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(PDF) ROMANIAN WOMEN WRITERS AND THE LITERARY PROFESSION DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20 TH CENTURY: EXCLUSION, FEMINISATION AND PROFESSIONALISATION OF WRITING
<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="a3DZ7jALj1DvyQYx8JQETUPR0umRVq5y1Rqnj7TEY4CDUw8KV_1NXLiA00heqiZhnKnndeMBo_JOaXYaRiGFSA" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="ROMANIAN WOMEN WRITERS AND THE LITERARY PROFESSION DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20 TH CENTURY: EXCLUSION, FEMINISATION AND PROFESSIONALISATION OF WRITING" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2022/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Metacritic Journal for Comparative Studies and Theory" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Moroșan Ioana" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/95113416/ROMANIAN_WOMEN_WRITERS_AND_THE_LITERARY_PROFESSION_DURING_THE_FIRST_HALF_OF_THE_20_TH_CENTURY_EXCLUSION_FEMINISATION_AND_PROFESSIONALISATION_OF_WRITING" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="ROMANIAN WOMEN WRITERS AND THE LITERARY PROFESSION DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20 TH CENTURY: EXCLUSION, FEMINISATION AND PROFESSIONALISATION OF WRITING" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The present paper aims to analyse the evolution of the writing profession in case of women writers during the first half of the 20 th century and especially during the inter-war period. In this respect, the present research mobilises three main" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/19580947/18019020/55710020/s200_morosan.ioana.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/95113416/ROMANIAN_WOMEN_WRITERS_AND_THE_LITERARY_PROFESSION_DURING_THE_FIRST_HALF_OF_THE_20_TH_CENTURY_EXCLUSION_FEMINISATION_AND_PROFESSIONALISATION_OF_WRITING" /> <meta property="og:title" content="ROMANIAN WOMEN WRITERS AND THE LITERARY PROFESSION DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20 TH CENTURY: EXCLUSION, FEMINISATION AND PROFESSIONALISATION OF WRITING" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The present paper aims to analyse the evolution of the writing profession in case of women writers during the first half of the 20 th century and especially during the inter-war period. In this respect, the present research mobilises three main" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://unibuc.academia.edu/Moro%C8%99anIoana" /> <meta name="description" content="The present paper aims to analyse the evolution of the writing profession in case of women writers during the first half of the 20 th century and especially during the inter-war period. In this respect, the present research mobilises three main" /> <title>(PDF) ROMANIAN WOMEN WRITERS AND THE LITERARY PROFESSION DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20 TH CENTURY: EXCLUSION, FEMINISATION AND PROFESSIONALISATION OF WRITING</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/95113416/ROMANIAN_WOMEN_WRITERS_AND_THE_LITERARY_PROFESSION_DURING_THE_FIRST_HALF_OF_THE_20_TH_CENTURY_EXCLUSION_FEMINISATION_AND_PROFESSIONALISATION_OF_WRITING" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'dc2ad41da5d7ea682babd20f90650302fb0a3a36'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739714979000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739714979000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"The present paper aims to analyse the evolution of the writing profession in case of women writers during the first half of the 20 th century and especially during the inter-war period. In this respect, the present research mobilises three main methodological frameworks mainly consecrated by Pierre Bourdieu and his later followers: the sociology of professions, the sociology of gender, and field theory. The professionalisation of the literary occupation is also analysed from three main perspectives in front of the backdrop against which it occurred: firstly, the evolution of the literary profession is related to the feminisation of the literary field that allowed a wide insertion of women therein; the practices of exclusion, insofar as the literary occupation remained capitalised by male dominants; and, finally, the professionalisation of writing in the case of women is correlated to the development of the literary infrastructure during the inter-war period that contributed to the dislocation of the established criteria of the co-optation of newcomers.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Moroșan Ioana","url":"https://unibuc.academia.edu/Moro%C8%99anIoana"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-01-16","datePublished":"2022-01-01","headline":"ROMANIAN WOMEN WRITERS AND THE LITERARY PROFESSION DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20 TH CENTURY: EXCLUSION, 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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F95113416%2FROMANIAN_WOMEN_WRITERS_AND_THE_LITERARY_PROFESSION_DURING_THE_FIRST_HALF_OF_THE_20_TH_CENTURY_EXCLUSION_FEMINISATION_AND_PROFESSIONALISATION_OF_WRITING%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":97384324,"identifier":"Attachment_97384324","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":95113416,"created_at":"2023-01-16T11:55:06.246-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2023-04-21T14:26:32.666-07:00","_data":{"doi":"10.24193/mjcst.2022.13.06","abstract":"The present paper aims to analyse the evolution of the writing profession in case of women writers during the first half of the 20 th century and especially during the inter-war period. In this respect, the present research mobilises three main methodological frameworks mainly consecrated by Pierre Bourdieu and his later followers: the sociology of professions, the