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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>The <b>regnal years of English and British monarchs</b> are the official ruling years of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England from 1066 to May 1707, the Kingdom of Great Britain from May 1707 to January 1801, and the United Kingdom since January 1801. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Monarch</th> <th>No. of years</th> <th>First regnal year</th> <th>Regnal year start date</th> <th>Regnal year end date</th> <th>End of final year </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></td> <td>21</td> <td>1066</td> <td>14 October</td> <td>13 October</td> <td>9 September 1087 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></td> <td>13</td> <td>1087</td> <td>26 September</td> <td>25 September</td> <td>2 August 1100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></td> <td>36</td> <td>1100</td> <td>5 August</td> <td>4 August</td> <td>1 December 1135 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></td> <td>19</td> <td>1135</td> <td>26 December</td> <td>25 December</td> <td>25 October 1154 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></td> <td>35</td> <td>1154</td> <td>19 December</td> <td>18 December</td> <td>6 July 1189 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></td> <td>10</td> <td>1189</td> <td>3 September</td> <td>2 September</td> <td>6 April 1199 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John, King of England">John</a></td> <td>18</td> <td>1199</td> <td>May (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ascension Day (not yet started)">Ascension Day</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-John_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>May (varied)</td> <td>19 October 1216 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></td> <td>57</td> <td>1216</td> <td>28 October</td> <td>27 October</td> <td>16 November 1272 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></td> <td>35</td> <td>1272</td> <td>20 November</td> <td>20 November<sup id="cite_ref-Edward_I_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edward_I-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>7 July 1307 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>1307</td> <td>8 July</td> <td>7 July</td> <td>20 January 1327 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></td> <td>51 (England), <br />38 (France)<sup id="cite_ref-Edward_III_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edward_III-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1327</td> <td>25 January</td> <td>24 January</td> <td>21 June 1377 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></td> <td>23</td> <td>1377</td> <td>22 June<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_II_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_II-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>21 June</td> <td>29 September 1399 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></td> <td>14</td> <td>1399</td> <td>30 September</td> <td>29 September</td> <td>20 March 1413 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></td> <td>10</td> <td>1413</td> <td>21 March</td> <td>20 March</td> <td>31 August 1422 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></td> <td>39 + 1<sup id="cite_ref-Henry_VI_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry_VI-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1422</td> <td>1 September</td> <td>31 August</td> <td>4 March 1461 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a></td> <td>23</td> <td>1461</td> <td>4 March</td> <td>3 March</td> <td>9 April 1483 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_V_of_England" title="Edward V of England">Edward V</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>1483</td> <td>9 April</td> <td>25 June</td> <td>25 June 1483 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>1483</td> <td>26 June</td> <td>25 June</td> <td>22 August 1485 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></td> <td>24</td> <td>1485</td> <td>22 August</td> <td>21 August</td> <td>21 April 1509 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></td> <td>38</td> <td>1509</td> <td>22 April</td> <td>21 April</td> <td>28 January 1547 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></td> <td>7</td> <td>1547</td> <td>28 January</td> <td>27 January</td> <td>6 July 1553 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>1553</td> <td>6 July<sup id="cite_ref-Lady_Jane_Grey_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lady_Jane_Grey-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>5 July</td> <td>24 July 1554<sup id="cite_ref-Mary_I_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary_I-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary</a>"</td> <td>5 & 6<sup id="cite_ref-Mary_I_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary_I-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1554</td> <td>25 July</td> <td>24 July</td> <td>17 November 1558 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></td> <td>45</td> <td>1558</td> <td>17 November</td> <td>16 November</td> <td>24 March 1603 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a></td> <td>23</td> <td>1603</td> <td>24 March</td> <td>23 March</td> <td>27 March 1625<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweet_&_Maxwell's_Guide196229_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweet_&_Maxwell's_Guide196229-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></td> <td>24</td> <td>1625</td> <td>27 March</td> <td>26 March</td> <td>30 January 1649 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></td> <td>37<sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_era_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth_era-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1649</td> <td>30 January</td> <td>29 January</td> <td>6 February 1685 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a></td> <td>4</td> <td>1685</td> <td>6 February</td> <td>5 February</td> <td>11 December 1688<sup id="cite_ref-James_II_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_II-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" title="Mary II of England">Mary</a>"</td> <td>6</td> <td>1689</td> <td>13 February<sup id="cite_ref-No_monarch_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-No_monarch-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>12 February</td> <td>27 December 1694 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a></td> <td>8 <br /> (7 to 14)<sup id="cite_ref-William_and_Mary_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_and_Mary-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1694</td> <td>28 December<sup id="cite_ref-William_and_Mary_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_and_Mary-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>27 December</td> <td>8 March 1702 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></td> <td>13</td> <td>1702</td> <td>8 March</td> <td>7 March</td> <td>1 August 1714 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></td> <td>13</td> <td>1714</td> <td>1 August</td> <td>31 July</td> <td>11 June 1727 