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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Occupational safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupational_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paraffin wax</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86" title="برافين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برافين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafina" title="Parafina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Parafina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafin" title="Parafin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Parafin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chio%CC%8Dh-la%CC%8Dh" title="Chio̍h-la̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chio̍h-la̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Парафин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Парафин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Парафін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парафін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Парафіна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Парафіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Парафин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Парафин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafina" title="Parafina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Parafina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraf%C3%ADn" title="Parafín – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Parafín" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraff%C3%AEn" title="Paraffîn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Paraffîn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffin" title="Paraffin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paraffin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffin" title="Paraffin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paraffin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafiin" title="Parafiin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Parafiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafina" title="Parafina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parafina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafino" title="Parafino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Parafino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafina" title="Parafina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Parafina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پارافین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پارافین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffine" title="Paraffine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paraffine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9ir_phairif%C3%ADn" title="Céir phairifín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Céir phairifín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabhan" title="Parabhan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Parabhan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafina" title="Parafina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Parafina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%9D%BC%ED%95%80" title="파라핀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파라핀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Պարաֆին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարաֆին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="पैराफिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पैराफिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafin" title="Parafin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Parafin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafino" title="Parafino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Parafino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafin" title="Parafin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Parafin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraff%C3%ADnvax" title="Paraffínvax – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Paraffínvax" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffina" title="Paraffina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paraffina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פרפין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרפין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Парафин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Парафин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffina" title="Paraffina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paraffina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraf%C4%ABns" title="Parafīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Parafīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafinas" title="Parafinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Parafinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffin" title="Paraffin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paraffin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="പാരഫിൻ മെഴുക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാരഫിൻ മെഴുക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffine" title="Paraffine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paraffine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3" title="パラフィン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パラフィン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafina" title="Parafina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Parafina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafina" title="Parafina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parafina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafin%C4%83" title="Parafină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Parafină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Парафин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парафин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paraffin wax" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafin" title="Parafin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Parafin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafiini" title="Parafiini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Parafiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffin" title="Paraffin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paraffin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Парафин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Парафин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="พาราฟิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พาราฟิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Парафин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Парафин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafin" title="Parafin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Parafin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Парафін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Парафін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soft colorless solid derived from petroleum, coal or shale oil</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the wax. For the fuel, see <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>.