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mw-first-heading">Jesus in comparative mythology</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesucristo_en_la_mitolog%C3%ADa_comparada" title="Jesucristo en la mitología comparada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jesucristo en la mitología comparada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EA%B5%90%EC%8B%A0%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EC%86%8D_%EC%98%88%EC%88%98" title="비교신화학 속 예수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비교신화학 속 예수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesus_dalam_mitologi_komparatif" title="Yesus dalam mitologi komparatif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yesus dalam mitologi komparatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Asclepius_and_hygieia_relief.jpg/168px-Asclepius_and_hygieia_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Asclepius_and_hygieia_relief.jpg/224px-Asclepius_and_hygieia_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1446" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_Attis_CdM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bust_Attis_CdM.jpg/120px-Bust_Attis_CdM.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bust_Attis_CdM.jpg/180px-Bust_Attis_CdM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bust_Attis_CdM.jpg/240px-Bust_Attis_CdM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="800" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Aphrodite_Adonis_Louvre_MNB2109.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aphrodite_Adonis_Louvre_MNB2109.jpg/164px-Aphrodite_Adonis_Louvre_MNB2109.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aphrodite_Adonis_Louvre_MNB2109.jpg/246px-Aphrodite_Adonis_Louvre_MNB2109.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aphrodite_Adonis_Louvre_MNB2109.jpg/328px-Aphrodite_Adonis_Louvre_MNB2109.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Jesus has been compared to a broad variety of figures from various mythological traditions within the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>, including (in rows from left to right) <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>.</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus"><img alt="Jesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/200px-JesusYeshua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/300px-JesusYeshua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/400px-JesusYeshua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="234" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus in Christianity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation_of_Christ" title="Humiliation of Christ">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_obedience_of_Christ" title="Active obedience of Christ">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Heavenly Session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_Christ" title="Intercession of Christ">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Visions of Jesus and Mary">Apparitions and visions of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus in Islam</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masih_(title)" title="Masih (title)">Masih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_Quran" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the Quran">Names and titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_Jesus%27s_death" title="Islamic views on Jesus's death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology#Isa" title="Islamic eschatology">End times</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background to the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language spoken by Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Jesus's race</a> / <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health of Jesus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Jesus in history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources for the historicity of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Reliability of the Gospels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Jesus myth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Perspectives on Jesus</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Bar-Serapion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus in culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesus" title="Template:Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus" title="Template talk:Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The study of Jesus in comparative mythology is the examination of the narratives of the life of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospel">Christian gospels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian traditions">traditions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, as they relate to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and other religions. Although the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> scholars and historians of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a> agree that <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Jesus existed as a historical figure</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Blomberg-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carrier-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-fox-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-nobbs-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[nb 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[nb 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[nb 3]</a> most secular historians also agree that the gospels contain large quantities of ahistorical <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legendary</a> details mixed in with historical information about Jesus's life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012184–185-13">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> are heavily shaped by Jewish tradition, with the Gospel of Matthew deliberately portraying Jesus as a "new <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012198–199-14">[11]</a> Although it is highly unlikely that the authors of the Synoptic Gospels directly based any of their accounts on pagan mythology,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd200753–54-15">[12]</a> it is possible that they may have subtly shaped their accounts of <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus#Cures" title="Miracles of Jesus">Jesus's healing miracles</a> to resemble familiar Greek stories about miracles associated with <a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a>, the god of healing and medicine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelsteinEdelstein1998133–134-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200467–68-17">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth narratives</a> of Matthew and Luke are usually seen by secular historians as legends designed to fulfill Jewish expectations about the Messiah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199385–88-18">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> bears indirect influences from <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a>, via earlier Jewish deuterocanonical texts, and may also have been influenced in less obvious ways by the cult of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, the Greek god of wine, though this possibility is still disputed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalier200466–69-19">[16]</a> Later <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christian traditions about Jesus</a> were probably influenced by <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Greco-Roman religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">mythology</a>. Much of <a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus's traditional iconography</a> is apparently derived from Mediterranean deities such as <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, Asclepius, <a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">traditional birthdate on 25 December</a>, which was not declared as such until the fifth century, was at one point named a holiday in honour of the Roman sun god <a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a>. At around the same time Christianity was expanding in the second and third centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraic Cult</a> was also flourishing. Though the relationship between the two religions is still under dispute, <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologists</a> at the time noted similarities between them, which some scholars have taken as evidence of borrowing, but which are more likely a result of shared cultural environment. More general comparisons have also been made between the accounts about Jesus's birth and resurrection and stories of other divine or heroic figures from across the Mediterranean world, including supposed "<a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">dying-and-rising gods</a>" such as <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Tammuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, although the concept of "dying-and-rising gods" itself has received <a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity#Scholarly_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">scholarly criticism</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legendary_material_in_the_gospels">Legendary material in the gospels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_comparative_mythology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legendary material in the gospels">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synoptic_gospels">Synoptic gospels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_comparative_mythology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Synoptic gospels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/290px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/435px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/580px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, depicted in this nineteenth-century painting by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bloch" title="Carl Bloch">Carl Bloch</a>, is an example of an instance in which one of the gospel-writers shapes his account in light of Jewish tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012199-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993146-21">[18]</a> Although the sermon itself may contain some authentic sayings of the historical Jesus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817–62-22">[19]</a> the context of the sermon is a literary invention to make Jesus seem like a "new <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817–62-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012199-20">[17]</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity of Jesus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a></div> The majority of <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> scholars and historians of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a> agree that <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Jesus existed as an historical figure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blomberg-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carrier-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-fox-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-nobbs-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[nb 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[nb 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[nb 6]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[nb 7]</a> While some scholars have criticized Jesus scholarship for religious bias and lack of <a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">methodological soundness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[nb 8]</a> with very few exceptions such critics generally do support the historicity of Jesus and reject the <a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a> that Jesus never existed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200016-29">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[nb 9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Powell1998-32">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Houlden2003-33">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-VVoorst14-34">[25]</a> There is widespread disagreement among scholars about the accuracy of details of Jesus's life as it is described in the gospel narratives, and on the meaning of his teachings,<a href="#cite_note-36">[nb 10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hertzog1-37">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[nb 11]</a><a href="#cite_note-MAPowell168-40">[29]</a>: 168–173 <a href="#cite_note-MAPowell168-40">[29]</a> and the only two events subject to "almost universal assent" are that <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Jesus was baptized</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and that <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">he was crucified</a> under the orders of the Roman prefect <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hertzog1-37">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-MAPowell168-40">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-JDunn339-41">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated145-42">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmyJill4-43">[32]</a> It is also generally, although not universally, accepted that Jesus was a Galilean Jew who <a href="/wiki/First_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First disciples of Jesus">called disciples</a> and whose activities were confined to Galilee and Judea, that he had a <a href="/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" title="Cleansing of the Temple">controversy in the Temple</a>, and that, after his crucifixion, his ministry was continued by a group of his disciples, several of whom were persecuted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzog20051–6-44">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans20023–7-45">[34]</a> Nonetheless, most secular scholars generally agree that the gospels contain large amounts of material that is not historically accurate and is better categorized as legend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012184–185-13">[10]</a> In a discussion of genuinely legendary episodes from the gospels, New Testament scholar <a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a> mentions the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke</a> and the release of <a href="/wiki/Barabbas" title="Barabbas">Barabbas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012184-46">[35]</a> He points out, however, that, just because these accounts are not true does not mean that Jesus himself did not exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012184–185-13">[10]</a> According to theologians Paul R. Eddy and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_A._Boyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory A. Boyd">Gregory A. Boyd</a>, there is no evidence that the portrayal of Jesus in the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> (the three earliest gospels of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>) was directly influenced by pagan mythology in any significant way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd200753–54-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Collins-47">[36]</a> The earliest followers of Jesus were devout Palestinian Jews who abhorred paganism<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd200798–99-48">[37]</a> and would have therefore been extremely unlikely to model accounts about their founder on pagan myths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd200753–54-15">[12]</a> Despite this, several scholars have noticed that some of the <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus#Cures" title="Miracles of Jesus">healing miracles of Jesus</a> recorded in the Synoptic Gospels bear similarities to Greek stories of miracles associated with <a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a>, the god of healing and medicine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelsteinEdelstein1998133–134-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200467–68-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECotter201073-49">[38]</a> Brennan R. Hill states that Jesus's miracles are, for the most part, clearly told in the context of the Jewish belief in the healing power of Yahweh,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200467–68-17">[14]</a> but notes that the authors of the Synoptic Gospels may have subtly borrowed from Greek literary models.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200468-50">[39]</a> He states that Jesus's healing miracles chiefly differ from those of Asclepius by the fact that Jesus's are attributed to a human being on earth;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200468-50">[39]</a> whereas Asclepius's miracles are performed by a distant god.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200468-50">[39]</a> According to classical historians <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emma_J._Edelstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emma J. Edelstein (page does not exist)">Emma J. Edelstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Edelstein" title="Ludwig Edelstein">Ludwig Edelstein</a>, the most obvious difference between Jesus and Asclepius is that Jesus extended his healing to "sinners and publicans";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelsteinEdelstein1998134-51">[40]</a> whereas Asclepius, as a god, refused to heal those who were ritually impure and confined his healing solely to those who thought pure thoughts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelsteinEdelstein1998134-51">[40]</a> Scholars disagree whether the parable of the <a href="/wiki/Rich_man_and_Lazarus" title="Rich man and Lazarus">rich man and Lazarus</a> recorded in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#16:19" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 16:19–31</a> originates with Jesus or if it is a later Christian invention,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Eck2016262–265-52">[41]</a> but the story bears strong resemblances to various <a href="/wiki/Folklore_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore genre">folktales</a> told throughout the Near East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Eck2016265-53">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_(1622).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/290px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/435px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/580px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2057" data-file-height="1690" /></a><figcaption>Adoration of the Shepherds (1622) by the Dutch painter <a href="/wiki/Gerard_van_Honthorst" title="Gerard van Honthorst">Gerard van Honthorst</a>. Modern secular historians regard the birth narrative in the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#1:26" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 1:26–2:52</a> as a legend invented by early Christians based on Old Testament predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199385–88-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris2015106-54">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwak200575-55">[44]</a></figcaption></figure> It is, however, widely agreed that the portrayal of Jesus in the gospels is deeply influenced by Jewish tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012198–199-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199388–91,_112–113-56">[45]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">E. P. Sanders</a>, a leading scholar on the historical Jesus, the Synoptic Gospels contain many episodes in which Jesus's described actions clearly emulate those of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Judaism" title="Prophets in Judaism">prophets in the Hebrew Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199388–91,_112–113-56">[45]</a> Sanders states that, in some of these cases, it is impossible to know for certain whether these parallels originate from the historical Jesus himself having deliberately imitated the Hebrew prophets, or from later Christians inventing mythological stories in order to portray Jesus as one of them,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199388–91,_112–113-56">[45]</a> but, in many other instances, the parallels are clearly the work of the gospel-writers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199388–91-57">[46]</a> The author of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> in particular intentionally seeks to portray Jesus as a "new <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012198–199-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199390–91-58">[47]</a> Matthew's account of <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Herod's attempt to kill the infant Jesus</a>, Jesus's family's <a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</a>, and their subsequent return to Judaea is a mythical narrative based on the account of <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012198-59">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199387–88-60">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010146-61">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[nb 12]</a> In the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus delivers his <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">first public sermon on a mountain</a> in imitation of the giving of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a> atop <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012199-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993146-21">[18]</a> According to New Testament scholars <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Theissen" title="Gerd Theissen">Gerd Theissen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annette_Merz" title="Annette Merz">Annette Merz</a>, the teachings preserved in the sermon are statements that Jesus himself really said on different occasions that were originally recorded without context,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817–62-22">[19]</a> but the author of the Gospel of Matthew compiled them into an organized lecture and invented context for them in order to fit his portrayal of Jesus as a "new Moses".