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id="toc-History_of_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 History of usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Anthropology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anthropology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Anthropology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persian_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Persian language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Related groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Gardens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carpets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carpets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Carpets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carpets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Observances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Persians</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" > 83 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perse" title="Perse – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Perse" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3_(%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85)" title="فرس (قوم) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرس (قوم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persas" title="Persas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Persas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Парсал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Парсал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farslar" title="Farslar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Farslar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="فارسلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فارسلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="পারসিক জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পারসিক জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Персы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Персы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Пэрсы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пэрсы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Перси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Перси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perses" title="Perses – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Perses" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Перссем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Перссем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C5%A1an%C3%A9" title="Peršané – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Peršané" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiaid" title="Persiaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Persiaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persere" title="Persere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Persere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perser_(Volk)" title="Perser (Volk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Perser (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4rslased" title="Pärslased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pärslased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Πέρσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πέρσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_persa" title="Pueblo persa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo persa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persoj" title="Persoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Persoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiar" title="Persiar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Persiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فارسی‌زبانان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فارسی‌زبانان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persans" title="Persans – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Persans" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzen" title="Perzen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Perzen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peirsigh" title="Peirsigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Peirsigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8" title="페르시아인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페르시아인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պարսիկներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարսիկներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzijanci" title="Perzijanci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Perzijanci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persi" title="Persi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Persi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Persia" title="Suku Persia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Persia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Персайнаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Персайнаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiani" title="Persiani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Persiani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פרסים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרסים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_P%C3%A8rsi" title="Wong Pèrsi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Pèrsi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სპარსელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სპარსელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Парсылар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Парсылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel%C3%AA_Fars%C3%AA" title="Gelê Farsê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gelê Farsê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Перстер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Перстер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persae" title="Persae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Persae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persie%C5%A1i" title="Persieši – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Persieši" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persai" title="Persai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Persai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzs%C3%A1k" title="Perzsák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Perzsák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pers%C3%A0na_(vahoaka)" title="Persàna (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Persàna (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persjani" title="Persjani – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Persjani" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="სპარსალეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სპარსალეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="فارس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فارس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsi" title="Parsi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81_%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Перс үндэстэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Перс үндэстэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzen" title="Perzen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Perzen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="ペルシア人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペルシア人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="ГӀажарий – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ГӀажарий" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persere" title="Persere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Persere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forslar" title="Forslar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Forslar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persowie" title="Persowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Persowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persas" title="Persas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Persas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C8%99i" title="Perși – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Perși" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Персы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Персы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ираннар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ираннар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persie_fowk" title="Persie fowk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Persie fowk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pers%C3%ABt" title="Persët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Persët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people" title="Persian people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Persian people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C5%BEania" title="Peržania – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Peržania" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzijci" title="Perzijci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Perzijci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فارسەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فارسەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Персијанци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Персијанци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzijanci" title="Perzijanci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Perzijanci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_P%C3%A9rsia" title="Urang Pérsia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Urang Pérsia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persialaiset" title="Persialaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Persialaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perser" title="Perser – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Perser" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Фарсылар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фарсылар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ชาวเปอร์เซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวเปอร์เซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Форсҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Форсҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farslar" title="Farslar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Farslar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Перси – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перси" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_(%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF)" title="فارسی (لوگ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فارسی (لوگ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="پارسلار – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پارسلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Ba_T%C6%B0" title="Người Ba Tư – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Ba Tư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="波斯人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波斯人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="波斯人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波斯人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_(%C5%9Far)" title="Fars (şar) – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fars (şar)" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="波斯人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波斯人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Persia" title="Jolma Persia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Persia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" 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/></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_people&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian people</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Iranian ethnic group who make up over half the population of Iran</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the breed of cat, see <a href="/wiki/Persian_cat" title="Persian cat">Persian cat</a>. For present day Iranian ethnic groups, see <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples#Demographics" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples § Demographics</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Persian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Persian (disambiguation)">Persian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Persians</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="fa">پارسی‌ها/فارسی/ایرانی</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 60+ million<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="infobox-data">51–65%<a href="#cite_note-Elling-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Congress-4">[4]</a> (also including <a href="/wiki/Gilaks" title="Gilaks">Gilaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mazanderanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazanderanis">Mazanderanis</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Elling-2">[2]</a> of the total population</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority: <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> Minority: <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">various others</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/40px-Farsi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/60px-Farsi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/80px-Farsi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian text</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> The Persians (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpɜːrʒənz/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">PUR-zhənz</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpɜːrʃənz/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">PUR-shənz</a>) are an <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian ethnic group</a> who comprise the majority of the population of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Congress-4">[4]</a> They share a <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">common cultural system</a> and are native speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Samadi-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> as well as of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">the languages that are closely related to Persian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The ancient Persians were originally an <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Iranian_peoples" title="List of ancient Iranian peoples">ancient Iranian people</a> who had migrated to the region of <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a> (corresponding to the modern-day Iranian province of <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars</a>) by the 9th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica:_Fars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-book2-11">[11]</a> Together with their compatriot allies, they established and ruled <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">some of the world's most powerful empires</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-book2-11">[11]</a> that are well-recognized for their massive cultural, political, and social influence, which covered much of the territory and population of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roisman_2011_345-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simon_and_Schuster-15">[15]</a> Throughout history, the Persian people have contributed greatly to <a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-burke-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Persian_presence-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bertold_Spuler-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a> is one of the world's most prominent literary traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Persian_literature-19">[19]</a> In contemporary terminology, people from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> who natively speak the Persian language are known as <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>, with the former two countries having their own dialects of Persian known as <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajiki</a>, respectively; whereas those in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> (primarily in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Republic of Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>), albeit heavily assimilated, are known as <a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-Tajiks-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Historically, however, the terms Tajik and Tat were used synonymously and interchangeably with Persian.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-Tajiks-20">[20]</a> Many influential Persian figures hailed from outside of Iran's present-day borders—to the northeast in Afghanistan and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and to a lesser extent within the Caucasus proper to the northwest.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In historical contexts, especially in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, "Persian" may be defined more loosely (often as a national identity) to cover all subjects of the ancient Persian polities, regardless of their ethnic background. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a></div> The term Persian, meaning "from Persia", derives from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> Persia, itself deriving from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> Persís (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%AF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Περσίς">Περσίς</a>),<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> a Hellenized form of <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> Pārsa (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%B1%F0%90%8E%A0%F0%90%8E%BC%F0%90%8E%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿">𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿</a>), which evolves into Fārs (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:فارس">فارس</a>) in modern Persian.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, particularly in the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemya</a>, it is given as Pārās (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1#Hebrew" class="extiw" title="wikt:פרס">פָּרָס</a>). A Greek folk etymology connected the name to <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>, a legendary character in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> recounts this story,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> devising a foreign son, <a href="/wiki/Perses_(son_of_Perseus)" title="Perses (son of Perseus)">Perses</a>, from whom the Persians took the name. Apparently, the Persians themselves knew the story,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> as <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> tried to use it to suborn the <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argives</a> during his invasion of Greece, but ultimately failed to do so. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_usage">History of usage</h3></div> Although <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a> (Persia proper) was only one of the provinces of ancient Iran,<a href="#cite_note-Arnold_Wilson-28">[28]</a> varieties of this term (e.g., Persia) were adopted through Greek sources and used as an exonym for all of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a> for many years.<a href="#cite_note-Michael_Axworthy-29">[29]</a> Thus, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, the names Persia and Persian came to refer to all of Iran and its subjects.