelhombre06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zanata_Stone" title="Zanata Stone">Zanata Stone</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the islands' museums possess collections of archaeological material and human remains from the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands_in_pre-colonial_times" title="Canary Islands in pre-colonial times">prehistory and history</a> of the archipelago of the Canaries. Some of the most important are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museo_de_la_Naturaleza_y_el_Hombre" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre">Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Canario" title="Museo Canario">Museo Canario</a> (<a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_de_Gran_Canaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Palmas de Gran Canaria">Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_Tenerife" title="Museum of the History of Tenerife">Museum of History and Anthropology of Tenerife</a> (Casa Lercaro, <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_La_Laguna" title="San Cristóbal de La Laguna">San Cristóbal de La Laguna</a>, Tenerife).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Puerto_de_la_Cruz" title="Archaeological Museum of Puerto de la Cruz">Archaeological Museum of Puerto de la Cruz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_de_la_Cruz" title="Puerto de la Cruz">Puerto de la Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_religious_movement">New religious movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: New religious movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Church of the Guanche People</a> (<i>Iglesia del Pueblo Guanche</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Neopagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopagan">Neopagan</a> movement with several hundred followers, was founded in <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_La_Laguna" title="San Cristóbal de La Laguna">San Cristóbal de La Laguna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneharo" title="Beneharo">Beneharo</a>, <i>mencey</i> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> king</span>) of <a href="/wiki/Menceyato_of_Taoro" title="Menceyato of Taoro">Taoro</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bencomo" title="Bencomo">Bencomo</a>, penultimate <i>mencey</i> of Taoro</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinguaro" title="Tinguaro">Tinguaro</a>, <i>sigoñe</i> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> warrior</span>) of Tenerife and half-brother of Bencomo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1cil" title="Dácil">Dácil</a>, princess and daughter of Bencomo. She is known as the <a href="/wiki/Pocahontas" title="Pocahontas">Pocahontas</a> of the Canary Islands; she was presented to the King of Spain with her father and was married to the first Spanish settler.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanausu" title="Tanausu">Tanausu</a>, ruler of Aceró on the island of <a href="/wiki/Benahoare" title="Benahoare">Benahoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Guanarteme" title="Fernando Guanarteme">Fernando Guanarteme</a> (born Tenesor Semidan), king who aided Spanish conquest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maninidra" title="Maninidra">Maninidra</a>, brother of Guanarteme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acaimo" title="Acaimo">Acaimo</a>, <i>mencey</i> of <a href="/wiki/Menceyato_of_Tacoronte" title="Menceyato of Tacoronte">Tacoronte</a> on Tenerife</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abenchara" title="Abenchara">Abenchara</a>, queen of Gran Canaria</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanche_language" title="Guanche language">Guanche language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamitic">Hamitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbo_Gomero" title="Silbo Gomero">Silbo Gomero</a> – a Guanche whistling language, still extant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os" title="Isleños">Isleños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Acentejo" title="First Battle of Acentejo">First Battle of Acentejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aguere" title="Battle of Aguere">Battle of Aguere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Acentejo" title="Second Battle of Acentejo">Second Battle of Acentejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teide" title="Teide">Teide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Achinet">Achinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animero" title="Animero">Animero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C3%B1esmen" title="Beñesmen">Beñesmen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Guanches"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Guanches">"Guanches" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">650–</span>651.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Guanches&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E650-%3C%2Fspan%3E651&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuanches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adhikari-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adhikari_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adhikari_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adhikari_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adhikari_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adhikari_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdhikari2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Adhikari" title="Mohamed Adhikari">Adhikari, Mohamed</a> (7 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863?journalCode=rahr20">"Europe's First Settler Colonial Incursion into Africa: The Genocide of Aboriginal Canary Islanders"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/African_Historical_Review" title="African Historical Review">African Historical Review</a></i>. <b>49</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17532523.2017.1336863">10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165086773">165086773</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+First+Settler+Colonial+Incursion+into+Africa%3A+The+Genocide+of+Aboriginal+Canary+Islanders&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=2017-09-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17532523.2017.1336863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165086773%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Adhikari&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F17532523.2017.1336863%3FjournalCode%3Drahr20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuanches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdhikari2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Adhikari" title="Mohamed Adhikari">Adhikari, Mohamed</a> (25 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ht9dEAAAQBAJ"><i>Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples</i></a>. Indianapolis: <a href="/wiki/Hackett_Publishing_Company" title="Hackett Publishing Company">Hackett Publishing Company</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1647920548" title="Special:BookSources/978-1647920548"><bdi>978-1647920548</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destroying+to+Replace%3A+Settler+Genocides+of+Indigenous+Peoples&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2022-07-25&rft.isbn=978-1647920548&rft.aulast=Adhikari&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dht9dEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuanches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFregelGomesGusmão2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fregel, R; Gomes, V; Gusmão, L; et al. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728732">"Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BMC_Evolutionary_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="BMC Evolutionary Biology">BMC Evolutionary Biology</a></i>. <b>9</b> (1): 181. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009BMCEE...9..181F">2009BMCEE...9..181F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-9-181">10.1186/1471-2148-9-181</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728732">2728732</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19650893">19650893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Demographic+history+of+Canary+Islands+male+gene-pool%3A+replacement+of+native+lineages+by+European&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=181&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2728732%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19650893&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2148-9-181&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009BMCEE...9..181F&rft.aulast=Fregel&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Gomes%2C+V&rft.au=Gusm%C3%A3o%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2728732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuanches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez-Varela_et_al.2017-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez-Varela_et_al.2017_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez-Varela_et_al.2017_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez-Varela_et_al.2017_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodríguez-Varela_et_al.2017">Rodríguez-Varela et al. 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cKvrI2UF-LgC&q=%22n%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+la+pe%C3%B1a%22+%22guanchos%22&pg=PA167"><i>Conquista y antigüedades de las islas de la Gran Canaria y su descripción, con muchas advertencias de sus privilegios, conquistadores, pobladores y otras particularidades en la muy poderosa isla de Tenerife, dirigido a la milagrosa imagen de Nuestra Señora de Candelaria</i></a> [<i>Conquest and antiquities of the islands of Gran Canaria and its description, with many warnings of its privileges, conquerors, settlers and other particularities in the very powerful island of Tenerife, addressed to the miraculous image of Our Lady of Candelaria</i>] (in Spanish). 1676.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquista+y+antig%C3%BCedades+de+las+islas+de+la+Gran+Canaria+y+su+descripci%C3%B3n%2C+con+muchas+advertencias+de+sus+privilegios%2C+conquistadores%2C+pobladores+y+otras+particularidades+en+la+muy+poderosa+isla+de+Tenerife%2C+dirigido+a+la+milagrosa+imagen+de+Nuestra+Se%C3%B1ora+de+Candelaria&rft.date=1676&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcKvrI2UF-LgC%26q%3D%2522n%25C3%25BA%25C3%25B1ez%2Bde%2Bla%2Bpe%25C3%25B1a%2522%2B%2522guanchos%2522%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuanches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAE-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RAE_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rae.es/guanche">"<i>Guanche</i> meaning following the RAE Dictionary"</a> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guanche+meaning+following+the+RAE+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rae.es%2Fguanche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuanches" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bynon_J._1970,_pp_64–77-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bynon_J._1970,_pp_64–77_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bynon_J._1970,_pp_64–77_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bynon_J._1970,_pp_64–77_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBynon1970" class="citation book cs1">Bynon, J. (1970). "The contribution of linguistics to history in the field of Berber studies.". In Dalby, D. (ed.). <i>Language and history in Africa</i>. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation. pp. <span class="nowrap">64–</span>77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+contribution+of+linguistics+to+history+in+the+field+of+Berber+studies.&rft.btitle=Language+and+history+in+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.pub=Africana+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Bynon&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuanches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalby,_1998-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalby,_1998_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalby,_1998_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalby,_1998_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby1998" class="citation book cs1">Dalby, Andrew (1998). <i>Dictionary of Languages</i>. p. 88. <q>Guanche, indigenous language of the Canary Islands, is generally thought to have been a Berber language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Languages&rft.pages=88&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuanches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maca-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maca_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaca-MeyerArnayRandoFlores2003" class="citation journal cs1">Maca-Meyer, Nicole; Arnay, Matilde; Rando, Juan Carlos; Flores, Carlos; González, Ana M.; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201075">"Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Human_Genetics" title="European Journal of Human Genetics">European Journal of Human Genetics</a></i>. <b>12</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">155–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201075">10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201075</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14508507">14508507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Ancient+mtDNA+analysis+and+the+origin+of+the+Guanches&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14508507&rft.aulast=Maca-Meyer&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft.au=Arnay%2C+Matilde&rft.au=Rando%2C+Juan+Carlos&rft.au=Flores%2C+Carlos&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+Ana+M.