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817–62-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012199-20">[17]</a> According to Sanders, the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth narratives</a> in Matthew and Luke are the clearest examples of legends in the Synoptic Gospels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199385–88-18">[15]</a> Both accounts have Jesus born in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, in accordance with Jewish salvation history, and both have him growing up in Nazareth,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199385–88-18">[15]</a> but they present two different explanations for how that happened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199385–88-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010146–147-67">[55]</a> The accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> of Jesus's conception found in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#1:18" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 1:18–22</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#1:26" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 1:26–38</a> are both modelled on the accounts of the annunciations of <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris2015106-54">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwak200575-55">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010149–151-68">[56]</a> Matthew quotes from the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> translation of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Isaiah#7:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Isaiah">Isaiah 7:14</a> to support his account of the virgin birth of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidler200639-69">[57]</a> The Hebrew text of this verse states "Behold, the young woman [ha'almāh] is with child and about to bear a son and she will call him Immanuel."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidler200639-69">[57]</a> The Septuagint, however, translates the Hebrew word 'almāh, which literally means "young woman",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidler200639-69">[57]</a> as the Greek word παρθένος (parthenos), which means "virgin".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidler200639-69">[57]</a> Most secular historians therefore generally see the two separate accounts of the virgin birth from the Gospels of Matthew and Luke as independent legendary inventions designed to fulfill the mistranslated passage from Isaiah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruner200437-70">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachen1987252-71">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchadourNeuhausMartini200967–68-72">[60]</a> Sanders clarifies that the birth narratives are "an extreme case" resulting from the gospel authors' lack of knowledge about Jesus's birth and childhood;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199388-73">[61]</a> no other part of the gospels relies so heavily on Old Testament parallels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199388-73">[61]</a> Sanders also notes that, despite the clearly intentional parallels, the "striking differences" between Jesus and the prophets of the Old Testament are also highly significant<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199389-74">[62]</a> and the gospels' accounts of Jesus's life on the whole do not closely resemble the lives of any of the figures in the Hebrew Bible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199388-73">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heracles_freeing_Prometheus,_relief_from_the_Temple_of_Aphrodite_at_Aphrodisias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Heracles_freeing_Prometheus%2C_relief_from_the_Temple_of_Aphrodite_at_Aphrodisias.jpg/220px-Heracles_freeing_Prometheus%2C_relief_from_the_Temple_of_Aphrodite_at_Aphrodisias.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Heracles_freeing_Prometheus%2C_relief_from_the_Temple_of_Aphrodite_at_Aphrodisias.jpg/330px-Heracles_freeing_Prometheus%2C_relief_from_the_Temple_of_Aphrodite_at_Aphrodisias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Heracles_freeing_Prometheus%2C_relief_from_the_Temple_of_Aphrodite_at_Aphrodisias.jpg/440px-Heracles_freeing_Prometheus%2C_relief_from_the_Temple_of_Aphrodite_at_Aphrodisias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Greek relief carving from <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias" title="Aphrodisias">Aphrodisias</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> unchaining <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hengel" title="Martin Hengel">Martin Hengel</a> notes that the only apparent instance from classical literature of a god being crucified is a satirical retelling of the binding of Prometheus from the late second century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHengel197711-75">[63]</a></figcaption></figure> Although Jesus's crucifixion is one of the few events in his life that virtually all scholars of all different backgrounds agree really happened,<a href="#cite_note-Hertzog1-37">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-MAPowell168-40">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-JDunn339-41">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated145-42">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmyJill4-43">[32]</a> historians of religion have also compared it to Greek and Roman stories in order to gain a better understanding of how non-Christians would have perceived accounts of Jesus's crucifixion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHengel197712–13-76">[64]</a> The German historian of religion <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hengel" title="Martin Hengel">Martin Hengel</a> notes that the Hellenized Syrian satirist <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian of Samosata</a> ("the <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> of antiquity"), in his comic dialogue Prometheus, written in the second century AD (about two hundred years after Jesus), describes the god <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> being fastened to two rocks in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> using all the terminology of a Roman crucifixion:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHengel197711-75">[63]</a> he is nailed through the hands in such a manner as to produce "a most serviceable cross" ("ἐπικαιρότατος... ὁ σταυρος").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHengel197711-75">[63]</a> The gods <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a>, who perform the binding, are shown as slaves whose brutal master <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> threatens with the same punishment if they weaken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHengel197711-75">[63]</a> Unlike the crucifixion of Jesus in the Synoptic Gospels, Lucian's crucifixion of Prometheus is a deliberate, angry mockery of the gods,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHengel197712–13-76">[64]</a> intended to show Zeus as a cruel and capricious tyrant undeserving of praise or adoration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHengel197712–13-76">[64]</a> This is the only instance from all of classical literature in which a god is apparently crucified<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHengel197712–13-76">[64]</a> and the fact that the Greeks and Romans could only conceive of a god being crucified as a form of "malicious parody" demonstrates the kind of horror with which they would have regarded Christian accounts of Jesus's crucifixion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHengel197712–13-76">[64]</a> American theologian <a href="/wiki/Dennis_R._MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis R. MacDonald">Dennis R. MacDonald</a> has argued that the Gospel of Mark is, in fact, a Jewish retelling of the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, with its ending derived from the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, that uses Jesus as its central character in the place of <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald20131–4-77">[65]</a> According to MacDonald, the gospels are primarily intended to show Jesus as superior to Greek heroes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald20131–4-77">[65]</a> and, although Jesus himself was a real historical figure, the gospels should be read as works of <a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">historical fiction</a> centered on a real protagonist, not as accurate accounts of Jesus's life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald20131–4-77">[65]</a> MacDonald's thesis that the gospels are modelled on the Homeric Epics has been met with intense scepticism in scholarly circles due to its almost complete reliance on extremely vague and subjective parallels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandnes2005714–732-78">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201311–18-79">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins200723–24-80">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2013149–150-81">[69]</a> Other scholars state that his argument is also undermined by the fact that the Gospel of Mark never directly quotes from either of the Homeric Epics<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandnes2005714–732-78">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201312–13-82">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins200724-83">[71]</a> and uses completely dissimilar language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandnes2005714–732-78">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts201312–13-82">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins200724-83">[71]</a> Pheme Perkins also notes that many of the incidents in the Gospel of Mark that MacDonald claims are derived from the Odyssey have much closer parallels in the Old Testament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins200724-83">[71]</a> MacDonald's argument, in a misunderstood form, has nonetheless become popular in non-scholarly circles, mostly on the internet, where it is used to support the Christ Myth theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200923–24-84">[72]</a> MacDonald himself rejects this interpretation as too drastic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200923–24-84">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gospel_of_John">Gospel of John</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_comparative_mythology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gospel of John">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dionysos_kantharos_BM_B589.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dionysos_kantharos_BM_B589.jpg/200px-Dionysos_kantharos_BM_B589.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dionysos_kantharos_BM_B589.jpg/300px-Dionysos_kantharos_BM_B589.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dionysos_kantharos_BM_B589.jpg/400px-Dionysos_kantharos_BM_B589.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>Late sixth-century BC <a href="/wiki/Black-figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-figure">black-figure</a> painting showing <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> extending a <a href="/wiki/Kantharos" title="Kantharos">kantharos</a>, a kind of drinking cup. Some scholars have argued that the portrayal of Jesus in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> may have been influenced by Dionysian symbolism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalier200466–69-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1993241–242-85">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorrock201157–64-86">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrchard1998129–132-87">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierspel2006202–203-88">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1994131–134-89">[77]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>, the latest of the four canonical gospels, possesses ideas that originated in <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> and Greek philosophy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmalley201247–48-90">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter2015102–104-91">[79]</a> where the "<a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a>" described in John's prologue was devised by the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a> and adapted to Judaism by the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo of Alexandria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter2015102–104-91">[79]</a> However, the author of the Gospel of John was not personally familiar with any Greek philosophy<a href="#cite_note-92">[80]</a> and probably did not borrow the Logos theology from Platonic texts directly;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmalley201247–48-90">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter2015102–104-91">[79]</a> instead, this philosophy probably influenced earlier Jewish deuterocanonical texts, which John inherited and expanded his own Logos theology from.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmalley201247–48-90">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter2015102–104-91">[79]</a> In Platonic terminology, Logos was a universal force that represented the rationality and intelligibility of the world.<a href="#cite_note-93">[81]</a> On the other hand, as adapted into Judaism, Logos becomes a mediating divine figure between God and man and mostly owed influence from <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom literature</a> and biblical traditions, and by the time it was transmitted into Judaism, seems to have only retained the concept of the universality of the Platonic logos. Davies and Finkelstein write "This primeval and universal Wisdom had, at God's command, found itself a home on Mount Zion in Jerusalem. This mediatorial figure, which in its universality can be compared with the Platonic '<a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">world-soul</a>' or the Stoic 'logos', is here exclusively connected with Israel, God's chosen people, and with his sanctuary."<a href="#cite_note-94">[82]</a> Scholars have long suspected that the Gospel of John may have also been influenced by symbolism associated with the cult of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, the Greek god of wine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalier200466–69-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1993241–242-85">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorrock201157–64-86">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrchard1998129–132-87">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierspel2006202–203-88">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1994131–134-89">[77]</a> The issue of whether the Gospel of John was truly influenced by the cult of Dionysus is hotly disputed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalier200466–69-19">[16]</a> with reputable scholars passionately defending both sides of the argument.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalier200466–69-19">[16]</a> Dionysus was one of the best-known Greek deities;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalier200467-95">[83]</a> he was worshipped throughout most of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalier200467-95">[83]</a> and his cult is attested in Palestine, Asia Minor, and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalier200467-95">[83]</a> At the same time, other scholars have argued that it is highly implausible that the devout Christian author of the Gospel of John would have deliberately incorporated Dionysian imagery into his account<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalier200467-95">[83]</a> and instead argue that the symbolism of wine in the Gospel of John is much more likely to be based on the many references to wine found throughout the Old Testament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalier200467-95">[83]</a> In response to this objection, proponents of Dionysian influence have argued that it is possible that the author of the Gospel of John may have used Dionysian imagery in effort to show Jesus as "superior" to Dionysus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalier200467-95">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierspel2006202-96">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1994132-97">[85]</a> The first instance of possible Dionysian influence is Jesus's miracle of turning water into wine at the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_at_Cana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage at Cana">Marriage at Cana</a> in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#2:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 2:1–11</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalier200466–69-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierspel2006202-96">[84]</a> The account bears some resemblance to a number of stories that were told about Dionysus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalier200466-98">[86]</a> Dionysus's close associations with wine are attested as early as the writings of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalier200466-98">[86]</a> and the second-century AD Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> describes a ritual in which Dionysus was said to fill empty barrels that had been left locked inside a temple overnight with wine.<a href="#cite_note-99">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalier200467–68-100">[88]</a> In the Greek novel <a href="/wiki/Leucippe_and_Clitophon" title="Leucippe and Clitophon">Leucippe and Clitophon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Achilles_Tatius" title="Achilles Tatius">Achilles Tatius</a>, written in the first or second century AD, a herdsman takes Dionysus into his home and offers him a meal, but he can only offer him the same thing to drink as his oxen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalier200468-101">[89]</a> Miraculously, Dionysus turns the drink into wine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalier200468-101">[89]</a> The account of turning water into wine does not occur in any of the Synoptic Gospels and is only found in the Gospel of John,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorrock201157-102">[90]</a> indicating that the author of the fourth gospel may have invented it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorrock201157-102">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierspel2006202-96">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1994132-97">[85]</a> A second occurrence of possible Dionysian influence is the allegory found in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#15:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 15:1–17</a>, in which Jesus declares himself to be the "<a href="/wiki/True_Vine" title="True Vine">True Vine</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorrock201157-102">[90]</a> a title reminiscent of Dionysus, who was said to have discovered the first grape vine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorrock201157-102">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeii_-_Casa_dei_Vettii_-_Pentheus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pompeii_-_Casa_dei_Vettii_-_Pentheus.jpg/290px-Pompeii_-_Casa_dei_Vettii_-_Pentheus.