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aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sweet_and_bitter_almonds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweet_and_bitter_almonds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sweet and bitter almonds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweet_and_bitter_almonds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origin and distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pollination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Pests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Sustainability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Toxicity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mandatory_pasteurisation_in_California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandatory_pasteurisation_in_California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mandatory pasteurisation in California</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandatory_pasteurisation_in_California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Desserts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desserts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Desserts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desserts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marzipan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marzipan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1.1</span> <span>Marzipan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marzipan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_cuisines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_cuisines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>World cuisines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_cuisines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.3</span> <span>Milk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flour_and_skins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flour_and_skins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.4</span> <span>Flour and skins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flour_and_skins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.5</span> <span>Syrup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Oils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Almond</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 123 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">123 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amandel" title="Amandel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amandel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="አልመንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አልመንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2" title="لوز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_dulcis" title="Prunus dulcis – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Prunus dulcis" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%93%DC%95%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܫܓܕܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܓܕܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B7%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Նշենի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նշենի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migdalu" title="Migdalu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Migdalu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_dulcis" title="Prunus dulcis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Prunus dulcis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakanicic" title="Pakanicic – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Pakanicic" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_badam" title="Adi badam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adi badam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بادام – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بادام" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Міндаль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міндаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Мігдалы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мігдалы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бадем – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бадем" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badem" title="Badem – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Badem" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ametller" title="Ametller – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ametller" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almendra" title="Almendra – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Almendra" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandlo%C5%88_obecn%C3%A1" title="Mandloň obecná – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mandloň obecná" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amandulu" title="Amandulu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Amandulu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cneuen_almon" title="Cneuen almon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cneuen almon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandel" title="Mandel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mandel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbaum" title="Mandelbaum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mandelbaum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neeshch%CA%BC%C3%AD%C3%AD%CA%BC_h%C3%A1%C3%A1heeshchii%CA%BC%C3%AD" title="Neeshchʼííʼ hááheeshchiiʼí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Neeshchʼííʼ hááheeshchiiʼí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandlowy_bom" title="Mandlowy bom – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Mandlowy bom" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilik_mandlipuu" title="Harilik mandlipuu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harilik mandlipuu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Αμυγδαλιά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμυγδαλιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_dulcis" title="Prunus dulcis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prunus dulcis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migdalujo" title="Migdalujo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Migdalujo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_dulcis" title="Prunus dulcis – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Prunus dulcis" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbendolondo" title="Arbendolondo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arbendolondo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بادام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بادام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amandier" title="Amandier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amandier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandol%C3%A2r" title="Mandolâr – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Mandolâr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alm%C3%B3inn" title="Almóinn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Almóinn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almon" title="Almon – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Almon" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almon" title="Almon – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Almon" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amendoeira" title="Amendoeira – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Amendoeira" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE" title="બદામ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બદામ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%AA%AC%EB%93%9C" title="아몬드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아몬드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B7%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Նշենի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նշենի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="बादाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बादाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandlowc" title="Mandlowc – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mandlowc" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badem" title="Badem – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Badem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelo" title="Mandelo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mandelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almendras" title="Almendras – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Almendras" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badam" title="Badam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Badam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amandoliero" title="Amandoliero – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Amandoliero" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B4%C3%A6%D1%84" title="Кæрдæф – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кæрдæф" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandla" title="Mandla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mandla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_amygdalus" title="Prunus amygdalus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prunus amygdalus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%93_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%99" title="שקד מצוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שקד מצוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond" title="Almond – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Almond" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF_(%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5)" title="ಬಾದಾಮಿ (ಪದಾರ್ಥ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾದಾಮಿ (ಪದಾರ್ಥ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almendras" title="Almendras – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Almendras" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بادام – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بادام" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%ABwa_mandla" title="Slëwa mandla – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Slëwa mandla" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA)" title="Бадам (өсімдік) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бадам (өсімдік)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamandwydh" title="Alamandwydh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Alamandwydh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlozi" title="Mlozi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mlozi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyora_(Prunus_dulcis)" title="Soyora (Prunus dulcis) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Soyora (Prunus dulcis)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beh%C3%AEv" title="Behîv – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Behîv" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Бадам – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бадам" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_dulcis" title="Prunus dulcis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Prunus dulcis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parast%C4%81_mandele" title="Parastā mandele – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Parastā mandele" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbam" title="Mandelbam – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mandelbam" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migdolas" title="Migdolas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Migdolas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandula_(n%C3%B6v%C3%A9nyfaj)" title="Mandula (növényfaj) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mandula (növényfaj)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бадем – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бадем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="ബദാം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബദാം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="बदाम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बदाम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badam" title="Badam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Badam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almendreira" title="Almendreira – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Almendreira" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Бүйлс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бүйлс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amandelboom" title="Amandelboom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amandelboom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="मधेशी बदाम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मधेशी बदाम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="アーモンド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーモンド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbuum" title="Mandelbuum – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mandelbuum" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandel" title="Mandel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mandel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandel" title="Mandel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mandel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ametli%C3%A8r" title="Ametlièr – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ametlièr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoondii" title="Almoondii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Almoondii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਬਦਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਦਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بدام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بدام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بادام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بادام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_dulcis" title="Prunus dulcis – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Prunus dulcis" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migda%C5%82owiec_pospolity" title="Migdałowiec pospolity – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Migdałowiec pospolity" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amendoeira" title="Amendoeira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amendoeira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migdal" title="Migdal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Migdal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almindru" title="Almindru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Almindru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Миндаль обыкновенный – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миндаль обыкновенный" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="वातामम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वातामम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8ndula" title="Mèndula – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mèndula" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajamja_(bim%C3%AB)" title="Bajamja (bimë) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bajamja (bimë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_dulcis" title="Prunus dulcis – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Prunus dulcis" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond" title="Almond – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Almond" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بادام – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بادام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C4%BEa_oby%C4%8Dajn%C3%A1" title="Mandľa obyčajná – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mandľa obyčajná" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandljevec" title="Mandljevec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mandljevec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85" title="بادەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بادەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бадем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бадем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badem" title="Badem – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Badem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manteli" title="Manteli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Manteli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandel" title="Mandel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mandel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almendras" title="Almendras – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Almendras" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="வாதுமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாதுமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikik%E1%B8%8D" title="Ikikḍ – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ikikḍ" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isi%C9%A3id" title="Isiɣid – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Isiɣid" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%BC" title="Бәдәм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бәдәм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82" title="బాదం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బాదం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="อัลมอนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัลมอนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бодом – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бодом" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badem" title="Badem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Badem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Мигдаль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мигдаль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بادام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بادام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بادام – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بادام" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1nh_%C4%91%C3%A0o" title="Hạnh đào – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hạnh đào" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E6%A1%83" title="偏桃 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="偏桃" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_dulcis" title="Prunus dulcis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Prunus dulcis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%81%E6%A1%83" title="扁桃 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="扁桃" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C" title="מאנדל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאנדל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%81%E6%A1%83" title="扁桃 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="扁桃" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vam%C3%AAre" title="Vamêre – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vamêre" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%81%E6%A1%83" title="扁桃 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="扁桃" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of nut</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Almond_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Almond (disambiguation)">Almond (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Almond </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Almonds_-_in_shell,_shell_cracked_open,_shelled,_blanched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Almonds_-_in_shell%2C_shell_cracked_open%2C_shelled%2C_blanched.jpg/290px-Almonds_-_in_shell%2C_shell_cracked_open%2C_shelled%2C_blanched.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Almonds_-_in_shell%2C_shell_cracked_open%2C_shelled%2C_blanched.jpg/435px-Almonds_-_in_shell%2C_shell_cracked_open%2C_shelled%2C_blanched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Almonds_-_in_shell%2C_shell_cracked_open%2C_shelled%2C_blanched.jpg/580px-Almonds_-_in_shell%2C_shell_cracked_open%2C_shelled%2C_blanched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Clockwise from top left: almonds with shell cracked open, unshelled, shelled, and blanched seed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ametllesjuliol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Branch of tree with green fruit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ametllesjuliol.jpg/290px-Ametllesjuliol.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ametllesjuliol.jpg/435px-Ametllesjuliol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ametllesjuliol.jpg/580px-Ametllesjuliol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Almond tree with ripening fruit </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Prunus_subg._Amygdalus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus"><i>Prunus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subgenus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amygdalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amygdalus"><i>Prunus <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Amygdalus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>P. amygdalus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Prunus amygdalus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Batsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Batsch">Batsch</a>, 1801</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-powo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Replaced syn.</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><ul class="taxonlist"><li><i>Amygdalus communis</i> <small><a href="/wiki/L." class="mw-redirect" title="L.">L.</a>, 1753 </small></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Homotypic</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><ul class="taxonlist"><li><i>Amygdalus amygdalus</i> <small>(Batsch) Frye & Rigg, 1912 <a href="/wiki/Nom._illeg." class="mw-redirect" title="Nom. illeg.">nom. illeg.</a> </small></li><li><i>Druparia amygdalus</i> <small>(Batsch) Clairv., 1811 </small></li><li><i>Prunus communis</i> <small>(L.) Arcang., 1882 <a href="/wiki/Nom._illeg." class="mw-redirect" title="Nom. illeg.">nom. illeg.</a> </small></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Heterotypic</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><ul class="taxonlist"><li><i>Amygdalus amara</i> <small>Duhamel, 1768 </small></li><li><i>Amygdalus amygdalina</i> <small>Oken ex M.Roem., 1847 </small></li><li><i>Amygdalus cochinchinensis</i> <small>Lour., 1790 </small></li><li><i>Amygdalus communis <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> fragilis</i> <small>Ser., 1825 </small></li><li><i>Amygdalus communis <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> macrocarpa</i> <small>Ser., 1825 </small></li><li><i>Amygdalus decipiens</i> <small>Poit. & Turpin, 1830 </small></li><li><i>Amygdalus dulcis</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Mill." class="mw-redirect" title="Mill.">Mill.</a>, 1768 </small></li><li><i>Amygdalus elata</i> <small>Salisb., 1796 </small></li><li><i>Amygdalus korshinskyi <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> bornmuelleri</i> <small>Browicz, 1974 </small></li><li><i>Amygdalus sativa</i> <small>Mill., 1768 </small></li><li><i>Amygdalus sinensis</i> <small>Steud., 1840 </small></li><li><i>Amygdalus stocksiana</i> <small>Boiss., 1856 </small></li><li><i>Persica</i> <small>Mill., 1754 </small></li><li><i>Prunus cochinchinensis</i> <small>(Lour.) Koehne, 1915 </small></li><li><i>Prunus dulcis</i> <small>(Mill.) <a href="/wiki/D.A.Webb" class="mw-redirect" title="D.A.Webb">D.A.Webb</a>, 1967 <a href="/wiki/Nom._superfl." class="mw-redirect" title="Nom. superfl.">nom. superfl.</a> </small></li><li><i>Prunus dulcis <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> amara</i> <small>(Duhamel) Buchheim, 1972 </small></li><li><i>Prunus dulcis <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> fragilis</i> <small>(Ser.) Buchheim, 1972 </small></li><li><i>Prunus dulcis <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> spontanea</i> <small>(Korsh.) Buchheim, 1972 </small></li><li><i>Prunus intermedia</i> <small>A.Sav., 1882 </small></li><li><i>Prunus stocksiana</i> <small>(Boiss.) Brandis, 1906 </small></li><li><i>Trichocarpus</i> <small>Neck., 1790 </small></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>almond</b> (<i><b>Prunus amygdalus</b></i>, <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)#Botany" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">syn.</a> <i><b>Prunus dulcis</b></i>) is a species of tree from the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Prunus</a></i>. Along with the <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peach</a>, it is classified in the subgenus <i>Amygdalus</i>, distinguished from the other subgenera by corrugations on the shell (<a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy#Endocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">endocarp</a>) surrounding the seed.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fruit of the almond is a <a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">drupe</a>, consisting of an outer hull and a <a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">hard shell</a> with the seed, which is not a <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">true nut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Shelling</i> almonds refers to removing the shell to reveal the seed. Almonds are sold shelled or unshelled. <a href="/wiki/Blanching_(cooking)" title="Blanching (cooking)">Blanched</a> almonds are shelled almonds that have been treated with hot water to soften the <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seedcoat</a>, which is then removed to reveal the white <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>. Once almonds are cleaned and processed, they can be stored for around a year if kept refrigerated; at higher temperatures they will become <a href="/wiki/Rancidification" title="Rancidification">rancid</a> more quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-k109_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k109-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almonds are used in many cuisines, often featuring prominently in desserts, such as <a href="/wiki/Marzipan" title="Marzipan">marzipan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The almond tree prospers in a moderate <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> with cool winter weather.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is rarely found wild in its original setting.<sup id="cite_ref-ladizinsky99_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ladizinsky99-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almonds were one of the earliest domesticated <a href="/wiki/Fruit_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit trees">fruit trees</a>, due to the ability to produce quality offspring entirely from seed, without using suckers and cuttings. Evidence of domesticated almonds in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a> has been found in the archeological sites of the Middle East, and subsequently across the Mediterranean region and similar arid climates with cool winters. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Almond_cultivation_in_California" title="Almond cultivation in California">California produces</a> about 80% of the world's almond supply.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to high acreage and water demand for almond cultivation, and need for <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_Almond_Growers" title="California Almond Growers">California almond</a> production may be unsustainable, especially during the persistent drought and heat from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_California" title="Climate change in California">climate change</a> in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Droughts_in_California" title="Droughts in California">Droughts in California</a> have caused some producers to leave the industry, leading to lower supply and increased prices.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <p>The almond is a <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> tree growing to 3–4.5 metres (10–15 feet) in height,<sup id="cite_ref-eb_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a trunk of up to 30 centimetres (12 inches) in diameter. The young <a href="/wiki/Twig" title="Twig">twigs</a> are green at first, becoming purplish where exposed to sunlight, then grey in their second year. The <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> are 8–13 cm (3–5 in) long,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a serrated margin and a 2.5 cm (1 in) <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a>. </p><p>The fragrant <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> are white to pale pink, 3–5 cm (1–2 in) diameter with five petals, produced singly or in pairs and appearing before the leaves in early spring.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rushforth_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rushforth-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rhs_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhs-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almond trees thrive in Mediterranean climates with warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The optimal temperature for their growth is between 15 and 30 °C (59 and 86 °F) and the tree buds have a <a href="/wiki/Chilling_requirement" title="Chilling requirement">chilling requirement</a> of 200 to 700 hours below 7.2 °C (45.0 °F) to break dormancy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almonds begin bearing an economic crop in the third year after planting. Trees reach full bearing five to six years after planting. The fruit matures in the autumn, 7–8 months after flowering.<sup id="cite_ref-rhs_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhs-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The almond fruit is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3.5–6 cm (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) long. It is not a <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nut</a> but a <a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">drupe</a>. The outer covering, consisting of an outer <a href="/wiki/Exocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocarp">exocarp</a>, or skin, and <a href="/wiki/Mesocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesocarp">mesocarp</a>, or flesh, fleshy in other members of <i>Prunus</i> such as the <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherry</a>, is instead a thick, leathery, grey-green coat (with a downy exterior), called the hull. Inside the hull is a woody <a href="/wiki/Endocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocarp">endocarp</a> which forms a reticulated, hard shell (like the outside of a peach pit) called the <a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">pyrena</a>. Inside the shell is the edible seed, commonly called a nut.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, one seed is present, but occasionally two occur. After the fruit matures, the hull splits and separates from the shell, and an <a href="/wiki/Abscission_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Abscission layer">abscission layer</a> forms between the stem and the fruit so that the fruit can fall from the tree.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During harvest, mechanised tree shakers are used to expedite fruits falling to the ground for collection.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Gallery of almond</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88_%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Almond blossoms"><img alt="Almond blossoms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88_%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.JPG/360px-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88_%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88_%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.JPG/540px-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88_%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88_%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.JPG/720px-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88_%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Almond blossoms</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kulturmandel_unreife_Fr%C3%BCchte.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Young almond fruit"><img alt="Young almond fruit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kulturmandel_unreife_Fr%C3%BCchte.JPG/360px-Kulturmandel_unreife_Fr%C3%BCchte.