<a href="#cite_note-Michael_Axworthy-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iranica:_Fars-10">[10]</a> Some medieval and early modern Islamic sources also used cognates of the term Persian to refer to various Iranian peoples and languages, including the speakers of <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian language">Khwarazmian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_language" title="Mazanderani language">Mazanderani</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Azeri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Azeri language">Old Azeri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> 10th-century Iraqi historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a> refers to Pahlavi, Dari, and Azari as dialects of the Persian language.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In 1333, medieval Moroccan traveler and scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> referred to the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> as a specific sub-tribe of the Persians.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Lady Mary (Leonora Woulfe) Sheil, in her observation of Iran during the Qajar era, states that the Kurds and the Leks would consider themselves as belonging to the race of the "old Persians".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> On 21 March 1935, the then-king of Iran <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a> issued a decree asking the international community to use the term Iran, the native name of the country, in formal correspondence. However, the term Persian is still historically used to designate the predominant population of the Iranian peoples living in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Iranian cultural continent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Iranian_peoples" title="List of ancient Iranian peoples">Ancient Iranian peoples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></div> Persia is first attested in <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> sources from the third millennium BC in the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Old Assyrian</a> form Parahše, designating a region belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a>. The name of this region was adopted by a nomadic <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Iranian_peoples" title="List of ancient Iranian peoples">ancient Iranian people</a> who migrated to the region in the west and southwest of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a>, eventually becoming known as "the Persians".<a href="#cite_note-Iranica:_Fars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-EncWH-38">[38]</a> The ninth-century BC <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> inscription of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Obelisk_of_Shalmaneser_III" title="Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III">Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III</a>, found at <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a>, gives it in the Late Assyrian forms <a href="/wiki/Parsua" title="Parsua">Parsua</a> and Parsumaš as a region and a people located in the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a>, the latter likely having migrated southward and transferred the name of the region with them to what would become <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a> (Persia proper, i.e., modern-day <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a>), and that is considered to be the earliest attestation to the ancient Persian people.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Firuzmandi-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Persian_costumes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ancient_Persian_costumes.jpg/170px-Ancient_Persian_costumes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ancient_Persian_costumes.jpg/255px-Ancient_Persian_costumes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ancient_Persian_costumes.jpg/340px-Ancient_Persian_costumes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Persian attire worn by soldiers and a nobleman. The History of Costume by Braun & Scheider (1861–1880).</figcaption></figure> The ancient Persians played a major role in the downfall of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, another group of ancient Iranian people, unified the region under an empire centered in <a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Media</a>, which would become the region's leading cultural and political power of the time by 612 BC.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Meanwhile, under the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">dynasty of the Achaemenids</a>, the Persians formed a vassal state to the central Median power. In 552 BC, the Achaemenid Persians <a href="/wiki/Persian_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Revolt">revolted</a> against the Median monarchy, leading to the victory of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> over the throne in 550 BC. The Persians spread their influence to the rest of what is considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a>, and assimilated with the non-Iranian <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> groups of the region, including the <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Mannaeans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Iran_in_Iranica-46">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_Empire_(flat_map).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Achaemenid_Empire_%28flat_map%29.svg/220px-Achaemenid_Empire_%28flat_map%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Achaemenid_Empire_%28flat_map%29.svg/330px-Achaemenid_Empire_%28flat_map%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Achaemenid_Empire_%28flat_map%29.svg/440px-Achaemenid_Empire_%28flat_map%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> at its greatest extent.</figcaption></figure> At its greatest extent, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> stretched from parts of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus Valley</a> in the east, making it the largest empire the world had yet seen.<a href="#cite_note-book2-11">[11]</a> The Achaemenids developed the infrastructure to support their growing influence, including the establishment of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gov-47">[47]</a> The empire extended as far as the limits of the Greek city states in modern-day mainland <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, where the Persians and Athenians influenced each other in what is essentially a reciprocal cultural exchange.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Its legacy and impact on the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a> was also notably huge,<a href="#cite_note-Roisman_2011_345-14">[14]</a> even for centuries after the withdrawal of the Persians from Europe following the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roisman_2011_345-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Alexander_Mosaic_depicting_the_Battle_of_Issus_between_Alexander_the_Great_%26_Darius_III_of_Persia,_from_the_House_of_the_Faun_in_Pompeii,_Naples_Archaeological_Museum_(5914216315).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_Alexander_Mosaic_depicting_the_Battle_of_Issus_between_Alexander_the_Great_%26_Darius_III_of_Persia%2C_from_the_House_of_the_Faun_in_Pompeii%2C_Naples_Archaeological_Museum_%285914216315%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_Alexander_Mosaic_depicting_the_Battle_of_Issus_between_Alexander_the_Great_%26_Darius_III_of_Persia%2C_from_the_House_of_the_Faun_in_Pompeii%2C_Naples_Archaeological_Museum_%285914216315%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_Alexander_Mosaic_depicting_the_Battle_of_Issus_between_Alexander_the_Great_%26_Darius_III_of_Persia%2C_from_the_House_of_the_Faun_in_Pompeii%2C_Naples_Archaeological_Museum_%285914216315%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Persian warriors led by <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> in the antique <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mosaic" title="Alexander Mosaic">Alexander Mosaic</a></figcaption></figure> During the Achaemenid era, Persian colonists settled in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983105-49">[49]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> (the most important Achaemenid satrapy), near <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>, there was the <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanian_plain" title="Hyrcanian plain">Hyrcanian plain</a>, which, according to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, got its name from the Persian settlers that were moved from <a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983102,_105-50">[50]</a> Similarly near Sardis, there was the plain of Cyrus, which further signified the presence of numerous Persian settlements in the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983102-51">[51]</a> In all these centuries, Lydia and <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a> were reportedly the chief centers for the worship of the Persian gods in Asia Minor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983102-51">[51]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, as late as the second century AD, one could witness rituals which resembled the Persian fire ceremony at the towns of Hyrocaesareia and <a href="/wiki/Hypaepa" title="Hypaepa">Hypaepa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983102-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates I of Pontus">Mithridates III of Cius</a>, a Persian nobleman and part of the Persian ruling elite of the town of <a href="/wiki/Cius" title="Cius">Cius</a>, founded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a> in his later life, in northern Asia Minor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGing198615-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam200217-53">[53]</a> At the peak of its power, under the infamous <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates VI of Pontus">Mithridates VI the Great</a>, the Kingdom of Pontus also controlled <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> colonies of the <a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Tauric Chersonesos</a>, and for a brief time the <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Roman province of Asia</a>. After a long struggle with Rome in the <a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithridatic Wars</a>, Pontus was defeated; part of it was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> as the province of <a href="/wiki/Bithynia_and_Pontus" title="Bithynia and Pontus">Bithynia and Pontus</a>, and the eastern half survived as a client kingdom. Following the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Macedonian conquests</a>, the Persian colonists in Cappadocia and the rest of Asia Minor were cut off from their co-religionists in Iran proper, but they continued to practice the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian faith</a> of their forefathers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce200185-54">[54]</a> Strabo, who observed them in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocian Kingdom</a> in the first century BC, records (XV.3.15) that these "fire kindlers" possessed many "holy places of the Persian Gods", as well as fire temples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce200185-54">[54]</a> Strabo, who wrote during the time of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 27 BC – AD 14), almost three hundred years after the fall of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, records only traces of Persians in western Asia Minor; however, he considered Cappadocia "almost a living part of Persia".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983107-55">[55]</a> The Iranian dominance collapsed in 330 BC following the conquest of the Achaemenid Empire by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, but reemerged shortly after through the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> in 247 BC, which was founded by a group of ancient Iranian people rising from <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>. Until the Parthian era, Iranian identity had an ethnic, linguistic, and religious value. However, it did not yet have a political import.<a href="#cite_note-Gnoli-56">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian language</a>, which was used as an official language of the Parthian Empire, left influences on Persian,<a href="#cite_note-Ammon-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> as well as on the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian language</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victory_of_Shapur_I_over_Valerian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Victory_of_Shapur_I_over_Valerian.jpg/220px-Victory_of_Shapur_I_over_Valerian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Victory_of_Shapur_I_over_Valerian.jpg/330px-Victory_of_Shapur_I_over_Valerian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Victory_of_Shapur_I_over_Valerian.jpg/440px-Victory_of_Shapur_I_over_Valerian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A bas-relief at <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> depicting the victory of Sasanian ruler <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> over Roman ruler <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip the Arab</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Parthian monarchy was succeeded by the Persian <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_family_tree" title="Sasanian family tree">dynasty of the Sasanians</a> in 224 AD. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, a national culture that was fully aware of being Iranian took shape, partially motivated by restoration and revival of the wisdom of "the old sages" (dānāgān pēšēnīgān).<a href="#cite_note-Gnoli-56">[56]</a> Other aspects of this national culture included the glorification of a great heroic past and an archaizing spirit.<a href="#cite_note-Gnoli-56">[56]</a> Throughout the period, Iranian identity reached its height in every aspect.<a href="#cite_note-Gnoli-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>, which is the immediate ancestor of Modern Persian and a variety of other Iranian dialects,<a href="#cite_note-Ammon-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skjærvø-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lazard-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-EIS-62">[62]</a> became the official language of the empire<a href="#cite_note-Fortson-63">[63]</a> and was greatly diffused among Iranians.<a href="#cite_note-Gnoli-56">[56]</a> The Parthians and the Sasanians would also extensively interact with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> culturally. The <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Sasanian wars">Byzantine–Sasanian wars</a> would shape the landscape of <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, North Africa, and the Mediterranean Basin for centuries. For a period of over 400 years, the Sasanians and the neighboring Byzantines were recognized as the two leading powers in the world.<a href="#cite_note-EIr-Sasanian-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norman_A._Stillman_pp_22-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Byzantine_Studies_2006,_pp_29-66">[66]</a> Cappadocia in <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, now well into the Roman era, still retained a significant Iranian character; Stephen Mitchell notes in the Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity: "Many inhabitants of Cappadocia were of Persian descent and Iranian fire worship is attested as late as 465".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2018290-67">[67]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Arab conquest of the Sasanian Empire</a> in the medieval times, the Arab <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphates</a> established their rule over the region for the next several centuries, during which the long process of the <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization of Iran</a> took place. Confronting the cultural and linguistic dominance of the Persians, beginning by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>, the Arab conquerors began to establish Arabic as the primary language of the subject peoples throughout their empire, sometimes by force, further confirming the new political reality over the region.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge:_Ajam-68">[68]</a> The Arabic term <a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">ʿAjam</a>, denoting "people unable to speak properly", was adopted as a designation for non-Arabs (or non-Arabic speakers), especially the Persians.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Although the term had developed a derogatory meaning and implied cultural and ethnic inferiority, it was gradually accepted as a synonym for "Persian"<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge:_Ajam-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and still remains today as a designation for the Persian-speaking communities native to the modern <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab states</a> of the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-Islam_Today-72">[72]</a> A series of Muslim Iranian kingdoms were later established on the fringes of the declining <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, including that of the ninth-century <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanids</a>, under the reign of whom the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> was used officially for the first time after two centuries of no attestation of the language,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> now having received the Arabic script and a large Arabic vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Persian language and culture continued to prevail after the invasions and conquests by the Mongols and the Turks (including the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurids</a>), who were themselves significantly <a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianized</a>, further developing in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, where Persian culture flourished by the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate societies</a>, particularly those of <a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> blends. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo,_dated_1552-1568.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption>One of the first actions performed by <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Shāh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismā'īl I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> was the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> denomination of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shīʿa Islam</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">official religion</a> of his newly founded <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Persian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></figcaption></figure> After over eight centuries of foreign rule within the region, the Iranian hegemony was reestablished by the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Empire</a> in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Under the Safavid Empire, focus on Persian language and identity was further revived, and the political evolution of the empire once again maintained Persian as the main language of the country.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> During the times of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavids</a> and subsequent modern Iranian dynasties such as the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajars</a>, architectural and iconographic elements from the time of the Sasanian Persian Empire were reincorporated, linking the modern country with its ancient past.