&rft.au=Cabrera%2C+Vicente+M.&rft.au=Larruga%2C+Jos%C3%A9+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.ejhg.5201075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuanches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerBellingham2011" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Lawrence R.; Bellingham, Peter (2011). <i>Island Environments in a Changing World</i>. 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(2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gto.12262">"Sacred ground; the Maipés necropolis of north-west Gran Canaria"</a>. <i>Geology Today</i>. <b>35</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">55–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019GeolT..35...55T">2019GeolT..35...55T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgto.12262">10.1111/gto.12262</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2451">1365-2451</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134369618">134369618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology+Today&rft.atitle=Sacred+ground%3B+the+Maip%C3%A9s+necropolis+of+north-west+Gran+Canaria&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fgto.12262&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134369618%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1365-2451&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019GeolT..35...55T&rft.aulast=Troll&rft.aufirst=Valentin+R.&rft.au=Rodriguez-Gonzalez%2C+Alejandro&rft.au=Deegan%2C+Frances+M.&rft.au=Perez-Torrado%2C+Francisco+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Carracedo%2C+Juan+Carlos&rft.au=Thomaidis%2C+Konstantinos&rft.au=Geiger%2C+Harri&rft.au=Meade%2C+Fiona+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fgto.12262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuanches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120629124706/http://www.google.com/hostednews/epa/article/ALeqM5js8mukVnZJz1rSsQmaz2vQN8Evcg">Un estudio recuerda el expolio de la mayor necrópolis guanche jamás hallada</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-academia.edu-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6630296/Sacrificios_de_ni%C3%B1os_y_sustitutorios_de_ovic%C3%A1pridos_al_dios_sol_sms_en_el_litoral_atl%C3%A1ntico_norteafricano_Child_and_Substitute_Ovicaprids_Sacrifices_to_the_Sun_God_%C5%A1m%C5%A1_in_the_North_African_Atlantic_Coast_">Sacrificios entre los Aborígenes canarios</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.es-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.es_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.es_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GaoPAQAAQBAJ&dq=sacrificios+humanos+guanches&pg=PT341">Aparición de sacrificios de niños entre los Aborígenes Canarios</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJose_Farrujia_de_la_Rosa2014" class="citation book cs1">Jose Farrujia de la Rosa, Augusto (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eK28BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8"><i>An Archaeology of the Margins: Colonialism, Amazighity and Heritage Management in the Canary Islands</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mdc.ulpgc.es/cdm/singleitem/collection/MDC/id/163389/rec/1">the original</a> on 24 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Las+manifestaciones+art%C3%ADsticas+prehisp%C3%A1nicas+y+su+huella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmdc.ulpgc.es%2Fcdm%2Fsingleitem%2Fcollection%2FMDC%2Fid%2F163389%2Frec%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuanches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pluralismoyconvivencia.es/publicaciones/fichas/religiones_entre_continentes__minorias_religiosas_en_canarias.html">Minorías religiosas en Canarias</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laopinion.es/secciones/noticia.jsp?pRef=2008100300_9_173826__Sociedad-canarios-profesa-religion-minoritaria"><i>La Opinión de Tenerife</i> on religious minorities in the Canaries</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography_and_further_reading">Bibliography and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosby1993" class="citation book cs1">Crosby, Alfred W. 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(19 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4062890">"The history of the North African mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6 gene flow into the African, Eurasian and American continents"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BMC_Evolutionary_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="BMC Evolutionary Biology">BMC Evolutionary Biology</a></i>. <b>14</b> (109). <a href="/wiki/BioMed_Central" title="BioMed Central">BioMed Central</a>: 109. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BMCEE..14..109S">2014BMCEE..14..109S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-14-109">10.1186/1471-2148-14-109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4062890">4062890</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24885141">24885141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=The+history+of+the+North+African+mitochondrial+DNA+haplogroup+U6+gene+flow+into+the+African%2C+Eurasian+and+American+continents&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=109&rft.pages=109&rft.date=2014-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4062890%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24885141&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2148-14-109&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014BMCEE..14..109S&rft.aulast=Secher&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Fregel%2C+Rosa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4062890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuanches" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/9705/newsbriefs/canaries.html">Roman Trade with the Canary Islands, Archaeology 50.3 (1997)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901103743/http://www.vw.vccs.edu/vwhansd/HIS121/Columbus.html#CCJournal">The Voyages of Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/bdorsey1/41docs/01-col.html">E. G. Bourne, ed., The Northmen, Columbus and Cabot (New York, 1906)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100324175722/http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/bdorsey1/41docs/01-col.html">Archived</a> 2010-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canarias.com/canarian-traditions/guanches/">Canarias.com – Guanches</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanches&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Category:Culture of the Canary Islands">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Culture of the Canary Islands">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guanches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimbache" title="Bimbache">Bimbache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands_in_pre-colonial_times" title="Canary Islands in pre-colonial times">Pre-colonial times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alc%C3%A1%C3%A7ovas" title="Treaty of Alcáçovas">Treaty of Alcáçovas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Acentejo" title="First Battle of Acentejo">First Battle of Acentejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Lordship of the Canary Islands">Lordship of the Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aguere" title="Battle of Aguere">Battle of Aguere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Acentejo" title="Second Battle of Acentejo">Second Battle of Acentejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife_(1657)" title="Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657)">Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife_(1797)" title="Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)">Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Canarian Parliament">Canarian Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Canarias.