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kulturmandel_unreife_Fr%C3%BCchte.JPG/540px-Kulturmandel_unreife_Fr%C3%BCchte.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kulturmandel_unreife_Fr%C3%BCchte.JPG/720px-Kulturmandel_unreife_Fr%C3%BCchte.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Young almond fruit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 262px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_almonds.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Green almonds"><img alt="Green almonds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Green_almonds.jpg/390px-Green_almonds.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Green_almonds.jpg/585px-Green_almonds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Green_almonds.jpg/780px-Green_almonds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="751" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Green almonds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrigueras_(20578932389)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mature almond nut"><img alt="Mature almond nut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Madrigueras_%2820578932389%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/268px-Madrigueras_%2820578932389%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Madrigueras_%2820578932389%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/403px-Madrigueras_%2820578932389%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Madrigueras_%2820578932389%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/537px-Madrigueras_%2820578932389%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1948" data-file-height="1959" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mature almond nut</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Almond_shell.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Almond shell"><img alt="Almond shell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Almond_shell.jpg/405px-Almond_shell.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Almond_shell.jpg/608px-Almond_shell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Almond_shell.jpg/810px-Almond_shell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Almond shell</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Almond_with_two_kernels.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A rare double-seeded shell"><img alt="A rare double-seeded shell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Almond_with_two_kernels.jpg/405px-Almond_with_two_kernels.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Almond_with_two_kernels.jpg/608px-Almond_with_two_kernels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Almond_with_two_kernels.jpg/810px-Almond_with_two_kernels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A rare double-seeded shell</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Almonds.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Harvested almonds"><img alt="Harvested almonds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Almonds.png/293px-Almonds.png" decoding="async" width="196" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Almonds.png/440px-Almonds.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Almonds.png/586px-Almonds.png 2x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Harvested almonds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blanched_almonds.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blanched almonds"><img alt="Blanched almonds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Blanched_almonds.jpg/360px-Blanched_almonds.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Blanched_almonds.jpg/540px-Blanched_almonds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Blanched_almonds.jpg/720px-Blanched_almonds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Blanching_(cooking)" title="Blanching (cooking)">Blanched</a> almonds</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweet_and_bitter_almonds">Sweet and bitter almonds</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg/220px-%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg/330px-%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg/440px-%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3468" data-file-height="4624" /></a><figcaption>Almond blossom</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_ringed_Parakeet_in_bitter_Almond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rose_ringed_Parakeet_in_bitter_Almond.jpg/220px-Rose_ringed_Parakeet_in_bitter_Almond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rose_ringed_Parakeet_in_bitter_Almond.jpg/330px-Rose_ringed_Parakeet_in_bitter_Almond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rose_ringed_Parakeet_in_bitter_Almond.jpg/440px-Rose_ringed_Parakeet_in_bitter_Almond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Blossoming of bitter almond tree</figcaption></figure> <p>The seeds of <i>Prunus dulcis</i> var. <i>dulcis</i> are predominantly sweet<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some individual trees produce seeds that are somewhat more bitter.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genetic basis for bitterness involves a single gene, the bitter flavour furthermore being <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">recessive</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both aspects making this trait easier to domesticate. The fruits from <i>Prunus dulcis</i> var. <i>amara</i> are always bitter, as are the kernels from other species of genus <i>Prunus</i>, such as apricot, peach and cherry (although to a lesser extent). </p><p>The bitter almond is slightly broader and shorter than the sweet almond and contains about 50% of the fixed oil that occurs in sweet almonds. It also contains the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Emulsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsin">emulsin</a> which, in the presence of water, acts on the two <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">soluble</a> <a href="/wiki/Glucoside" title="Glucoside">glucosides</a> <a href="/wiki/Amygdalin" title="Amygdalin">amygdalin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prunasin" title="Prunasin">prunasin</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yielding <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oil</a> of bitter almonds, which is nearly pure <a href="/wiki/Benzaldehyde" title="Benzaldehyde">benzaldehyde</a>, the chemical causing the bitter flavour. Bitter almonds may yield 4–9 milligrams of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a> per almond<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contain 42 times higher amounts of cyanide than the trace levels found in sweet almonds.<sup id="cite_ref-isrn_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isrn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of cyanide content in bitter almonds is via the <a href="/wiki/Enzymatic_hydrolysis" title="Enzymatic hydrolysis">enzymatic hydrolysis</a> of amygdalin.<sup id="cite_ref-isrn_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isrn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">P450</a> <a href="/wiki/Monooxygenase" title="Monooxygenase">monooxygenases</a> are involved in the amygdalin biosynthetic pathway. A point mutation in a <a href="/wiki/Basic_helix-loop-helix" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic helix-loop-helix">bHLH</a> <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factor</a> prevents <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(biology)" title="Transcription (biology)">transcription</a> of the two cytochrome P450 genes, resulting in the sweet kernel trait.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <p>The word <i>almond</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">almande</i></span> or <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">alemande</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> descended from <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">amandula</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">amindula</i></span>, modified from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">amygdala</i></span>, which is in turn borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">amygdálē</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀμυγδάλη</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oed_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a>, an almond-shaped portion of the brain).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> had <i>amygdales</i> 'almonds'.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The adjective <i>amygdaloid</i> (literally 'like an almond, almond-like') is used to describe objects which are roughly almond-shaped, particularly a shape which is part way between a <a href="/wiki/Triangle" title="Triangle">triangle</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Ellipse" title="Ellipse">ellipse</a>. For example, the amygdala of the brain uses a direct borrowing of the Greek term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">amygdalē</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_distribution">Origin and distribution</h2></div> <p>The precise origin of the almond is controversial due to estimates for its emergence across wide geographic regions.<sup id="cite_ref-imani_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imani-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources indicate that its origins were in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> between <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-imani_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imani-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kole_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kole-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in an <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">eastern Asian</a> subregion between <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-imani_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imani-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chin_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chin-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other assessments, both botanical and <a href="/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">archaeological</a> evidence indicates that almonds originated and were first cultivated in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, particularly in countries of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ladizinsky99_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ladizinsky99-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kole_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kole-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other estimates specified Iran and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (present day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>) as origin locations of the almond, with botanical evidence for Iran as a possible origin centre.<sup id="cite_ref-imani_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imani-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BĀDĀM_–_Encyclopaedia_Iranica_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BĀDĀM_–_Encyclopaedia_Iranica-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wild form of domesticated almond also grew in parts of the Levant.<sup id="cite_ref-kole_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kole-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BĀDĀM_–_Encyclopaedia_Iranica_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BĀDĀM_–_Encyclopaedia_Iranica-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zohary_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zohary-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almond cultivation was spread by humans centuries ago along the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> into northern Africa and southern Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-kole_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kole-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chin_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chin-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more recently to other world regions, notably <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rieger_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rieger-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selection of the sweet type from the many bitter types in the wild marked the beginning of almond domestication.<sup id="cite_ref-ladizinsky99_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ladizinsky99-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sp_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sp-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wild ancestor of the almond used to <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breed</a> the domesticated species is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-ladizinsky99_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ladizinsky99-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sp_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sp-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species <i><a href="/wiki/Prunus_fenzliana" title="Prunus fenzliana">Prunus fenzliana</a></i> may be the most likely wild ancestor of the almond, in part because it is native to <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">western Azerbaijan</a>, where it was apparently domesticated.<sup id="cite_ref-ladizinsky99_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ladizinsky99-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kole_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kole-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wild almond species were grown by early farmers, "at first unintentionally in the garbage heaps, and later intentionally in their orchards".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baburnama_illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Baburnama_illustration.jpg/170px-Baburnama_illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Baburnama_illustration.jpg/255px-Baburnama_illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Baburnama_illustration.jpg/340px-Baburnama_illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a> depiction of the almond harvest at <a href="/wiki/Konibodom" title="Konibodom">Qand-i Badam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley" title="Fergana Valley">Fergana Valley</a> (16th century)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almondtrees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Almondtrees.jpg/220px-Almondtrees.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Almondtrees.jpg/330px-Almondtrees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Almondtrees.jpg/440px-Almondtrees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>A grove of almond trees</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlmondShakerbeforeafter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/AlmondShakerbeforeafter.jpg/220px-AlmondShakerbeforeafter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/AlmondShakerbeforeafter.jpg/330px-AlmondShakerbeforeafter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/AlmondShakerbeforeafter.jpg/440px-AlmondShakerbeforeafter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>An almond shaker before and during a tree's harvest</figcaption></figure> <p>Almonds were one of the earliest domesticated <a href="/wiki/Fruit_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit trees">fruit trees</a>, due to "the ability of the grower to raise attractive almonds from seed.<sup id="cite_ref-ladizinsky99_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ladizinsky99-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, in spite of the fact that this plant does not lend itself to propagation from suckers or from cuttings, it could have been domesticated even before the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">grafting</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-zohary_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zohary-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domesticated almonds appear in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a> (3000–2000 BC), such as the archaeological sites of <a href="/wiki/Numeira" title="Numeira">Numeira</a> (Jordan),<sup id="cite_ref-ladizinsky99_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ladizinsky99-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or possibly earlier. Another well-known archaeological example of the almond is the fruit found in <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>'s tomb in Egypt (c. 1325 BC), probably imported from the Levant.