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></td> <td>34</td> <td>1727</td> <td>11 June</td> <td>10 June</td> <td>25 October 1760 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></td> <td>60<sup id="cite_ref-George_III_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George_III-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1760</td> <td>25 October</td> <td>24 October</td> <td>29 January 1820 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></td> <td>11<sup id="cite_ref-George_IV_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George_IV-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1820</td> <td>29 January</td> <td>28 January</td> <td>26 June 1830 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="William IV">William IV</a></td> <td>7</td> <td>1830</td> <td>26 June</td> <td>25 June</td> <td>20 June 1837 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></td> <td>64</td> <td>1837</td> <td>20 June</td> <td>19 June</td> <td>22 January 1901 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></td> <td>10</td> <td>1901</td> <td>22 January</td> <td>21 January</td> <td>6 May 1910 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></td> <td>26</td> <td>1910</td> <td>6 May</td> <td>5 May</td> <td>20 January 1936 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>1936</td> <td>20 January</td> <td>11 December</td> <td>11 December 1936 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></td> <td>16</td> <td>1936</td> <td>11 December</td> <td>10 December</td> <td>5 February 1952<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweet_&_Maxwell's_Guide196233_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweet_&_Maxwell's_Guide196233-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td> <td>71</td> <td>1952</td> <td>6 February</td> <td>5 February</td> <td>8 September 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td> <td>Ongoing</td> <td>2022</td> <td>8 September</td> <td>7 September</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_years_of_English_monarchs&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_years_of_English_monarchs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation (not yet started)">Citation of United Kingdom legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acts_of_Parliament_Numbering_and_Citation_Act_1962&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acts of Parliament Numbering and Citation Act 1962 (not yet started)">Acts of Parliament Numbering and Citation Act 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">List of English monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of British monarchs">List of British monarchs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_years_of_English_monarchs&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_years_of_English_monarchs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-John-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-John_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_of_England" title="John of England">John of England</a>'s regnal years are unusual for not starting on the same date every year, but rather on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ascension Day (not yet started)">Ascension Day</a>, a movable feast of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liturgical_calendar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liturgical calendar (not yet started)">liturgical calendar</a>. Start dates for John's regnal years are (<a href="#CITEREFSweet_&_Maxwell's_Guide1962">Sweet & Maxwell's Guide 1962</a>, p. 23)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFSweet_&_Maxwell's_Guide1962 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9467161">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>Year 1 – 27 May 1199</li> <li>Year 2 – 18 May 1200</li> <li>Year 3 – 3 May 1201</li> <li>Year 4 – 23 May 1202</li> <li>Year 5 – 15 May 1203</li> <li>Year 6 – 3 June 1204</li> <li>Year 7 – 19 May 1205</li> <li>Year 8 – 11 May 1206</li> <li>Year 9 – 31 May 1207</li> <li>Year 10 – 15 May 1208</li> <li>Year 11 – 7 May 1209</li> <li>Year 12 – 27 May 1210</li> <li>Year 13 – 12 May 1211</li> <li>Year 14 – 3 May 1212</li> <li>Year 15 – 23 May 1213</li> <li>Year 16 – 8 May 1214</li> <li>Year 17 – 28 May 1215</li> <li>Year 18 – 19 May 1216</li></ul></div></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Edward_I-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Edward_I_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a>'s regnal years are unusual for starting and ending on the same day (20 November), rather than ending one day, and starting the next.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edward_III-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Edward_III_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a> is given two different regnal years, one for <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, and another for <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> (the only <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_claims_to_the_French_throne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British claims to the French throne (not yet started)">claimant</a> for whom this is done). English years are unbroken between 1327 and 1377. French years are counted from the start date of 25 January 1340 (beginning of Year 1 France and Year 14 England), and interrupted on 8 May 1360 (end of Year 21 France); the French numbering resumes on 11 June 1369 as beginning of French Year 30, and follows the English start/end dates (25/24 January) thereafter until 21 June 1377, the end of English year 51 and French year 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richard_II-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Richard_II_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">From Richard II onwards, every new king's regnal year begins exactly on the day on or after the end of the previous king's reign (previous transitions often had a gap of several days, sometimes weeks). Henceforth, in official terms, "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_king_is_dead,_long_live_the_king&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The king is dead, long live the king (not yet started)">England always has a king</a>", i.e. there will not be a day in subsequent English history without a reigning monarch (with the exception of the Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689; see below).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henry_VI-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Henry_VI_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> was deposed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a> on 4 March 1461, officially bringing his reign and last regnal year to a close. However, Henry VI briefly recovered the throne in 1470–1471, so he has an extra regnal year, dated from 9 October 1470 to c. April 1471, and referred to as the 49th year ("Anno ab inchoatione regni nostri") or 1st year of restoration ("Readeptionis nostrae regiae potestatis"). Henry VI's "restoration" year does not mar the continuity of Edward IV's regnal years – Edward IV's 10th Year is counted unbroken as beginning from 4 March 1470 and ending 3 March 1471, his 11th year beginning 4 March 1471, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lady_Jane_Grey-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lady_Jane_Grey_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a>, the "Nine Days Queen", who was Queen Jane from 6 July 1553 to 17 July 1553, is not present in the official record. Mary I's reign officially begins on 6 July 1553.