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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_guayusa" title="Ilex guayusa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ilex guayusa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayusa" title="Guayusa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guayusa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_guayusa" title="Ilex guayusa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ilex guayusa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_guayusa" title="Ilex guayusa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ilex guayusa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_guayusa" title="Ilex guayusa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ilex guayusa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_guayusa" title="Ilex guayusa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ilex guayusa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="گایوسا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گایوسا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_guayusa" title="Ilex guayusa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ilex guayusa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_guayusa" title="Ilex guayusa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilex guayusa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiqap_wayusa" title="Chiqap wayusa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chiqap wayusa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_guayusa" title="Ilex guayusa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ilex guayusa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_guayusa" title="Ilex guayusa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ilex guayusa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_guayusa" title="Ilex guayusa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ilex guayusa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_guayusa" title="Ilex guayusa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ilex guayusa" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of holly</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Ilex guayusa</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Ilex_guayusa_from_above.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/View_of_Ilex_guayusa_from_above.jpg/220px-View_of_Ilex_guayusa_from_above.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/View_of_Ilex_guayusa_from_above.jpg/330px-View_of_Ilex_guayusa_from_above.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/View_of_Ilex_guayusa_from_above.jpg/440px-View_of_Ilex_guayusa_from_above.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Ilex" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliales" title="Aquifoliales">Aquifoliales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holly" title="Holly">Aquifoliaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holly" title="Holly"><i>Ilex</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>I. guayusa</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Ilex guayusa</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Eduard_Theodor_Loesener" title="Ludwig Eduard Theodor Loesener">Loes.</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Ilex guayusa</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a species of <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holly" title="Holly">holly</a> genus, native to the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a>. One of four known <a href="/wiki/Caffeinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Caffeinated">caffeinated</a> holly trees, the leaves of the guayusa tree are harvested fresh and brewed like a <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> for their stimulative effects.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known simply as <i>guayusa</i> in western languages like Spanish, as <i>waisa</i> in <a href="/wiki/Kichwa_language" title="Kichwa language">Kichwa</a> and as <i>wayus</i> or <i>wais</i> in <a href="/wiki/Shuar_language" title="Shuar language">Shuar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilex_guayusa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ilex guayusa</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> <a href="/wiki/Dioecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioecious">dioecious</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a> which grows 6–30 m (20–98 ft) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> are <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology" title="Glossary of leaf morphology">ovate, elliptic, oblong or lanceolate</a>; 7–22 cm (2.8–8.7 in) long, 2.5–7 cm (0.98–2.76 in) wide; with serrate or dentate margin.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowers">flowers</a> are small and white, arranged in <a href="/wiki/Thyrse" title="Thyrse">thyrses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fruit is spherical and red, 6–7 mm (0.24–0.28 in) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilex_guayusa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>I. guayusa</i> is native to the upper Amazonian regions of <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, between 200–2,000 m (660–6,560 ft) of elevation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has also been collected in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is present in evergreen or deciduous premontane forests, especially ones dominated by <i><a href="/wiki/Dictyocaryum" title="Dictyocaryum">Dictyocaryum</a></i> palms.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guayusa has been collected only rarely in the wild by <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botanists</a> and is known almost exclusively as a <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">cultivated</a> plant (especially in the Ecuadorian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Napo_Province" title="Napo Province">Napo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pastaza_Province" title="Pastaza Province">Pastaza</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_1991_25–30_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_1991_25–30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilex_guayusa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_of_Ilex_Guayusa_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Photo_of_Ilex_Guayusa_tree.jpg/285px-Photo_of_Ilex_Guayusa_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Photo_of_Ilex_Guayusa_tree.jpg/428px-Photo_of_Ilex_Guayusa_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Photo_of_Ilex_Guayusa_tree.jpg/570px-Photo_of_Ilex_Guayusa_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Photo of cultivated Ilex guayusa treelet</figcaption></figure><p>This species is found wild and cultivated in sandy-<a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loamy</a> soils of pH 4.34–5.01 with low <a href="/wiki/Cation-exchange_capacity" title="Cation-exchange capacity">cation-exchange capacity</a> and high metal content.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The vegetation type preferred is lowland and premontane, neotropical jungle where conditions of soil, precipitation and humidity are appropriate for its development.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Despite being a <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology#Variations" title="Plant reproductive morphology">monoecious</a> species and prone to floral <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology#Polygamous" title="Plant reproductive morphology">polygamy</a>, <i>Ilex guayusa</i> appears to yield little fertile material, so it relies mostly on asexual reproduction (<a href="/wiki/Basal_shoot" title="Basal shoot">basal shoots, sprouts and suckers</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In its initial growth stages, <i>Ilex guayusa</i> behaves as an <a href="/wiki/Understory" title="Understory">understory</a> species, becoming a shrub with spreading branches when it receives higher amounts of light, eventually becoming a tree.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilex_guayusa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest evidence of human utilization of this species is a 1,500-year-old bundle of guayusa leaves found in a medicine man's tomb in the <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivian</a> <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, far beyond the natural range of the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Father Juan Lorenzo Lucero reported in 1683 the daily consumption of guayusa in infusions by the <a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Patino_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patino-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century, several missionaries in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru wrote about the uses of the plant, and some of them also consumed the infusion citing digestive and stimulant properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Patino_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patino-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> knew about the medicinal uses of the plant and traded it actively.