<sup id="cite_ref-zohary_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zohary-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An article on almond tree cultivation in Spain is brought down in <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-%27Awwam" title="Ibn al-'Awwam">Ibn al-'Awwam</a>'s 12th-century agricultural work, <i>Book on <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the European countries that the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh" title="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh">Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh</a> reported as cultivating almonds, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the northernmost, though the domesticated form can be found as far north as Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varieties">Varieties</h3></div> <p>Almond trees are small to medium-sized but commercial cultivars can be <a href="/wiki/Grafted" class="mw-redirect" title="Grafted">grafted</a> onto a different root-stock to produce smaller trees. Varieties include: </p> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr">Nonpareil</span></span> – originates in the 1800s. A large tree that produces large, smooth, thin-shelled almonds with 60–65% edible kernel per nut. Requires pollination from other almond varieties for good nut production.<sup id="cite_ref-ARS_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it">Tuono</span></span> – originates in Italy. Has thicker, hairier shells with only 32% of edible kernel per nut. The thicker shell gives some protection from pests such as the <a href="/wiki/Amyelois_transitella" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyelois transitella">navel orangeworm</a>. Does not require pollination by other almond varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-ARS_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mariana – used as a rootstock to result in smaller trees</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Breeding_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Breeding programme">Breeding programmes</a> have found the <a href="#high_shell-seal_trait">high shell-seal trait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robens-et-al-2000_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robens-et-al-2000-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollination">Pollination</h3></div> <p>The most widely planted varieties of almond are <a href="/wiki/Self-incompatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-incompatible">self-incompatible</a>; hence these trees require pollen from a tree with different genetic characters to produce seeds. Almond orchards therefore must grow mixtures of almond varieties. In addition, the pollen is transferred from flower to flower by insects; therefore commercial growers must ensure there are enough insects to perform this task.<sup id="cite_ref-van_Wyk_2019_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Wyk_2019-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large scale of almond production in the U.S. creates a significant problem of providing enough pollinating insects. Additional pollinating insects are therefore brought to the trees. The <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a> of <a href="/wiki/Almonds_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Almonds in California">California's almonds</a> is the largest annual <a href="/wiki/Pollination_management" title="Pollination management">managed pollination</a> event in the world, with over 1 million hives (nearly half of all <a href="/wiki/Beehive_(beekeeping)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beehive (beekeeping)">beehives</a> in the US) being brought to the almond orchards each February.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloom_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloom-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the supply of bees is managed by pollination brokers, who contract with migratory <a href="/wiki/Beekeeper" title="Beekeeper">beekeepers</a> from at least 49 states for the event. This business was heavily affected by <a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">colony collapse disorder</a> at the turn of the 21st century, causing a nationwide shortage of honey bees and increasing <a href="/wiki/Pollination#Economics_of_pollination" title="Pollination">the price</a> of <a href="/wiki/Insect_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect pollination">insect pollination</a>. To partially protect almond growers from these costs, researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA), developed <a href="/wiki/Self-pollinating" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-pollinating">self-pollinating</a> almond trees that combine this character with quality characters such as a flavour and yield.<sup id="cite_ref-ARS_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self-pollinating almond varieties exist, but they lack some commercial characters. However, through natural hybridisation between different almond varieties, a new variety that was self-pollinating with a high yield of commercial quality nuts was produced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases">Diseases</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_almond_diseases" title="List of almond diseases">List of almond diseases</a></div> <p>Almond trees can be attacked by an array of damaging microbes, fungal pathogens, plant viruses, and bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-PlantVillage_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlantVillage-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests">Pests</h3></div> <p>Pavement ants (<i><a href="/wiki/Tetramorium_caespitum" title="Tetramorium caespitum">Tetramorium caespitum</a></i>), southern fire ants (<i><a href="/wiki/Solenopsis_xyloni" class="mw-redirect" title="Solenopsis xyloni">Solenopsis xyloni</a></i>), and thief ants (<i><a href="/wiki/Solenopsis_molesta" title="Solenopsis molesta">Solenopsis molesta</a></i>) are <a href="/wiki/Seed_predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed predator">seed predators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PlantVillage_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlantVillage-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bryobia rubrioculus</i> mites are most known for their damage to this crop.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryobia-rubrioculus-UCANR_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryobia-rubrioculus-UCANR-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h3></div> <p>Almond production in California is concentrated mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bi_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bi-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the mild climate, rich soil, abundant sunshine and water supply make for ideal growing conditions. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Droughts_in_California" title="Droughts in California">persistent droughts in California</a> in the early 21st century, it became more difficult to raise almonds in a sustainable manner.<sup id="cite_ref-npr_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloom_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloom-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue is complex because of the high amount of water needed to produce almonds: a single almond requires roughly 1.1 US gallons (0.92 imperial gallons; 4.2 litres) of water to grow properly.<sup id="cite_ref-bi_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bi-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npr_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regulations related to water supplies are changing so some growers have destroyed their current almond orchards to replace with either younger trees or a different crop such as <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachio</a> that needs less water.<sup id="cite_ref-AtlasObscura2021_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AtlasObscura2021-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almond_tree_in_blossom_(Israel).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Almond_tree_in_blossom_%28Israel%29.jpg/220px-Almond_tree_in_blossom_%28Israel%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Almond_tree_in_blossom_%28Israel%29.jpg/330px-Almond_tree_in_blossom_%28Israel%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Almond_tree_in_blossom_%28Israel%29.jpg/440px-Almond_tree_in_blossom_%28Israel%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Almond tree with blossoming flowers, <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Elah" title="Valley of Elah">Valley of Elah</a>, Israel</figcaption></figure> <p>Sustainability strategies implemented by the <a href="/wiki/Almond_Board_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Almond Board of California">Almond Board of California</a> and almond farmers include:<sup id="cite_ref-bloom_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloom-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abc2018_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc2018-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>tree and <a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">soil health</a>, and other farming practices</li> <li>minimizing dust production during the harvest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bee</a> health</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> guidelines for farmers</li> <li>food safety</li> <li>use of waste <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> as coproducts with a goal to achieve <a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">zero waste</a></li> <li>use of <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> during processing</li> <li>job development</li> <li>support of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific research">scientific research</a> to investigate potential health benefits of consuming almonds</li> <li>international education about sustainability practices</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; width:14em; text-align:center; margin-right:1em;"> <caption>Almonds (with shell), 2022 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">Tonnes</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>1,858,010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>360,328 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>245,990 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>190,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td>175,763 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>World</b></div></td> <td><b>3,630,427</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the United Nations<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2022, world production of almonds was 3.6 million <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a>, led by the United States (table). Secondary producers were Australia and Spain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <p>In the United States, production is concentrated in California where 400,000 ha (1,000,000 acres) and six different almond varieties were under cultivation in 2017, with a yield of 2.25 billion pounds (1.02 billion kilograms) of shelled almonds.<sup id="cite_ref-usda_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> California production is marked by a period of intense pollination during late winter by <a href="/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">rented</a> commercial bees transported by truck across the U.S. to almond groves, requiring more than half of the total U.S. commercial honeybee population.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The value of total U.S. exports of shelled almonds in 2016 was $3.2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All commercially grown almonds sold as food in the U.S. are sweet cultivars. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> reported in 2010 that some fractions of imported sweet almonds were contaminated with bitter almonds, which contain cyanide.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <p>Australia is the largest almond production region in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>. Most of the almond orchards are located along the <a href="/wiki/Murray_River" title="Murray River">Murray River</a> corridor in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Victoria, and <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3></div> <p>Spain has diverse commercial cultivars of almonds grown in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>, Andalusia, and <a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragón">Aragón</a> regions, and the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gain_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gain-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production in 2016 declined 2% nationally compared to 2015 production data.<sup id="cite_ref-gain_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gain-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The almond cultivar 'Marcona' is recognisably different from other almonds and is marketed by name.<sup id="cite_ref-Gradziel_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gradziel-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kernel is short, round, relatively sweet, and delicate in texture. Its origin is unknown and has been grown in Spain for a long time; the tree is very productive, and the shell of the nut is hard.<sup id="cite_ref-Gradziel_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gradziel-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2></div> <p>Bitter almonds contain 42 times higher amounts of cyanide than the trace levels found in sweet almonds.<sup id="cite_ref-isrn_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isrn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extract of bitter almond was once used medicinally but even in small doses, effects are severe or lethal, especially in children; the cyanide must be removed before consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-isrn_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isrn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acute oral lethal dose of cyanide for adult humans is reported to be 0.5–3.5 mg/kg (0.2–1.6 mg/lb) of body weight (approximately 50 bitter almonds), so that for children consuming 5–10 bitter almonds may be fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-isrn_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isrn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptoms of eating such almonds include <a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">vertigo</a> and other typical cyanide poisoning effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almonds may cause <a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">allergy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Food_intolerance" title="Food intolerance">intolerance</a>. Cross-reactivity is common with <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peach</a> <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lipid_transfer_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid transfer proteins">lipid transfer proteins</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tree_nut_allergy" title="Tree nut allergy">tree nut allergens</a>. Symptoms range from local signs and symptoms (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Oral_allergy_syndrome" title="Oral allergy syndrome">oral allergy syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contact_urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact urticaria">contact urticaria</a>) to systemic signs and symptoms including <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">urticaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">angioedema</a>, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almonds are susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">aflatoxin</a>-producing moulds.