</div> <p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> </p> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Paraffin wax </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paraffin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Paraffin.jpg/220px-Paraffin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Paraffin.jpg/330px-Paraffin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Paraffin.jpg/440px-Paraffin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="826" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=8002-74-2">8002-74-2</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number"><span title="E number (food additive code)">E number</span></a> </td> <td>E905 <a href="/wiki/E_number#E900–E999" title="E number">(glazing agents, ...)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/I9O0E3H2ZE">I9O0E3H2ZE</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID7027673">DTXSID7027673</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177540#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>White solid<sup id="cite_ref-GESTIS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GESTIS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Odor</a> </td> <td>Odorless </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>> 370 °C (698 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>~1 mg/L<sup id="cite_ref-GESTIS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GESTIS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a> </td> <td>200–240 °C (392–464 °F; 473–513 K)<sup id="cite_ref-GESTIS_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GESTIS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Candle_black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Candle_black.jpg/100px-Candle_black.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Candle_black.jpg/150px-Candle_black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Candle_black.jpg/200px-Candle_black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>Paraffin candle</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Paraffin wax</b> (or <b>petroleum wax</b>) is a soft colorless solid derived from <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a> that consists of a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> molecules containing between 20 and 40 carbon atoms. It is solid at room temperature and <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">begins to melt</a> above approximately 37 °C (99 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-PF_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its boiling point is above 370 °C (698 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-PF_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common applications for paraffin wax include <a href="/wiki/Lubrication" title="Lubrication">lubrication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical insulation">electrical insulation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Candles" class="mw-redirect" title="Candles">candles</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dyed paraffin wax can be made into <a href="/wiki/Crayon" title="Crayon">crayons</a>. </p><p>Un-dyed, unscented paraffin candles are odorless and bluish-white. Paraffin wax was first created by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Reichenbach#Scientific_contributions" title="Carl Reichenbach">Carl Reichenbach</a> in Germany in 1830 and marked a major advancement in candlemaking technology, as it burned more cleanly and reliably than <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a> candles and was cheaper to produce.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In chemistry, <i>paraffin</i> is used synonymously with <i><a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkane</a></i>, indicating hydrocarbons with the general formula C<sub><i>n</i></sub>H<sub>2<i>n</i>+2</sub>. The name is derived from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>parum</i> ("very little") + <i>affinis</i>, meaning "lacking <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">affinity</a>" or "lacking <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)" title="Reactivity (chemistry)">reactivity</a>", referring to paraffin's unreactive nature.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraffin_wax&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paraffin <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> is mostly found as a white, odorless, flavourless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point between about 46 and 68 °C (115 and 154 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a density of around 900 kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-kayelabymech_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kayelabymech-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is insoluble in water, but soluble in <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">ether</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>, and certain <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a>. Paraffin is unaffected by most common chemical <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reagents</a> but <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">burns</a> readily.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its heat of combustion is 42 MJ/kg.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hentriacontane.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hentriacontane.svg/270px-Hentriacontane.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hentriacontane.svg/405px-Hentriacontane.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hentriacontane.svg/540px-Hentriacontane.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="121" /></a><figcaption>The hydrocarbon <a href="/wiki/Hentriacontane" title="Hentriacontane">C<sub>31</sub>H<sub>64</sub></a> is a typical component of paraffin wax.</figcaption></figure></dd></dl> <p>Paraffin wax is an excellent <a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical insulator">electrical insulator</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Resistivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistivity">resistivity</a> of between 10<sup>13</sup> and 10<sup>17</sup> <a href="/wiki/Resistivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistivity">ohm-metre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kayelabyelec_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kayelabyelec-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is better than nearly all other materials except some <a href="/wiki/Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">plastics</a> (notably <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">PTFE</a>). It is an effective <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">neutron moderator</a> and was used in <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a>'s 1932 experiments to identify the neutron.