sociology of gender, and field theory. The professionalisation of the literary occupation is also analysed from three main perspectives in front of the backdrop against which it occurred: firstly, the evolution of the literary profession is related to the feminisation of the literary field that allowed a wide insertion of women therein; the practices of exclusion, insofar as the literary occupation remained capitalised by male dominants; and, finally, the professionalisation of writing in the case of women is correlated to the development of the literary infrastructure during the inter-war period that contributed to the dislocation of the established criteria of the co-optation of newcomers.","publication_date":"2022,,","publication_name":"Metacritic Journal for Comparative Studies and Theory"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"ROMANIAN WOMEN WRITERS AND THE LITERARY PROFESSION DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20 TH CENTURY: EXCLUSION, FEMINISATION AND PROFESSIONALISATION OF WRITING","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [19580947]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":97384324,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “ROMANIAN WOMEN WRITERS AND THE LITERARY PROFESSION DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20 TH CENTURY: EXCLUSION, FEMINISATION AND PROFESSIONALISATION OF WRITING”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/97384324/mini_magick20230116-1-txnsbw.png?1673898916" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">ROMANIAN WOMEN WRITERS AND THE LITERARY PROFESSION DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20 TH CENTURY: EXCLUSION, FEMINISATION AND PROFESSIONALISATION OF WRITING</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="19580947" href="https://unibuc.academia.edu/Moro%C8%99anIoana"><img alt="Profile image of Moroșan Ioana" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/19580947/18019020/55710020/s65_morosan.ioana.jpg" />Moroșan Ioana</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2022, Metacritic Journal for Comparative Studies and Theory</p><a class="js-loswp-work-card-doi-link ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" href="https://doi.org/10.24193/mjcst.2022.13.06" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.24193/mjcst.2022.13.06</a><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">21 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 95113416; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The present paper aims to analyse the evolution of the writing profession in case of women writers during the first half of the 20 th century and especially during the inter-war period. In this respect, the present research mobilises three main methodological frameworks mainly consecrated by Pierre Bourdieu and his later followers: the sociology of professions, the sociology of gender, and field theory. The professionalisation of the literary occupation is also analysed from three main perspectives in front of the backdrop against which it occurred: firstly, the evolution of the literary profession is related to the feminisation of the literary field that allowed a wide insertion of women therein; the practices of exclusion, insofar as the literary occupation remained capitalised by male dominants; and, finally, the professionalisation of writing in the case of women is correlated to the development of the literary infrastructure during the inter-war period that contributed to the dislocation of the established criteria of the co-optation of newcomers.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":97384324,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/95113416/ROMANIAN_WOMEN_WRITERS_AND_THE_LITERARY_PROFESSION_DURING_THE_FIRST_HALF_OF_THE_20_TH_CENTURY_EXCLUSION_FEMINISATION_AND_PROFESSIONALISATION_OF_WRITING"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":97384324,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/95113416/ROMANIAN_WOMEN_WRITERS_AND_THE_LITERARY_PROFESSION_DURING_THE_FIRST_HALF_OF_THE_20_TH_CENTURY_EXCLUSION_FEMINISATION_AND_PROFESSIONALISATION_OF_WRITING"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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What is the cause for such a phenomenon? Is there a feminine literature, or is it rather an invention of the feminists? If there is, is it a literature of the periphery? Is the alleged marginality a sociological problem or one of history of mentalities? Can we define it without making reference to the " masculine " literature? Here are some questions which prove the fact that the problem is a complex one that can hardly be put into strict conceptual frameworks. There are partisans of feminine literature, but there are also skeptics. We are going to try to define the concept reviewing different opinions that have been expressed starting with the beginning of the 20 th century, when the first women writers made their presence known, until the present days, when the phenomenon of feminine literature became a very well-known one in the literary field. Abandoning the dichotomy masculine-feminine or even the lack of differentiation, ideas that were manifested in the writing field too, become a symptom of modernity. Confronted with the perspective of absolute equality, but also with her desire to still be a woman, the " female writer " must face the new challenges of today's world.