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aflatoxins are potent <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogenic</a> chemicals produced by moulds such as <i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus_flavus" title="Aspergillus flavus">Aspergillus flavus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus_parasiticus" title="Aspergillus parasiticus">Aspergillus parasiticus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rushing_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rushing-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mould contamination may occur from soil, previously infested almonds, and almond pests such as navel-orange worm. High levels of mould growth typically appear as grey to black filament-like growth. It is unsafe to eat mould-infected tree nuts. </p><p>Some countries have strict limits on allowable levels of aflatoxin contamination of almonds and require adequate testing before the nuts can be marketed to their citizens. The European Union, for example, introduced a requirement since 2007 that all almond shipments to the EU be tested for aflatoxin. If aflatoxin does not meet the strict safety regulations, the entire consignment may be reprocessed to eliminate the aflatoxin or it must be destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breeding programs have found the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="high_shell-seal"></span><span class="vanchor-text">high shell-seal</span></span> trait.<sup id="cite_ref-Robens-et-al-2000_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robens-et-al-2000-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High shell-seal provides <a href="/wiki/Crop_disease_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop disease resistance">resistance</a> against these <i>Aspergillus</i> species and so against the development of their toxins.<sup id="cite_ref-Robens-et-al-2000_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robens-et-al-2000-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandatory_pasteurisation_in_California">Mandatory pasteurisation in California</h3></div> <p>After tracing cases of <a href="/wiki/Salmonellosis" title="Salmonellosis">salmonellosis</a> to almonds, the USDA approved a proposal by the Almond Board of California to pasteurise almonds sold to the public. After publishing the rule in March 2007, the almond pasteurisation program became mandatory for California companies effective 1 September 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raw, untreated California almonds have not been available in the U.S. since then. </p><p>California almonds labeled "raw" must be steam-pasteurised or chemically treated with <a href="/wiki/Propylene_oxide" title="Propylene oxide">propylene oxide</a> (PPO). This does not apply to imported almonds<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or almonds sold from the grower directly to the consumer in small quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treatment also is not required for raw almonds sold for export outside of North America. </p><p>The Almond Board of California states: "PPO residue dissipates after treatment". The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> has reported: "Propylene oxide has been detected in fumigated food products; consumption of contaminated food is another possible route of exposure". PPO is classified as <a href="/wiki/List_of_IARC_Group_2B_carcinogens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IARC Group 2B carcinogens">Group 2B</a> ("possibly carcinogenic to humans").<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The USDA-approved marketing order was challenged in court by organic farmers organised by the <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia_Institute" title="Cornucopia Institute">Cornucopia Institute</a>, a Wisconsin-based farm policy research group which filed a lawsuit in September 2008. According to the institute, this almond marketing order has imposed significant financial burdens on small-scale and organic growers and damaged domestic almond markets. A federal judge dismissed the lawsuit in early 2009 on procedural grounds. In August 2010, a federal appeals court ruled that the farmers have a right to appeal the USDA regulation. In March 2013, the court vacated the suit on the basis that the objections should have been raised in 2007 when the regulation was first proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Almonds</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandorle_sgusciate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mandorle_sgusciate.jpg/235px-Mandorle_sgusciate.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mandorle_sgusciate.jpg/353px-Mandorle_sgusciate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mandorle_sgusciate.jpg/470px-Mandorle_sgusciate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,423 kJ (579 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">21.6 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.7 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a> <div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">4.4 g <div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">0.00 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fibre</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">12.5 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">49.9 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3.8 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">31.6 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">12.3 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">21.2 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.214 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">Threonine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.598 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">Isoleucine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.702 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">Leucine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.488 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.580 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.151 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Cystine" title="Cystine">Cystine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.189 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.120 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.452 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.817 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.446 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">Histidine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.557 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.027 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.911 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamic acid</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">6.810 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.469 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.032 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.948 g</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Carotene">beta-Carotene</a></div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lutein" title="Lutein">lutein</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeaxanthin" title="Zeaxanthin">zeaxanthin</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div>1 μg</div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">1 μg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1 IU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">18%</div> 0.211 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">78%</div> 1.014 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">21%</div> 3.385 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 0.469 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 0.143 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">13%</div> 50 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 52.1 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">171%</div> 25.6 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0.0 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">20%</div> 264 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">110%</div> 0.99 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">21%</div> 3.72 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">64%</div> 268 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">99%</div> 2.285 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">39%</div> 484 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">24%</div> 705 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 2.5 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 1 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">28%</div> 3.08 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">4.4 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170567/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amandines_de_Provence,_poster_by_Leonetto_Cappiello,_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Amandines_de_Provence%2C_poster_by_Leonetto_Cappiello%2C_1900.jpg/220px-Amandines_de_Provence%2C_poster_by_Leonetto_Cappiello%2C_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Amandines_de_Provence%2C_poster_by_Leonetto_Cappiello%2C_1900.jpg/330px-Amandines_de_Provence%2C_poster_by_Leonetto_Cappiello%2C_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Amandines_de_Provence%2C_poster_by_Leonetto_Cappiello%2C_1900.jpg/440px-Amandines_de_Provence%2C_poster_by_Leonetto_Cappiello%2C_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2817" data-file-height="3986" /></a><figcaption>Amandines de Provence, poster by <a href="/wiki/Leonetto_Cappiello" title="Leonetto Cappiello">Leonetto Cappiello</a>, 1900, which shows a woman eating <a href="/wiki/Almond_biscuit" title="Almond biscuit">almond biscuits (almond cookies)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Almonds are 4% water, 22% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, 21% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, and 50% fat. In a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">100-gram (<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-ounce) reference amount, almonds supply 2,420 kilojoules (579 kilocalories) of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a>. The almond is a nutritionally dense food, providing a rich source (20% or more of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV) of the <a href="/wiki/B_vitamin" class="mw-redirect" title="B vitamin">B vitamins</a> <a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">riboflavin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">niacin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Essential_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential mineral">essential minerals</a> <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, copper, iron, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>. Almonds are a moderate source (10–19% DV) of the B vitamins <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">vitamin B<sub>6</sub></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folate</a>, choline, and the essential mineral <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>. They also contain substantial <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary fibre">dietary fibre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">monounsaturated fat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic acid</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">polyunsaturated fat</a>, linoleic acid. Typical of nuts and seeds, almonds are a source of <a href="/wiki/Phytosterol" title="Phytosterol">phytosterols</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Beta-sitosterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-sitosterol">beta-sitosterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stigmasterol" title="Stigmasterol">stigmasterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campesterol" title="Campesterol">campesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sitostanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitostanol">sitostanol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Campestanol" title="Campestanol">campestanol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berryman2011_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berryman2011-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <p>Almonds are included as a good source of protein among recommended healthy foods by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA).<sup id="cite_ref-cmp_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmp-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 review of <a href="/wiki/Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">clinical research</a> indicated that regular consumption of almonds may reduce the risk of <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a> by lowering blood levels of <a href="/wiki/LDL_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="LDL cholesterol">LDL cholesterol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Musa_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musa-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thchan_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thchan-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Almond" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Almond"> Almond</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_almond_dishes" title="List of almond dishes">List of almond dishes</a></div> <p>While the almond is often eaten on its own, raw or toasted, it is also a component of various dishes. Almonds are available in many forms, such as whole, slivered, and ground into flour. Almond pieces around <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2–3 millimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>–<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) in size, called "nibs", are used for special purposes such as decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almonds are a common addition to breakfast <a href="/wiki/Muesli" title="Muesli">muesli</a> or oatmeal. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guinda-Almendras-Nata.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Almond cream cake covered in slivered almonds"><img alt="Almond cream cake covered in slivered almonds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Guinda-Almendras-Nata.JPG/120px-Guinda-Almendras-Nata.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Guinda-Almendras-Nata.JPG/180px-Guinda-Almendras-Nata.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Guinda-Almendras-Nata.JPG/240px-Guinda-Almendras-Nata.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Almond cream cake covered in slivered almonds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colomba_pasquale,_edizione_2013_-_ND0_4662_(8564331585).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colomba di Pasqua, traditional Italian Easter bread"><img alt="Colomba di Pasqua, traditional Italian Easter bread" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Colomba_pasquale%2C_edizione_2013_-_ND0_4662_%288564331585%29.jpg/120px-Colomba_pasquale%2C_edizione_2013_-_ND0_4662_%288564331585%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Colomba_pasquale%2C_edizione_2013_-_ND0_4662_%288564331585%29.jpg/180px-Colomba_pasquale%2C_edizione_2013_-_ND0_4662_%288564331585%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Colomba_pasquale%2C_edizione_2013_-_ND0_4662_%288564331585%29.jpg/240px-Colomba_pasquale%2C_edizione_2013_-_ND0_4662_%288564331585%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2916" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Colomba_di_Pasqua" class="mw-redirect" title="Colomba di Pasqua">Colomba di Pasqua</a></i>, traditional Italian Easter bread</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_G%C3%A5sebryst.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Danish cream cake covered with marzipan"><img alt="Danish cream cake covered with marzipan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_G%C3%A5sebryst.jpg/120px-Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_G%C3%A5sebryst.