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paraffin wax is an excellent material for <a href="/wiki/Phase_change_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase change material">storing heat</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity" title="Specific heat capacity">specific heat capacity</a> of 2.14–2.9 J⋅g<sup>−1</sup>⋅K<sup>−1</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Joules" class="mw-redirect" title="Joules">joules</a> per <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">gram</a> per <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">heat of fusion</a> of 200–220 J⋅g<sup>−1</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paraffin wax phase-change cooling coupled with retractable radiators was used to cool the electronics of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> during the crewed missions to the Moon in the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wax expands considerably when it melts and so is used in <a href="/wiki/Wax_thermostatic_element" title="Wax thermostatic element">wax element</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">thermostats</a> for industrial, domestic and, particularly, automobile purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rogerboden_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rogerboden-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If pure paraffin wax melted to the approximate flash point in a half open glass vessel which is then suddenly cooled down, then its vapors may autoignite as result of reaching <a href="/wiki/Boiling_liquid_expanding_vapor_explosion" title="Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion">boiling liquid pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraffin_wax&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paraffin wax was first created in 1830 by German chemist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Reichenbach" title="Carl Reichenbach">Karl von Reichenbach</a> when he attempted to develop a method to efficiently separate and refine waxy substances naturally occurring in petroleum. Paraffin represented a major advance in the candle-making industry because it burned cleanly and was cheaper to manufacture than other candle fuels such as <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a>. Paraffin wax initially suffered from a low melting point. This was remedied by adding <a href="/wiki/Stearic_acid" title="Stearic acid">stearic acid</a>. The production of paraffin wax enjoyed a boom in the early 20th century due to the growth of the oil and meatpacking industries, which created paraffin and stearic acid as byproducts.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraffin_wax&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The feedstock for paraffin is <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_product#Specialty_and_By-products" title="Petroleum product">slack wax</a>, which is a mixture of oil and wax, a byproduct from the refining of lubricating oil. </p><p>The first step in making paraffin wax is to remove the oil (de-oiling or de-waxing) from the slack wax. The oil is separated by crystallization. Most commonly, the slack wax is heated, mixed with one or more <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketone</a> and then cooled. As it cools, wax crystallizes out of the solution, leaving only oil. This mixture is filtered into two streams: solid (wax plus some solvent) and liquid (oil and solvent). After the solvent is recovered by distillation, the resulting products are called "product wax" (or "press wax") and "foots oil". The lower the percentage of oil in the wax, the more refined it is considered to be (semi-refined versus fully refined).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The product wax may be further processed to remove colors and odors. The wax may finally be blended together to give certain desired properties such as melt point and penetration. Paraffin wax is sold in either liquid or solid form.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraffin_wax&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In industrial applications, it is often useful to modify the crystal properties of the paraffin wax, typically by adding <a href="/wiki/Branching_(polymer_chemistry)" title="Branching (polymer chemistry)">branching</a> to the existing carbon backbone chain. The modification is usually done with additives, such as <a href="/wiki/Ethylene-vinyl_acetate" title="Ethylene-vinyl acetate">EVA</a> copolymers, <a href="/wiki/Microcrystalline_wax" title="Microcrystalline wax">microcrystalline wax</a>, or forms of <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a>. The branched properties result in a modified paraffin with a higher viscosity, smaller crystalline structure, and modified functional properties. Pure paraffin wax is rarely used for carving original models for <a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">casting</a> metal and other materials in the <a href="/wiki/Lost_wax_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost wax process">lost wax process</a>, as it is relatively brittle at room temperature and presents the risks of chipping and breakage when worked. Soft and pliable waxes, like <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a>, may be preferred for such sculpture, but "<a href="/wiki/Investment_casting" title="Investment casting">investment casting</a> waxes," often paraffin-based, are expressly formulated for the purpose. </p><p>In a histology or pathology laboratory, paraffin wax is used to impregnate tissue prior to sectioning thin samples. Water is removed from the tissue through ascending strengths of alcohol (75% to absolute), and then the alcohol is cleared in an organic solvent such as <a href="/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">xylene</a>. The tissue is then placed in paraffin wax for several hours, then set in a mold with wax to cool and solidify. Sections are then cut on a <a href="/wiki/Microtome" title="Microtome">microtome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraffin_wax&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Agent for preparation of specimens for <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a></li> <li>Anti-caking agent, moisture repellent, and dustbinding coatings for <a href="/wiki/Fertilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilizers">fertilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiozonant" title="Antiozonant">Antiozonant</a> agents: blends of paraffin and micro waxes are used in rubber compounds to prevent <a href="/wiki/Ozone_cracking" title="Ozone cracking">cracking</a> of the