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pompeii_-_Casa_dei_Vettii_-_Pentheus.jpg/435px-Pompeii_-_Casa_dei_Vettii_-_Pentheus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pompeii_-_Casa_dei_Vettii_-_Pentheus.jpg/580px-Pompeii_-_Casa_dei_Vettii_-_Pentheus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="1941" /></a><figcaption>First-century AD Roman wall painting from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Vettii" title="House of the Vettii">House of the Vettii</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> showing Dionysus's enemy <a href="/wiki/Pentheus" title="Pentheus">Pentheus</a> being torn to pieces by the <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">maenads</a>, Dionysus's female followers, the climactic scene of <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">Bacchae</a></figcaption></figure> Mark W. G. Stibbe has argued that the Gospel of John also contains parallels with <a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">The Bacchae</a>, a tragedy written by the Athenian playwright <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> that was first performed in 405 BC and involves Dionysus as a central character.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1993241-103">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1994134–136-104">[92]</a> In both works, the central figure is portrayed as an incarnate deity who arrives in a country where he should be known and worshipped,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1993241-103">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1994134–135-105">[93]</a> but, because he is disguised as a mortal, the deity is not recognized and is instead persecuted by the ruling party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1993241-103">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1994134–135-105">[93]</a> In the Gospel of John, Jesus is portrayed as elusive, intentionally making ambiguous statements to evade capture, much like Dionysus in Euripides's Bacchae.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1993241-103">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1994135-106">[94]</a> In both works, the deity is supported by a group of female followers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1993241-103">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1994135-106">[94]</a> Both works end with the violent death of one of the central figures;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1994135-106">[94]</a> in John's gospel it is Jesus himself, but in The Bacchae it is Dionysus's cousin and adversary <a href="/wiki/Pentheus" title="Pentheus">Pentheus</a>, the king of Thebes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1994135-106">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[nb 13]</a> Stibbe emphasizes that two accounts are also radically different,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1994136-111">[98]</a> but states that they share similar themes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1994136-111">[98]</a> One of the most obvious differences is that, in The Bacchae, Dionysus has come to advocate a philosophy of wine and <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonism</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1994136-111">[98]</a> whereas Jesus in the Gospel of John has come to offer his followers salvation from sin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1994136-111">[98]</a> Euripides portrays Dionysus as aggressive and violent;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1994136-111">[98]</a> whereas the Gospel of John shows Jesus as peaceful and full of mercy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1994136-111">[98]</a> Furthermore, The Bacchae is set within an explicitly polytheistic world,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1994136-111">[98]</a> but the Gospel of John admits the existence of only two gods: Jesus himself and his <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father in Heaven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStibbe1994136-111">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas">Infancy Gospel of Thomas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_comparative_mythology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Infancy Gospel of Thomas">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Infancy Gospel of Thomas">Infancy Gospel of Thomas</a> is a short apocryphal gospel, probably written in the second century AD, describing Jesus's childhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAasgaard20101-112">[99]</a> It is unique as the only purported account of Jesus's childhood to survive from early Christian times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAasgaard20101-112">[99]</a> It describes a variety of miracles attributed to the young Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAasgaard20101–2-113">[100]</a> It remained continuously in popular use throughout the Middle Ages up until the time of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAasgaard20102-114">[101]</a> Reidar Aasgaard has argued that the Infancy Gospel may have been partially intended for children<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAasgaard2010196–198-115">[102]</a> and discusses how the accounts in the gospel fit the genre of Greco-Roman fairy tales.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAasgaard2010196–202-116">[103]</a> J. R. C. Cousland argues that the Infancy Gospel may have been originally written for a primarily pagan audience,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousland2017-117">[104]</a> noting that the Greeks and Romans told stories about their gods' miraculous doings as children<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousland2017122–123-118">[105]</a> and that miracle stories were often instrumental in converting pagans to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousland2017123–124-119">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syncretisms_in_late_antiquity">Syncretisms in late antiquity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_comparative_mythology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Syncretisms in late antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mithraism">Mithraism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_comparative_mythology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mithraism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mithra_sacrifiant_le_Taureau-005.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mithra_sacrifiant_le_Taureau-005.JPG/290px-Mithra_sacrifiant_le_Taureau-005.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mithra_sacrifiant_le_Taureau-005.JPG/435px-Mithra_sacrifiant_le_Taureau-005.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mithra_sacrifiant_le_Taureau-005.JPG/580px-Mithra_sacrifiant_le_Taureau-005.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2134" data-file-height="2452" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Roman <a href="/wiki/Tauroctony" title="Tauroctony">tauroctony</a> dating to the third century AD, depicting Mithras slaying the bull, the most important story of the <a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraic Cult</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlansey19899–11-120">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012213-121">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatella200612-122">[109]</a></figcaption></figure> Around the same time that Christianity was expanding, the <a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">cult of the god Mithras</a> was also spreading throughout the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatella20061–2,_9-123">[110]</a> Very little is known for certain about the Mithraic cult because it was a "<a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mystery Cult</a>", meaning its members were forbidden from disclosing the cult's beliefs to outsiders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatella20063–4-124">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012213-121">[108]</a> No Mithraic sacred texts have survived, if any such writings ever existed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012213-121">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatella20062-125">[112]</a> Consequently, it is disputed how much influence Christianity and Mithraism may have had on each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatella20062-125">[112]</a> Michael Patella states that the similarities between Christianity and Mithraism are more likely a result of their shared cultural environment rather than direct borrowing from one to the other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatella20062–4-126">[113]</a> Christianity and Mithraism were both of Oriental origin<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatella20069-127">[114]</a> and their practices and respective saviour figures were both shaped by the social conditions in the Roman Empire during the time period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatella20062-125">[112]</a> Most of what is known about the legendary life of Mithras comes from archaeological excavation of <a href="/wiki/Mithraeum" title="Mithraeum">Mithraea</a>, underground Mithraic sanctuaries of worship, which were found all across the Roman world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatella20068-128">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlansey19896-129">[116]</a> Like Jesus, Mithras was seen as a divine saviour,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatella20061–9-130">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlansey1989125-131">[118]</a> but, unlike Jesus, Mithras was not believed to have brought his salvation by suffering and dying.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatella20068-128">[115]</a> Mithras was believed to have been born fully-grown from a rock,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlansey198935–36-132">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClauss200162–66-133">[120]</a> a belief which is confirmed by a vast number of surviving sculptures showing him rising from the rock nude except for a <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a>, clutching a sword in his right hand and a torch in his left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlansey198935–36-132">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClauss200162–66-133">[120]</a> In many depictions, the rock is also encircled by a snake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClauss200167-134">[121]</a> In Mithraic cults primarily from the Rhine-Danube region, there are also representations of a myth in which Mithras shoots an arrow at a rock face, causing water to gush forth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClauss200171–72-135">[122]</a> This myth is one of the closest parallels between Mithras and Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClauss200172-136">[123]</a> Both Christians and Mithraists used water as a symbol for their respective saviours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClauss200172-136">[123]</a> In the New Testament, Jesus is referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Water_of_Life_(Christianity)" title="Water of Life (Christianity)">water of life</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClauss200172-136">[123]</a> and a votive altar to Mithras from <a href="/wiki/Ptuj" title="Ptuj">Poetovio</a> proclaims him as the fons perennis ("the ever-flowing stream").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClauss200172-136">[123]</a> In the center of every Mithraeum was a <a href="/wiki/Tauroctony" title="Tauroctony">tauroctony</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlansey19896-129">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatella200612-122">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012213-121">[108]</a> a painting or sculpture showing Mithras as a young man, usually wearing a cape and Phrygian cap, plunging a knife into the neck or shoulder of a bull as he turns its head towards him, simultaneously turning his own head away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatella200612-122">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlansey198911-137">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012213-121">[108]</a> A dog laps up the blood pouring from the bull's wound, from which emerges an ear of corn,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012213-121">[108]</a> as a scorpion stings the bull's <a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">scrotum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012213-121">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cautes_and_Cautopates" title="Cautes and Cautopates">Human torchbearers</a> stand on either side of the scene, one holding his torch upright and other upside-down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012213-121">[108]</a> A serpent is also present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlansey198911-137">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012213-121">[108]</a> The exact interpretation of this scene is unclear,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012213-121">[108]</a> but the image certainly depicts a narrative central to Mithraism<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlansey19899–11-120">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatella200612-122">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012213-121">[108]</a> and the figures in it appear to correspond to the signs of the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlansey198916–20-138">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012213-121">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatella200612-122">[109]</a> The closest parallel between Jesus and Mithras is the use of a ritual meal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClauss200172,_169-139">[126]</a> After slaying the bull, Mithras was believed to have shared the bull's meat with the sun-god <a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a>, a meal which is shown in Mithraic iconography and which was ritually reenacted by Mithraists as part of their liturgy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClauss2001112–116-140">[127]</a> Manfred Clauss, a scholar of the Mithraic cult, speculates that the similarities between Christianity and Mithraism may have made it easier for members of the Mithraic cult to convert to Christianity without having to give up their ritual meal, sun-imagery, candles, incense, or bells,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClauss2001171–172-141">[128]</a> a trend which might explain why, as late as the sixth century, the Christian Church was still trying to stamp out the stulti homines who still paid obeisance to the sun every morning on the steps of the church itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClauss2001172-142">[129]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:243px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:MitraRisingfromtherockMNIR.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/MitraRisingfromtherockMNIR.JPG/162px-MitraRisingfromtherockMNIR.JPG" decoding="async" width="162" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/MitraRisingfromtherockMNIR.JPG/243px-MitraRisingfromtherockMNIR.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/MitraRisingfromtherockMNIR.JPG/324px-MitraRisingfromtherockMNIR.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mithras rising from the rock (<a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Romanian_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Romanian History">National Museum of Romanian History</a>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:243px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mithras_petra_genetrix_Terme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mithras_petra_genetrix_Terme.jpg/122px-Mithras_petra_genetrix_Terme.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mithras_petra_genetrix_Terme.jpg/183px-Mithras_petra_genetrix_Terme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mithras_petra_genetrix_Terme.jpg/244px-Mithras_petra_genetrix_Terme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="2700" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mithras born from the rock (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 186 AD; <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian" title="Baths of Diocletian">Baths of Diocletian</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> A few Christian apologists from the second and third centuries, who had never been members of the Mithraic cult and had never spoken to its members, claimed that the practices of the Mithraic cult were copied off Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012213-121">[108]</a> The second-century Christian apologist <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> writes in his <a href="/wiki/First_Apology_of_Justin_Martyr" title="First Apology of Justin Martyr">First Apology</a>, after describing the Christian <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, that "...the wicked devils have imitated [this] in the mysteries of Mithras, commanding the same thing to be done. For, that bread and a cup of water are placed with certain incantations in the mystic rites of one who is being initiated, you either know or can learn."<a href="#cite_note-143">[130]</a> The later apologist <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> writes in his De praescriptione haereticorum: <blockquote>The devil (is the inspirer of the heretics) whose work it is to pervert the truth, who with idolatrous mysteries endeavours to imitate the realities of the divine sacraments. Some he himself sprinkles as though in token of faith and loyalty; he promises forgiveness of sins through baptism; and if my memory does not fail me marks his own soldiers with the sign of Mithra on their foreheads, commemorates an offering of bread, introduces a mock resurrection, and with the sword opens the way to the crown. Moreover has he not forbidden a second marriage to the supreme priest? He maintains also his virgins and his celibates.<a href="#cite_note-144">[131]</a></blockquote> According to Ehrman, these writers were ideologically motivated to portray Christianity and Mithraism as similar because they wanted to persuade pagan officials that Christianity was not so different from other religious traditions, so that these officials would realize that there was no reason to single Christians out for persecution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012213–214-145">[132]</a> These apologists therefore intentionally exaggerated similarities between Christianity and Mithraism to support their arguments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012213–214-145">[132]</a> Scholars are generally wary of trusting anything these sources have to say about the Mithraic cult's alleged practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012214-146">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iconography">Iconography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_comparative_mythology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iconography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depiction of Jesus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rom,_Domitilla-Katakomben,_Der_gute_Hirte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Der_gute_Hirte.jpg/200px-Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Der_gute_Hirte.