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</nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Atlanterhavskabelen" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" 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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Atlanterhavskabelen" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logg inn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettsted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innhold" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Atlanterhavskabelen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atlanterhavskabelen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Atlanterhavskabelen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atlanterhavskabelen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innholdsfortegnelse" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Atlanterhavskabelen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input 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Tilgjengelig på 10 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanterhavskabelen" title="Atlanterhavskabelen – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Atlanterhavskabelen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantkabel" title="Atlantkabel – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atlantkabel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantisches_Telefonkabel" title="Transatlantisches Telefonkabel – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Transatlantisches Telefonkabel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantic_communications_cable" title="Transatlantic communications cable – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Transatlantic communications cable" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ble_de_communication_transatlantique" title="Câble de communication transatlantique – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Câble de communication transatlantique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabel_telekomunikasi_transatlantik" title="Kabel telekomunikasi transatlantik – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kabel telekomunikasi transatlantik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Atlantic_cable_Map.jpg/600px-Atlantic_cable_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Atlantic_cable_Map.jpg/800px-Atlantic_cable_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Kart over strekningen for 1858-års transatlantiske telegrafkabel.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Atlanterhavskabelen</b> eller <b>TAT</b> (Trans Atlantic Telephone Cable) er en <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B8kabel" class="mw-disambig" title="Sjøkabel">sjøkabel</a> for <a href="/wiki/Telekommunikasjon" title="Telekommunikasjon">telekommunikasjon</a> over <a href="/wiki/Atlanterhavet" title="Atlanterhavet">Atlanterhavet</a>. </p><p>Ofte forbinder man <i>Atlanterhavskabelen</i> med den første transatlantiske kabel som ble lagt i 1866 mellom <a href="/wiki/Irland" title="Irland">Irland</a> og <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>, ment for <a href="/wiki/Telegrafi" title="Telegrafi">telegrafi</a>. Før den ble lagt kunne man bare kommunisere mellom <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> og <a href="/wiki/Amerika" title="Amerika">Amerika</a> med fartøy som vanligvis tok minst ti dager. Kabelen minsket tiden til noen få minutter, så spørsmål kunne telegraferes over Atlanterhavet og svaret kunne telegraferes tilbake samme dag. På 1870-tallet ble det skapt doble og firedoble sendings- og mottaksystemer som kunne formidle flere meldinger samtidig gjennom kabelen. </p><p>Den høye <a href="/wiki/Motstand_(resistans)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motstand (resistans)">motstanden</a> i kabelen svekket telesignalene kraftig. Først på 1950-tallet kom sjøkabler med innbygde forsterkere og da ble det mulig å kommunisere over lengre avstander med <a href="/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon">telefontrafikk</a> som til da var henvist til radio, nå går den via telekommunikasjonssatellitter. </p><p>I 1956 ble den første transatlantiske sjøkabelen for telefonkommunikasjon lagt. Den ble kalt <i>TAT-1</i> og 1959 fulgte <i>TAT-2.</i> Den første transatlantiske <a href="/wiki/Fiberoptikk" title="Fiberoptikk">fiberoptiske</a> kabelen (<i>TAT-8</i>) ble lagt 1988 og den hadde en kapasitet på 40 000 samtaler samtidig. Siden midten av 1990-tallet har fiberoptiske sjøkabler nesten helt tatt over trafikken. Den siste atlanterhavskabelen (<i>TAT-14</i>) ble installert år 2000, den har en kapasitet på 64×10 <a href="/wiki/Gbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbit/s">Gbit/s</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atlanterhavskabelen">Atlanterhavskabelen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlanterhavskabelen&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Atlanterhavskabelen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlanterhavskabelen&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Atlanterhavskabelen"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den