rubber; the admixture of wax migrates to the surface of the product and forms a protective layer. The layer can also act as a <a href="/wiki/Release_agent" title="Release agent">release agent</a>, helping the product separate from its <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">mould</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_chain" title="Bicycle chain">Bicycle chain</a> lubrication</li> <li>Bullet lubricant – with other ingredients, such as olive oil and <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">Candle</a>-making</li> <li>Coatings for <a href="/wiki/Waxed_paper" title="Waxed paper">waxed paper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Waxed_cotton" title="Waxed cotton">waxed cotton</a></li> <li>Component of <a href="/wiki/Surfboard_wax" title="Surfboard wax">surfboard wax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ski_wax" title="Ski wax">ski wax</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Street_skateboarding#Wax" title="Street skateboarding">skateboard wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayon" title="Crayon">Crayons</a></li> <li>Food-grade paraffin wax: <ul><li>Shiny coating used in <a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">candy</a>-making; although edible, it is nondigestible, passing through the body without being broken down</li> <li>Coating for many kinds of hard <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Edam_cheese" title="Edam cheese">Edam cheese</a></li> <li>Sealant for jars, cans, and bottles</li> <li>Chewing gum additive</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_investigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic investigation">Forensic investigations</a>: the nitrate test uses paraffin wax to detect nitrates and nitrites on the hand of a shooting suspect</li> <li>Fuel for <a href="/wiki/Fire_breathing_(circus_act)" title="Fire breathing (circus act)">fire breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_casting" title="Investment casting">Investment casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_Lamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava Lamps">Lava lamps</a></li> <li>Manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Boiled_leather" title="Boiled leather">boiled leather</a> armor and books</li> <li>Mechanical <a href="/wiki/Wax_thermostatic_element" title="Wax thermostatic element">thermostats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_microactuator" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraffin microactuator">actuators</a>, as an expansion medium for activating such devices<sup id="cite_ref-rogerboden_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rogerboden-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Microwax:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additive</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Glazing_agent" title="Glazing agent">glazing agent</a> with <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> E905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moisturiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Moisturiser">Moisturiser</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toiletries" class="mw-redirect" title="Toiletries">toiletries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Vaseline" title="Vaseline">Vaseline</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_radiation" title="Neutron radiation">Neutron radiation</a> shielding</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_change_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase change material">Phase change material</a> for <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy_storage" title="Thermal energy storage">thermal energy storage</a> <ul><li>Used by <a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a> (Mercury spacecraft), when the spacecraft was unable to radiate excessive heat.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegmatized" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlegmatized">Phlegmatizing</a> agent, commonly used to stabilise/desensitize <a href="/wiki/High_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="High explosive">high explosives</a> such as <a href="/wiki/RDX" title="RDX">RDX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potting_(electronics)" title="Potting (electronics)">Potting</a> material to encapsulate electronic components such as <a href="/wiki/Pick_up_(music_technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick up (music technology)">guitar pickups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">inductors</a>, to prevent moisture ingress and to reduce <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetically_induced_acoustic_noise" title="Electromagnetically induced acoustic noise">electromagnetically induced acoustic noise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microphonics" title="Microphonics">microphonic effects</a></li> <li>Prevents <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidation</a> on the surface of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">polished steel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Solid <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">ink</a> color blocks of wax for <a href="/wiki/Thermal_printing" title="Thermal printing">thermal printers</a>. The wax is melted and then sprayed on the paper producing images with a shiny surface</li> <li>Solid propellant for <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid rocket">hybrid rocket</a> motors<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Textile manufacturing processes, such as that used for <a href="/wiki/Eisengarn" title="Eisengarn">Eisengarn</a> thread</li> <li>Thickening agent in many <a href="/wiki/Paintballs" class="mw-redirect" title="Paintballs">paintballs</a></li> <li>Wax baths for <a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">occupational</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physical</a> therapies and <a href="/wiki/Manicure#Paraffin_wax_treatments" title="Manicure">cosmetic treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_carving" title="Wax carving">Wax carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">Wood finishing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupational_safety">Occupational safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraffin_wax&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Occupational safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People can be exposed to paraffin in the workplace by breathing it in, skin contact, and eye contact. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) for paraffin wax fume exposure of 2 mg/m<sup>3</sup> over an 8-hour workday.