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="G-clef"><img alt="G-clef" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Escudo_de_Canarias.svg/105px-Escudo_de_Canarias.svg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Escudo_de_Canarias.svg/158px-Escudo_de_Canarias.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Escudo_de_Canarias.svg/210px-Escudo_de_Canarias.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>G-clef</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanche_language" title="Guanche language">Guanche</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbo_Gomero" title="Silbo Gomero">Gomeran Whistle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garajonay_National_Park#Gara_and_Jonay" title="Garajonay National Park">Gara and Jonay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acham%C3%A1n" title="Achamán">Achamán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achuguayo" title="Achuguayo">Achuguayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achuhucanac" title="Achuhucanac">Achuhucanac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaxiraxi" title="Chaxiraxi">Chaxiraxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chijoraji" title="Chijoraji">Chijoraji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayota" title="Guayota">Guayota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magec" title="Magec">Magec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxios" title="Maxios">Maxios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibicena" title="Tibicena">Tibicena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bienes_de_Inter%C3%A9s_Cultural_in_the_Province_of_Las_Palmas" title="List of Bienes de Interés Cultural in the Province of Las Palmas">Bienes de Interés Cultural (Las Palmas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bienes_de_Inter%C3%A9s_Cultural_in_the_Province_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="List of Bienes de Interés Cultural in the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Bienes de Interés Cultural (Tenerife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Jos%C3%A9" title="Castillo de San José">Castillo de San José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Valeron" title="Caves of Valeron">Caves of Valeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Doors_cave_site,_Telde" title="Four Doors cave site, Telde">Four Doors cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayadeque_ravine" title="Guayadeque ravine">Guayadeque ravine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_Cathedral" title="Las Palmas Cathedral">Las Palmas Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Maip%C3%A9s_Necropolis" title="El Maipés Necropolis">El Maipés Necropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Canario" title="Museo Canario">Museo Canario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Cave,_Galdar" title="Painted Cave, Galdar">Painted Cave, Galdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_San_Juan_Bautista_(Arucas)" title="Church of San Juan Bautista (Arucas)">Church of San Juan Bautista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums<br />and galleries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Puerto_de_la_Cruz" title="Archaeological Museum of Puerto de la Cruz">Archaeological Museum of Puerto de la Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Center_of_Modern_Art" title="Atlantic Center of Modern Art">Atlantic Center of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_San_Crist%C3%B3bal_(Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife)" title="Castle of San Cristóbal (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)">Castle of San Cristóbal (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Fotograf%C3%ADa_Isla_de_Tenerife" title="Centro de Fotografía Isla de Tenerife">Centro de Fotografía Isla de Tenerife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Jos%C3%A9" title="Castillo de San José">Castillo de San José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Museum_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Elder Museum of Science and Technology">Elder Museum of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Canario" title="Museo Canario">Museo Canario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_Tenerife" title="Museum of the History of Tenerife">Museum of the History of Tenerife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_de_la_Naturaleza_y_Arqueolog%C3%ADa" title="Museo de la Naturaleza y Arqueología">Museo de la Naturaleza y Arqueología</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Municipal_de_Bellas_Artes_de_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes de Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes de Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_the_Cosmos" title="Museum of Science and the Cosmos">Museum of Science and the Cosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenerife_Espacio_de_las_Artes" title="Tenerife Espacio de las Artes">Tenerife Espacio de las Artes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almogrote" title="Almogrote">Almogrote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arepa" title="Arepa">Canarian arepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_wrinkly_potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Canarian wrinkly potatoes">Canarian wrinkly potatoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofio" title="Gofio">Gofio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvasia" title="Malvasia">Malvasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorero" title="Majorero">Majorero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_syrup" title="Palm syrup">Miel de palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(sauce)" title="Mojo (sauce)">Mojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasteles" title="Pasteles">Pasteles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropa_vieja" title="Ropa vieja">Ropa