transatlantiske telegrafkabelen ble lagt fra <i>The Telegraph Field</i> i Foilhommerum Bay på <a href="/wiki/Valentia" title="Valentia">Valentia Island</a> i det vestlige <a href="/wiki/Irland" title="Irland">Irland</a> til Heart's Content på det østlige <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> i <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Fem forsøk med å legge den transatlantiska telegrafkabelen ble gjort under en niårsperiode – 1857/1858 til 1865/1866 – før en varig forbindelse mellom de to verdensdelene til slutt ble opprettet gjennom 1866-års kabelen som ble lagt fra fartøyet <a href="/wiki/DS_%C2%ABGreat_Eastern%C2%BB" title="DS «Great Eastern»">DS «Great Eastern»</a> under James Andersons Kommando, og den reparerte kabelen fra 1865 ble tatt i bruk som reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ytterligere kabler ble lagt mellom Foilhommerum og Heart's Content 1873, 1874, 1880 og 1894. På slutten av 1800-tallet koblet britiske, franske, tyske og amerikanske kabler samme Europa og Nord-Amerika i et sofistikert nettverk for telegrafisk kommunikasjon. </p><p>Det var <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Field" title="Cyrus Field">Cyrus Field</a> som var kraften bak Atlanterhavskabelen. Forsøk ble startet uten suksess 1857 og kabelen ble fullført den 5. august 1858. Selv om den ikke ble ansett særskilt fremgangsrik eller langvarig, var det den første transatlantiske kabelen som gav resultat i praksis. Det første offisielle telegram som gikk mellom de to kontinentene var en skriftlig gratulasjon fra dronning <a href="/wiki/Victoria_av_Storbritannia" title="Victoria av Storbritannia">Victoria av Storbritannia</a> til USAs president <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> den 16. august. Kabelen røk måneden etter da <a href="/wiki/Wildman_Whitehouse" title="Wildman Whitehouse">Wildman Whitehouse</a> tilførte kabelen altfor høy <a href="/wiki/Elektrisk_spenning" title="Elektrisk spenning">elektrisk spenning</a> i et forsøk på å sende telegrammer raskere. (Det er blitt hevdet at mangelfull produksjon og håndtering av 1858-kabelen kunne føre til for tidlig feil når som helst.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Den korte periode kabelen ble brukt undergravde allmennheten og investorenes tillit til prosjektet, og forsinkede anstrengelser for å gjenopprette en forbindelse mellom Europa og Nord-Amerika. Et nytt forsøk ble gjort i 1865 med mye bedre materiale, og etter en del motgang ble det en forbindelse som kunne tas i bruk den 28. juli 1866. Denne forbindelsen var mer stabil, og allmennhetens tillit økte da 1865-kabelen ble reparert og kunne tas i bruk samtidig. </p><p>I transatlantisk valutahandel kom vekselkursen mellom det britiske pund og den amerikanske dollar til å bli kalt «Cable» og denne term er fortsatt bruk i dag.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlanterhavskabelen&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlanterhavskabelen&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">The Living Rock: The Story of Metals Since Earliest Times and Their Impact on Civilization. p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlantic-cable.com/Books/Whitehouse/DDC/index.htm">History of the Transatlantic Cable - Dr. E.O.W. Whitehouse and the 1858 trans-Atlantic cable</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Zed Books, 2006.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="ve-conditional-display-block">Autoritetsdata</div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hentet fra «<a dir="ltr" href="https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlanterhavskabelen&oldid=20749450">https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlanterhavskabelen&oldid=20749450</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kategorier" title="Kategori:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kabler" title="Kategori:Kabler">Kabler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:1800-tallet_i_Storbritannia" title="Kategori:1800-tallet i Storbritannia">1800-tallet i Storbritannia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Telegrafi" title="Kategori:Telegrafi">Telegrafi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Telekommunikasjon" title="Kategori:Telekommunikasjon">Telekommunikasjon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:%C3%85rstall_i_USA_p%C3%A5_1800-tallet" title="Kategori:Årstall i USA på 1800-tallet">Årstall i USA på 1800-tallet</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skjult kategori: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikler_uten_autoritetsdatalenker_fra_Wikidata" title="Kategori:Artikler uten autoritetsdatalenker fra Wikidata">Artikler uten autoritetsdatalenker fra Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Denne siden ble sist redigert 8. sep. 2020 kl. 21:57.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Innholdet er tilgjengelig under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.no">Creative Commons-lisensen Navngivelse-DelPåSammeVilkår</a>, men ytterligere betingelser kan gjelde. 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