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraffin_wax&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligomer" title="Oligomer">Oligomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozokerite" title="Ozokerite">Ozokerite</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraffin_wax&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GESTIS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GESTIS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GESTIS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GESTIS_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gestis.dguv.de/data?name=092540&lang=en">Record </a> in the <a href="/wiki/GESTIS_Substance_Database" title="GESTIS Substance Database">GESTIS Substance Database</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health_of_the_German_Social_Accident_Insurance" title="Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance">Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PF-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PF_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PF_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFreundMózes1982" class="citation book cs1">Freund, Mihály; Mózes, Gyula (1982). <i>Paraffin products: properties, technologies, applications</i>. Translated by Jakab, E. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-99712-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-99712-8"><bdi>978-0-444-99712-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paraffin+products%3A+properties%2C+technologies%2C+applications&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-444-99712-8&rft.aulast=Freund&rft.aufirst=Mih%C3%A1ly&rft.au=M%C3%B3zes%2C+Gyula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParaffin+wax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europecandles.org/pages/uk/an-everlasting-history/raw-materials-and-candles-production-processes.php">Raw materials and candles production processes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321103525/https://europecandles.org/raw-materials-and-candles-production-processes">Archived</a> 21 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, AECM</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://candles.org/history/">"History of Candles"</a>. <i>National Candle Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Candle+Association&rft.atitle=History+of+Candles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcandles.org%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParaffin+wax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Paraffin, n". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paraffin%2C+n&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParaffin+wax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasser1999" class="citation book cs1">Nasser, William E (1999). "Waxes, Natural and Synthetic". In McKetta, John J (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design</i>. Vol. 67. New York: Marcel Dekker. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2618-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2618-8"><bdi>978-0-8247-2618-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waxes%2C+Natural+and+Synthetic&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Chemical+Processing+and+Design&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-2618-8&rft.aulast=Nasser&rft.aufirst=William+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParaffin+wax" class="Z3988"></span> This can vary widely, even outside the quoted range, according to such factors as oil content and crystalline structure.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kayelabymech-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kayelabymech_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayeLaby,_Thomas_Howell" class="citation web cs1">Kaye, George William Clarkson; <a href="/wiki/T._H._Laby" title="T. H. Laby">Laby, Thomas Howell</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080311173419/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_2/2_2_1.html">"Mechanical properties of materials"</a>. <i>Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory,_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="National Physical Laboratory, UK">National Physical Laboratory</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_2/2_2_1.html">the original</a> on 11 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kaye+and+Laby+Tables+of+Physical+and+Chemical+Constants&rft.atitle=Mechanical+properties+of+materials&rft.aulast=Kaye&rft.aufirst=George+William+Clarkson&rft.au=Laby%2C+Thomas+Howell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kayelaby.npl.co.uk%2Fgeneral_physics%2F2_2%2F2_2_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParaffin+wax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeagerSlabaugh2010" class="citation book cs1">Seager, Spencer L.; Slabaugh, Michael (19 January 2010). "Alkane reactions". <i>Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Biochemistry</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kaye+and+Laby+Tables+of+Physical+and+Chemical+Constants&rft.atitle=Electrical+insulating+materials&rft.date=1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kayelaby.npl.co.uk%2Fgeneral_physics%2F2_6%2F2_6_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParaffin+wax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125508/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/atomic_and_nuclear_physics/4_7/4_7_3.html">"Attenuation of fast neutrons: neutron moderation and diffusion"</a>. <i>Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kaye+and+Laby+Tables+of+Physical+and+Chemical+Constants&rft.atitle=Attenuation+of+fast+neutrons%3A+neutron+moderation+and+diffusion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kayelaby.npl.co.uk%2Fatomic_and_nuclear_physics%2F4_7%2F4_7_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParaffin+wax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Rhodes, Richard</a> (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofatomicbo00rhod"><i>The Making of the Atomic Bomb</i></a></span>. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofatomicbo00rhod/page/163">163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-44133-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-44133-3"><bdi>978-0-671-44133-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-671-44133-3&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofatomicbo00rhod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParaffin+wax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070804192935/http://www.diracdelta.co.uk/science/source/s/p/specific%20heat%20capacity/source.html">"Specific Heat Capacity"</a>. <i>Diracdelta.co.uk Science and Engineering Encyclopedia</i>. 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paraffin_wax" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paraffin wax">Paraffin wax</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p4o9AQAAIAAJ">Odd Uses of Paraffin</a>", <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>, 13 July 1878, p. 19</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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