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\" Feminine Writing \" in the Past and Present in Romania","attachmentId":51162703,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30714650/_Feminine_Writing_in_the_Past_and_Present_in_Romania","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30714650/_Feminine_Writing_in_the_Past_and_Present_in_Romania"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="38157882" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38157882/The_Great_Female_Unread_Romanian_Women_Novelists_in_the_First_Half_of_the_Twentieth_Century_A_Quantitative_Approach">The Great (Female) Unread. Romanian Women Novelists in the First Half of the Twentieth Century: A Quantitative Approach</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47631152" href="https://ubbcluj.academia.edu/DaianaG%C3%A2rdan">Daiana Gârdan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Metacritic Journal for Comparative Studies and Theory, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The following paper intends to investigate the main junctures and disjunctures of Romanian prose written by women in the first half of the twentieth century from a quantitative perspective. The paper will employ a macroanalysis of both the novels written in this period and the prose written by female writers, in order to establish a pattern in the modernisation and institutionalisation of Romanian literature in the inter-war period, more specifically in the 1930s, the decade that saw the emergence of the main canonical Romanian novels. The paper will also delve into the main principles and discussions surrounding early Romanian feminism. Aspects such as import literature, translations, and the circulation of Western literary trends in the Romanian cultural field will be critical to understand how Romanian prose written by women evolved over the course of the twentieth century and established an alternative literary canon.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Great (Female) Unread. Romanian Women Novelists in the First Half of the Twentieth Century: A Quantitative Approach","attachmentId":58191140,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38157882/The_Great_Female_Unread_Romanian_Women_Novelists_in_the_First_Half_of_the_Twentieth_Century_A_Quantitative_Approach","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38157882/The_Great_Female_Unread_Romanian_Women_Novelists_in_the_First_Half_of_the_Twentieth_Century_A_Quantitative_Approach"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="31242093" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31242093/The_Visible_Woman_Interwar_Romanian_Women_Writers_Modernity_and_the_Gendered_Public_Private_Divide">The Visible Woman: Interwar Romanian Women Writers, Modernity, and the Gendered Public / Private Divide</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10781295" href="https://rutgers.academia.edu/VoichitaNachescu">Ileana Nachescu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this article I analyse four novels by four Romanian women writers in order to bring into focus their perspectives on interwar gender roles, urbanisation and modernisa-tion. First, I discuss the concept of 'feminine literature', largely used by (predominantly male) Romanian literary critics to describe literary works by women, as a description of normative femininity rather than an aesthetic category. Second, I argue that through their literary works, Romanian women writers e ectively criticised interwar gender roles, more precisely the divide between public masculinity and private femininity, the constraints of women' s sexual agency, and the heterosexual romance. Last, I analyse four novels published (mainly) during the interwar period by the Romanian women), focussing on the female characters' presence and visibility in the urban public space and on the dynamics of the gaze that polices their behaviour.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Visible Woman: Interwar Romanian Women Writers, Modernity, and the Gendered Public / Private Divide","attachmentId":51649432,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31242093/The_Visible_Woman_Interwar_Romanian_Women_Writers_Modernity_and_the_Gendered_Public_Private_Divide","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31242093/The_Visible_Woman_Interwar_Romanian_Women_Writers_Modernity_and_the_Gendered_Public_Private_Divide"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="113966840" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113966840/Writing_the_Life_of_Servants_in_Early_Romanian_Feminist_Novels">Writing the Life of Servants in Early Romanian Feminist Novels</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39972934" href="https://ulbsibiu.academia.edu/AncaMartin">Anca Simina MARTIN</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Dacoromania Litteraria, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Despite their potential to read as social documents on women’s condition at the turn of the century, novels written by women writers in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century are, if not systematically overlooked, then severely understudied, at least in semiperipheral cultures, which by default have a young literary history. In this article, we explore two non-canon works, Patimi [Passions] (1903) and În luptă [In Combat] (1906–8), by Sofia Nădejde and Elena Bacaloglu respectively with a view to understanding whether they constitute glimpses into their authors’ lives and the extent to which the ideological convictions of the writers influenced how they portray the plight of female servants, who, as women and domestic workers, have a double subordinate role. In the case of both novels, there is (circumstantial) evidence to suspect that shards of the authors’ autobiographies and convictions made their way into their works, and by looking further into how Nădejde and Bacaloglu tackle the condition of women servants in Patimi and În luptă, a similar phenomenon can be observed: notwithstanding their political ethos – Nădejde espoused socialist views until her literary career started, when her views shifted toward a more conservative stance, whereas Bacaloglu contributed to the emergence of the first fascist organizations in Romania –, the two most prominent women writers of the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century instrumentalized the female servant characters to give voice to the plight of their upper-class mistresses. This, in turn, bears testimony to the fact that their works operate as artefacts of women’s condition at the turn of the century, and when corroborated with the authors’ autobiographies, they show that the first attempts at feminist literature in Romania did not put forward a progressive perspective on the social mobility of workingwomen.