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mary_I-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mary_I_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mary_I_7-1">7.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> married the Habsburg prince Philip (future <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>) on 25 July 1554, who was promptly made co-ruler of England. Their joint reign is officially referred to as "Philip and Mary", but the numbering of their regnal years is not reset to 1 for both, but rather retained separately for each. So the first year of "Philip and Mary", which begins on 25 July 1554, is officially referred to as "1 & 2" (1st year of Philip, 2nd year of Mary). There is the complication, of course, that Mary's previous regnal year began on 6 July, a few weeks before Philip's start date of 25 July. So the numbers between those two days are adjusted. Taken continuously, the regnal year numbers are: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9467161"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li>1 Mary : 6 July 1553 – 5 Jul 1554</li> <li>2 Mary : 6 Jul 1554 – 24 Jul 1554</li> <li>1 & 2 Philip and Mary : 25 Jul 1554 – 5 Jul 1555</li> <li>1 & 3 Philip and Mary: 6 Jul 1555 – 24 Jul 1555</li> <li>2 & 3 Philip and Mary; 25 Jul 1555 – 5 Jul 1556</li> <li>2 & 4 Philip and Mary: 6 Jul 1556 – 24 Jul 1556</li> <li>3 & 4 Philip and Mary; 25 Jul 1556 – 5 Jul 1557</li> <li>3 & 5 Philip and Mary: 6 Jul 1557 – 24 Jul 1557</li> <li>4 & 5 Philip and Mary; 25 Jul 1557 – 5 Jul 1558</li> <li>4 & 6 Philip and Mary: 6 Jul 1558 – 24 Jul 1558</li> <li>5 & 6 Philip and Mary: 25 Jul 1558 – 17 November 1558</li></ul></div></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Commonwealth_era-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Commonwealth_era_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interregnum_(England)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interregnum (England) (not yet started)">Commonwealth era</a> (1649–1660) is obliterated from the official record. The beginning regnal date of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> is 30 January 1649, the day his father was executed. However, Charles II would only become <i>de facto</i> king on 29 May 1660, officially regarded as the 12th year of his reign. During the Commonwealth era, public documents did not have any regnal or republican calendar, just the conventional calendar date, the "<a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Year of Our Lord</a>", with normal month and day.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_II-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-James_II_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The English official record regards <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> as having abdicated on 11 December 1688, the day he slipped out of London (he was captured the next day in Rochester). His formal deposition did not take instrument until 12 February 1689, by a declaration of the convention of old parliamentarians at Westminster (see "<a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>"), which backdated the "abdication" to 11 December. That declaration was entered into statute law later that year, in December 1689 (1 Will & Mar., 2nd Sess., c.2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-No_monarch-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-No_monarch_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the exception to "England always has a King" rule, prevailing since the reign of Richard II. With James II officially deposed on 11 December 1688, and William & Mary officially beginning 13 February 1689, there is a space of nearly two months in which England, officially speaking, is without a monarch.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_and_Mary-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-William_and_Mary_12-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-William_and_Mary_12-1">11.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">In regnal numbering, the relationship between "William and Mary" and "William III" is a little tricky. In the Philip and Mary I case, back in the 1550s, each monarch was given their own regnal date and stuck with it. <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a> ascended as monarchs on the same date (13 February 1689), and so it was unnecessary to state it as "1 & 1 William and Mary", but simply "1 William and Mary". But Mary's death (on 27 December 1694, in the 6th year of W & M) complicated numbering. If the 1550s model had been used, then William III should have continued on his 6th year until 13 February 1695, when the new regnal year, the 7th year of William III, should have begun. However, in this instance, the regnal start day (but not the year) was reset after Mary's death, so William III's 7th year began prematurely on 28 December 1694.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-George_III-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-George_III_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> was declared incapacitated on 5 February 1811, in the course of his 51st regnal year. However, the regnal dating was unaffected by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Regency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Regency (not yet started)">Regency</a>, so regnal years were still measured by George III's regnal date of 25 October, until his death in 1820.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-George_IV-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-George_IV_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a>'s period as <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Regency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Regency (not yet started)">prince regent</a> (1811–1820) for his ailing father, George III, is not counted in his regnal numbering.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_years_of_English_monarchs&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_years_of_English_monarchs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_years_of_English_monarchs&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Citations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_years_of_English_monarchs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Citations"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724317"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESweet_&_Maxwell's_Guide196229-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweet_&_Maxwell's_Guide196229_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSweet_&_Maxwell's_Guide1962">Sweet & Maxwell's Guide 1962</a>, p. 29.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; 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