<a href="#cite_note-Hillenbrand-78">[78]</a> Contemporary embracement of the legacy of Iran's ancient empires, with an emphasis on the Achaemenid Persian Empire, developed particularly under the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a>, providing the motive of a modern nationalistic pride.<a href="#cite_note-Amanat-79">[79]</a> Iran's modern architecture was then inspired by that of the country's classical eras, particularly with the adoption of details from the ancient monuments in the Achaemenid capitals Persepolis and Pasargadae and the Sasanian capital <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilber-80">[80]</a> Fars, corresponding to the ancient province of Persia, with its modern capital <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, became a center of interest, particularly during the annual international <a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Arts_Festival" title="Shiraz Arts Festival">Shiraz Arts Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2,500_year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500th anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The Pahlavi rulers modernized Iran, and ruled it until the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">1979 Revolution</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthropology">Anthropology</h2></div> In modern Iran, the Persians make up the majority of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Congress-4">[4]</a> They are native speakers of the modern dialects of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-glott-82">[82]</a> which serves as the country's official language.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_language">Persian language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western Iranian languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BehistunInscriptiondetail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BehistunInscriptiondetail.jpg/220px-BehistunInscriptiondetail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BehistunInscriptiondetail.jpg/330px-BehistunInscriptiondetail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BehistunInscriptiondetail.jpg/440px-BehistunInscriptiondetail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> inscribed in <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">cuneiform</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Persian language belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">western group</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a>. Modern Persian is classified as a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>, the official religious and literary language of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, itself a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>, which was used by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lazard-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ammon-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skjærvø-60">[60]</a> Old Persian is one of the oldest Indo-European languages attested in original text.<a href="#cite_note-Skjærvø-60">[60]</a> Samples of Old Persian have been discovered in present-day Iran, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gherla" title="Gherla">Gherla</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhrt2013197-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt200053-85">[85]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OPGTL_6-86">[86]</a> The oldest attested text written in Old Persian is from the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a>,<a href="#cite_note-s2008-80-1-87">[87]</a> a multilingual inscription from the time of Achaemenid ruler <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> carved on a cliff in western Iran. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_groups">Related groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian nationalism</a></div> There are several ethnic groups and communities that are either ethnically or linguistically related to the Persian people, living predominantly in Iran, and also within Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, the Caucasus, Turkey, Iraq, and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab states of the Persian Gulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a> are a people native to <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> who speak Persian in a variety of dialects.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-Tajiks-20">[20]</a> The Tajiks of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan are native speakers of <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>, which is the official language of Tajikistan, and those in Afghanistan speak <a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a>, one of the two official languages of Afghanistan. The <a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tat people</a>, an Iranian people native to the Caucasus (primarily living in the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Republic of Azerbaijan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> republic of <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>), speak a language (<a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat language</a>) that is closely related to Persian.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The origin of the Tat people is traced to an Iranian-speaking population that was resettled in the Caucasus by the time of the Sasanian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gernot_Windfuhr_1979._pg_4-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lurs</a>, an ethnic Iranian people native to western Iran, are often associated with the Persians and the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> They speak various dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri language</a>, which is considered to be a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-EIS-62">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a>, making up the third largest ethnic group in Afghanistan,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> speak a variety of Persian by the name of <a href="/wiki/Hazaragi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi">Hazaragi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> which is more precisely a part of the Dari dialect continuum.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaqs</a>, a semi-nomadic people native to Afghanistan,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> speak a variety of Persian by the name of <a href="/wiki/Aimaq_dialect" title="Aimaq dialect">Aimaqi</a>, which also belongs to the Dari dialect continuum.<a href="#cite_note-glott-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Persian-speaking communities native to modern Arab countries are generally designated as Ajam,<a href="#cite_note-Islam_Today-72">[72]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Bahrain" title="Ajam of Bahrain">Ajam of Bahrain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajam of Iraq">Ajam of Iraq</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/%27Ajam_of_Kuwait" title="'Ajam of Kuwait">Ajam of Kuwait</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a> are a Zoroastrian community of Persian descent who migrated to <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, to escape religious persecution after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> They have had a significant role in the development of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and also played a role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian nationalism</a> during the late Qajar years and Pahlavi dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> They are primarily located in the western regions of India principally the states of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, with smaller communities in other parts of India and in South and Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> They speak a dialect version of <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, and no longer speak in Persian.<a href="#cite_note-Brill-111">[111]</a> They do however continue to use <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> as their liturgical language.<a href="#cite_note-Brill-111">[111]</a> The Parsis have adapted many practices and tendencies of the Indian groups that surrounded them, such as Indian dress norms, and the observance of many Indian festivals and ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-Brill-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Persian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian culture">Persian culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian art</a></div> From <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a> and throughout the Median, Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sasanian empires of ancient Iran to the neighboring <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Greek city states</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">kingdom of Macedon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roisman_2011_345-14">[14]</a> and later throughout the medieval <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic world</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lapidus-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Persian_presence-17">[17]</a> all the way to modern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and others parts of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, Persian culture has been extended, celebrated, and incorporated.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bertold_Spuler-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-lapidus-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-miller-115">[115]</a> This is due mainly to its geopolitical conditions, and its intricate relationship with the ever-changing political arena once as dominant as the Achaemenid Empire. The <a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">artistic heritage of the Persians</a> is eclectic and has included contributions from both the east and the west. Due to the central location of Iran, Persian art has served as a fusion point between eastern and western traditions. Persians have contributed to various forms of art, including <a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">carpet weaving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">glasswork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacquerware" title="Lacquerware">lacquerware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">marquetry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">khatam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalwork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">miniature illustration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_pottery" title="Persian pottery">pottery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">textile design</a>.<a href="#cite_note-burke-16">[16]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Persia_-_Achaemenian_Vessels.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="5th-century BC Achaemenid gold vessels. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City."><img alt="5th-century BC Achaemenid gold vessels. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Persia_-_Achaemenian_Vessels.jpg/241px-Persia_-_Achaemenian_Vessels.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Persia_-_Achaemenian_Vessels.jpg/362px-Persia_-_Achaemenian_Vessels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Persia_-_Achaemenian_Vessels.jpg/482px-Persia_-_Achaemenian_Vessels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="1688" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">5th-century BC <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> gold vessels. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Anahita_Dish,_400-600_AD,_Sasanian,_Iran,_silver_and_gilt_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08123.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Iranian goddess Anahita depicted on a Sasanian silver vessel. Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland."><img alt="Ancient Iranian goddess Anahita depicted on a Sasanian silver vessel. Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Anahita_Dish%2C_400-600_AD%2C_Sasanian%2C_Iran%2C_silver_and_gilt_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08123.JPG/196px-Anahita_Dish%2C_400-600_AD%2C_Sasanian%2C_Iran%2C_silver_and_gilt_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08123.JPG" decoding="async" width="131" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Anahita_Dish%2C_400-600_AD%2C_Sasanian%2C_Iran%2C_silver_and_gilt_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08123.JPG/293px-Anahita_Dish%2C_400-600_AD%2C_Sasanian%2C_Iran%2C_silver_and_gilt_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08123.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Anahita_Dish%2C_400-600_AD%2C_Sasanian%2C_Iran%2C_silver_and_gilt_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08123.JPG/391px-Anahita_Dish%2C_400-600_AD%2C_Sasanian%2C_Iran%2C_silver_and_gilt_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08123.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3521" data-file-height="3240" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Iranian goddess <a href="/wiki/Anahita" title="Anahita">Anahita</a> depicted on a <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> silver vessel. <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nimtaneh-sasani.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sasanian marble bust. National Museum of Iran, Tehran."><img alt="Sasanian marble bust. National Museum of Iran, Tehran." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Nimtaneh-sasani.jpg/240px-Nimtaneh-sasani.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Nimtaneh-sasani.jpg/360px-Nimtaneh-sasani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Nimtaneh-sasani.jpg/480px-Nimtaneh-sasani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> marble <a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">bust</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian-Potteries-17th-Century-Isfahan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="17th-century Persian potteries from Isfahan. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto."><img alt="17th-century Persian potteries from Isfahan. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Persian-Potteries-17th-Century-Isfahan.jpg/241px-Persian-Potteries-17th-Century-Isfahan.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Persian-Potteries-17th-Century-Isfahan.jpg/362px-Persian-Potteries-17th-Century-Isfahan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Persian-Potteries-17th-Century-Isfahan.jpg/483px-Persian-Potteries-17th-Century-Isfahan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1492" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">17th-century <a href="/wiki/Persian_pottery" title="Persian pottery">Persian potteries</a> from <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum" title="Royal Ontario Museum">Royal Ontario Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature_in_Western_culture" title="Persian literature in Western culture">Persian literature in Western culture</a></div> The Persian language is known to have one of the world's oldest and most influential literatures.<a href="#cite_note-Persian_literature-19">[19]</a> Old Persian written works are attested on several inscriptions from between the 6th and the 4th centuries BC, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature">Middle Persian literature</a> is attested on <a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">inscriptions</a> from the Parthian and Sasanian eras and in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manichaeanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaeanism">Manichaean</a> scriptures from between the 3rd to the 10th century AD. <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">New Persian literature</a> flourished after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Arab conquest of Iran</a> with its earliest records from the 9th century,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> and was developed as a court tradition in many eastern courts.<a href="#cite_note-Persian_literature-19">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>, the works of <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam" title="Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam">Rubaiyat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khamsa_of_Nizami" title="Khamsa of Nizami">Panj Ganj</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami Ganjavi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Div%C4%81n_of_Hafez" title="The Divān of Hafez">Divān</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Conference_of_the_Birds" title="The Conference of the Birds">The Conference of the Birds</a> by <a href="/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur" title="Attar of Nishapur">Attar of Nishapur</a>, and the miscellanea of <a href="/wiki/Gulistan_(book)" title="Gulistan (book)">Gulistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bustan_(book)" title="Bustan (book)">Bustan</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi Shirazi</a> are among the famous works of medieval Persian literature. A thriving contemporary Persian literature has also been formed by the works of writers such as <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou">Ahmad Shamlou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forough_Farrokhzad" class="mw-redirect" title="Forough Farrokhzad">Forough Farrokhzad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Akhavan-Sales" title="Mehdi Akhavan-Sales">Mehdi Akhavan-Sales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvin_E%27tesami" title="Parvin E'tesami">Parvin E'tesami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Hedayat" title="Sadegh Hedayat">Sadegh Hedayat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simin_Daneshvar" title="Simin Daneshvar">Simin Daneshvar</a>, among others. Not all Persian literature is written in Persian, as works written by Persians in other languages—such as Arabic and Greek—might also be included. At the same time, not all literature written in Persian is written by ethnic Persians or Iranians, as Turkic, Caucasian, and Indic authors have also used Persian literature in the environment of <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate cultures</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian architecture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian architecture</a></div> The most notable examples of ancient Persian architecture are the works of the Achaemenids hailing from <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid architecture</a>, dating from the expansion of the empire around 550 BC, flourished in a period of artistic growth that left a legacy ranging from <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Cyrus">Cyrus the Great's solemn tomb</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a> to the structures at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-book-117">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arg_e_Bam" class="mw-redirect" title="Arg e Bam">Bam Citadel</a>, a massive structure at 1,940,000 square feet (180,000 m2) constructed on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bam,_Iran" title="Bam, Iran">Bam</a>, is from around the 5th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The quintessential feature of Achaemenid architecture was its eclectic nature, with elements from Median architecture, Assyrian architecture, and Asiatic Greek architecture all incorporated.