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Writing the Life of Servants in Early Romanian Feminist Novels","attachmentId":110790153,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113966840/Writing_the_Life_of_Servants_in_Early_Romanian_Feminist_Novels","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113966840/Writing_the_Life_of_Servants_in_Early_Romanian_Feminist_Novels"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="126435759" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/126435759/_Why_dont_we_have_a_novel_of_our_own_The_Anatomy_of_a_Romanian_Literary_Complex">"Why don't we have a novel of our own?": The Anatomy of a Romanian Literary Complex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="81903691" href="https://ulbsibiu.academia.edu/AndreiTerian">Andrei Terian</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Studies in the Novel, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article addresses and disproves one of the most long-standing clichés of Romanian literary criticism, namely the underdevelopment of the early novel, especially in relation to poetry. It discusses the inferiority complex and the illusion of exceptionalism that went hand in hand with this impressionistic claim about the distribution of literary genres, by looking at several critical interventions from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Then, it provides a quantitative overview of the actual situation of the early Romanian novel compared to the poetry volumes published in the same period, concluding that the myth of novelistic underdevelopment was a politically useful fiction in an age of nation-building.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"Why don't we have a novel of our own?\": The Anatomy of a Romanian Literary Complex","attachmentId":120496062,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/126435759/_Why_dont_we_have_a_novel_of_our_own_The_Anatomy_of_a_Romanian_Literary_Complex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/126435759/_Why_dont_we_have_a_novel_of_our_own_The_Anatomy_of_a_Romanian_Literary_Complex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="67226537" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67226537/Towards_an_Ethical_Canon_of_Postwar_Romanian_Literature_Monica_Lovinescu_on_Women_Writers">Towards an Ethical Canon of Postwar Romanian Literature: Monica Lovinescu on Women Writers</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5036337" href="https://unibuc.academia.edu/OanaDubalaru">Oana Fotache Dubalaru</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Knjiženstvo, Journal for Studies in Literature, Gender and Culture, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper looks into Romanian critic Monica Lovinescu's writings in order to identify the criteria she employs for the analysis of Romanian women writers after World War II. Covering mostly fiction and memorialistic literature, Monica Lovinescu played an important role in launching the careers of contemporary women writers, while also revisiting forgotten or marginal texts authored by members of older generations. Her value system brings together aesthetic and ethical frameworks that take into account the larger socio-political context which the writers relate to. Even though the critic's way of reading is not an explicitly feminist one, her analyses and hermeneutical technique still consider the writer's gender, especially as she thinks that Romanian women writers were often marginalized by male scholars who dominated the literary field during and after communism.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Towards an Ethical Canon of Postwar Romanian Literature: Monica Lovinescu on Women Writers","attachmentId":78122510,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67226537/Towards_an_Ethical_Canon_of_Postwar_Romanian_Literature_Monica_Lovinescu_on_Women_Writers","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67226537/Towards_an_Ethical_Canon_of_Postwar_Romanian_Literature_Monica_Lovinescu_on_Women_Writers"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="27801560" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27801560/Women_Writers_of_the_Romantic_Period_Rewriting_the_Masculine_World">Women Writers of the Romantic Period: Rewriting the Masculine World</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1834181" href="https://periyaruniversity.academia.edu/GeethaPrem">Geetha Prem</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26255089" href="https://msuniv.academia.edu/DrJoshuaGnanaRajP">Dr Joshua Gnana Raj P</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Romantic Period was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement, it is called such since, the period brought in many changes which include the rapid spread of the ownership of clocks with minute hands throughout the late nineteenth-century. This period made lawyers to condemn old sundials as childish. It was also the time when culturally as well as socially, termed as an age of transition from gothic writing characteristics of the second half of the eighteenth-century with a particular appeal to a new generation of women readers, to a more patriarchal aesthetics in which the popular styles of earlier ages were dismissed as unmanly. This was the period in which men writers flourished. Yet there are many female writers who never had their fame glow as their male counterparts. This paper will deal with the hidden female writers of the Romantic era. This paper will also mainly focus on the rethinking of the individual and the Romantic society at large.