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Der_gute_Hirte.jpg/300px-Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Der_gute_Hirte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Der_gute_Hirte.jpg/400px-Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Der_gute_Hirte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="2524" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Christian statue of Jesus as the "<a href="/wiki/Good_Shepherd" title="Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd</a>" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300-350) from the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome#Catacombs_of_Domitilla" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Domitilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermes_crioforo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hermes_crioforo.jpg/250px-Hermes_crioforo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hermes_crioforo.jpg/375px-Hermes_crioforo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hermes_crioforo.jpg/500px-Hermes_crioforo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1832" data-file-height="2036" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Late Roman copy of a fifth-century BC Greek statue showing <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, the god of travellers, carrying a ram over his shoulders in his role as <a href="/wiki/Kriophoros" title="Kriophoros">Kriophoros</a> (the "Ram-Bearer")</div></div></div></div></div> In <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christians</a> frequently adapted pagan iconography to suit Christian purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199396–97-147">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink199543–45-148">[135]</a> This does not in any way indicate that Christianity itself was derived from paganism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199396–97-147">[134]</a> only that early Christians made use of the pre-existing symbols that were readily available in their society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199396–97-147">[134]</a> Sometimes Christians deliberately used pagan iconography in conscious effort to show Jesus as superior to the pagan gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2018119–121-149">[136]</a> In classical iconography, the god <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> was sometimes shown as a <a href="/wiki/Kriophoros" title="Kriophoros">kriophoros</a>, a handsome, beardless youth bearing a ram or sheep over his shoulders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen200037-150">[137]</a> In late antiquity, this image developed a generic association with philanthropy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen200037-150">[137]</a> Early Christians adapted images of this kind as representations of Jesus in his role of as the "<a href="/wiki/Good_Shepherd" title="Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen200037–38-151">[138]</a> Early Christians also identified Jesus with the Greek hero <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman200038–61-152">[139]</a> who was said to have tamed wild beasts with the music of his lyre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman200055–57-153">[140]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Church fathers">Church Father</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> writes that Orpheus and Jesus are similar in that they have both been subject to admiration on account of their "songs",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman200056-154">[141]</a> but insists that Orpheus misused his gift of eloquence by persuading people to worship idols and "tie themselves to temporal things";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman200056-154">[141]</a> whereas Jesus, the singer of the "New Song" brings peace to men and frees them from the bonds of the flesh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman200056-154">[141]</a> The later Christian historian <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, drawing on Clement, also compares Orpheus to Jesus for having both brought peace to men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman200056–57-155">[142]</a> One unusual possible instance of identification between Jesus and Orpheus is a <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> gem inscribed with the image of a crucified man identified as ΟΡΦΕΩΣ ΒΑΚΧΙΚΟΣ (Orpheos Bacchikos).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarottaEickenberg20094-156">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHengel197713_and_22-157">[144]</a> The gem has long been suspected to be a forgery created in the late seventeenth or early eighteenth century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarottaEickenberg20091–3-158">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHengel197713_and_22-157">[144]</a> but, if authentic, it may date to the late second or early third century AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarottaEickenberg20094-156">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHengel197713_and_22-157">[144]</a> If authentic, the gem would represent a remarkable instance of pagans adopting Christian iconography, rather than vice versa as is generally more common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarottaEickenberg20094-156">[143]</a> The gem was formerly housed at the <a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, but was lost or destroyed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarottaEickenberg20091-159">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHengel197713_and_22-157">[144]</a> Early Christians found it hard to criticize Asclepius because, while their usual tactics were to denounce the absurdity of believing in gods who were merely personifications of nature and to accuse pagan gods of being immoral,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelsteinEdelstein1998135-160">[147]</a> neither of these could be applied to Asclepius, who was never portrayed as a personification of nature and whose stories were inscrutably moral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelsteinEdelstein1998135-160">[147]</a> The early Christian apologist <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> argued that believing in Jesus's divinity should not be hard for pagans, since it was no different from believing in the divinity of Asclepius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelsteinEdelstein1998135-160">[147]</a> Eventually, Christians adapted much of the iconography of Asclepius to suit the miracles of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson20146–7-161">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerngren200941-162">[149]</a> Images of Jesus as a healer replaced images of Asclepius and <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> as the ideal physician.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerngren200941-162">[149]</a> Jesus, who was originally shown as clean-shaven, may have first been shown as bearded as a result of this syncretism with Asclepius,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden2013420-163">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201882-164">[151]</a> as well as other bearded deities such as <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201882-164">[151]</a> A second-century AD head of Asclepius was discovered underneath a fourth-century AD Christian church in <a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Gerasa, Jordan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden2013420-163">[150]</a> In some depictions from late antiquity, Jesus was shown with the <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halo</a> of the sun god <a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2018122-165">[152]</a> Images of "<a href="/wiki/Christ_in_Majesty" title="Christ in Majesty">Christ in Majesty</a>" seated upon a throne were inspired by classical depictions of Zeus and other chief deities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201882-164">[151]</a> By the fourth century AD, the recognizable image of Jesus as long-haired, bearded, and clad in long, baggy-sleeved clothing had fully emerged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201882-164">[151]</a> This widespread adaptation of pagan iconography to suit Jesus did not sit well with many Christians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2018118-166">[153]</a> A fragment of a lost work by Theodor Lector preserves a miracle story dated to around 465 AD in which the bishop <a href="/wiki/Gennadius_of_Constantinople" title="Gennadius of Constantinople">Gennadius of Constantinople</a> was said to have healed an artist who had lost all strength in his hand after painting an image of Christ showing him with long, curly hair, parted in the same manner as traditional representations of Zeus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2018118-166">[153]</a> Christians also may have adapted the iconography of the Egyptian goddess <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> nursing her son <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> and applied it to the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a> nursing her son Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid200224-167">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonJohnson200779-168">[155]</a> Some Christians also may have conflated stories about the Egyptian god <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> with the resurrection of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid200224-167">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonJohnson200779-168">[155]</a> The title of kosmokrateros ("Ruler of the Cosmos"), which was eventually applied to Jesus, had previously been borne by Serapis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2018121-169">[156]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Father</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> records in a letter dated to the year 395 AD that "Bethlehem... belonging now to us... was overshadowed by a grove of <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Tammuz</a>, that is to say, <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>, and in the cave where once the infant Christ cried, the lover of <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> was lamented."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199396-170">[157]</a> This same cave later became the site of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199396-170">[157]</a> The church historian <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, however, does not mention pagans having ever worshipped in the cave,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199396-170">[157]</a> nor do any other early Christian writers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199396-170">[157]</a> Peter Welten has argued that the cave was never dedicated to Tammuz<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199396-170">[157]</a> and that Jerome misinterpreted Christian mourning over the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> as a pagan ritual over Tammuz's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199396-170">[157]</a> Joan E. Taylor has countered this argument by arguing that Jerome, as an educated man, could not have been so naïve as to mistake Christian mourning over the Massacre of the Innocents as a pagan ritual for Tammuz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199396–97-147">[134]</a> During the sixth century AD, some Christians in the Middle East borrowed elements from poems of Tammuz's wife <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Ishtar</a> mourning over her husband's death into their own retellings of the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a> mourning over the death of her son Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner2016210–212-171">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaringCashford1991-172">[159]</a> The Syrian writers <a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh" title="Jacob of Serugh">Jacob of Serugh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanos_the_Melodist" title="Romanos the Melodist">Romanos the Melodist</a> both wrote laments in which the Virgin Mary describes her compassion for her son at the foot of the cross in deeply personal terms closely resembling Ishtar's laments over the death of Tammuz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner2016212-173">[160]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Jupiter_Olympien_ou_l%27art_de_la_sculpture_antique.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstruction by Quatremère de Quincy (1815) of Phidias's Statue of Zeus at Olympia, based on ancient descriptions and surviving copies"><img alt="Reconstruction by Quatremère de Quincy (1815) of Phidias's Statue of Zeus at Olympia, based on ancient descriptions and surviving copies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Le_Jupiter_Olympien_ou_l%27art_de_la_sculpture_antique.jpg/237px-Le_Jupiter_Olympien_ou_l%27art_de_la_sculpture_antique.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Le_Jupiter_Olympien_ou_l%27art_de_la_sculpture_antique.jpg/355px-Le_Jupiter_Olympien_ou_l%27art_de_la_sculpture_antique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Le_Jupiter_Olympien_ou_l%27art_de_la_sculpture_antique.jpg/474px-Le_Jupiter_Olympien_ou_l%27art_de_la_sculpture_antique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="866" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reconstruction by <a href="/wiki/Quatrem%C3%A8re_de_Quincy" title="Quatremère de Quincy">Quatremère de Quincy</a> (1815) of <a href="/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias">Phidias</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia" title="Statue of Zeus at Olympia">Statue of Zeus at Olympia</a>, based on ancient descriptions and surviving copies</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 264px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 262px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucca.San_Frediana02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Thirteenth-century Byzantine mosaic of Christ in Majesty from the Basilica of San Frediano"><img alt="Thirteenth-century Byzantine mosaic of Christ in Majesty from the Basilica of San Frediano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lucca.San_Frediana02.JPG/393px-Lucca.San_Frediana02.JPG" decoding="async" width="262" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lucca.San_Frediana02.JPG/589px-Lucca.San_Frediana02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Lucca.San_Frediana02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="576" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thirteenth-century Byzantine mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Christ_in_Majesty" title="Christ in Majesty">Christ in Majesty</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Frediano" title="Basilica of San Frediano">Basilica of San Frediano</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Disc_Sol_BM_GR1899.12-1.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Third-century AD Roman imperial repoussé silver disc found at Pessinus showing Sol Invictus with a parhelion"><img alt="Third-century AD Roman imperial repoussé silver disc found at Pessinus showing Sol Invictus with a parhelion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Disc_Sol_BM_GR1899.12-1.2.jpg/315px-Disc_Sol_BM_GR1899.12-1.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Disc_Sol_BM_GR1899.12-1.2.jpg/473px-Disc_Sol_BM_GR1899.12-1.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Disc_Sol_BM_GR1899.12-1.2.jpg/630px-Disc_Sol_BM_GR1899.12-1.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="1580" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Third-century AD Roman imperial <a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Repoussé">repoussé</a> <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> disc found at <a href="/wiki/Pessinus" title="Pessinus">Pessinus</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Parhelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parhelion">parhelion</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 163.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 161.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Byzantine mosaic of Jesus with his head surrounded by a halo (c. 526 AD)"><img alt="Byzantine mosaic of Jesus with his head surrounded by a halo (c. 526 AD)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg/242px-Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg/363px-Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg/484px-Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1471" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Byzantine mosaic of Jesus with his head surrounded by a halo (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 526 AD)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure-6-Fresco-of-Isis-lactans-at-Karanis-fourth-century-CE-Karanis-Tran-Tam-Tinh.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Egyptian fresco from the fourth century AD showing Isis Lactans holding Harpocrates"><img alt="Egyptian fresco from the fourth century AD showing Isis Lactans holding Harpocrates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Figure-6-Fresco-of-Isis-lactans-at-Karanis-fourth-century-CE-Karanis-Tran-Tam-Tinh.png/206px-Figure-6-Fresco-of-Isis-lactans-at-Karanis-fourth-century-CE-Karanis-Tran-Tam-Tinh.png" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Figure-6-Fresco-of-Isis-lactans-at-Karanis-fourth-century-CE-Karanis-Tran-Tam-Tinh.png/310px-Figure-6-Fresco-of-Isis-lactans-at-Karanis-fourth-century-CE-Karanis-Tran-Tam-Tinh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Figure-6-Fresco-of-Isis-lactans-at-Karanis-fourth-century-CE-Karanis-Tran-Tam-Tinh.png/413px-Figure-6-Fresco-of-Isis-lactans-at-Karanis-fourth-century-CE-Karanis-Tran-Tam-Tinh.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1235" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Egyptian fresco from the fourth century AD showing Isis Lactans holding <a href="/wiki/Harpocrates" title="Harpocrates">Harpocrates</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_6th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sixth-century AD icon of the enthroned Virgin and Child with saints and angels, and the Hand of God above, from Saint Catherine's Monastery, possibly the earliest iconic image of the subject to survive"><img alt="Sixth-century AD icon of the enthroned Virgin and Child with saints and angels, and the Hand of God above, from Saint Catherine's Monastery, possibly the earliest iconic image of the subject to survive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_6th_century.jpg/204px-Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_6th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_6th_century.jpg/306px-Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_6th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_6th_century.jpg/408px-Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_6th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1525" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sixth-century AD <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of the enthroned <a href="/wiki/Virgin_and_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin and Child">Virgin and Child</a> with saints and angels, and the <a href="/wiki/Hand_of_God_(art)" title="Hand of God (art)">Hand of God</a> above, from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>, possibly the earliest iconic image of the subject to survive</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birthdate">Birthdate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_comparative_mythology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Birthdate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></div> The Bible never states when Jesus was born,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldreteAldrete201282-174">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn2005112-175">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStruthers201217–21-176">[163]</a> but, by late antiquity, Christians had begun celebrating his birth on 25 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn2005112-175">[162]</a> In 274 AD, the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> had declared 25 December the birthdate of <a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a>, a sun god of Syrian origin whose cult had been vigorously promoted by the earlier emperor <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldreteAldrete201282–83-177">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStruthers201217–21-176">[163]</a> Christians may have thought that they could attract more converts to Christianity by allowing them to continue to celebrate on the same day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStruthers201217–21-176">[163]</a> 25 December also falls around the same time as the Roman festival of <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a>, which was much older and more widely celebrated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldreteAldrete201283–84-178">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn2005112-175">[162]</a> Many of the customs originally associated with Saturnalia eventually became associated with Christmas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldreteAldrete201283–84-178">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn2005112-175">[162]</a> Early Christians may have also been influenced by the idea that Jesus had died on the anniversary of his conception;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStruthers201217–21-176">[163]</a> because Jesus died during Passover and, in the third century AD, Passover was celebrated on 25 March,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStruthers201217–21-176">[163]</a> they may have assumed that Jesus's birthday must have come nine months later, on 25 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStruthers201217–21-176">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_comparisons">General comparisons</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_comparative_mythology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: General comparisons">edit</a>]</div> Aspects of Jesus's life as recorded in the gospels bear some similarities to various other figures, both historical and mythological.