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">architectural heritage of the Sasanian Empire</a> includes, among others, castle fortifications such as the <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Derbent" title="Fortifications of Derbent">Fortifications of Derbent</a> (located in <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>, now part of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Rudkhan_Castle" title="Rudkhan Castle">Rudkhan Castle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Falak-ol-Aflak_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Falak-ol-Aflak Castle">Shapur-Khwast Castle</a>, palaces such as the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Ardashir" title="Palace of Ardashir">Palace of Ardashir</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sarvestan_Palace" title="Sarvestan Palace">Sarvestan Palace</a>, bridges such as the <a href="/wiki/Shahrestan_Bridge" title="Shahrestan Bridge">Shahrestan Bridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shapuri_Bridge" title="Shapuri Bridge">Shapuri Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Taq_Kasra" title="Taq Kasra">Archway of Ctesiphon</a>, and the reliefs at <a href="/wiki/Taq-e_Bostan" title="Taq-e Bostan">Taq-e Bostan</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of the Tachara, Persepolis."><img alt="Ruins of the Tachara, Persepolis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Persepolis_06.jpg/240px-Persepolis_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Persepolis_06.jpg/360px-Persepolis_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Persepolis_06.jpg/480px-Persepolis_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Tachara" title="Tachara">Tachara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasargad_Tomb_Cyrus3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Cyrus, Pasargadae."><img alt="Tomb of Cyrus, Pasargadae." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pasargad_Tomb_Cyrus3.jpg/270px-Pasargad_Tomb_Cyrus3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pasargad_Tomb_Cyrus3.jpg/405px-Pasargad_Tomb_Cyrus3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pasargad_Tomb_Cyrus3.jpg/540px-Pasargad_Tomb_Cyrus3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5996" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Cyrus">Tomb of Cyrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sassanid_reliefs_at_Taq_e_Bostan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sasanian reliefs at Taq-e Bostan."><img alt="The Sasanian reliefs at Taq-e Bostan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sassanid_reliefs_at_Taq_e_Bostan.jpg/177px-Sassanid_reliefs_at_Taq_e_Bostan.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sassanid_reliefs_at_Taq_e_Bostan.jpg/266px-Sassanid_reliefs_at_Taq_e_Bostan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sassanid_reliefs_at_Taq_e_Bostan.jpg/354px-Sassanid_reliefs_at_Taq_e_Bostan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="373" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> reliefs at <a href="/wiki/Taq-e_Bostan" title="Taq-e Bostan">Taq-e Bostan</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Falakolaflak.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shapur-Khwast Castle, Khorramabad."><img alt="Shapur-Khwast Castle, Khorramabad." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Falakolaflak.jpg/270px-Falakolaflak.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Falakolaflak.jpg/405px-Falakolaflak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Falakolaflak.jpg/540px-Falakolaflak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Falak-ol-Aflak_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Falak-ol-Aflak Castle">Shapur-Khwast Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khorramabad" title="Khorramabad">Khorramabad</a>.</div> </li> </ul> Architectural elements from the time of Iran's ancient Persian empires have been adopted and incorporated in later period.<a href="#cite_note-Hillenbrand-78">[78]</a> They were used especially during the modernization of Iran under the reign of the Pahlavi dynasty to contribute to the characterization of the modern country with its ancient history.<a href="#cite_note-Amanat-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilber-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gardens">Gardens</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise garden</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C4%81gh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāgh (garden)">Bāgh</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Oeconomicus" title="Oeconomicus">Oeconomicus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hobhouse-120">[120]</a> states: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"The Great King [Cyrus II]...in all the districts he resides in and visits, takes care that there are parádeisos ("paradise") as they [Persians] call them, full of the good and beautiful things that the soil produce."</blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian garden</a>, the earliest examples of which were found throughout the Achaemenid Empire, has an integral position in Persian architecture.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Gardens assumed an important place for the Achaemenid monarchs,<a href="#cite_note-hobhouse-120">[120]</a> and utilized the advanced Achaemenid knowledge of water technologies,<a href="#cite_note-Mays-122">[122]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueducts</a>, earliest recorded gravity-fed water rills, and basins arranged in a geometric system. The enclosure of this symmetrically arranged planting and irrigation by an infrastructure such as a palace created the impression of "paradise".<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The word paradise itself originates from <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> pairidaēza (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> paridaida; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">New Persian</a> pardis, ferdows), which literally translates to "walled-around". Characterized by its quadripartite (<a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">čārbāq</a>) design, the Persian garden was evolved and developed into various forms throughout history,<a href="#cite_note-hobhouse-120">[120]</a> and was also adopted in various other cultures in Eurasia. It was inscribed on <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage List</a> in June 2011. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 173.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Naghshe_Jahan_Square_Isfahan_modified.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shah Square, Isfahan."><img alt="Shah Square, Isfahan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Naghshe_Jahan_Square_Isfahan_modified.jpg/257px-Naghshe_Jahan_Square_Isfahan_modified.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Naghshe_Jahan_Square_Isfahan_modified.jpg/385px-Naghshe_Jahan_Square_Isfahan_modified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Naghshe_Jahan_Square_Isfahan_modified.jpg/514px-Naghshe_Jahan_Square_Isfahan_modified.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="1470" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Jahan_Square" title="Naqsh-e Jahan Square">Shah Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Botanical_Garden,_Shiraz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eram Garden, Shiraz."><img alt="Eram Garden, Shiraz." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Botanical_Garden%2C_Shiraz.jpg/270px-Botanical_Garden%2C_Shiraz.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Botanical_Garden%2C_Shiraz.jpg/405px-Botanical_Garden%2C_Shiraz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Botanical_Garden%2C_Shiraz.jpg/540px-Botanical_Garden%2C_Shiraz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eram_Garden" title="Eram Garden">Eram Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 173.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hafez_880714_095.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Hafez, Shiraz."><img alt="Tomb of Hafez, Shiraz." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hafez_880714_095.jpg/257px-Hafez_880714_095.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hafez_880714_095.jpg/386px-Hafez_880714_095.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hafez_880714_095.jpg/514px-Hafez_880714_095.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="490" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Hafez" title="Tomb of Hafez">Tomb of Hafez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shazdeh Garden, Kerman."><img alt="Shazdeh Garden, Kerman." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/321px-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/481px-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/641px-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shazdeh_Garden" title="Shazdeh Garden">Shazdeh Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerman_County" title="Kerman County">Kerman</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carpets">Carpets</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian carpet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_-_Tapis_%C3%A0_d%C3%A9cor_de_jardin_de_paradis,_dit_Tapis_de_Mantes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Louvre_-_Tapis_%C3%A0_d%C3%A9cor_de_jardin_de_paradis%2C_dit_Tapis_de_Mantes.jpg/220px-Louvre_-_Tapis_%C3%A0_d%C3%A9cor_de_jardin_de_paradis%2C_dit_Tapis_de_Mantes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Louvre_-_Tapis_%C3%A0_d%C3%A9cor_de_jardin_de_paradis%2C_dit_Tapis_de_Mantes.jpg/330px-Louvre_-_Tapis_%C3%A0_d%C3%A9cor_de_jardin_de_paradis%2C_dit_Tapis_de_Mantes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Louvre_-_Tapis_%C3%A0_d%C3%A9cor_de_jardin_de_paradis%2C_dit_Tapis_de_Mantes.jpg/440px-Louvre_-_Tapis_%C3%A0_d%C3%A9cor_de_jardin_de_paradis%2C_dit_Tapis_de_Mantes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3375" data-file-height="2262" /></a><figcaption>A Persian carpet kept at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>.</figcaption></figure> Carpet weaving is an essential part of the Persian culture,<a href="#cite_note-langton-124">[124]</a> and Persian rugs are said to be one of the most detailed hand-made works of art. Achaemenid rug and carpet artistry is well recognized. <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> describes the carpet production in the city of Sardis, stating that the locals take pride in their carpet production. A special mention of Persian carpets is also made by <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus of Naucratis</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Deipnosophistae" title="Deipnosophistae">Deipnosophistae</a>, as he describes a "delightfully embroidered" Persian carpet with "preposterous shapes of <a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">griffins</a>".<a href="#cite_note-ronald-125">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk</a> carpet, a <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian</a> pile-carpet dating back to the 4th century BC that is regarded as the world's oldest existing carpet, depicts elements of Assyrian and Achaemenid designs, including stylistic references to the stone slab designs found in Persian royal buildings.<a href="#cite_note-ronald-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian traditional music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dancers_and_musicians_on_a_Sasanian_bowl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dancers_and_musicians_on_a_Sasanian_bowl.jpg/220px-Dancers_and_musicians_on_a_Sasanian_bowl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dancers_and_musicians_on_a_Sasanian_bowl.jpg/330px-Dancers_and_musicians_on_a_Sasanian_bowl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dancers_and_musicians_on_a_Sasanian_bowl.jpg/440px-Dancers_and_musicians_on_a_Sasanian_bowl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Dancers and musical instrument players depicted on a <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> silver bowl from the 5th-7th century AD.</figcaption></figure> According to the accounts reported by Xenophon, a great number of singers were present at the Achaemenid court. However, little information is available from the music of that era. The music scene of the Sasanian Empire has a more available and detailed documentation than the earlier periods, and is especially more evident within the context of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_music" title="Zoroastrian music">Zoroastrian musical rituals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EI-mhphi-126">[126]</a> Overall, <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_music" title="Sasanian music">Sasanian music</a> was influential and was adopted in the subsequent eras.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Iranian music, as a whole, utilizes a variety of musical instruments that are unique to the region, and has remarkably evolved since the ancient and medieval times. In traditional Sasanian music, the <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a> was divided into seventeen tones. By the end of the 13th century, Iranian music also maintained a twelve-interval octave, which resembled the western counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-music-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Observances">Observances</h3></div> The Iranian <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a>'s Day, <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>, which translates to "new day", is celebrated by Persians and other peoples of Iran to mark the beginning of spring on the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">vernal equinox</a> on the first day of <a href="/wiki/Farvardin" title="Farvardin">Farvardin</a>, the first month of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a>, which corresponds to around March 21 in the Gregorian calendar. An ancient tradition that has been preserved in Iran and several other countries that were under the influence of the ancient empires of Iran,<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Nowruz has been registered on <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In Iran, the Nowruz celebrations (incl. <a href="/wiki/Chaharshanbe_Suri" title="Chaharshanbe Suri">Charshanbe Suri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sizdah_Be-dar" title="Sizdah Be-dar">Sizdebedar</a>) begin on the eve of the last Wednesday of the preceding year in the Iranian calendar and last on the 13th day of the new year. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Islamic festivals</a> are also widely celebrated by Muslim Persians. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics of Iran</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pes">"Persian, Iranian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>. Retrieved 11 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Persian%2C+Iranian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fpes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> Total Iranian Persian users in all countries. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elling-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elling_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elling_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElling2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rasmus_Christian_Elling" title="Rasmus Christian Elling">Elling, Rasmus Christian</a> (18 February 2013). Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini. Springer. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-04780-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-04780-9"><bdi>978-1-137-04780-9</bdi></a>. <q>The Factbook puts 'Persian and Persian dialects' at 58 percent, but 51 percent of the population as ethnic Persians, while the Library of Congress states that Persian 'is spoken as a mother tongue by at least 65 percent of the population and as a second language by a large proportion of the remaining 35 percent. The 'Persian' mentioned in the latter report must thus also include Gilaki and Mazi. However, Gilaki and Mazi are actually from a different branch of the Iranian language subfamily than Persian, and could be as such be seen not as dialects, but as distinct languages. Suffice it here to say that while some scholars see categories such as Gilakis and Mazandaranis as referring to separate ethnic groups due to their linguistic traits, others count them as 'Persians' on exactly the same basis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+in+Iran%3A+Nationalism+and+Ethnicity+after+Khomeini&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013-02-18&rft.isbn=978-1-137-04780-9&rft.aulast=Elling&rft.aufirst=Rasmus+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraneLalMartini2008" class="citation book cs1">Crane, Keith; Lal, Rollie; Martini, Jeffrey (6 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PmlMdb5ACHEC&pg=PA38">Iran's Political, Demographic, and Economic Vulnerabilities</a>. RAND Corporation. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780833045270" title="Special:BookSources/9780833045270"><bdi>9780833045270</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+Political%2C+Demographic%2C+and+Economic+Vulnerabilities&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=2008-06-06&rft.isbn=9780833045270&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Lal%2C+Rollie&rft.au=Martini%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPmlMdb5ACHEC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Congress-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Congress_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Congress_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Congress_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007125857/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf">"Country Profile: Iran"</a> (PDF). Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2015-10-07. Retrieved 30 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+%E2%80%93+Federal+Research+Division&rft.atitle=Country+Profile%3A+Iran&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FIran.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radis.org/%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC-%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2/">"Goman Poll"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goman+Poll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradis.org%2F%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25AC-%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9-%25D9%2586%25D8%25B8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D9%2586%25D8%25AC%25DB%258C-%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25D9%2581%25D9%2587%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C-%25D8%25AD%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF-%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25DB%258C-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2014" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Lois (2014). Nomads in Postrevolutionary Iran: The Qashqa'i in an Era of Change. Routledge. p. xxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317743866" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317743866"><bdi>978-1317743866</bdi></a>. <q>(...) an ethnic Persian; adheres to cultural systems connected with other ethnic Persians (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomads+in+Postrevolutionary+Iran%3A+The+Qashqa%27i+in+an+Era+of+Change&rft.pages=xxii&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1317743866&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Lois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samadi-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Samadi_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamadiPerkins2012" class="citation book cs1">Samadi, Habibeh; Perkins, Nick (2012). Ball, Martin; Crystal, David; Fletcher, Paul (eds.). Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars. Multilingual Matters. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84769-637-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84769-637-3"><bdi>978-1-84769-637-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assessing+Grammar%3A+The+Languages+of+Lars&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84769-637-3&rft.aulast=Samadi&rft.aufirst=Habibeh&rft.au=Perkins%2C+Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFyre2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fyre, R. N. (29 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey">"IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. <q>The largest group of people in present-day Iran are Persians (*q.v.) who speak dialects of the language called Fārsi in Persian, since it was primarily the tongue of the people of Fārs."