vieja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancocho" title="Sancocho">Sancocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangria" title="Sangria">Sangria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_beer#Canarias_Brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical beer">Tropical beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Wines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Music of the Canary Islands">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A1caras" title="Chácaras">Chácaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timple" title="Timple">Timple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Las_Palmas" title="Carnival of Las Palmas">Carnival of Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajada_(festival)" title="Bajada (festival)">Bajada (festival)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Spain" title="Holy Week in Spain">Holy Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Candelaria" title="Virgin of Candelaria">Virgin of Candelaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristo_de_La_Laguna" title="Cristo de La Laguna">Cristo de La Laguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akelarre_(witchcraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akelarre (witchcraft)">Akelarre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Tenerife#Bola_canaria" title="Sport in Tenerife">Bola canaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_wrestling" title="Canarian wrestling">Canarian wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juego_del_Palo" class="mw-redirect" title="Juego del Palo">Juego del Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salto_del_pastor" class="mw-redirect" title="Salto del pastor">Salto del pastor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Isla_de_Lanzarote" title="Open Isla de Lanzarote">Open Lanzarote Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Costa_Adeje_%E2%80%93_Isla_de_Tenerife" title="Open Costa Adeje – Isla de Tenerife">Open Costa Adeje</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols places of<br />the Canary Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teide" title="Teide">Teide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditorio_de_Tenerife" title="Auditorio de Tenerife">Auditorio de Tenerife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garajonay_National_Park" title="Garajonay National Park">Garajonay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldera_de_Taburiente" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldera de Taburiente">Caldera de Taburiente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/16px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a>  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/16px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/24px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/32px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Berbers46" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Berber" title="Template:Berber"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Berber" title="Template talk:Berber"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Berber" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Berber"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Berbers46" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavares" title="Bavares">Bavares</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banioubae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banioubae (page does not exist)">Banioubae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetuli" title="Gaetuli">Gaetuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Koidamousii/Ucutumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguatan" title="Laguatan">Leuathae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libu" title="Libu">Libu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macae_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macae people (page does not exist)">Macae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machlyes" title="Machlyes">Machlyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmaridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmaridae">Marmaridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauri" title="Mauri">Mauri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baccuates" class="mw-redirect" title="Baccuates">Bakouatae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macenites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macenites (page does not exist)">Makanitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshwesh" title="Meshwesh">Meshwesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musulamii" title="Musulamii">Musulamii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasamones" title="Nasamones">Nasamones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidians" title="Numidians">Numidae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masaesyli" title="Masaesyli">Masaesyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massylii" title="Massylii">Massylii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquegentiani" title="Quinquegentiani">Quinquegentiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psylli" title="Psylli">Psylli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjissa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adjissa (page does not exist)">Adjissa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awerba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awerba (page does not exist)">Awerba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awregha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awregha (page does not exist)">Awregha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azdeja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azdeja (page does not exist)">Azdeja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahlula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahlula (page does not exist)">Bahlula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Barghawata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fazaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fazaz (page does not exist)">Fazaz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fendelawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fendelawa (page does not exist)">Fendelawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Ghomaras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Ghomaras (page does not exist)">Ghumara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gazoula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gazoula (page does not exist)">Gazoula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Ghiatas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Ghiatas (page does not exist)">Ghiatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godala" title="Godala">Godala</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guanches</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haskura (page does not