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012207–218-179">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2014203–204-180">[167]</a> Proponents of the Christ Myth theory frequently exaggerate these similarities as part of their efforts to claim that Jesus never existed as a historical figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012207–218-179">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2014203–204-180">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Casey" title="Maurice Casey">Maurice Casey</a>, the late Emeritus Professor of New Testament Languages and Literature at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>, writes that these parallels do not in any way indicate that Jesus was invented based on pagan "<a href="/wiki/Theios_aner" title="Theios aner">divine men</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2014203-181">[168]</a> but rather that he was simply not as perfectly unique as many <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical Christians</a> frequently claim he was.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2014203-181">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miraculous_birth">Miraculous birth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_comparative_mythology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Miraculous birth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birth_Erikhthonios_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2413_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Birth_Erikhthonios_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2413_n2.jpg/220px-Birth_Erikhthonios_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2413_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Birth_Erikhthonios_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2413_n2.jpg/330px-Birth_Erikhthonios_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2413_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Birth_Erikhthonios_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2413_n2.jpg/440px-Birth_Erikhthonios_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2413_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2504" data-file-height="2014" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> red-figure <a href="/wiki/Stamnos" title="Stamnos">stamnos</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 470–460 BC), depicting the birth of <a href="/wiki/Erichthonius_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Erichthonius of Athens">Erichthonius</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a>, an Athenian story which bears some similarities to the Christian account of the virgin birth of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200882-182">[169]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Miraculous_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Miraculous birth">Miraculous birth</a></div> Classical mythology is filled with stories of miraculous births of various kinds,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner201636–37-183">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa201462–64-184">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012214–215-185">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010147–151-186">[173]</a> but, in most cases of divine offspring from classical mythology, the father is a god who engages in literal sexual intercourse with the mother, a mortal woman,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa201438,_64–66-187">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012214-146">[133]</a> causing her to give birth to a son who is literally half god and half man.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa201464–66-188">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012214-146">[133]</a> A possible pagan precursor to the Christian story of the virgin birth of Jesus is an Athenian legend recounted by the mythographer <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Pseudo-Apollodorus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200882-182">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951281-189">[176]</a> According to this account, <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a>, the god of blacksmiths, once attempted to rape Athena, the virgin goddess of wisdom, but she pushed him away, causing him to <a href="/wiki/Ejaculate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejaculate">ejaculate</a> on her thigh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123-190">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200882-182">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985143-191">[178]</a> Athena wiped the <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a> off using a tuft of <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123-190">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200882-182">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985143-191">[178]</a> which she tossed into the dust,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123-190">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200882-182">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985143-191">[178]</a> impregnating <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a> and causing her to give birth to <a href="/wiki/Erichthonius_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Erichthonius of Athens">Erichthonius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123-190">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200882-182">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985143-191">[178]</a> whom Athena adopted as her own child.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123-190">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200882–83-192">[179]</a> Thus, Athena was able to produce a "son" without her losing her virginity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200882–83-192">[179]</a> The Roman mythographer <a href="/wiki/Hyginus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyginus">Hyginus</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951281-189">[176]</a> records a similar story in which Hephaestus demanded Zeus to let him marry Athena since he was the one who had smashed open Zeus's skull, allowing Athena to be born.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123-190">[177]</a> Zeus agreed to this and Hephaestus and Athena were married,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123-190">[177]</a> but, when Hephaestus was about to consummate the union, Athena vanished from the bridal bed, causing him to ejaculate on the floor, thus impregnating Gaia with Erichthonius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123-190">[177]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danae_gold_shower_Louvre_CA925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Danae_gold_shower_Louvre_CA925.jpg/290px-Danae_gold_shower_Louvre_CA925.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Danae_gold_shower_Louvre_CA925.jpg/435px-Danae_gold_shower_Louvre_CA925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Danae_gold_shower_Louvre_CA925.jpg/580px-Danae_gold_shower_Louvre_CA925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2157" data-file-height="1725" /></a><figcaption>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bell-krater" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell-krater">bell-krater</a> showing Zeus impregnating <a href="/wiki/Dana%C3%AB" title="Danaë">Danaë</a> in the form of a shower of gold (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 450-425 BC), a story which has been compared to the Christian account of the virgin birth of Jesus<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner201637-193">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa201442-194">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes1980225-195">[182]</a></figcaption></figure> Another comparable story from Greek mythology describes the conception of the hero <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner201637-193">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa201442-194">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes1980225-195">[182]</a> According to the myth, Zeus came to Perseus's mother <a href="/wiki/Dana%C3%AB" title="Danaë">Danaë</a> in the form of a shower of gold and impregnated her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner201637-193">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachen1987335-196">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes1980225-195">[182]</a> Although no surviving Greek text ever describes this as a "virgin birth",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachen1987335-196">[183]</a> the early Christian apologist <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> has his Jewish speaker Trypho refer to it as such in his <a href="/wiki/Dialogue_with_Trypho" title="Dialogue with Trypho">Dialogue with Trypho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachen1987335-196">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes1980225-195">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner201636–37-183">[170]</a> Scholars have also compared the story of the virgin birth to the complex narratives revolving around the birth of Dionysus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa201438-197">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner201635–36-198">[185]</a> In most versions of the conception of Dionysus, Zeus was said to have come to the mortal woman <a href="/wiki/Semele" title="Semele">Semele</a> disguised as a mortal and had sex with her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951257-199">[186]</a> Zeus's wife <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> disguised herself as Semele's nurse and persuaded her to ask Zeus to show her his true, divine form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951257-199">[186]</a> Zeus eventually agreed, but, upon revealing his divine form, Semele was instantly incinerated by his lightning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951257-199">[186]</a> Zeus rescued the unborn infant Dionysus and sewed him inside his own thigh, giving birth to him himself when it was time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951257–258-200">[187]</a> In an alternative version of the story told by the Roman mythographer <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, Dionysus was actually the son of Zeus and <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951252–257-201">[188]</a> who was torn apart by the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951252–257-201">[188]</a> Zeus rescued Dionysus's heart, ground it up, and mixed it into a potion, which he gave to Semele to drink, causing her to become pregnant with the infant who had been killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951256–257-202">[189]</a> According to M. David Litwa, the authors of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke consciously attempt to avoid portraying Jesus's conception as anything resembling pagan accounts of divine parentage;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa201464-203">[190]</a> the author of the Gospel of Luke tells a similar story about the conception of John the Baptist in effort to emphasize the Jewish character of Jesus's birth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa201464-203">[190]</a> Nonetheless, Litwa argues that the accounts are unconsciously influenced by pagan stories of divine men, despite their authors' efforts to avert this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa201440–43,_64–66-204">[191]</a> Other stories of virgin births similar to Jesus's are referenced by later Christian writers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner201637–38-205">[192]</a> The third-century AD Christian theologian <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> retells a legend that <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s mother <a href="/wiki/Perictione" title="Perictione">Perictione</a> had virginally conceived him after the god Apollo had appeared to her husband <a href="/wiki/Ariston_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariston of Athens">Ariston</a> and told him not to consummate his marriage with his wife,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner201637-193">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa201466-206">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper200181-207">[194]</a> a scene closely paralleling the account of the Annunciation to Joseph from the Gospel of Matthew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner201637-193">[180]</a> Origen interpreted this story and others like it as prefiguring the reality made manifest by Jesus's virginal conception.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner201637-193">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa201465–66-208">[195]</a> In the fourth century, the bishop <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a> protested that, in Alexandria, at the temple of Kore-Persephone, the pagans enacted a "hideous mockery" of the Christian Epiphany in which they claimed that "Today at this hour Kore, that is the virgin, has given birth to <a href="/wiki/Aion_(deity)" title="Aion (deity)">Aion</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner201637-193">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archetypal_folkloric_hero">Archetypal folkloric hero</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_comparative_mythology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Archetypal folkloric hero">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rank-Raglan_mythotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank-Raglan mythotype">Rank-Raglan mythotype</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a></div> Folklorist <a href="/wiki/Alan_Dundes" title="Alan Dundes">Alan Dundes</a> has argued that Jesus fits all but five of the twenty-two narrative patterns in the <a href="/wiki/Rank-Raglan_mythotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank-Raglan mythotype">Rank-Raglan mythotype</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes1980230–236-209">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd200731-210">[197]</a> and therefore more closely matches the archetype than many of the heroes traditionally cited to support it, such as <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerophon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelops" title="Pelops">Pelops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Siegfried</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes1980235-211">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd200731-210">[197]</a> Dundes sees Jesus as a historical "miracle-worker" or "religious teacher", accounts of whose life were told and retold through oral tradition so many times that they became <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes1980224–225,_325-212">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007314-213">[200]</a> Dundes states that analysing Jesus in the context of folklore helps explain some of the anomalies of the gospels, such as the fact that none of them give any information about Jesus's childhood and adolescence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes1980236-214">[201]</a> which Dundes explains by the fact that this is "precisely the case for almost all heroes of tradition".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes1980236-214">[201]</a> Other scholars have strongly criticized Dundes's application of the Rank-Raglan mythotype to Jesus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills2005228-215">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomart200496-216">[203]</a> pointing out that Dundes draws the narrative patterns from different texts written centuries apart, without taking care to differentiate between them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills2005228-215">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomart200496-216">[203]</a> Dundes's application has also been criticized due to the Rank-Raglan mythotype's artificial nature and its lack of specificity to Hellenistic culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomart200496-216">[203]</a> Nonetheless, Lawrence M. Wills states that the "hero paradigm in some form does apply to the earliest lives of Jesus", albeit not to the extreme extent that Dundes has argued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills2005228-215">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dying-and-rising_god_archetype">Dying-and-rising god archetype</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_comparative_mythology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dying-and-rising god archetype">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesGeorgeFrazer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/JamesGeorgeFrazer.jpg/220px-JamesGeorgeFrazer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/JamesGeorgeFrazer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">Sir James George Frazer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologist</a> who is most directly responsible for promoting the concept of a "dying and rising god" archetype<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012222–223-217">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarstad1984149-218">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007142–143-219">[206]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Dying-and-rising deity</a></div> The late nineteenth-century Scottish <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">Sir James George Frazer</a> wrote extensively about the existence of a "dying-and rising god" archetype in his monumental study of comparative religion <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a> (the first edition of which was published in 1890)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012222–223-217">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004375-220">[207]</a> as well as in later works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarstad1984149–150-221">[208]</a> Frazer's main intention was to prove that all religions were fundamentally the same<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012222-222">[209]</a> and that all the essential features of Christianity could be found in earlier religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarstad1984150-223">[210]</a> Although Frazer himself did not explicitly claim that Jesus was a "dying-and-rising god" of the supposedly typical Near Eastern variety, he strongly implied it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012223-224">[211]</a> Frazer's claims became widely influential in late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century scholarship of religion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarstad1984149-218">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007142–143-219">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012222–223-217">[204]</a> but are now mostly rejected by modern scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012223-224">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007142–143-219">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004374–375-225">[212]</a> The main examples of "dying-and-rising gods" discussed by Frazer were the Mesopotamian god <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a>/Tammuz, his Greek equivalent <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>, the Phrygian god <a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a>, and the Egyptian god <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012222–223-217">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004375-220">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarstad1984149–150-221">[208]</a> Dumuzid/Tammuz was a god of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> origin associated with vegetation and fertility who eventually came to be worshipped across the Near East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116-226">[213]</a> Dumuzid was associated with springtime agricultural fertility<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116-226">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200883–84-227">[214]</a> and, when the crops withered during the hot summer months, women would mourn over his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116-226">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874–87-228">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273-229">[216]</a> Tammuz's categorization as a "dying-and-rising god" was based on the abbreviated Akkadian redaction of Inanna's Descent into the Underworld, which was missing the ending.