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IRAN+v.+PEOPLES+OF+IRAN&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2012-03-29&rft.aulast=Fyre&rft.aufirst=R.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-v1-peoples-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonby2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Anonby, Erik J. (20 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/lori-language-ii">"LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status of Lori"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. <q>Conversely, the Nehāvand sub-province of Hamadān is home to ethnic Persians who speak NLori as a mother tongue. (...) The same is true of areas to the southwest, south, and east of the Lori language area (...): while the varieties spoken there show more structural similarity to Lori than to Persian, speakers identify themselves as ethnically Persian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=LORI+LANGUAGE+ii.+Sociolinguistic+Status+of+Lori&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2012-12-20&rft.aulast=Anonby&rft.aufirst=Erik+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Flori-language-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica:_Fars-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica:_Fars_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica:_Fars_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica:_Fars_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXavier_de_Planhol2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Xavier de Planhol (24 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fars-i">"FĀRS i. Geography"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. IX. pp. ?–336. <q>The name of Fārs is undoubtedly attested in Assyrian sources since the third millennium B.C.E. under the form Parahše. Originally, it was the "land of horses" of the Sumerians (Herzfeld, pp. 181–82, 184–86). The name was adopted by Iranian tribes which established themselves there in the 9th century B.C.E. in the west and southwest of Urmia lake. The Parsua (Pārsa) are mentioned there for the first time in 843 B.C.E., during the reign of Salmanassar III, and then, after they migrated to the southeast (Boehmer, pp. 193–97), the name was transferred, between 690 and 640, to a region previously called Anšan (q.v.) in Elamite sources (Herzfeld, pp. 169–71, 178–79, 186). From that moment the name acquired the connotation of an ethnic region, the land of the Persians, and the Persians soon thereafter founded the vast Achaemenid empire. A never-ending confusion thus set in between a narrow, limited, geographical usage of the term—Persia in the sense of the land where the aforesaid Persian tribes had shaped the core of their power—and a broader, more general usage of the term to designate the much larger area affected by the political and cultural radiance of the Achaemenids. The confusion between the two senses of the word was continuous, fueled by the Greeks who used the name Persai to designate the entire empire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=F%C4%80RS+i.+Geography&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3F-336&rft.date=2012-01-24&rft.au=Xavier+de+Planhol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ffars-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-book2-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book2_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-book2_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-book2_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacksMurrayBrody2005" class="citation book cs1">Sacks, David; Murray, Oswyn; Brody, Lisa R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gsGmuQAACAAJ">Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World</a>. Facts On File. p. 256 (at the right portion of the page). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5722-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5722-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-5722-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ancient+Greek+World&rft.pages=256+%28%27%27at+the+right+portion+of+the+page%27%27%29&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5722-1&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Murray%2C+Oswyn&rft.au=Brody%2C+Lisa+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgsGmuQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schmitt, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-dynasty">"ACHAEMENID DYNASTY"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I. pp. 414–426. <q>In 550 B.C. Cyrus (called "the Great" by the Greeks) overthrew the Median empire under Astyages and brought the Persians into domination over the Iranian peoples; he achieved combined rule over all Iran as the first real monarch of the Achaemenid dynasty. Within a few years he founded a multinational empire without precedent—a first world-empire of historical importance, since it embraced all previous civilized states of the ancient Near East. (...) The Persian empire was a multinational state under the leadership of the Persians; among these peoples the Medes, Iranian sister nation of the Persians, held a special position.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ACHAEMENID+DYNASTY&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=414-426&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fachaemenid-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarr1850" class="citation book cs1">Farr, Edward (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historypersians00farrgoog">History of the Persians</a>. Robert Carter. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historypersians00farrgoog/page/n134">124</a>–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Persians&rft.pages=124-7&rft.pub=Robert+Carter&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Farr&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorypersians00farrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roisman_2011_345-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roisman_2011_345_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roisman_2011_345_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roisman_2011_345_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roisman_2011_345_14-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoismanWorthington2011">Roisman & Worthington 2011</a>, p. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-Simon_and_Schuster-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Simon_and_Schuster_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant1950" class="citation book cs1">Durant, Will (1950). Age of Faith. Simon and Schuster. p. 150. <q>Repaying its debt, Sasanian art exported its forms and motives eastward into India, Turkestan, and China, westward into Syria, Asia Minor, Constantinople, the Balkans, Egypt, and Spain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Age+of+Faith&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-burke-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burke_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-burke_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkeElliot2008" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Andrew; Elliot, Mark (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gEca_4iSNCUC">Iran</a>. Lonely Planet. pp. 295 & 114–5 (for architecture) and pp. 68–72 (for arts). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781742203492" title="Special:BookSources/9781742203492"><bdi>9781742203492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran&rft.pages=295+%26+114-5+%28%27%27for+architecture%27%27%29+and+pp.+68-72+%28%27%27for+arts%27%27%29&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781742203492&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Elliot%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgEca_4iSNCUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Persian_presence-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Persian_presence_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Persian_presence_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisianSabagh1998" class="citation book cs1">Hovannisian, Richard G.; Sabagh, Georges (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39XZDnOWUXsC">The Persian Presence in the Islamic World</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521591850" title="Special:BookSources/9780521591850"><bdi>9780521591850</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Presence+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.pages=80-83&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780521591850&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft.au=Sabagh%2C+Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39XZDnOWUXsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bertold_Spuler-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bertold_Spuler_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bertold_Spuler_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpulerMarcinkowski2003" class="citation book cs1">Spuler, Bertold; Marcinkowski, M. Ismail (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rD1vvympVtsC">Persian Historiography & Geography</a>. Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789971774882" title="Special:BookSources/9789971774882"><bdi>9789971774882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Historiography+%26+Geography&rft.pub=Pustaka+Nasional+Pte+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789971774882&rft.aulast=Spuler&rft.aufirst=Bertold&rft.au=Marcinkowski%2C+M.+Ismail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrD1vvympVtsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Persian_literature-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Persian_literature_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Persian_literature_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Persian_literature_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArberry1953" class="citation book cs1">Arberry, Arthur John (1953). The Legacy of Persia. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821905-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821905-9"><bdi>0-19-821905-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Persia&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=0-19-821905-9&rft.aulast=Arberry&rft.aufirst=Arthur+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-Tajiks-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica-Tajiks_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica-Tajiks_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica-Tajiks_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tajik-i-the-ethnonym-origins-and-application">"TAJIK i. THE ETHNONYM: ORIGINS AND APPLICATION"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. 20 July 2009. <q>By mid-Safavid times the usage tājik for 'Persian(s) of Iran' may be considered a literary affectation, an expression of the traditional rivalry between Men of the Sword and Men of the Pen. Pietro della Valle, writing from Isfahan in 1617, cites only Pārsi and ʿAjami as autonyms for the indigenous Persians, and Tāt and raʿiat 'peasant(ry), subject(s)' as pejorative heteronyms used by the Qezelbāš (Qizilbāš) Torkmān elite. Perhaps by about 1400, reference to actual Tajiks was directed mostly at Persian-speakers in Afghanistan and Central Asia; (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=TAJIK+i.+THE+ETHNONYM%3A+ORIGINS+AND+APPLICATION&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2009-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ftajik-i-the-ethnonym-origins-and-application&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstler2010" class="citation book cs1">Ostler, Nicholas (2010). The Last Lingua Franca: English Until the Return of Babel. Penguin UK. pp. 1–352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141922218" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141922218"><bdi>978-0141922218</bdi></a>. <q>Tat was known to have been used at different times to designate Crimean Goths, Greeks and sedentary peoples generally, but its primary reference came to be the Persians within the Turkic domains. (...) Tat is nowadays specialized to refer to special groups with Iranian languages in the west of the Caspian Sea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Lingua+Franca%3A+English+Until+the+Return+of+Babel&rft.pages=1-352&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0141922218&rft.aulast=Ostler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNava'i1996" class="citation book cs1">Nava'i, Ali Shir (tr. & ed. Robert Devereaux) (1996). Muhakamat al-lughatain. Leiden: Brill. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhakamat+al-lughatain&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Leiden%3A+Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Nava%27i&rft.aufirst=Ali+Shir+%28tr.+%26+ed.+Robert+Devereaux%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2013" class="citation book cs1">Starr, S. F. (2013). Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Enlightenment%3A+Central+Asia%27s+Golden+Age+from+the+Arab+Conquest+to+Tamerlane&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=S.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=*persi/s">Περσίς</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=Persia">"Persia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Persia&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3DPersia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Herodotus. "61". Histories. Vol. Book 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=61&rft.btitle=Histories&rft.au=Herodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Herodotus. "150". Histories. Vol. Book 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=150&rft.btitle=Histories&rft.au=Herodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold_Wilson-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_Wilson_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2012" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Arnold (2012). "The Middle Ages: Fars". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FocirvdZKjcC">The Persian Gulf (RLE Iran A)</a>. Routledge. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136841057" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136841057"><bdi>978-1136841057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Middle+Ages%3A+Fars&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Gulf+%28RLE+Iran+A%29&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1136841057&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFocirvdZKjcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael_Axworthy-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_Axworthy_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_Axworthy_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxworthy2017" class="citation book cs1">Axworthy, Michael (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IGRuDQAAQBAJ">Iran: What Everyone Needs to Know</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190232962" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190232962"><bdi>978-0190232962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0190232962&rft.aulast=Axworthy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIGRuDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a>, a native speaker of Khwarezmian, refers to "the people of Khwarizm" as "a branch of the Persian tree". See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Biruni2001" class="citation book cs1">Al-Biruni (2001). Al-Athar al-Baqiyya 'an al-Qurun al-Khaliyya [The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]. Tehran: Miras-e Maktub. p. 56. <q>و أما أهل خوارزم، و إن کانوا غصنا ً من دوحة الفُرس (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Athar+al-Baqiyya+%27an+al-Qurun+al-Khaliyya&rft.place=Tehran&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Miras-e+Maktub&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Al-Biruni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988">. (Translation: "The people of Khwarizm, they are a branch of the Persian tree.") </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> The language used in Marzbān-nāma was, in the words of the 13th-century historian Sa'ad ad-Din Warawini, "the language of Ṭabaristan and old, ancient Persian (fārsī-yi ḳadīm-i bāstān)". See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramers2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kramers, J.H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/marzban-nama-SIM_4990">"Marzbān-Nāma"</a>. In Bearman, P.; Bianqui, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. Retrieved 18 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marzb%C4%81n-N%C4%81ma&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kramers&rft.aufirst=J.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fmarzban-nama-SIM_4990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> 10th-century Arab Muslim writer Ibn Hawqal, in his Ṣūrat al-Arḍ, refers to "the language of the people of Azerbaijan and most of the people of Armenia" as al-fāresīya. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarshater2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yarshater, E. (18 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii">"AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. III. pp. 238–245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AZERBAIJAN+vii.+The+Iranian+Language+of+Azerbaijan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=238-245&rft.date=2011-08-18&rft.aulast=Yarshater&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fazerbaijan-vii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Mas'udi1894" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Al Mas'udi (1894). De Goeje, M.J. (ed.). Kitab al-Tanbih wa-l-Ishraf (in Arabic). Brill. pp. 77–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitab+al-Tanbih+wa-l-Ishraf&rft.pages=77-78&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1894&rft.au=Al+Mas%27udi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Battuta2004" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Battuta (2004). Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354. Routledge. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34473-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-34473-5"><bdi>0-415-34473-5</bdi></a>. <q>We travelled on to Kabul, formerly a vast town, the site of which is now occupied by a village inhabited by a tribe of Persians called Afghans. They hold mountains and defiles and possess considerable strength, and are mostly highwaymen. Their principal mountain is called <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Mountains" title="Sulaiman Mountains">Kuh Sulayman</a>. It is told that the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">prophet Sulayman [Solomon]</a> ascended this mountain and having looked out over India, which was then covered with darkness, returned without entering it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+in+Asia+and+Africa%2C+1325%E2%80%931354&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-34473-5&rft.au=Ibn+Battuta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheil1856" class="citation book cs1">Sheil, Lady Mary Leonora Woulfe (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glimpseslifeand00sheigoog">Glimpses of Life and Manners in Persia</a>. J. Murray. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glimpseslifeand00sheigoog/page/n448">394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+Life+and+Manners+in+Persia&rft.pages=394&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Sheil&rft.aufirst=Lady+Mary+Leonora+Woulfe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglimpseslifeand00sheigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Persian">"Persian"</a>. Merriam-Webster. 