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_G%C3%A5sebryst.jpg/180px-Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_G%C3%A5sebryst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_G%C3%A5sebryst.jpg/240px-Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_G%C3%A5sebryst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> cream cake covered with marzipan</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Desserts">Desserts</h4></div> <p>A wide range of classic sweets feature almonds as a central ingredient. Marzipan was developed in the Middle Ages. Since the 19th century almonds have been used to make bread, <a href="/wiki/Almond_butter" title="Almond butter">almond butter</a>, cakes and puddings, candied confections, almond cream-filled pastries, <a href="/wiki/Nougat" title="Nougat">nougat</a>, cookies (<a href="/wiki/Macaroon" title="Macaroon">macaroons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biscotti" title="Biscotti">biscotti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qurabiya" title="Qurabiya">qurabiya</a>), and cakes (<a href="/wiki/Financier_(pastry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Financier (pastry)">financiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esterh%C3%A1zy_torte" title="Esterházy torte">Esterházy torte</a>), and other sweets and desserts.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The young, developing fruit of the almond tree can be eaten whole (green almonds) when they are still green and fleshy on the outside and the inner shell has not yet hardened. The fruit is somewhat sour, but is a popular snack in parts of the Middle East, eaten dipped in salt to balance the sour taste. Also in the Middle East they are often eaten with dates. They are available only from mid-April to mid-June in the Northern Hemisphere; pickling or brining extends the fruit's shelf life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Marzipan">Marzipan</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marzipan" title="Marzipan">Marzipan</a></div> <p>Marzipan, a smooth, sweetened <a href="/wiki/Almond_paste" title="Almond paste">almond paste</a>, is used in a number of elegant cakes and desserts. <a href="/wiki/Princess_cake" title="Princess cake">Princess cake</a> is covered by marzipan (similar to <a href="/wiki/Fondant_icing" title="Fondant icing">fondant</a>), as is <a href="/wiki/Battenberg_cake" title="Battenberg cake">Battenberg cake</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, sponge cake is covered with marzipan to make <a href="/wiki/Cassatella_di_sant%27Agata" title="Cassatella di sant'Agata">cassatella di sant'Agata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassata_siciliana" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassata siciliana">cassata siciliana</a>, and marzipan is dyed and crafted into realistic fruit shapes to make <a href="/wiki/Frutta_martorana" title="Frutta martorana">frutta martorana</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a> Christmas pastry <i><a href="/wiki/Pan_de_C%C3%A1diz" title="Pan de Cádiz">pan de Cádiz</a></i> is filled with marzipan and candied fruit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_cuisines">World cuisines</h4></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a>, alternating layers of almond and hazelnut <a href="/wiki/Meringue" title="Meringue">meringue</a> are used to make the dessert <i><a href="/wiki/Dacquoise" title="Dacquoise">dacquoise</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Pithivier" title="Pithivier">Pithivier</a> is one of many almond cream-filled pastries.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Germany</a>, Easter bread called <i>Deutsches Osterbrot</i> is baked with raisins and almonds.</li> <li>In Greece almond flour is used to make <i><a href="/wiki/Amygdalopita" title="Amygdalopita">amygdalopita</a></i>, a <i>glyka tapsiou</i> dessert cake baking in a tray. Almonds are used for <i>kourabiedes</i>, a Greek version of the traditional <i>quarabiya</i> almond biscuits. A soft drink known as <i><a href="/wiki/Soumada" class="mw-redirect" title="Soumada">soumada</a></i> is made from almonds in various regions.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, almonds are a typical embellishment for the rice dish <a href="/wiki/Kabsa" title="Kabsa">kabsa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Iran, green almonds are dipped in <a href="/wiki/Sea_salt" title="Sea salt">sea salt</a> and eaten as snacks on street markets; they are called <i>chaqale bâdam</i>. Candied almonds called <a href="/wiki/Noghl" title="Noghl">noghl</a> are served alongside tea and coffee. Also, sweet almonds are used to prepare special food for babies, named <i>harire badam</i>. Almonds are added to some foods, cookies, and desserts, or are used to decorate foods. People in Iran consume roasted nuts for special events, for example, during New Year (<a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>) parties.</li> <li>In Italy, <i><a href="/wiki/Colomba_di_Pasqua" class="mw-redirect" title="Colomba di Pasqua">colomba di Pasqua</a></i> is a traditional <a href="/wiki/Easter_cake" title="Easter cake">Easter cake</a> made with <a href="/wiki/Almonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Almonds">almonds</a>. Bitter almonds are the base for <i><a href="/wiki/Amaretti_di_Saronno" title="Amaretti di Saronno">amaretti</a></i> cookies, a common dessert. Almonds are also a common choice as the nuts to include in <i><a href="/wiki/Torrone" class="mw-redirect" title="Torrone">torrone</a></i>.</li> <li>In Morocco, almonds in the form of sweet <a href="/wiki/Almond_paste" title="Almond paste">almond paste</a> are the main ingredient in pastry fillings, and several other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Moroccan_dishes#Desserts" title="List of Moroccan dishes">desserts</a>. Fried blanched whole almonds are also used to decorate sweet <i><a href="/wiki/Tajine" title="Tajine">tajines</a></i> such as lamb with prunes. Southwestern Berber regions of <a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Essaouira</a> and Souss are also known for <i>amlou</i>, a spread made of almond paste, <a href="/wiki/Argan_oil" title="Argan oil">argan oil</a>, and honey. Almond paste is also mixed with toasted flour and among others, honey, olive oil or butter, anise, fennel, sesame seeds, and cinnamon to make <i>sellou</i> (also called <i>zamita</i> in <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknes</a> or <i>slilou</i> in <a href="/wiki/Marrakech" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakech">Marrakech</a>), a sweet snack known for its long shelf life and high nutritive value.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">In</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a>, almonds are the base ingredients of <i><a href="/wiki/Pasanda" title="Pasanda">pasanda</a></i>-style and <a href="/wiki/Mughlai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughlai">Mughlai</a> <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curries</a>. <i>Badam halva</i> is a sweet made from almonds with added colouring. Almond flakes are added to many sweets (such as <i>sohan barfi</i>), and are usually visible sticking to the outer surface. Almonds form the base of various drinks which are supposed to have cooling properties. Almond <a href="/wiki/Sherbet_(powder)" title="Sherbet (powder)">sherbet</a> or <i>sherbet-e-badaam</i>, is a common summer drink. Almonds are also sold as a snack with added salt.</li> <li>In Israel almonds are used as a topping for <a href="/wiki/Tahini_cookie" title="Tahini cookie">tahini cookies</a> or eaten as a snack.</li> <li>In Spain <i>Marcona</i> almonds are usually toasted in oil and lightly salted. They are used by Spanish confectioners to prepare a sweet called <i><a href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">turrón</a></i>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Arabian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian cuisine">Arabian cuisine</a>, almonds are commonly used as garnishing for <a href="/wiki/Mansaf" title="Mansaf">Mansaf</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British cuisine</a>, almonds are used for dessert items such as <a href="/wiki/Bakewell_tart" title="Bakewell tart">Bakewell tart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battenberg_cake" title="Battenberg cake">Battenberg cake</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Milk">Milk</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Almond_milk" title="Almond milk">Almond milk</a></div> <p>Almonds can be processed into a <a href="/wiki/Milk_substitute" title="Milk substitute">milk substitute</a> called almond milk; the nut's soft texture, mild flavour, and light colouring (when skinned) make for an efficient analog to dairy, and a soy-free choice for <a href="/wiki/Lactose_intolerant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactose intolerant">lactose intolerant</a> people and <a href="/wiki/Vegans" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegans">vegans</a>. Raw, blanched, and lightly toasted almonds work well for different production techniques, some of which are similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Soy_milk" title="Soy milk">soy milk</a> and some of which use no heat, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Raw_milk" title="Raw milk">raw milk</a>. </p><p>Almond milk, along with almond butter and almond oil, are versatile products used in both sweet and savoury dishes. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan cuisine</a>, sharbat billooz, a common beverage, is made by blending blanched almonds with milk, sugar and other flavourings.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flour_and_skins">Flour and skins</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Almond_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Almond flour">Almond flour</a> or ground <a href="/wiki/Almond_meal" title="Almond meal">almond meal</a> combined with sugar or honey as marzipan is often used as a <a href="/wiki/Gluten-free" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluten-free">gluten-free</a> alternative to wheat flour in cooking and baking.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almonds contain polyphenols in their <a href="/wiki/Seed_coat" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed coat">skins</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Flavonol" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavonol">flavonols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavan-3-ol" title="Flavan-3-ol">flavan-3-ols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxybenzoic_acid" title="Hydroxybenzoic acid">hydroxybenzoic acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flavanone" title="Flavanone">flavanones</a><sup id="cite_ref-skins_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skins-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> analogous to those of certain fruits and vegetables. These phenolic compounds and almond skin <a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">prebiotic</a> dietary fibre have commercial interest as <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additives</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-skins_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skins-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syrup">Syrup</h4></div> <p>Historically, almond syrup was an <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsion</a> of sweet and bitter almonds, usually made with <a href="/wiki/Barley_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Barley syrup">barley syrup</a> (<a href="/wiki/Orgeat_syrup" title="Orgeat syrup">orgeat syrup</a>) or in a syrup of <a href="/wiki/Orange_flower_water" title="Orange flower water">orange flower water</a> and sugar, often flavoured with a synthetic aroma of almonds.<sup id="cite_ref-isrn_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isrn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orgeat syrup is an important ingredient in the <a href="/wiki/Mai_Tai" title="Mai Tai">Mai Tai</a> and many other <a href="/wiki/Tiki_bar" title="Tiki bar">Tiki drinks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the cyanide found in bitter almonds, modern syrups generally are produced only from sweet almonds. Such syrup products do not contain significant levels of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocyanic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocyanic acid">hydrocyanic acid</a>, so are generally considered safe for human consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-isrn_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isrn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oils">Oils</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SweetAlmondOil.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/SweetAlmondOil.png/110px-SweetAlmondOil.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/SweetAlmondOil.png/165px-SweetAlmondOil.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/SweetAlmondOil.png/220px-SweetAlmondOil.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Almond oil</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Oil, almond</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,699 kJ (884 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">100 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">8.2 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">69.9 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega−3</a></div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid" title="Omega-6 fatty acid">omega−6</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">17.4 g<div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">0</div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">17.4 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">261%</div> 39.2 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 7.0 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/171031/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Almonds are a rich source of oil, with 50% of kernel dry mass as fat (whole almond nutrition table). In relation to total dry mass of the kernel, almond oil contains 32% <a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated" class="mw-redirect" title="Monounsaturated">monounsaturated</a> oleic acid (an <a href="/wiki/Omega-9_fatty_acid" title="Omega-9 fatty acid">omega-9 fatty acid</a>), 13% <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated">polyunsaturated</a> <a href="/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid" title="Omega-6 fatty acid">omega-6</a> <a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">essential fatty acid</a>), and 10% <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated fatty acid">saturated fatty acid</a> (mainly as <a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic acid</a>). Linolenic acid, a polyunsaturated <a href="/wiki/Omega-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-3">omega-3</a> fat, is not present (table). Almond oil is a rich source of vitamin E, providing 261% of the Daily Value per 100 millilitres. </p><p>When almond oil is analyzed separately and expressed per 100 grams as a reference mass, the oil provides 3,700 kJ (884 kcal) of food energy, 8 grams of saturated fat (81% of which is palmitic acid), 70 grams of oleic acid, and 17 grams of linoleic acid (oil table). </p><p><i>Oleum amygdalae</i>, the fixed oil, is prepared from either sweet or bitter almonds, and is a glyceryl oleate with a slight odour and a nutty taste. It is almost insoluble in <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a> but readily soluble in <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">ether</a>. Almond oil is obtained from the dried <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">kernel</a> of almonds.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweet almond oil is used as a carrier oil in aromatherapy and cosmetics while bitter almond oil, containing benzaldehyde, is used as a food flavouring and in perfume.<sup id="cite_ref-van_Wyk_2019_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Wyk_2019-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prunus_dulcis_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-250.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Prunus_dulcis_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-250.jpg/220px-Prunus_dulcis_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-250.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Prunus_dulcis_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-250.jpg/330px-Prunus_dulcis_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-250.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Prunus_dulcis_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-250.jpg/440px-Prunus_dulcis_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-250.