exist)">Haskura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawwara" title="Hawwara">Hawwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Kutama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sedouikech" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedouikech">Sedouikech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguatan" title="Laguatan">Luwata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madyuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madyuna (page does not exist)">Madyuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masmuda" title="Masmuda">Masmuda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hintata" title="Hintata">Hintata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Matmatas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Matmatas (page does not exist)">Matmata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nafzawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nafzawa (page does not exist)">Nafzawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamtuna" title="Lamtuna">Lamtuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zanata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Banu Ifran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarawa_(Berber_tribe)" title="Jarawa (Berber tribe)">Jarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brabers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brabers (page does not exist)">Brabers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoui_people" title="Chaoui people">Chaouis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenouas" title="Chenouas">Chenouas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghomaras" title="Ghomaras">Ghomaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawwara" title="Hawwara">Hawwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerba_people" title="Jerba people">Jerbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matmata_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matmata people (page does not exist)">Matmatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozabite_people" title="Mozabite people">Mozabites</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nafusi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nafusi people (page does not exist)">Nafusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffians" title="Riffians">Riffians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhajas_de_Srayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanhajas de Srayr (page does not exist)">Sanhajas de Srayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilha_people" title="Shilha people">Shilha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwi_people" title="Siwi people">Siwis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekna" title="Tekna">Teknas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuaregs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayanes" title="Zayanes">Zayanes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_tribes" title="Berber tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Latin script</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_and_Islam" title="Berbers and Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Berber">Arab-Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Berber" title="Arabized Berber">Arabized Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber diaspora">Berber diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_Belgium" title="Berbers in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Canadians" title="Berber Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_France" title="Berbers in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Berbers in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berberism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_flag" title="Berber flag">flag</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula546" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Roman_peoples_in_Iberia" title="Template:Pre-Roman peoples in Iberia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Roman_peoples_in_Iberia" title="Template talk:Pre-Roman peoples in Iberia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Roman_peoples_in_Iberia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Roman peoples in Iberia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula546" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman peoples</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquitani" title="Aquitani">Aquitani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Basque_language" title="Proto-Basque language">Proto-Basques</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iacetani" title="Iacetani">Iacetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascones" title="Vascones">Vascones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausetani" title="Ausetani">Ausetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastetani" title="Bastetani">Bastetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergistani" title="Bergistani">Bergistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castellani_people" title="Castellani people">Castellani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceretani" title="Ceretani">Ceretani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessetani" title="Cessetani">Cessetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contestani" title="Contestani">Contestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edetani" title="Edetani">Edetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigetes" title="Indigetes">Indigetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilercavones" title="Ilercavones">Ilercavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilergetes" title="Ilergetes">Ilergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacetani" title="Lacetani">Lacetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laietani" title="Laietani">Laietani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedetani" title="Sedetani">Sedetani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Celtiberians51" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arevaci" title="Arevaci">Arevaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belli" title="Belli">Belli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratistii" title="Cratistii">Cratistii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobetani" title="Lobetani">Lobetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusones" title="Lusones">Lusones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olcades" title="Olcades">Olcades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oretani" title="Oretani">Oretani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellendones" title="Pellendones">Pellendones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titii_(Celtiberian)" title="Titii (Celtiberian)">Titii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turboletae" title="Turboletae">Turboletae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraci" title="Uraci">Uraci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albiones" title="Albiones">Albiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arroni" title="Arroni">Arroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabri" title="Artabri">Artabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedi" title="Baedi">Baedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracari" title="Bracari">Bracari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capori" title="Capori">Capori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtici_Praestamarici" title="Celtici Praestamarici">Celtici Praestamarici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtici_Supertamarici" title="Celtici Supertamarici">Celtici Supertamarici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibarci" title="Cibarci">Cibarci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cileni" title="Cileni">Cileni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelerni" title="Coelerni">Coelerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equaesi" title="Equaesi">Equaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci_(tribe)" title="Gallaeci (tribe)">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grovii" title="Grovii">Grovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iadovi" title="Iadovi">Iadovi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interamici" title="Interamici">Interamici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapatianci" title="Lapatianci">Lapatianci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemavi" title="Lemavi">Lemavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuni" title="Leuni">Leuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limici" title="Limici">Limici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louguei" title="Louguei">Louguei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luanqui" title="Luanqui">Luanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namarini" title="Namarini">Namarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbasi" title="Narbasi">Narbasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetati" title="Nemetati">Nemetati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerii" title="Nerii">Nerii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poemani" title="Poemani">Poemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaquerni" title="Quaquerni">Quaquerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seurbi" title="Seurbi">Seurbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seurri" title="Seurri">Seurri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamagani" title="Tamagani">Tamagani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turodi" title="Turodi">Turodi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Celtic<br />peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allotriges" title="Allotriges">Allotriges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autrigones" title="Autrigones">Autrigones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suessetani" title="Suessetani">Suessetani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berones" title="Berones">Berones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabri" title="Cantabri">Cantabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caristii" title="Caristii">Caristii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetani" title="Carpetani">Carpetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtici" title="Celtici">Celtici</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir%C3%B3briga" title="Miróbriga">Mirobrigenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiussa" title="Ophiussa">Ophi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefes" title="Sefes">Sefes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Eastern Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oestriminis" title="Oestriminis">Oestriminis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plentauri" title="Plentauri">Plentauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turduli" title="Turduli">Turduli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardili_(Turduli)" title="Bardili (Turduli)">Bardili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turduli_Oppidani" title="Turduli Oppidani">Oppidani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turduli_Veteres" title="Turduli Veteres">Veteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmodigi" title="Turmodigi">Turmodigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccaei" title="Vaccaei">Vaccaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varduli" title="Varduli">Varduli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Para-<a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> peoples?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paesuri" title="Paesuri">Paesuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapoli" title="Tapoli">Tapoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vettones" title="Vettones">Vettones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bletonesii" title="Bletonesii">Bletonesii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynetes" title="Cynetes">Cynetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turdetani" title="Turdetani">Turdetani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mastia" title="Mastia">Mastieni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turdetani" title="Turdetani">Turdetani Proper</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germanic peoples?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_(Oretania)" title="Germani (Oretania)">Germani (Oretania)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(tribe)" title="Achaeans (tribe)">Achaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolians" title="Aeolians">Aeolians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semitic peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Iberia" title="Carthaginian Iberia">Carthaginians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people">Punics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> were not occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>. The Madeira and Azores islands were unoccupied until the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> in the 15th century; the Canary islands, the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guanches</a> occupied the territory until the Castilians.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox674" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219995#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4260911-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Guančové"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph959702&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guanches&oldid=1275984902">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guanches&oldid=1275984902</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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