13 August 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Persian&rft.date=2010-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FPersian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBausani1971" class="citation book cs1">Bausani, Alessandro (1971). The Persians, from the Earliest Days to the Twentieth Century. Elek. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-236-17760-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-236-17760-8"><bdi>978-0-236-17760-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persians%2C+from+the+Earliest+Days+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Elek&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-236-17760-8&rft.aulast=Bausani&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncWH-38"><a href="#cite_ref-EncWH_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stearns, Peter N., ed. (2001). "The Medes and the Persians, c.1500-559". Encyclopedia of World History (6th ed.). The Houghton Mifflin Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Medes+and+the+Persians%2C+c.1500-559&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=The+Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schmitt, R. (21 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-dynasty">"ACHAEMENID DYNASTY"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I. pp. 414–426. <q>The Achaemenid clan possibly ruled over the Persian tribes already in the 9th century B.C., when they were still settled in northern Iran near Lake Urmia and tributary to the Assyrians. Of a king with the name Achaemenes there is no historical evidence; but it may have been under him that the Persians, under the pressure of Medes, Assyrians, and Urartians, migrated south into the Zagros region, where they founded, near the Elamite borders, the small state Parsumaš (with residence at present-day Masǰed-e Solaymān in the Baḵtīārī mountains, according to R. Ghirshman).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ACHAEMENID+DYNASTY&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=414-426&rft.date=2011-07-21&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fachaemenid-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrootmanVersluys2017" class="citation book cs1">Strootman, Rolf; Versluys, M. J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K1hEMQAACAAJ">Persianism in Antiquity</a>. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783515113823" title="Special:BookSources/9783515113823"><bdi>9783515113823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persianism+in+Antiquity&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9783515113823&rft.aulast=Strootman&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft.au=Versluys%2C+M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK1hEMQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988">. (footnote 53). </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarinkoob" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zarinkoob, Abdolhossein. Ruzgārān: Tārix-e Irān az Āğāz ta Soqut-e Saltanat-e Pahlavi <bdi lang="fa">روزگاران: تاریخ ایران از آغاز تا سقوط سلطنت پهلوی</bdi> [Times: History of Iran from the Beginning to the Fall of the Pahlavi Monarchy] (in Persian). Sokhan. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruzg%C4%81r%C4%81n%3A+T%C4%81rix-e+Ir%C4%81n+az+%C4%80%C4%9F%C4%81z+ta+Soqut-e+Saltanat-e+Pahlavi+%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%3A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%AA%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7+%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA+%D9%BE%D9%87%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Sokhan&rft.aulast=Zarinkoob&rft.aufirst=Abdolhossein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Firuzmandi-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Firuzmandi_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiruzmandi1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Firuzmandi, Bahman (1996). Mād, Haxāmaneši, Aškāni, Sāsāni <bdi lang="fa">ماد، هخامنشی، اشکانی، ساسانی</bdi> [Median, Achaemenid, Arsacid, Sasanian]. Marlik. pp. 12–20, 155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C4%81d%2C+Hax%C4%81mane%C5%A1i%2C+A%C5%A1k%C4%81ni%2C+S%C4%81s%C4%81ni+%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%8C+%D9%87%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%8C+%D8%A7%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%8C+%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C&rft.pages=12-20%2C+155&rft.pub=Marlik&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Firuzmandi&rft.aufirst=Bahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEduljee2012" class="citation cs2">Eduljee, K.E. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/zagros/index.htm">"Zoroastrian Heritage"</a>, Heritage Institute, retrieved 9 April 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Institute&rft.atitle=Zoroastrian+Heritage&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Eduljee&rft.aufirst=K.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheritageinstitute.com%2Fzoroastrianism%2Fzagros%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheim1964" class="citation book cs1">Oppenheim, A. Leo (1964). Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization. University of Chicago Press. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+Portrait+of+a+Dead+Civilization&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Oppenheim&rft.aufirst=A.+Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarshater2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yarshater, Ehsan (29 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-ii1-pre-islamic-times">"IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY (1) Pre-Islamic Times"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XIII. pp. 212–224. <q>Of the numerous Iranian tribes who had settled in Iranian plateau, it was the Medes (...) who grew in power and achieved prominence. (...) Finally in 612 B.C.E. and in alliance with the Babylonians, he attacked the Assyrian capital, Nineveh. Their combined forces succeeded in bringing the Assyrian Empire down, thus eliminating a power that had ruled with ruthless efficiency over the Middle East for several centuries. (...) Achaemenes (q.v.; Haxāmaniš), eponymous ancestor of the Achaemenids according to Darius I, formed a kingdom in the Elamite territory of Anshan in Fārs as a vassal of the Median king (...).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IRAN+ii.+IRANIAN+HISTORY+%281%29+Pre-Islamic+Times&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=212-224&rft.date=2012-03-29&rft.aulast=Yarshater&rft.aufirst=Ehsan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-ii1-pre-islamic-times&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iran_in_Iranica-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Iran_in_Iranica_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXavier_de_Planhol2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Xavier de Planhol (29 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-i-lands-of-iran">"IRAN i. LANDS OF IRAN"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XIII. pp. 204–212.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IRAN+i.+LANDS+OF+IRAN&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=204-212&rft.date=2012-03-29&rft.au=Xavier+de+Planhol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-i-lands-of-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gov-47"><a href="#cite_ref-gov_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2003" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Charles (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8aLb5pnm1j4C">Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome</a>. Psychology Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415121828" title="Special:BookSources/9780415121828"><bdi>9780415121828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Cities%3A+The+Archaeology+of+Urban+Life+in+the+Ancient+Near+East+and+Egypt%2C+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415121828&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8aLb5pnm1j4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_Christina_Miller2004" class="citation book cs1">Margaret Christina Miller (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oGXMMD5rXBQC">Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521607582" title="Special:BookSources/9780521607582"><bdi>9780521607582</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Athens+and+Persia+in+the+Fifth+Century+BC%3A+A+Study+in+Cultural+Receptivity&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521607582&rft.au=Margaret+Christina+Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoGXMMD5rXBQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983105-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983105_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaditsa1983">Raditsa 1983</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983102,_105-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983102,_105_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaditsa1983">Raditsa 1983</a>, pp. 102, 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983102-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983102_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983102_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983102_51-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaditsa1983">Raditsa 1983</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGing198615-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGing198615_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGing1986">McGing 1986</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam200217-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam200217_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Dam2002">Van Dam 2002</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce200185-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce200185_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce200185_54-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyce2001">Boyce 2001</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983107-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983107_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaditsa1983">Raditsa 1983</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gnoli-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gnoli_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gnoli_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gnoli_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gnoli_56-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gnoli_56-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnoli2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gnoli, Gherardo (30 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iranian-identity-ii-pre-islamic-period">"IRANIAN IDENTITY ii. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XIII. pp. 504–507. <q>The inscriptions of Darius I (...) and Xerxes, in which the different provinces of the empire are listed, make it clear that, between the end of the 6th century and the middle of the 5th century B.C.E., the Persians were already aware of belonging to the ariya "Iranian" nation (...). Darius and Xerxes boast of belonging to a stock which they call "Iranian": they proclaim themselves "Iranian" and "of Iranian stock," ariya and ariya čiça respectively, in inscriptions in which the Iranian countries come first in a list that is arranged in a new hierarchical and ethno-geographical order, compared for instance with the list of countries in Darius's inscription at Behistun (...). All this evidence shows that the name arya "Iranian" was a collective definition, denoting peoples (...) who were aware of belonging to the one ethnic stock, speaking a common language, and having a religious tradition that centered on the cult of Ahura Mazdā. (...) Although, up until the end of the Parthian period, Iranian identity had an ethnic, linguistic, and religious value, it did not yet have a political import. The idea of an "Iranian" empire or kingdom is a purely Sasanian one. (...) It was in the Sasanian period, then, that the pre-Islamic Iranian identity reached the height of its fulfilment in every aspect: political, religious, cultural, and linguistic (with the growing diffusion of Middle Persian). Its main ingredients were the appeal to a heroic past that was identified or confused with little-known Achaemenid origins (...), and the religious tradition, for which the Avesta was the chief source.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IRANIAN+IDENTITY+ii.+PRE-ISLAMIC+PERIOD&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=504-507&rft.date=2012-03-30&rft.aulast=Gnoli&rft.aufirst=Gherardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firanian-identity-ii-pre-islamic-period&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ammon-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ammon_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ammon_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ammon_57-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmonDittmarMattheierTrudgill2008" class="citation book cs1">Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=3110199874">Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik</a> (2 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1912. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110199871" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110199871"><bdi>978-3110199871</bdi></a>. <q>The Pahlavi language (also known as Middle Persian) was the official language of Iran during the Sassanid dynasty (from 3rd to 7th century A. D.). Pahlavi is the direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country. However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistics+%2F+Soziolinguistik&rft.pages=1912&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3110199871&rft.aulast=Ammon&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.au=Dittmar%2C+Norbert&rft.au=Mattheier%2C+Klaus+J.&rft.au=Trudgill%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D3110199874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindfuhr1989" class="citation book cs1">Windfuhr, G. (1989). "New West Iranian". In Schmitt, R. (ed.). Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum. Wiesbaden. pp. 251–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+West+Iranian&rft.btitle=Compendium+Linguarum+Iranicarum&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=251-62&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Windfuhr&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsatrian2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Asatrian, Garnik S. (28 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dimli">"DIMLĪ"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. VI. pp. 405–411.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=DIML%C4%AA&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=405-411&rft.date=2011-11-28&rft.aulast=Asatrian&rft.aufirst=Garnik+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdimli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skjærvø-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skjærvø_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skjærvø_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skjærvø_60-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkjærvø2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (29 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi2-documentation">"IRAN vi. IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS (2) Documentation"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. XIII. pp. 348–366. <q>Only the official languages Old, Middle, and New Persian represent three stages of one and the same language, whereas close genetic relationships are difficult to establish between other Middle and Modern Iranian languages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect group as Sogdian, but is not a direct descendant; Bac-trian may be closely related to modern Yidḡa and Munji (Munjāni); and Wakhi (Wāḵi) belongs with Khotanese. (...) New Persian, the descendant of Middle Persian and official language of Iranian states for centuries, is today spoken widely in and outside Iran in a number of variants.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IRAN+vi.+IRANIAN+LANGUAGES+AND+SCRIPTS+%282%29+Documentation&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=348-366&rft.date=2012-03-29&rft.aulast=Skj%C3%A6rv%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=Prods+Oktor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-vi2-documentation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lazard-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lazard_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazard_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazard1975" class="citation book cs1">Lazard, Gilbert (1975). "The Rise of the New Persian Language". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 595–632. <q>The language known as New Persian, which was usually called at this period by the name of darī or parsī-i darī, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official, religious and literary language of Sasanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Pashto, etc., Old Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fārs (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialects prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+New+Persian+Language&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=595-632&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Lazard&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIS-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EIS_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIS_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoon" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Coon, C.S. "Demography and Ethnography". Iran. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. IV. E.J. Brill. pp. 10–8. <q>The Lurs speak an aberrant form of Archaic Persian (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=10-8&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.aulast=Coon&rft.aufirst=C.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortson-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Fortson_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortson2009" class="citation book cs1">Fortson, Benjamin W. (2009). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. John Wiley and Sons. p. 242. <q>Middle Persian was the official language of the Sassanian dynasty (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Language+and+Culture%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Fortson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIr-Sasanian-64"><a href="#cite_ref-EIr-Sasanian_64-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFShapur_Shahbazi2005">Shapur Shahbazi 2005</a>) harv error: no target: CITEREFShapur_Shahbazi2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman_A._Stillman_pp_22-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Norman_A._Stillman_pp_22_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStillman1979" class="citation book cs1">Stillman, Norman A. (1979). The Jews of Arab Lands. Jewish Publication Society. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0827611552" title="Special:BookSources/0827611552"><bdi>0827611552</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Arab+Lands&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0827611552&rft.aulast=Stillman&rft.aufirst=Norman+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Byzantine_Studies_2006,_pp_29-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Byzantine_Studies_2006,_pp_29_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Congress_of_Byzantine_Studies2006" class="citation book cs1">International Congress of Byzantine Studies (30 September 2006). Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21-26 August 2006. Vol. 1–3. Ashgate Publishing. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/075465740X" title="Special:BookSources/075465740X"><bdi>075465740X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+21st+International+Congress+of+Byzantine+Studies%2C+London%2C+21-26+August+2006&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2006-09-30&rft.isbn=075465740X&rft.au=International+Congress+of+Byzantine+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2018290-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2018290_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell2018">Mitchell 2018</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge:_Ajam-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge:_Ajam_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge:_Ajam_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryeZarrinkoub1975" class="citation book cs1">Frye, Richard Nelson; Zarrinkoub, Abdolhosein (1975). Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 4. London. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.place=London&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Richard+Nelson&rft.au=Zarrinkoub%2C+Abdolhosein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ajam">"ʿAJAM"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I. 29 July 2011. pp. 700–701.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFAJAM&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=700-701&rft.date=2011-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fajam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2004" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L. (21 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC">The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199757268" title="Special:BookSources/9780199757268"><bdi>9780199757268</bdi></a>. <q>People unable to speak properly. Refers to non-Arabs. Connotes cultural and ethnic inferiority. Adjectival form: ajami. Principally used to designate (and eventually synonymous with) Persians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-10-21&rft.isbn=9780199757268&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE324pQEEQQcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgomZito2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ngom, Fallou; Zito, Alex (2012). "Sub-Saharan African literature, ʿAjamī". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_26630">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sub-Saharan+African+literature%2C+%CA%BFAjam%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+THREE&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_26630&rft.aulast=Ngom&rft.aufirst=Fallou&rft.au=Zito%2C+Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Islam_Today-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Islam_Today_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Islam_Today_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndeSteinbach2010" class="citation book cs1">Ende, Werner; Steinbach, Udo (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C">Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society</a>. Cornell University Press. p. 533. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801464898" title="Special:BookSources/9780801464898"><bdi>9780801464898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+World+Today%3A+A+Handbook+of+Politics%2C+Religion%2C+Culture%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=533&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780801464898&rft.aulast=Ende&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft.au=Steinbach%2C+Udo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-dM4hPlxMw8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Paul, Ludwig (19 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-language-1-early-new-persian">"PERSIAN LANGUAGE i. Early New Persian"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=PERSIAN+LANGUAGE+i.+Early+New+Persian&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2013-11-19&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fpersian-language-1-early-new-persian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Perry, John R. (10 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arabic-v">"ARABIC LANGUAGE v. Arabic Elements in Persian"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. II. pp. 229–243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ARABIC+LANGUAGE+v.+Arabic+Elements+in+Persian&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=229-243&rft.date=2011-08-10&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farabic-v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Masters, Bruce (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA71">"Baghdad"</a>. In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Facts_On_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Facts On File">Facts On File</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-6259-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008020716">2008020716</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516202344/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA71">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baghdad&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008020716&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6259-1&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjzYdCxumFcC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavory1980" class="citation book cs1">Savory, R.M. (1980). Iran under the Safavids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 3. <q>Why is there such confusion about the origins of this important dynasty, which reasserted Iranian identity and established an independent Iranian state after eight and a half centuries of rule by foreign dynasties?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+under+the+Safavids&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Savory&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Matthee, Rudi (28 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids">"SAFAVID DYNASTY"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=SAFAVID+DYNASTY&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2008-07-28&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fsafavids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillenbrand-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillenbrand_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillenbrand_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillenbrand2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hillenbrand, R. (11 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/architecture-vi">"ARCHITECTURE vi. Safavid to Qajar Periods"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. II. pp. 345–349. <q>Safavid inscriptions on the pre Islamic monuments (e.g., Persepolis and Bīsotūn) perhaps presage that wholesale adoption of and identification with ancient Iran that later characterized the Qajars, but there are not enough inscriptions to clinch the point. (...) An unexpected burst of activity in secular architecture marks the 17th century. Bridges which have wider functions than carrying traffic were built, reviving Sasanian custom (...). (...) Qajar decoration is usually unmistakable. Simple, rather strident tiled geometric or epigraphic designs in small glazed bricks were especially popular. The repertory of cuerda seca tiles now included episodes from the epic and legendary past, portraits of Europeans, scenes from modern life, and the country's heraldic blazon of the lion and the sun (...). Pavilions and palaces bore figural paintings which revived Sasanian royal iconography (Negārestān palace, Tehran) or betrayed the influence of European illustrated magazines or painted postcards depicting landscapes and tourist spots (...).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ARCHITECTURE+vi.+Safavid+to+Qajar+Periods&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=345-349&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft.aulast=Hillenbrand&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farchitecture-vi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amanat-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amanat_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amanat_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanat2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Amanat, Abbas (22 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/historiography-ix-1">"HISTORIOGRAPHY ix. PAHLAVI PERIOD (1)"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XII. pp. 377–386. <q>Typical of comparable nationalist historiographies in the early part of the 20th century (e.g., Greek, Italian, Egyptian, and Turkish), the state-sponsored historical narrative under the Pahlavis decidedly favored highlighting the might and glory of the ancient Persian empires, as supported by new archeological and textual evidences. (...) Moreover, promotion of the ancient past as a wholesale propaganda tool in the service of the state engendered nationalistic pride that proved detrimental to dispassionate historical inquiry. (...) The most visible change in the nationalist historiography under Reżā Shah was emphasis on the pre-Islamic, and particularly the Achaemenid, past.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=HISTORIOGRAPHY+ix.+PAHLAVI+PERIOD+%281%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=377-386&rft.date=2012-03-22&rft.aulast=Amanat&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhistoriography-ix-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilber-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilber_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilber_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilber2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wilber, D. N. (11 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/architecture-vii">"ARCHITECTURE vii. Pahlavi, before World War II"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. II. pp. 349–351.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ARCHITECTURE+vii.+Pahlavi%2C+before+World+War+II&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=349-351&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft.aulast=Wilber&rft.aufirst=D.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farchitecture-vii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshraf2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ashraf, Ahmad (24 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fars-iv">"FĀRS iv. History in the Qajar and Pahlavi Periods"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. IX. pp. 341–351.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=F%C4%80RS+iv.+History+in+the+Qajar+and+Pahlavi+Periods&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=341-351&rft.date=2012-01-24&rft.aulast=Ashraf&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ffars-iv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glott-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glott_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-glott_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/fars1255">"Subfamily: Farsic"</a>. Glottolog. Retrieved 1 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Subfamily%3A+Farsic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Ffars1255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120918060805/http://www.langcen.cam.ac.uk/resources/persian/persian.php">"Iran"</a>. University of Cambridge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langcen.cam.ac.uk/resources/persian/persian.php">the original</a> on 18 September 2012. 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G. (1950). Old Persian: Grammar Texts Lexicon. American Oriental Society. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Persian%3A+Grammar+Texts+Lexicon&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=American+Oriental+Society&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-s2008-80-1-87"><a href="#cite_ref-s2008-80-1_87-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2008">Schmitt 2008</a>, pp. 80–1) harv error: no target: CITEREFSchmitt2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014181639/http://www.essex.ac.uk/langling/documents/slx/slx_x_programme.pdf">"SociolinguistEssex X – 2005"</a> (PDF). Essex University. 2005. p. 10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essex.ac.uk/langling/documents/slx/slx_x_programme.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SociolinguistEssex+X+%E2%80%93+2005&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Essex+University&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essex.ac.uk%2Flangling%2Fdocuments%2Fslx%2Fslx_x_programme.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruenberg1966" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gruenberg, Alexander (1966). "Tatskij jazyk". In Vinogradov, V. V. (ed.). Jazyki narodov SSSR. Vol. 1: Indoevropejskie jazyki. pp. 281–301. <q>The Tat language belongs to the Southwest group of Iranian languages and is close in its grammatical structure and lexical content to the Persian and Tajik languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tatskij+jazyk&rft.btitle=Jazyki+narodov+SSSR&rft.pages=281-301&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Gruenberg&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanam2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Khanam, R., ed. (2005). Encyclopaedic Ethnography of Middle-East and Central Asia. Vol. 1: P-Z. Global Vision Publishing House. p. 746. <q>The contemporary Tats are the descendants of an Iranian-speaking population sent out of Persia by the dynasty of the Sasanids in the fifth to sixth centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedic+Ethnography+of+Middle-East+and+Central+Asia&rft.pages=746&rft.pub=Global+Vision+Publishing+House&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gernot_Windfuhr_1979._pg_4-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Gernot_Windfuhr_1979._pg_4_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindfuhr1979" class="citation book cs1">Windfuhr, Gernot (1979). Persian Grammar: history and state of its study. Walter de Gruyter. p. 4. <q>(...) 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Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408102145" title="Special:BookSources/978-1408102145"><bdi>978-1408102145</bdi></a>. <q>(...) and Tat (a variety of Persian) (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Languages%3A+The+Definitive+Reference+to+More+Than+400+Languages&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1408102145&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7dHNCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindfuhr2013" class="citation book cs1">Windfuhr, Genot (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QtpQZ1DD6tEC">Iranian Languages</a>. 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Collier. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece%3A+I.+Legendary+Greece%3A+II.+Grecian+history+to+the+reign+of+Peisistratus+at+Athens&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=P.+F.+Collier&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Grote&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtJcOAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lapidus-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lapidus_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lapidus_113-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidus2002" class="citation book cs1">Lapidus, Ira Marvin (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I3mVUEzm8xMC">A History of Islamic Societies</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521779333" title="Special:BookSources/9780521779333"><bdi>9780521779333</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521779333&rft.aulast=Lapidus&rft.aufirst=Ira+Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI3mVUEzm8xMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagar1992" class="citation book cs1">Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC">Foreign Influence on Ancient India</a>. Northern Book Centre. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172110284" title="Special:BookSources/9788172110284"><bdi>9788172110284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Influence+on+Ancient+India&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788172110284&rft.aulast=Sagar&rft.aufirst=Krishna+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0UA4rkm9MgkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-miller-115"><a href="#cite_ref-miller_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2004" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Margaret Christina (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oGXMMD5rXBQC">Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 243–251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521607582" title="Special:BookSources/9780521607582"><bdi>9780521607582</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Athens+and+Persia+in+the+Fifth+Century+BC%3A+A+Study+in+Cultural+Receptivity&rft.pages=243-251&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521607582&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoGXMMD5rXBQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkjærvø" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi2-documentation">"Iran vi. 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I.B.Tauris. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845110895" title="Special:BookSources/9781845110895"><bdi>9781845110895</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Architecture&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781845110895&rft.au=Marco+Bussagli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMfCkY6-9joC%26q%3DAchaemenid%2Barchitecture%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafie_Hamidpour_D_E_Dabfe,_Rafie_Hamidpour2010" class="citation book cs1">Rafie Hamidpour D E Dabfe, Rafie Hamidpour (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cP__ziIW39cC&q=bam+citadel&pg=PA54">Land of Lion, Land of Sun</a>. AuthorHouse. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781449091491" title="Special:BookSources/9781449091491"><bdi>9781449091491</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+Lion%2C+Land+of+Sun&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781449091491&rft.au=Rafie+Hamidpour+D+E+Dabfe%2C+Rafie+Hamidpour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcP__ziIW39cC%26q%3Dbam%2Bcitadel%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Henry_Caffin1917" class="citation book cs1">Charles Henry Caffin (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtostudyarchi02caffgoog">How to study architecture</a>. 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Kales Press. pp. 7–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780967007663" title="Special:BookSources/9780967007663"><bdi>9780967007663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardens+of+Persia&rft.pages=7-13&rft.pub=Kales+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780967007663&rft.au=Penelope+Hobhouse&rft.au=Erica+Hunningher&rft.au=Jerry+Harpur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAMFRyiAxZ6YC%26q%3DPersian%2Bgarden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFakour" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fakour, Mehrdad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/garden-i">"GARDEN i. ACHAEMENID PERIOD"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. X. pp. 297–298. Retrieved 30 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GARDEN+i.+ACHAEMENID+PERIOD&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=297-298&rft.aulast=Fakour&rft.aufirst=Mehrdad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgarden-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mays-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Mays_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Mays2010" class="citation book cs1">L. Mays (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AEzOzSZEAToC&q=Persepolis+irrigation&pg=PA94">Ancient Water Technologies</a>. Springer. pp. 95–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789048186327" title="Special:BookSources/9789048186327"><bdi>9789048186327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Water+Technologies&rft.pages=95-100&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789048186327&rft.au=L.