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>1897 illustration<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The almond is highly revered in some cultures. The tree originated in the Middle East. In the Bible, the almond is mentioned ten times, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 43:11, where it is described as "among the best of fruits". In <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> 17, <a href="/wiki/Levi" title="Levi">Levi</a> is chosen from the other tribes of Israel by <a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_rod" title="Aaron's rod">Aaron's rod</a>, which brought forth almond flowers. The almond blossom supplied a model for the <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">menorah</a> which stood in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Temple">Holy Temple</a>, "Three cups, shaped like almond blossoms, were on one branch, with a knob and a flower; and three cups, shaped like almond blossoms, were on the other … on the candlestick itself were four cups, shaped like almond blossoms, with its knobs and flowers" (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> 25:33–34; 37:19–20). Many <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> give five almonds to each guest before special occasions like weddings.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Christian symbolism</a> often uses almond branches as a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin birth of Jesus</a>; paintings and <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> often include <a href="/wiki/Mandorla" title="Mandorla">almond-shaped haloes</a> encircling the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a> and as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_the_mother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, the mother of Jesus">Mary</a>. The word "luz", which appears in Genesis 30:37, sometimes translated as "<a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">hazel</a>", may actually be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> name for almond (Luz), and is translated as such in the <a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International Version</a> and other versions of the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arabic name for almond is لوز "lauz" or "lūz". In some parts of the Levant and North Africa, it is pronounced "loz", which is very close to its Aramaic origin. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Entrance_of_the_flower" title="Entrance of the flower">Entrance of the flower</a> (<i>La entrada de la flor</i>) is an event celebrated on 1 February in <a href="/wiki/Torrent,_Valencia" title="Torrent, Valencia">Torrent</a>, Spain, in which the clavarios and members of the Confrerie of the Mother of God deliver a branch of the first-blooming almond-tree to the Virgin.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_forms" title="Fruit tree forms">Fruit tree forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_propagation" title="Fruit tree propagation">Fruit tree propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_pruning" title="Fruit tree pruning">Fruit tree pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_almond_dishes" title="List of almond dishes">List of almond dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_edible_seeds" title="List of edible seeds">List of edible seeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candied_almonds" title="Candied almonds">Candied almonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag%C3%A9e" title="Dragée">Dragée</a> – a candy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-powo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-powo_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flora+Europaea+Search+Results&rft.pub=Royal+Botanic+Garden+Edinburgh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F193.62.154.38%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-readbtree.pl%2Ffeout%3FFAMILY_XREF%3D%26GENUS_XREF%3DPrunus%26SPECIES_XREF%3Ddulcis%26TAXON_NAME_XREF%3D%26RANK%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819002033/http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Prunus+dulcis">"<i>Prunus dulcis</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">Plants for a Future</a>. 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A&C Black. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408102183" title="Special:BookSources/9781408102183"><bdi>9781408102183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Food%3A+International+Food+and+Cooking+Terms+from+A+to+Z&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=9781408102183&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMdwm7jI9J10C%26pg%3DPT45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolby1830" class="citation book cs1">Dolby, Richard (1830). <i>The Cook's Dictionary: A New Family Manual of Cookery and Confectionery</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cook%27s+Dictionary%3A+A+New+Family+Manual+of+Cookery+and+Confectionery&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Dolby&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Masri2011" class="citation book cs1">El Masri, Arwa (27 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Gg0AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT22"><i>Tea with Arwa: A Memoir of Family, Faith and Finding a Home in Australia</i></a>. Hachette Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780733628528" title="Special:BookSources/9780733628528"><bdi>9780733628528</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tea+with+Arwa%3A+A+Memoir+of+Family%2C+Faith+and+Finding+a+Home+in+Australia&rft.pub=Hachette+Australia&rft.date=2011-09-27&rft.isbn=9780733628528&rft.aulast=El+Masri&rft.aufirst=Arwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Gg0AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalloum2012" class="citation book cs1">Salloum, Habeeb (28 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v5TTAgAAQBAJ&dq=Kabsa+rice+almonds&pg=PA74"><i>The Arabian Nights Cookbook: From Lamb Kebabs to Baba Ghanouj, Delicious Homestyle Arabian Cooking</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462905249" title="Special:BookSources/9781462905249"><bdi>9781462905249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabian+Nights+Cookbook%3A+From+Lamb+Kebabs+to+Baba+Ghanouj%2C+Delicious+Homestyle+Arabian+Cooking&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2012-02-28&rft.isbn=9781462905249&rft.aulast=Salloum&rft.aufirst=Habeeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv5TTAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DKabsa%2Brice%2Balmonds%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair2009" class="citation book cs1">Sinclair, Charles (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mdwm7jI9J10C&q=sharbat+billooz&pg=PT1211"><i>Dictionary of Food: International Food and Cooking Terms from A to Z</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408102183" title="Special:BookSources/9781408102183"><bdi>9781408102183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Food%3A+International+Food+and+Cooking+Terms+from+A+to+Z&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2009-01&rft.isbn=9781408102183&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMdwm7jI9J10C%26q%3Dsharbat%2Bbillooz%26pg%3DPT1211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmsterdam2009" class="citation book cs1">Amsterdam, Elana (2009). <i>The Gluten-Free Almond Flour Cookbook: Breakfasts, Entrees, and More</i>. Random House of Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58761-345-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58761-345-6"><bdi>978-1-58761-345-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gluten-Free+Almond+Flour+Cookbook%3A+Breakfasts%2C+Entrees%2C+and+More&rft.pub=Random+House+of+Canada&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58761-345-6&rft.aulast=Amsterdam&rft.aufirst=Elana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-skins-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-skins_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skins_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandalariTomainoArcoraciMartorana2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mandalari, G.; Tomaino, A.; Arcoraci, T.; Martorana, M.; Turco, V. Lo; Cacciola, F.; Rich, G.T.; Bisignano, C.; Saija, A.; Dugo, P.; Cross, K.L.; Parker, M.L.; Waldron, K.W.; Wickham, M.S.J. (2010). "Characterization of polyphenols, lipids and dietary fibre from almond skins (Amygdalus communis L.)". <i>Journal of Food Composition and Analysis</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 166–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jfca.2009.08.015">10.1016/j.jfca.2009.08.015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Food+Composition+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=Characterization+of+polyphenols%2C+lipids+and+dietary+fibre+from+almond+skins+%28Amygdalus+communis+L.%29&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=166-174&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jfca.2009.08.015&rft.aulast=Mandalari&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Tomaino%2C+A.&rft.au=Arcoraci%2C+T.&rft.au=Martorana%2C+M.&rft.au=Turco%2C+V.+Lo&rft.au=Cacciola%2C+F.&rft.au=Rich%2C+G.T.&rft.au=Bisignano%2C+C.&rft.au=Saija%2C+A.&rft.au=Dugo%2C+P.&rft.au=Cross%2C+K.L.&rft.au=Parker%2C+M.L.&rft.au=Waldron%2C+K.W.&rft.au=Wickham%2C+M.S.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuLinHuangZhang2014" class="citation journal cs1">Liu Z, Lin X, Huang G, Zhang W, Rao P, Ni L (2014). "Prebiotic effects of almonds and almond skins on intestinal microbiota in healthy adult humans". <i>Anaerobe</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.anaerobe.2013.11.007">10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.11.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24315808">24315808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anaerobe&rft.atitle=Prebiotic+effects+of+almonds+and+almond+skins+on+intestinal+microbiota+in+healthy+adult+humans&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.anaerobe.2013.11.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24315808&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Lin%2C+X&rft.au=Huang%2C+G&rft.au=Zhang%2C+W&rft.au=Rao%2C+P&rft.au=Ni%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alcoholprofessor.com/blog-posts/blog/2017/10/18/in-honor-of-orgeat">"In honor of orgeat"</a>. <i>alcoholprofessor.com</i>. 18 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alcoholprofessor.com&rft.atitle=In+honor+of+orgeat&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alcoholprofessor.com%2Fblog-posts%2Fblog%2F2017%2F10%2F18%2Fin-honor-of-orgeat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/life/food/cocktails-upgrade-your-orgeat-and-youll-find-not-all-tiki-drinks-%EF%AC%81t-under-the-same-umbrella">"Upgrade your orgeat"</a>. <i>nationalpost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationalpost.com&rft.atitle=Upgrade+your+orgeat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Flife%2Ffood%2Fcocktails-upgrade-your-orgeat-and-youll-find-not-all-tiki-drinks-%25EF%25AC%2581t-under-the-same-umbrella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drinks.seriouseats.com/2014/03/tiki-cocktail-history-basics-of-tiki-drinks-essential-ingredients.html">"Tiki cocktail history basics"</a>. <i>drinks.seriouseats.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=drinks.seriouseats.com&rft.atitle=Tiki+cocktail+history+basics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrinks.seriouseats.com%2F2014%2F03%2Ftiki-cocktail-history-basics-of-tiki-drinks-essential-ingredients.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolerCanellasSaura-Calixto1988" class="citation journal cs1">Soler L, Canellas J, Saura-Calixto F (1988). "Oil content and fatty acid composition of developing almond seeds". <i>J Agric Food Chem</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 695–697. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf00082a007">10.1021/jf00082a007</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F90477">10261/90477</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Agric+Food+Chem&rft.atitle=Oil+content+and+fatty+acid+composition+of+developing+almond+seeds&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=695-697&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F90477&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf00082a007&rft.aulast=Soler&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Canellas%2C+J&rft.au=Saura-Calixto%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">illustration from Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen, 1897</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/2017/07/13/jewish-sephardi-wedding-recipes-and-traditions/">"Jewish Sephardi Wedding Recipes and Traditions"</a>. <i>My Jewish Learning</i>. 13 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=Jewish+Sephardi+Wedding+Recipes+and+Traditions&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2F2017%2F07%2F13%2Fjewish-sephardi-wedding-recipes-and-traditions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_Hageneder2005" class="citation book cs1">Fred Hageneder (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g8YSB2K9d1oC&pg=PA37"><i>The meaning of trees: botany, history, healing, lore</i></a>. Chronicle Books. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-4898-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-4898-5"><bdi>978-0-8118-4898-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+meaning+of+trees%3A+botany%2C+history%2C+healing%2C+lore&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2005-09&rft.isbn=978-0-8118-4898-5&rft.au=Fred+Hageneder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg8YSB2K9d1oC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSena2016" class="citation web cs1">Sena, Laura (2 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levante-emv.com/horta/2016/02/02/fuego-flor-almendro-lentra-torrent/1373887.html">"Fuego y flor de almendro en l'Entrà de Torrent"</a>. <i>levante-emv.com</i>. Levante. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525161925/http://www.levante-emv.com/horta/2016/02/02/fuego-flor-almendro-lentra-torrent/1373887.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=levante-emv.com&rft.atitle=Fuego+y+flor+de+almendro+en+l%27Entr%C3%A0+de+Torrent&rft.date=2016-02-02&rft.aulast=Sena&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.levante-emv.com%2Fhorta%2F2016%2F02%2F02%2Ffuego-flor-almendro-lentra-torrent%2F1373887.