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007144-230">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004379-231">[218]</a> Since numerous lamentations over the death of Dumuzid had already been translated, scholars filled in the missing ending by assuming that the reason for Ishtar's descent was because she was going to resurrect Dumuzid and that the text could therefore be assumed to end with Tammuz's resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007144-230">[217]</a> Then, in the middle of the twentieth century, the complete, unabridged, original Sumerian text of Inanna's Descent was finally translated,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007144-230">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004379-231">[218]</a> revealing that, instead of ending with Dumuzid's resurrection as had long been assumed, the text actually ended with Dumuzid's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007144-230">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004379-231">[218]</a> The discovery of the Return of Dumuzid in 1963 briefly revived hopes that Dumuzid might once again be able to be categorized as a "dying-and-rising god",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007144-230">[217]</a> but the text ultimately proved disappointing in this regard because it does not describe a triumph over death (as would be necessary for a true Frazerian "resurrection myth")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007144-230">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1987521–527-232">[219]</a> and instead does precisely the opposite and affirms the "inalterable power of the realm of the dead" by the fact that Dumuzid can only leave the Underworld when his sister takes his place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007144-230">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1987521–527-232">[219]</a> Frazer and others also saw Tammuz's Greek equivalent Adonis as a "dying-and-rising god",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarstad1984149-218">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012222–223-217">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007140–142-233">[220]</a> despite the fact that he is never described as rising from the dead in any extant Greco-Roman writings<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007143-234">[221]</a> and the only possible allusions to his supposed resurrection come from late, highly ambiguous statements made by Christian authors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007143-234">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[nb 14]</a> Attis is never described as being resurrected either;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1987524-236">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007143-234">[221]</a> although many myths surround his death, none of them ever claim that he was resurrected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1987524-236">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007143-234">[221]</a> Osiris was never truly resurrected either;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1987521–527-232">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001129–130-237">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007143–144-238">[224]</a> in Egyptian myth, Osiris's brother <a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a> was said to have murdered him, chopped his body into pieces, and scattered them across the land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200480–81-239">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007143–144-238">[224]</a> Osiris's devoted wife <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> collected his dismembered limbs and reassembled them,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200480–81-239">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007143–144-238">[224]</a> allowing her to revive Osiris in the <a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a>, the Egyptian afterlife, where he became the king of the dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200480–81-239">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001129–130-237">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007143–144-238">[224]</a> In the late twentieth century, scholars began to severely criticize the designation of "dying-and-rising god" altogether.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarstad1984149–150-221">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1987521–527-232">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004374-240">[226]</a> In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Z._Smith" title="Jonathan Z. Smith">Jonathan Z. Smith</a> concluded in <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>'s Encyclopedia of Religion that "The category of dying and rising gods, once a major topic of scholarly investigation, must now be understood to have been largely a misnomer based on imaginative reconstructions and exceedingly late or highly ambiguous texts."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1987521–527-232">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007143-234">[221]</a> He further argued that the deities previously referred to as "dying-and-rising" would be better termed separately as "dying gods" and "disappearing gods",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1987521–527-232">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004374-240">[226]</a> asserting that before Christianity, the two categories were distinct and gods who "died" did not return, and those who returned never truly "died".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1987521–527-232">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004374-240">[226]</a> By the end of the twentieth century, most scholars had come to agree that the notion of a "dying-and-rising god" was an invention<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012223-224">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007142–143-219">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004374–375-225">[212]</a> and that the term was not a useful scholarly designation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012223-224">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007142–143-219">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004374–375-225">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_comparative_mythology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Modern_Czech_Poetry/Eclogue_IV" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Modern Czech Poetry/Eclogue IV">Modern_Czech_Poetry/Eclogue_IV</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Christian mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_comparative_mythology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> While discussing the "striking" fact that "we don't have any Roman records, of any kind, that attest to the existence of Jesus," Ehrman dismisses claims that this means Jesus never existed, saying, "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees, based on clear and certain evidence."<a href="#cite_note-Ehrman2011-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Price" title="Robert M. Price">Robert M. Price</a>, a former fundamentalist apologist turned atheist who says the existence of Jesus cannot be ruled out, but is less probable than non-existence, agrees that his perspective runs against the views of the majority of scholars.<a href="#cite_note-Dunn2010-7">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Grant (author)">Michael Grant</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Classicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Classicist">classicist</a>) states that "In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non historicity of Jesus, or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary."<a href="#cite_note-Grant2004-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Casey" title="Maurice Casey">Maurice Casey</a>, an irreligious Emeritus Professor of New Testament Languages and Literature at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>, concludes in his book Jesus: Evidence and Argument or Mythicist Myths? that "the whole idea that Jesus of Nazareth did not exist as a historical figure is verifiably false. Moreover, it has not been produced by anyone or anything with any reasonable relationship to critical scholarship. It belongs to the fantasy lives of people who used to be fundamentalist Christians. They did not believe in critical scholarship then, and they do not do so now. I cannot find any evidence that any of them have adequate professional qualifications."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2014243-9">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church's imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable critical scholar who says that any more."<a href="#cite_note-BurridgeGould2004-11">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> While discussing the "striking" fact that "we don't have any Roman records, of any kind, that attest to the existence of Jesus," Ehrman dismisses claims that this means Jesus never existed, saying, "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees, based on clear and certain evidence."<a href="#cite_note-Ehrman2011-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Price" title="Robert M. Price">Robert M. Price</a>, a former fundamentalist apologist turned atheist who says the existence of Jesus cannot be ruled out, but is less probable than non-existence, agrees that his perspective runs against the views of the majority of scholars.<a href="#cite_note-Dunn2010-7">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Grant (author)">Michael Grant</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Classicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Classicist">classicist</a>) states that "In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non historicity of Jesus, or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary."<a href="#cite_note-Grant2004-8">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church's imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable critical scholar who says that any more."<a href="#cite_note-BurridgeGould2004-11">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> "...The point I shall argue below is that, the agreed evidentiary practices of the historians of Yeshua, despite their best efforts, have not been those of sound historical practice".<a href="#cite_note-Akenson2001-27">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> "[F]arfetched theories that Jesus' existence was a Christian invention are highly implausible."<a href="#cite_note-Bockmuehl2001-30">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Of "baptism and crucifixion", these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent".<a href="#cite_note-Dunn2003a-35">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> "That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus ... agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact."<a href="#cite_note-Crossan1994-38">[28]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Some scholars argue for the historicity of the event. <a href="/wiki/R._T._France" title="R. T. France">R. T. France</a> acknowledges that the story is similar to that of Moses, but argues "[i]t is clear that this scriptural model has been important in Matthew's telling of the story of Jesus, but not so clear that it would have given rise to this narrative without historical basis."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrance200783-62">[51]</a> France nevertheless notes that the massacre is "perhaps the aspect [of his story of Jesus' infancy] most often rejected as legendary".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrance200782-63">[52]</a> Some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Everett_Ferguson" title="Everett Ferguson">Everett Ferguson</a>, write that the story makes sense in the context of Herod's reign of terror in the last few years of his rule,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2003390-64">[53]</a> and the number of infants in Bethlehem that would have been killed – no more than a dozen or so – may have been too insignificant to be recorded by Josephus, who could not be aware of every incident far in the past when he wrote it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier1998179,_186-65">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> In the Bacchae, Pentheus is not crucified, but torn apart by the <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">maenads</a>, Dionysus's female followers. In a later <a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">euhemerized</a> retelling of the myth of Pentheus from the third century BC, however, the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> states that Dionysus crossed the <a href="/wiki/Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespont">Hellespont</a> and "defeated the <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thracian</a> forces in battle. Lycurgus, whom he took prisoner, he blinded, tortured in every conceivable way and finally crucified."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHengel197713-107">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-DiodorusSiculus-108">[96]</a> This represents a unique instance in which Dionysus is shown as a god who crucifies his enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHengel197711–13-109">[97]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> discusses Adonis, (whom he associates with Tammuz), in his Selecta in Ezechielem ( "Comments on Ezekiel"), noting that "they say that for a long time certain rites of initiation are conducted: first, that they weep for him, since he has died; second, that they rejoice for him because he has risen from the dead (apo nekrôn anastanti)" (cf. J.-P. Migne, Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Graeca, 13:800). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_comparative_mythology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_comparative_mythology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Blomberg-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blomberg_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blomberg_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlomberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Blomberg, Craig L. (2007). The Historical Reliability of the Gospels. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2807-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2807-4"><bdi>978-0-8308-2807-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Reliability+of+the+Gospels&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-2807-4&rft.aulast=Blomberg&rft.aufirst=Craig+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carrier-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carrier_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carrier_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrier2014" class="citation book cs1">Carrier, Richard Lane (2014). On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt. Sheffield Phoenix Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909697-35-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909697-35-5"><bdi>978-1-909697-35-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Historicity+of+Jesus%3A+Why+We+Might+Have+Reason+for+Doubt&rft.pub=Sheffield+Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-909697-35-5&rft.aulast=Carrier&rft.aufirst=Richard+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fox-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fox_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fox_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2005" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Robin Lane (2005). The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian. Basic Books. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02497-1"><bdi>978-0-465-02497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+World%3A+An+Epic+History+from+Homer+to+Hadrian&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02497-1&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Robin+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobbs-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobbs_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobbs_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson2012" class="citation web cs1">Dickson, John (24 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2012/12/24/3660194.htm">"Best of 2012: The irreligious assault on the historicity of Jesus"</a>. Abc.net.au. Retrieved 17 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abc.net.au&rft.atitle=Best+of+2012%3A+The+irreligious+assault+on+the+historicity+of+Jesus&rft.date=2012-12-24&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Freligion%2Farticles%2F2012%2F12%2F24%2F3660194.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman2011-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman2011_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman2011_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBart_D._Ehrman2011" class="citation book cs1">Bart D. Ehrman (22 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forged_ehrm_2011_000_10544376">Forged: Writing in the Name of God--Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are</a>. HarperCollins. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forged_ehrm_2011_000_10544376/page/n298">285</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-207863-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-207863-6"><bdi>978-0-06-207863-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forged%3A+Writing+in+the+Name+of+God--Why+the+Bible%27s+Authors+Are+Not+Who+We+Think+They+Are&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2011-03-22&rft.isbn=978-0-06-207863-6&rft.au=Bart+D.+Ehrman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforged_ehrm_2011_000_10544376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn2010-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn2010_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn2010_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Douglas_Grant_Dunn2010" class="citation book cs1">James Douglas Grant Dunn (1 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DtRhzgAACAAJ">The Historical Jesus: Five Views</a>. <a href="/wiki/SPCK_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SPCK Publishing">SPCK Publishing</a>. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-281-06329-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-281-06329-1"><bdi>978-0-281-06329-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+Five+Views&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=SPCK+Publishing&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-281-06329-1&rft.au=James+Douglas+Grant+Dunn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDtRhzgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant2004-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grant2004_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grant2004_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Grant2004" class="citation book cs1">Michael Grant (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zVUxICZlgYIC">Jesus</a>. Orion. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898799-88-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898799-88-7"><bdi>978-1-898799-88-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2004-01&rft.isbn=978-1-898799-88-7&rft.au=Michael+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzVUxICZlgYIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2014243-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2014243_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasey2014">Casey 2014</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-BurridgeGould2004-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BurridgeGould2004_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BurridgeGould2004_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_A._BurridgeGraham_Gould2004" class="citation book cs1">Richard A. Burridge; Graham Gould (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusnowthen0000burr">Jesus Now and Then</a>. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusnowthen0000burr/page/34">34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0977-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0977-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-0977-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Now+and+Then&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0977-3&rft.au=Richard+A.+Burridge&rft.au=Graham+Gould&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusnowthen0000burr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012184–185-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012184–185_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012184–185_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012184–185_13-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a>, pp. 184–185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012198–199-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012198–199_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012198–199_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012198–199_14-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a>, pp. 198–199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd200753–54-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd200753–54_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd200753–54_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd200753–54_15-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEddyBoyd2007">Eddy & Boyd 2007</a>, pp. 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelsteinEdelstein1998133–134-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelsteinEdelstein1998133–134_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelsteinEdelstein1998133–134_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdelsteinEdelstein1998">Edelstein & Edelstein 1998</a>, pp. 133–134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200467–68-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200467–68_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200467–68_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200467–68_17-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill2004">Hill 2004</a>, pp. 67–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199385–88-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199385–88_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199385–88_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199385–88_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199385–88_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199385–88_18-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, pp. 85–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalier200466–69-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalier200466–69_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalier200466–69_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalier200466–69_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalier200466–69_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalier200466–69_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalier200466–69_19-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalier2004">Salier 2004</a>, pp. 66–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012199-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012199_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012199_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012199_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012199_20-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993146-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993146_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993146_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817–62-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817–62_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817–62_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817–62_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817–62_22-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, pp. 17–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-Akenson2001-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Akenson2001_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_H._Akenson2001" class="citation book cs1">Donald H. Akenson (29 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=40E8am9SlwgC">Surpassing Wonder: The Invention of the Bible and the Talmuds</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-01073-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-01073-1"><bdi>978-0-226-01073-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surpassing+Wonder%3A+The+Invention+of+the+Bible+and+the+Talmuds&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001-09-29&rft.isbn=978-0-226-01073-1&rft.au=Donald+H.+Akenson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40E8am9SlwgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200016-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200016_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000">Van Voorst 2000</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bockmuehl2001-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Bockmuehl2001_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkus_Bockmuehl2001" class="citation book cs1">Markus Bockmuehl (8 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC">The Cambridge Companion to Jesus</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79678-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79678-1"><bdi>978-0-521-79678-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Jesus&rft.pages=123-124&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001-11-08&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79678-1&rft.au=Markus+Bockmuehl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvSehrtQpcYcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell1998-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Powell1998_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Allan_Powell1998" class="citation book cs1">Mark Allan Powell (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusasfigureinh0000powe">Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusasfigureinh0000powe/page/168">168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25703-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25703-3"><bdi>978-0-664-25703-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+as+a+Figure+in+History%3A+How+Modern+Historians+View+the+Man+from+Galilee&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25703-3&rft.au=Mark+Allan+Powell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusasfigureinh0000powe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houlden2003-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Houlden2003_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_L._Houlden2003" class="citation book cs1">James L. Houlden (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GjvmQgAACAAJ">Jesus in History, Thought, and Culture: Entries A - J.</a> ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-856-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-856-3"><bdi>978-1-57607-856-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+Entries+A+-+J.&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-856-3&rft.au=James+L.+Houlden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGjvmQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VVoorst14-34"><a href="#cite_ref-VVoorst14_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Van_Voorst2000" class="citation book cs1">Robert E. Van Voorst (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC">Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4368-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4368-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-4368-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Outside+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Ancient+Evidence&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4368-5&rft.au=Robert+E.+Van+Voorst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlwzliMSRGGkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn2003a-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Dunn2003a_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_D._G._Dunn2003" class="citation book cs1">James D. G. Dunn (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC">Jesus Remembered</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3931-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3931-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-3931-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Remembered&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2&rft.au=James+D.+G.+Dunn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG4qpnvoautgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hertzog1-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hertzog1_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hertzog1_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hertzog1_37-2">c</a> William A. Herzog. Prophet and Teacher: An Introduction to the Historical Jesus (4 Jul 2005) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22528-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22528-4">0-664-22528-4</a> pp. 1–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-Crossan1994-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Crossan1994_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Dominic_Crossan1994" class="citation book cs1">John Dominic Crossan (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R76BnTswxEsC">Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography</a>. HarperCollins. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-061662-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-061662-5"><bdi>978-0-06-061662-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+A+Revolutionary+Biography&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-06-061662-5&rft.au=John+Dominic+Crossan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR76BnTswxEsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAPowell168-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MAPowell168_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAPowell168_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAPowell168_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAPowell168_40-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Allan_Powell1998" class="citation book cs1">Mark Allan Powell (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusasfigureinh0000powe">Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25703-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25703-3"><bdi>978-0-664-25703-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+as+a+Figure+in+History%3A+How+Modern+Historians+View+the+Man+from+Galilee&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25703-3&rft.au=Mark+Allan+Powell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusasfigureinh0000powe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JDunn339-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JDunn339_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JDunn339_41-1">b</a> Jesus Remembered by James D. G. Dunn 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3931-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3931-2">0-8028-3931-2</a> p. 339 states of baptism and crucifixion that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent". </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated145-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated145_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated145_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossan,_John_Dominic1995" class="citation book cs1">Crossan, John Dominic (1995). Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography. HarperOne. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-061662-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-061662-8"><bdi>0-06-061662-8</bdi></a>. <q>That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus ... agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+A+Revolutionary+Biography&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-06-061662-8&rft.au=Crossan%2C+John+Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmyJill4-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AmyJill4_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmyJill4_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy-Jill_LevineDale_C._Allison_Jr.John_Dominic_Crossan2006" class="citation book cs1">Amy-Jill Levine; Dale C. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1987521–527_232-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1987521–527_232-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1987521–527_232-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1987521–527_232-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1987521–527_232-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1987">Smith 1987</a>, pp. 521–527. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007140–142-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007140–142_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEddyBoyd2007">Eddy & Boyd 2007</a>, pp. 140–142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007143-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007143_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007143_234-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007143_234-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007143_234-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007143_234-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFEddyBoyd2007">Eddy & Boyd 2007</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1987524-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1987524_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1987524_236-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1987">Smith 1987</a>, p. 524. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001129–130-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001129–130_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001129–130_237-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAssmann2001">Assmann 2001</a>, pp. 129–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007143–144-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007143–144_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007143–144_238-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007143–144_238-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007143–144_238-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFEddyBoyd2007">Eddy & Boyd 2007</a>, pp. 143–144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200480–81-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200480–81_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200480–81_239-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200480–81_239-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinch2004">Pinch 2004</a>, pp. 80–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004374-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004374_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004374_240-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004374_240-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMettinger2004">Mettinger 2004</a>, p. 374. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_comparative_mythology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAasgaard2010" class="citation cs2">Aasgaard, Reidar (2010) [2009], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gpHkAwAAQBAJ&q=Infancy+Gospel+of+Thomas+Greek+mythology&pg=PA200">The Childhood of Jesus: Decoding the Apocryphal Infancy Gospel of Thomas</a>, Cambridge, England: James Clark & Co., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-227-17354-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-227-17354-1"><bdi>978-0-227-17354-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Childhood+of+Jesus%3A+Decoding+the+Apocryphal+Infancy+Gospel+of+Thomas&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=James+Clark+%26+Co.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-227-17354-1&rft.aulast=Aasgaard&rft.aufirst=Reidar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgpHkAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DInfancy%2BGospel%2Bof%2BThomas%2BGreek%2Bmythology%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman2006" class="citation cs2">Ackerman, Susan (2006) [1989], Day, Peggy Lynne (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38aX_-PqViIC&q=mourning+over+the+death+of+Tammuz&pg=PA116">Gender and Difference in Ancient Israel</a>, Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2393-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2393-7"><bdi>978-0-8006-2393-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Difference+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-2393-7&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D38aX_-PqViIC%26q%3Dmourning%2Bover%2Bthe%2Bdeath%2Bof%2BTammuz%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldreteAldrete2012" class="citation cs2">Aldrete, Gregory S.; Aldrete, Alicia (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hp26BwAAQBAJ&q=Sol+Invictus+December+25&pg=PA83">"Fun for All: Holidays and Festivals"</a>, The Long Shadow of Antiquity: What Have the Greeks and Romans Done For Us?, New York City, New York and London, England: Continuum International Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1663-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1663-5"><bdi>978-1-4411-1663-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fun+for+All%3A+Holidays+and+Festivals&rft.btitle=The+Long+Shadow+of+Antiquity%3A+What+Have+the+Greeks+and+Romans+Done+For+Us%3F&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-1663-5&rft.aulast=Aldrete&rft.aufirst=Gregory+S.&rft.au=Aldrete%2C+Alicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhp26BwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSol%2BInvictus%2BDecember%2B25%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssmann2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Assmann" title="Jan Assmann">Assmann, Jan</a> (2001) [1984], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/searchforgodinan00assm">The Search for God in Ancient Egypt</a>, translated by David Lorton, Ithaca, New York: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3786-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3786-1"><bdi>978-0-8014-3786-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+God+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3786-1&rft.aulast=Assmann&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsearchforgodinan00assm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaringCashford1991" class="citation cs2">Baring, Anne; Cashford, Jules (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0XedISRtcZYC&q=Inanna+Durga&pg=PT338">The Myth of the Goddess: Evolution of an Image</a>, London, England: Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-019292-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-019292-6"><bdi>978-0-14-019292-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Goddess%3A+Evolution+of+an+Image&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-14-019292-6&rft.aulast=Baring&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Cashford%2C+Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0XedISRtcZYC%26q%3DInanna%2BDurga%26pg%3DPT338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarstad1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hans_M._Barstad" title="Hans M. Barstad">Barstad, Hans M.