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A grove found in 1857 by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Spruce" title="Richard Spruce">Richard Spruce</a> near the town of <a href="/wiki/Ba%C3%B1os_de_Agua_Santa" title="Baños de Agua Santa">Baños, Ecuador</a> was supposedly cultivated since <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">precolumbian</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_1991_25–30_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_1991_25–30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilex_guayusa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaves_of_Ilex_guayusa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Leaves_of_Ilex_guayusa.jpg/233px-Leaves_of_Ilex_guayusa.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Leaves_of_Ilex_guayusa.jpg/350px-Leaves_of_Ilex_guayusa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Leaves_of_Ilex_guayusa.jpg/466px-Leaves_of_Ilex_guayusa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Leaves of Ilex guayusa</figcaption></figure> <p>Leaves of <i>Ilex guayusa</i> are used to make an infusion, especially by the peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_1991_25–30_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_1991_25–30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After harvest, leaves are dried, which allows flavor to develop.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_1991_25–30_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_1991_25–30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the three aforementioned countries, guayusa is also used in the preparation of artisanal alcoholic drinks.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kichwa_language" title="Kichwa language">Kichwa</a> people cultivate the plant in horticultural plots (called chakras) and use it as a daily drink.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guayusa is also consumed at parties and local festivals as a social drink which promotes conviviality (convivencia in Spanish), which improves affectivity, and close relationships among families and friends.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kichwa usually boil guayusa in a pot and the infusion is served in <a href="/wiki/Gourd" title="Gourd">gourds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guayusa drinking is often accompanied by stories, dream interpretations and light work (like the weaving of nets). It can also be part of certain rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guayusa is also used as a medicine and remedy, usually combined with ginger, lime juice, or sugar cane liquor.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan peoples</a> in Ecuador and Peru also prepare a drink from the leaves to be drunk in large amounts during pre-dawn ceremonies that involve the vomiting of the excess drink to wash out the stomach and small intestine and avoid absorbing too much caffeine.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_1991_25–30_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_1991_25–30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Aguaruna_people" title="Aguaruna people">Awajún</a> people of northern Peru use guayusa in a similar fashion to that of the Jivaroans.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A ritual use by the <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua</a> people involves drinking guayusa infusion to have foretelling dreams for successful hunting expeditions.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guayusa is also drunk by the <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> and white populations of Ecuador.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> begun to be sold internationally, and is drunk by some individuals in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> as a caffeinated drink which can serve as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>. It has been promoted in western media sources as a <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a> with high <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenol</a> content.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_composition">Chemical composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilex_guayusa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chemical composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dried_bundles_of_leaves_of_Ilex_guayusa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dried_bundles_of_leaves_of_Ilex_guayusa.jpg/170px-Dried_bundles_of_leaves_of_Ilex_guayusa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dried_bundles_of_leaves_of_Ilex_guayusa.jpg/255px-Dried_bundles_of_leaves_of_Ilex_guayusa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dried_bundles_of_leaves_of_Ilex_guayusa.jpg/340px-Dried_bundles_of_leaves_of_Ilex_guayusa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Dried leaves of <i>Ilex guayusa.</i></figcaption></figure><p>Guayusa leaves contain <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> (1.73–3.48 %), <a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">theobromine</a> and other dimethylxanthines (among them <a href="/wiki/Paraxanthine" title="Paraxanthine">paraxanthine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">theophylline</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_1991_25–30_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_1991_25–30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schuster_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuster-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guayusa leaves also contain <a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">L-theanine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallic_acid" title="Gallic acid">gallic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanidine" title="Guanidine">guanidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isobutyric_acid" title="Isobutyric acid">isobutyric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (substance)">nicotinic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">ascorbic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">riboflavin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">choline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyridoxine" title="Pyridoxine">pyridoxine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triterpene" title="Triterpene">triterpenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorogenic_acid" title="Chlorogenic acid">chlorogenic acid</a> and sugars among other compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Schuster_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuster-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilex_guayusa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yerba_mate" title="Yerba mate">Yerba mate</a> (<i>Ilex paraguariensis</i>) - South American caffeinated holly species used to make <i>Mate.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaupon_holly" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaupon holly">Yaupon holly</a> (<i>Ilex vomitoria</i>) - southeastern North American caffeinated holly species used to make the <a href="/wiki/Black_Drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Drink">Black Drink</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuding" title="Kuding">Kuding</a> (<i>Ilex kudingcha</i>) - Asian holly species used with <i><a href="/wiki/Ligustrum_robustum" title="Ligustrum robustum">Ligustrum robustum</a></i> for Chinese <i>kǔdīng chá</i> tea.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilex_guayusa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707084424/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/140703-guayusa-ecuador-amazon-health-foods-tea/">"Ecuador's "Superleaf" Tea: Could It Replace Your Afternoon Coffee?"</a>. 2014-07-04. 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Ilex guayusa</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3772280" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q3772280">Q3772280</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ilex_guayusa" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Ilex guayusa">Ilex guayusa</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3PFGN">3PFGN</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5534620">5534620</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=411941">411941</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/560436">560436</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/127854-2">127854-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/145566259">145566259</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=6055297">6055297</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2860823">kew-2860823</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A127854-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:127854-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/2000086">2000086</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000729471">wfo-0000729471</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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