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Prunus_amygdalus" class="extiw" title="commons:Prunus amygdalus"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Prunus amygdalus</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Prunus_amygdalus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Prunus amygdalus"><i>Prunus amygdalus</i></a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+dulcis">"Prunus dulcis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">Plants for a Future</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+for+a+Future&rft.atitle=Prunus+dulcis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpfaf.org%2Fuser%2FPlant.aspx%3FLatinName%3DPrunus%2Bdulcis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmond" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fruitsandnuts.ucdavis.edu/datastore/?ds=391&reportnumber=612&catcol=2806&categorysearch=Almond">University of California Fruit and Nut Research and Information Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121206105214/http://fruitsandnuts.ucdavis.edu/datastore/?ds=391&reportnumber=612&catcol=2806&categorysearch=Almond">Archived</a> 6 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuts" title="Template:Nuts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuts" title="Template talk:Nuts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">True, or <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">botanical nuts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">Acorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fagus_grandifolia" title="Fagus grandifolia">American beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">European beech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brosimum_alicastrum" title="Brosimum alicastrum">Breadnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleurites_moluccanus" title="Aleurites moluccanus">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castanea_sativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Castanea sativa">Sweet chestnut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_americana" title="Corylus americana">American hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_cornuta" title="Corylus cornuta">Beaked hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_avellana" title="Corylus avellana">European hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_maxima" title="Corylus maxima">Filbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_heterophylla" title="Corylus heterophylla">Asian hazel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_nut" title="Kola nut">Kola nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachychiton" title="Brachychiton">Kurrajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachira_aquatica" title="Pachira aquatica">Malabar chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">Palm nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hicksbeachia_pinnatifolia" title="Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia">Red bopple nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beilschmiedia_bancroftii" title="Beilschmiedia bancroftii">Yellow walnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">Drupes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Almond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semecarpus_australiensis" title="Semecarpus australiensis">Australian cashew nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Betel nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Borneo tallow nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">Cashew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevuina" title="Gevuina">Chilean hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coula_edulis" title="Coula edulis">Gabon nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carya_tomentosa" title="Carya tomentosa">Mockernut hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan">Pecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_ovata" title="Carya ovata">Shagbark hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_laciniosa" title="Carya laciniosa">Shellbark hickory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeocarpus_bancroftii" title="Elaeocarpus bancroftii">Johnstone River almond</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irvingia_gabonensis" title="Irvingia gabonensis">Irvingia gabonensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jack nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuka" title="Karuka">Karuka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pandanus_julianettii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandanus julianettii">Planted karuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandanus_brosimos" title="Pandanus brosimos">Wild karuka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongongo" title="Mongongo">Mongongo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panda_oleosa" title="Panda oleosa">Panda oleosa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryocar_nuciferum" title="Caryocar nuciferum">Pekea nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarium_ovatum" title="Canarium ovatum">Pili nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">Pistachio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">Walnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_nigra" title="Juglans nigra">Black walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_cinerea" title="Juglans cinerea">Butternut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_regia" title="Juglans regia">English walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_ailantifolia" title="Juglans ailantifolia">Heartnut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macrozamia" title="Macrozamia">Burrawang nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo nut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Araucaria" title="Araucaria">Araucaria</a></i> spp. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araucaria_bidwillii" title="Araucaria bidwillii">Bunya nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucaria_araucana" title="Araucaria araucana">Monkey-puzzle nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_gerardiana" title="Pinus gerardiana">Chilgoza pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_edulis" title="Pinus edulis">Colorado pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_koraiensis" title="Pinus koraiensis">Korean pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_cembroides" title="Pinus cembroides">Mexican pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_monophylla" title="Pinus monophylla">Single-leaf pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_pine" title="Stone pine">Stone pine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia" title="Macadamia">Macadamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_tetraphylla" title="Macadamia tetraphylla">Macadamia nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_integrifolia" title="Macadamia integrifolia">Queensland macadamia nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecythis" title="Lecythis">Paradise nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">Peanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterculia_quadrifida" title="Sterculia quadrifida">Peanut tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edible_fats_and_oils" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fats_and_oils" title="Template:Fats and oils"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fats_and_oils" title="Template talk:Fats and oils"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fats_and_oils" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fats and oils"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edible_fats_and_oils" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Edible fats and oils</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pork_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork fat">Pork fats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatback" title="Fatback">Fatback</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lardo" title="Lardo">Lardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salo_(food)" title="Salo (food)">Salo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">Lard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardon" title="Lardon">Lardon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">Mutton</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dripping" title="Dripping">Dripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suet" title="Suet">Suet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_fat" title="Tail fat">Tail fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">Tallow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">Dairy</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarified_butter" title="Clarified butter">Clarified butter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manteiga-da-terra" title="Manteiga-da-terra">Manteiga-da-terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niter_kibbeh" title="Niter kibbeh">Niter kibbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smen" title="Smen">Smen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfa_butter" title="Urfa butter">Urfa butter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_fat" title="Chicken fat">Chicken fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Duck fat">Duck fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Goose fat">Goose fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmaltz" title="Schmaltz">Schmaltz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other animal fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blubber#Human_influences" title="Blubber">Blubber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktuk" title="Muktuk">Muktuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">Whale oil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vegetable fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_tallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo tallow">Borneo tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_butter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mango butter">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">Margarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">Palm kernel oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_shortening" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable shortening">Vegetable shortening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Marine oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_oil" title="Krill oil">Krill oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_oil" title="Seaweed oil">Seaweed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_liver_oil" title="Shark liver oil">Shark liver oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable <br /> oils</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetable_oils" title="List of vegetable oils">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stone_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone fruit">Fruit</a> oils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avocado_oil" title="Avocado oil">Avocado oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nut_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nut (food)">Nut</a> oils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almond_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Almond oil">Almond oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argan_oil" title="Argan oil">Argan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Cashew oil">Cashew oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazelnut oil">Hazelnut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_oil" title="Macadamia oil">Macadamia oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marula_oil" title="Marula oil">Marula oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongongo#Traditional_uses" title="Mongongo">Mongongo nut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_oil" title="Pecan oil">Pecan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut_oil" title="Pine nut oil">Pine nut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistachio_oil" title="Pistachio oil">Pistachio oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_oil" title="Walnut oil">Walnut oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed oil">Seed oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambadi_seed_oil" title="Ambadi seed oil">Ambadi seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_seed_oil" title="Apple seed oil">Apple seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">Castor oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">Corn oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">Cottonseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" title="Grape seed oil">Grape seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Hemp oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed (flaxseed) oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_oil" title="Mustard oil">Mustard oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_oil" title="Peanut oil">Peanut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequi_oil" title="Pequi oil">Pequi oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_oil" title="Perilla oil">Perilla oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppyseed_oil" title="Poppyseed oil">Poppyseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_seed_oil" title="Pumpkin seed oil">Pumpkin seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed_oil" title="Rapeseed oil">Rapeseed (canola) oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_bran_oil" title="Rice bran oil">Rice bran oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safflower_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Safflower oil">Safflower oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">Sunflower oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermelon_seed_oil" title="Watermelon seed oil">Watermelon seed oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Types_of_plant_oils" title="Types of plant oils">Plant oil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">Essential oil</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Prunus dulcis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39918" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q39918">Q39918</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/152754">152754</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/116541">116541</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id39534">39534</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=254425">254425</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6888">6888</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4N8T5">4N8T5</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia" title="State Herbarium of South Australia">eFloraSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Prunus_dulcis">Prunus_dulcis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/231567">231567</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PRNDU">PRNDU</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/180865">180865</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/46200">46200</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250100386">250100386</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3022502">3022502</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=29890">29890</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/69936">69936</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/729673-1">729673-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10797389">10797389</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=24775">24775</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=286445">286445</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.160537/">2.160537</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000462084">NHMSYS0000462084</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3755">3755</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/820dd73b-e26a-4b0f-a42a-68ab30968fcb">820dd73b-e26a-4b0f-a42a-68ab30968fcb</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/7265/">7265</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=731568">731568</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PalDat: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paldat.org/pub/Prunus_dulcis">Prunus_dulcis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=2217">2217</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/rjp-375">rjp-375</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/PRDU">PRDU</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A729673-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:729673-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/13964/wd/Details">13964</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/27801092">27801092</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/680d807c-16ac-4989-9967-67743707fbe9">680d807c-16ac-4989-9967-67743707fbe9</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WoI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=27">27</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001005398">wfo-0001005398</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Prunus amygdalus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15545507" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q15545507">Q15545507</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Prunus_amygdalus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Prunus amygdalus">Prunus amygdalus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/152743">152743</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/219452">219452</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=956194">956194</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6VZYC">6VZYC</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=2397">2397</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/180120">180120</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3020980">3020980</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=29834">29834</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/886561">886561</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/60439867-2">60439867-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=519646">519646</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a 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