+Mays&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAEzOzSZEAToC%26q%3DPersepolis%2Birrigation%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehdi_KhansariM._Reza_MoghtaderMinouch_Yavari2004" class="citation book cs1">Mehdi Khansari; M. 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Mage Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780934211758" title="Special:BookSources/9780934211758"><bdi>9780934211758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Garden%3A+Echoes+Of+Paradise&rft.pub=Mage+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780934211758&rft.au=Mehdi+Khansari&rft.au=M.+Reza+Moghtader&rft.au=Minouch+Yavari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0msdJAAACAAJ%26q%3DPersian%2Bgarden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-langton-124"><a href="#cite_ref-langton_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Beach_Langton1904" class="citation book cs1">Mary Beach Langton (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_YtcPAAAAYAAJ">How to know oriental rugs, a handbook</a>. D. Appleton and Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_YtcPAAAAYAAJ/page/n57">57</a>–59. <q>Persian rugs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+know+oriental+rugs%2C+a+handbook&rft.pages=57-59&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Mary+Beach+Langton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_YtcPAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ronald-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ronald_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ronald_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_W._Ferrier1989" class="citation book cs1">Ronald W. Ferrier (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G2Qkf0h2Pj4C&q=Pazyryk+Carpet+Persia&pg=PA118">The Arts of Persia</a>. Yale University Press. pp. 118–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300039875" title="Special:BookSources/0300039875"><bdi>0300039875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arts+of+Persia&rft.pages=118-120&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0300039875&rft.au=Ronald+W.+Ferrier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG2Qkf0h2Pj4C%26q%3DPazyryk%2BCarpet%2BPersia%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-mhphi-126"><a href="#cite_ref-EI-mhphi_126-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFLawergren2009">Lawergren 2009</a>) harv error: no target: CITEREFLawergren2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) iv. First millennium C.E. (1) Sasanian music, 224–651. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeyyed_Hossein_Nasr1987" class="citation book cs1">Seyyed Hossein Nasr (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EBu6gWcT0DsC&q=Sassanid+music&pg=PA3">Islamic art and spirituality</a>. 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Green; Josephine Thrall (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanhistory08unkngoog">The American history and encyclopedia of music</a>. I. Squire. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanhistory08unkngoog/page/n100">55</a>–58. <q>music of persia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+history+and+encyclopedia+of+music&rft.pages=55-58&rft.pub=I.+Squire&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Janet+M.+Green&rft.au=Josephine+Thrall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanhistory08unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shahbazi, A. Shapur (15 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nowruz-ii">"NOWRUZ ii. In the Islamic Period"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=NOWRUZ+ii.+In+the+Islamic+Period&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.edition=online&rft.date=2009-11-15&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Shapur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fnowruz-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2010/ga10916.doc.htm">"General Assembly Recognizes 21 March as International Day of Nowruz, Also Changes to 23–24 March Dialogue on Financing for Development – Meetings Coverage and Press Releases"</a>. UN. Retrieved 20 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Assembly+Recognizes+21+March+as+International+Day+of+Nowruz%2C+Also+Changes+to+23%E2%80%9324+March+Dialogue+on+Financing+for+Development+%E2%80%93+Meetings+Coverage+and+Press+Releases&rft.pub=UN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fpress%2Fen%2F2010%2Fga10916.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNCESCO2009" class="citation web cs1">UNCESCO (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00282">"Intangible Heritage List"</a>. Retrieved 9 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intangible+Heritage+List&rft.date=2009&rft.au=UNCESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Findex.php%3FRL%3D00282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsari2014" class="citation book cs1">Ansari, Ali M. (2014). Iran: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199669349" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199669349"><bdi>978-0199669349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199669349&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=Ali+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Boyce, Mary</a> (2001). Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415239028" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415239028"><bdi>978-0415239028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoroastrians%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0415239028&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGing1986" class="citation book cs1">McGing, B.C. (1986). The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004075917" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004075917"><bdi>978-9004075917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+Mithridates+VI+Eupator%2C+King+of+Pontus&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-9004075917&rft.aulast=McGing&rft.aufirst=B.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2018" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Stephen (2018). "Cappadocia". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192562463" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192562463"><bdi>978-0192562463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cappadocia&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0192562463&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaditsa1983" class="citation book cs1">Raditsa, Leo (1983). "Iranians in Asia Minor". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 3 (1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139054942" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139054942"><bdi>978-1139054942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iranians+in+Asia+Minor&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Vol.+3+%281%29%3A+The+Seleucid%2C+Parthian+and+Sasanian+periods&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-1139054942&rft.aulast=Raditsa&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoismanWorthington2010" class="citation book cs1">Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC">A Companion to Ancient Macedonia</a>. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-7936-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2&rft.aulast=Roisman&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Worthington%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkYFVJ3U-BIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoismanWorthington2011" class="citation book cs1">Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&q=Achaemenid+Persians+ruled+balkans&pg=PA345">A Companion to Ancient Macedonia</a>. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5163-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5163-7"><bdi>978-1-4443-5163-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5163-7&rft.aulast=Roisman&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Worthington%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQsJ183uUDkMC%26q%3DAchaemenid%2BPersians%2Bruled%2Bbalkans%26pg%3DPA345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Dam2002" class="citation book cs1">Van Dam, Raymond (2002). Kingdom of Snow: Roman Rule and Greek Culture in Cappadocia. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812236811" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812236811"><bdi>978-0812236811</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdom+of+Snow%3A+Roman+Rule+and+Greek+Culture+in+Cappadocia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0812236811&rft.aulast=Van+Dam&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pes">"Persian, Iranian"</a>. Ethnologue.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Persian%2C+Iranian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dpes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Persia">"Persia" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 187–252.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=187-252&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersians" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Iranian_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_people" title="Achomi people">Achomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Balochs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baloch_tribes" title="List of Baloch tribes">Baloch tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkardi_people" title="Bashkardi people">Bashkardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwar" title="Dehwar">Dehwaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsiwan" title="Farsiwan">Farsiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaks" title="Gilaks">Gilaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumzari_people" title="Kumzari people">Kumzaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_tribes" title="Kurdish tribes">Kurdish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lurs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakhtiari_people" title="Bakhtiari people">Bakhtiaris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shehni" title="Shehni">Shehnis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feyli_Lurs" title="Feyli Lurs">Feyli Lurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadavand_tribe" title="Hadavand tribe">Hadavand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasanvand" title="Hasanvand">Hasanvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Lurs" title="Southern Lurs">Southern Lurs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamasani_(tribe)" title="Mamasani (tribe)">Mamasanis</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_people" title="Mazanderani people">Mazanderanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digor_people" title="Digor people">Digors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_people" title="Iron people">Irons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kudar" title="Kudar">Kudars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasz_people" title="Jasz people">Jaszs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tajiks" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Tajiks">Chinese Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_people" title="Shughni people">Shughnis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badzhui_people" title="Badzhui people">Badzhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroshoris" title="Oroshoris">Oroshoris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha-Munji_people" title="Yidgha-Munji people">Yidgha–Munji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab-Persians" title="Arab-Persians">Arab-Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basseri" title="Basseri">Basseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistani_Persians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistani Persians">Sistanis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_people" title="Semnani people">Semnanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talyshs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Iran)" title="Tat people (Iran)">Tats of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaghnobis" title="Yaghnobis">Yaghnobis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazas" title="Zazas">Zazas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Bahrain" title="Ajam of Bahrain">Ajam of Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ajam_of_Kuwait" title="'Ajam of Kuwait">'Ajam of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Iranians in the United Arab Emirates">Iranians in the United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Qatar" title="Iranians in Qatar">Iranians in Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Tats" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihuh" title="Shihuh">Shihuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Iranian_peoples" title="List of ancient Iranian peoples">Ancient Iranian peoples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Iran" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Iran" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Iran">Ethnic groups in Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persians</a> 53%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> 16%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a> 10%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaks" title="Gilaks">Gilaks</a> 4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazandaranis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaranis">Mazandaranis</a> 4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lurs</a> 6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Arabs" title="Iranian Arabs">Arabs</a> 2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people_in_Iran" title="Baloch people in Iran">Balochs</a> 2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Turkmen">Turkmens</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Turks">Turkic people</a> 2%</li> <li>Others 1% <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Iran)" title="Tat people (Iran)">Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Assyrians">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iranians" title="Afro-Iranians">Afro-Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zargari_tribe" title="Zargari tribe">Zagari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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[\"CITEREFCraneLalMartini2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalby2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurant1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEduljee2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElling2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndeSteinbach2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFakour\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarr1850\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiruzmandi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFortson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrye1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFryeZarrinkoub1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFyre2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGates2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGnoli2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrote1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGruenberg1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerodotus\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHillenbrand2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHovannisianSabagh1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyder2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbn_Battuta2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Congress_of_Byzantine_Studies2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanata\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanet_M._GreenJosephine_Thrall1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKent1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerslake2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhanam2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKieffer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramers2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL._Mays2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapidus2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazard1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarashi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarco_Bussagli2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargaret_Christina_Miller2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMary_Beach_Langton1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasters2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGing1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehdi_KhansariM._Reza_MoghtaderMinouch_Yavari2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNava\u0026#039;i1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNgomZito2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppenheim1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstler2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalsetia2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPaul2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenelope_HobhouseErica_HunningherJerry_Harpur2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaditsa1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRafie_Hamidpour_D_E_Dabfe,_Rafie_Hamidpour2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRinger2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoismanWorthington2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoismanWorthington2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonald_W._Ferrier1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSacksMurrayBrody2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagar1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamadiPerkins2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavory1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchurmann1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeyyed_Hossein_Nasr1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahbazi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheil1856\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkjærvø\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkjærvø2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpulerMarcinkowski2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStearns2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStillman1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStilo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrootmanVersluys2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNCESCO2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Dam2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilber2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWindfuhr1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWindfuhr1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWindfuhr2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXavier_de_Planhol2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFYarshater2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYarshater2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarinkoob\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 72,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 34,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 13,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Persian People\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Iran\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"For-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Iranian peoples\"] = 1,\n [\"LSJ\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"OEtymD\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 13,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 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