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Women Writers of the Romantic Period: Rewriting the Masculine World","attachmentId":48083196,"attachmentType":"pptx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27801560/Women_Writers_of_the_Romantic_Period_Rewriting_the_Masculine_World","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27801560/Women_Writers_of_the_Romantic_Period_Rewriting_the_Masculine_World"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="8433195" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8433195/Feminine_Romanian_Jounalism">Feminine Romanian Jounalism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17115577" href="https://ueb.academia.edu/OdetteArhip">Odette Arhip</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The beginning of journalism is a head note of the 19 th century in Romania. Women greatly contributed towards modernization. They appreciably helped their nation to synchronize with the European standards and the ideological, philosophical and political goals of the 19 th century. The country had to accomplish several major assignments in the political, social and cultural fields and women were perfectly empathetic. Most of them practiced journalism or they were the first female Romanian writers. Those, living in Transylvania which was part of Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867-1918), were strongly influenced by the modern views, ideologies and perspectives, and they disclosed the new perspectives for their peers from Moldavia and Muntenia. The present contribution highlights the first and most important Romanian women-writers who shaped the new position of their country in Europe and their condition as well. Women went a long way towards equality, freedom, emancipation and an upper social eminence. Besides their actions and activities, the paper dignifies the stylistic and general literary qualities of their artistic outcomes.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Feminine Romanian Jounalism","attachmentId":34823221,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8433195/Feminine_Romanian_Jounalism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8433195/Feminine_Romanian_Jounalism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="66929501" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66929501/To_the_Question_of_the_Undervaluation_of_Women_s_Writing_in_the_19TH_20TH_Centuries">To the Question of the Undervaluation of Women’s Writing in the 19TH–20TH Centuries</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="185595849" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LiliiaSikora">Liliia Sikora</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Young Scientist</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The article focuses on the problematic issues of the undervaluation of women's writing in the 19 th-20 th centuries. The research aspects in this sphere have been illustrated; the insight on the struggles of women writers against male editors and authors and their selfishness and total disregard for them has been highlighted; the challenge faced by women writers of being unaccepted in the literary world, often having to prove the worthiness and importance of their works, being categorized in ways different to men has been emphasized on. The research has been done on the basis of the analysis of gender studies' approach to women's writing. By taking a closer look at the public reception of the female authors in the nineteenth-twentieth centuries we assume that the narrow-mindedness of the patriarchal society and the lack of basic human rights to freedom of women's writing in this period hindered the development of female literature. In order to step on the male-dominated literary path and stand alongside the men, female authors had to use male pseudonyms or write anonymously to avoid the condescending judgements of men-critics. Women writers faced the challenge of being unaccepted in the literary world, often having to prove the worthiness and importance of their works, being categorized in ways different to men.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"To the Question of the Undervaluation of Women’s Writing in the 19TH–20TH Centuries","attachmentId":77938895,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66929501/To_the_Question_of_the_Undervaluation_of_Women_s_Writing_in_the_19TH_20TH_Centuries","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66929501/To_the_Question_of_the_Undervaluation_of_Women_s_Writing_in_the_19TH_20TH_Centuries"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="32025864" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32025864/Romanian_literary_history_and_criticism_up_to_1947">Romanian literary history and criticism up to 1947</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36817875" href="https://acad.academia.edu/AdrianTudurachi">Adrian Tudurachi</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Romanian literary history and criticism up to 1947","attachmentId":52290084,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32025864/Romanian_literary_history_and_criticism_up_to_1947","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/32025864/Romanian_literary_history_and_criticism_up_to_1947"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":97384324,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":97384324,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_97384324" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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