</a> (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VJQ3AAAAIAAJ&q=Adonis+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA150">The Religious Polemics of Amos: Studies in the Preaching of Am 2, 7B-8; 4,1-13; 5,1-27; 6,4-7; 8,14</a>, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07017-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07017-2"><bdi>978-90-04-07017-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Polemics+of+Amos%3A+Studies+in+the+Preaching+of+Am+2%2C+7B-8%3B+4%2C1-13%3B+5%2C1-27%3B+6%2C4-7%3B+8%2C14&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07017-2&rft.aulast=Barstad&rft.aufirst=Hans+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVJQ3AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DAdonis%2Bdying%2Band%2Brising%2Bgod%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2001" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Clinton (2001). In search of Jesus: insider and outsider images. New York: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4915-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4915-3"><bdi>978-0-8264-4915-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+search+of+Jesus%3A+insider+and+outsider+images&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-4915-3&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackGreen1992" class="citation cs2">Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana">Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary</a>, The British Museum Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8"><bdi>978-0-7141-1705-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Demons+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+An+Illustrated+Dictionary&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-1705-8&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Green%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05LXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DInana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlomart2004" class="citation cs2">Blomart, Alaine (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KESzH7Mhyq0C&q=Dundes+Jesus&pg=PA196">"Transferring the Cults of Heroes in Ancient Greece"</a>, in Aitken, Ellen Bradshaw; Maclean, Jennifer K. Berenson (eds.), Philostratus's Heroikos: Religion And Cultural Identity In The Third Century C.E, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, pp. 85–98, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13094-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13094-2"><bdi>90-04-13094-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transferring+the+Cults+of+Heroes+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.btitle=Philostratus%27s+Heroikos%3A+Religion+And+Cultural+Identity+In+The+Third+Century+C.E&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=85-98&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-13094-2&rft.aulast=Blomart&rft.aufirst=Alaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKESzH7Mhyq0C%26q%3DDundes%2BJesus%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruner2004" class="citation cs2">Bruner, Frederick Dale (2004) [1987], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5jZlfg1yxIEC&pg=PA37">Matthew: A Commentary</a>, vol. 1, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. 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Eerdmans Publishing Co., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-1118-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-1118-3"><bdi>0-8028-1118-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew%3A+A+Commentary&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8028-1118-3&rft.aulast=Bruner&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5jZlfg1yxIEC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkert1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Burkert, Walter</a> (1985), Greek Religion, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-36281-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-36281-0"><bdi>0-674-36281-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Religion&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-674-36281-0&rft.aulast=Burkert&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurridgeGould2004" class="citation book cs1">Burridge, R; Gould, G (2004). Jesus Now and Then. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0977-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0977-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-0977-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Now+and+Then&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0977-3&rft.aulast=Burridge&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Gould%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarottaEickenberg2009" class="citation cs2">Carotta, Francesco; Eickenberg, Arne (October 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carotta.de/subseite/texte/articula/Orpheos_Bakkikos_en.pdf">Orpheos Bakkikos—The Missing Cross</a> (PDF)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orpheos+Bakkikos%E2%80%94The+Missing+Cross&rft.date=2009-10&rft.aulast=Carotta&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Eickenberg%2C+Arne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carotta.de%2Fsubseite%2Ftexte%2Farticula%2FOrpheos_Bakkikos_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Casey" title="Maurice Casey">Casey, Maurice</a> (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXK0auknD0YC&q=Mary+Magdalene+supported+Jesus's+ministry&pg=PA194">Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching</a>, New York City, New York and London, England: T & T Clark, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3"><bdi>978-0-567-64517-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+of+Nazareth%3A+An+Independent+Historian%27s+Account+of+His+Life+and+Teaching&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-64517-3&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXK0auknD0YC%26q%3DMary%2BMagdalene%2Bsupported%2BJesus%27s%2Bministry%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2014" class="citation cs2">Casey, Maurice (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YTFiAgAAQBAJ&q=Maurice+Casey+Jesus:+Evidence+and+Argument+or+Mythicist+Myths">Jesus: Evidence and Argument or Mythicist Myths?</a>, New York City, New York and London, England: Bloomsbury Academic, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-56744-762-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-56744-762-3"><bdi>978-0-56744-762-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+Evidence+and+Argument+or+Mythicist+Myths%3F&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-56744-762-3&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYTFiAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DMaurice%2BCasey%2BJesus%3A%2BEvidence%2Band%2BArgument%2Bor%2BMythicist%2BMyths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2001" class="citation cs2">Cooper, Barry (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QpDWxKLA7RcC&q=Plato+born+of+a+virgin+Origen&pg=PA81">""A Lump Bred Up in Darkness": Two Tellurian Themes of the Republic"</a>, in Planinc, Zdravko (ed.), Politics, Philosophy, Writing: Plato's Art of Caring for Souls, Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1343-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1343-3"><bdi>978-0-8262-1343-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22A+Lump+Bred+Up+in+Darkness%22%3A+Two+Tellurian+Themes+of+the+Republic&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Philosophy%2C+Writing%3A+Plato%27s+Art+of+Caring+for+Souls&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1343-3&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQpDWxKLA7RcC%26q%3DPlato%2Bborn%2Bof%2Ba%2Bvirgin%2BOrigen%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotter2010" class="citation cs2">Cotter, Wendy (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nz-E3rdDbpEC&q=miracles+of+Jesus+and+Asclepius&pg=PA73">The Christ of the Miracle-Stories: Portrait Through Encounter</a>, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3950-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3950-8"><bdi>978-0-8010-3950-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christ+of+the+Miracle-Stories%3A+Portrait+Through+Encounter&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-3950-8&rft.aulast=Cotter&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnz-E3rdDbpEC%26q%3Dmiracles%2Bof%2BJesus%2Band%2BAsclepius%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiltonEvans2002" class="citation cs2">Chilton, Bruce D.; Evans, Craig A. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QRP1wF2b2V8C&q=Authenticating+the+Activities+of+Jesus">Authenticating the Activities of Jesus</a>, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04164-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-04164-9"><bdi>0-391-04164-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authenticating+the+Activities+of+Jesus&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-391-04164-9&rft.aulast=Chilton&rft.aufirst=Bruce+D.&rft.au=Evans%2C+Craig+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQRP1wF2b2V8C%26q%3DAuthenticating%2Bthe%2BActivities%2Bof%2BJesus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClauss2001" class="citation cs2">Clauss, Manfred (2001) [2000], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m9z2e7o9MXUC&q=Mithras+miraculous+birth&pg=PA188">The Roman Cult of Mithras: The God and His Mysteries</a>, translated by Gordon, Richard, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92978-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92978-4"><bdi>0-415-92978-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Cult+of+Mithras%3A+The+God+and+His+Mysteries&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-92978-4&rft.aulast=Clauss&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm9z2e7o9MXUC%26q%3DMithras%2Bmiraculous%2Bbirth%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCousland2017" class="citation cs2">Cousland, J. R. C. (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rsw6DwAAQBAJ&q=infancy+gospel+of+thomas">Holy Terror: Jesus in the Infancy Gospel of Thomas</a>, New York City, New York and London, England: Bloomsbury, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66816-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66816-5"><bdi>978-0-567-66816-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Terror%3A+Jesus+in+the+Infancy+Gospel+of+Thomas&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-567-66816-5&rft.aulast=Cousland&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drsw6DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dinfancy%2Bgospel%2Bof%2Bthomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeacy2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Deacy" title="Susan Deacy">Deacy, Susan</a> (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kIiCAgAAQBAJ&q=Athena+and+Ares+Darmon&pg=PA163">Athena</a>, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30066-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30066-7"><bdi>978-0-415-30066-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Athena&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30066-7&rft.aulast=Deacy&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkIiCAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DAthena%2Band%2BAres%2BDarmon%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundes1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Dundes" title="Alan Dundes">Dundes, Alan</a> (1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g195nUPUC6gC&q=Jesus+in+folklore&pg=PA225">Interpreting Folklore</a>, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-14307-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-14307-1"><bdi>0-253-14307-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Folklore&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-253-14307-1&rft.aulast=Dundes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg195nUPUC6gC%26q%3DJesus%2Bin%2Bfolklore%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddyBoyd2007" class="citation cs2">Eddy, Paul Rhodes; Boyd, Gregory A. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U26_85NmwPUC&q=Adonis+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA143">The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition</a>, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3114-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3114-4"><bdi>978-0-8010-3114-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesus+Legend%3A+A+Case+for+the+Historical+Reliability+of+the+Synoptic+Jesus+Tradition&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-3114-4&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Paul+Rhodes&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Gregory+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU26_85NmwPUC%26q%3DAdonis%2Bdying%2Band%2Brising%2Bgod%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelsteinEdelstein1998" class="citation cs2">Edelstein, Emma J.; Edelstein, Ludwig (1998) [1945], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D0ovQcQVV9oC&q=miracles+of+Jesus+and+Asclepius&pg=RA1-PA134">Asclepius: Collection and Interpretation of the Testimonies</a>, Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5769-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5769-4"><bdi>0-8018-5769-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asclepius%3A+Collection+and+Interpretation+of+the+Testimonies&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8018-5769-4&rft.aulast=Edelstein&rft.aufirst=Emma+J.&rft.au=Edelstein%2C+Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD0ovQcQVV9oC%26q%3Dmiracles%2Bof%2BJesus%2Band%2BAsclepius%26pg%3DRA1-PA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2012" class="citation cs2">Ehrman, Bart D. (2012), Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth, New York City, New York: HarperCollins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-220644-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-220644-2"><bdi>978-0-06-220644-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+Jesus+Exist%3F%3A+The+Historical+Argument+for+Jesus+of+Nazareth&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-06-220644-2&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarris2015" class="citation cs2">Farris, Stephen (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GyidBQAAQBAJ&q=Samson+annunciation+Luke+Jesus&pg=PA106">The Hymns of Luke's Infancy Narratives: Their Origin, Meaning and Significance</a>, New York City, New York and London, England: Bloomsbury, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-3139-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-3139-8"><bdi>978-1-4742-3139-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hymns+of+Luke%27s+Infancy+Narratives%3A+Their+Origin%2C+Meaning+and+Significance&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-3139-8&rft.aulast=Farris&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGyidBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DSamson%2Bannunciation%2BLuke%2BJesus%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2003" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Everett (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3tuKkxU4-ncC">Backgrounds of Early Christianity</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2221-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2221-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-2221-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Backgrounds+of+Early+Christianity&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2221-5&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3tuKkxU4-ncC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerngren2009" class="citation cs2">Ferngren, Gary B. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CLb1CwAAQBAJ&q=Jesus+Asclepius+iconography&pg=PA41">Medicine and Health Care in Early Christianity</a>, Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9142-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9142-7"><bdi>978-0-8018-9142-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicine+and+Health+Care+in+Early+Christianity&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9142-7&rft.aulast=Ferngren&rft.aufirst=Gary+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCLb1CwAAQBAJ%26q%3DJesus%2BAsclepius%2Biconography%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance2007" class="citation book cs1">France, R.T. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ruP6J_XPCEC">The Gospel of Matthew</a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2501-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2501-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-2501-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Matthew&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2501-8&rft.aulast=France&rft.aufirst=R.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ruP6J_XPCEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2000" class="citation cs2">Friedman, John Block (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_56pgczDQ8sC&q=Jesus+Orpheus&pg=PA56">Orpheus in the Middle Ages</a>, Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-2825-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-2825-0"><bdi>0-8156-2825-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orpheus+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8156-2825-0&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=John+Block&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_56pgczDQ8sC%26q%3DJesus%2BOrpheus%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Grant (author)">Grant, Michael</a> (1999) [1977]. Jesus. London: Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-0899-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-0899-3"><bdi>978-0-7538-0899-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-0899-3&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHengel1977" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hengel" title="Martin Hengel">Hengel, Martin</a> (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDEPFqTiQhUC&q=crucifixion+dionysus&pg=PP13">Crucifixion in the Ancient World and the Folly of the Message of the Cross</a>, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Fortress Press, pp. 13 and 22, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-1268-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-1268-X"><bdi>0-8006-1268-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucifixion+in+the+Ancient+World+and+the+Folly+of+the+Message+of+the+Cross&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=13+and+22&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8006-1268-X&rft.aulast=Hengel&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUDEPFqTiQhUC%26q%3Dcrucifixion%2Bdionysus%26pg%3DPP13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzog2005" class="citation cs2">Herzog, William R. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BHXMZ_V9zyQC&q=Prophet+and+Teacher:+An+Introduction+to+the+Historical+Jesus">Prophet and Teacher: An Introduction to the Historical Jesus</a>, Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster Knox Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22528-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22528-4"><bdi>0-664-22528-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophet+and+Teacher%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Westminster+Knox+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-664-22528-4&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBHXMZ_V9zyQC%26q%3DProphet%2Band%2BTeacher%3A%2BAn%2BIntroduction%2Bto%2Bthe%2BHistorical%2BJesus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2004" class="citation cs2">Hill, Brennan R. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3xOvCwAAQBAJ&q=apocryphal+gospels+Greek+mythology&pg=PA68">Jesus, the Christ: Contemporary Perspectives</a>, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-643-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-643-9"><bdi>978-1-62564-643-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+the+Christ%3A+Contemporary+Perspectives&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-643-9&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Brennan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3xOvCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dapocryphal%2Bgospels%2BGreek%2Bmythology%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thorkild_Jacobsen" title="Thorkild Jacobsen">Jacobsen, Thorkild</a> (2008) [1970], "Toward the Image of Tammuz", in Moran, William L. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nldKAwAAQBAJ&q=Did+Tammuz+influence+the+passion+narrative+of+Jesus">Toward the Image of Tammuz and Other Essays on Mesopotamian History and Culture</a>, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock, pp. 73–103, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55635-952-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55635-952-1"><bdi>978-1-55635-952-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Toward+the+Image+of+Tammuz&rft.btitle=Toward+the+Image+of+Tammuz+and+Other+Essays+on+Mesopotamian+History+and+Culture&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=73-103&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55635-952-1&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Thorkild&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnldKAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DDid%2BTammuz%2Binfluence%2Bthe%2Bpassion%2Bnarrative%2Bof%2BJesus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefferson2014" class="citation cs2">Jefferson, Lee M. (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pSedAgAAQBAJ&q=Jesus+Asclepius+iconography&pg=PA6">Christ the Miracle Worker in Early Christian Art</a>, Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-7793-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-7793-1"><bdi>978-1-4514-7793-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+the+Miracle+Worker+in+Early+Christian+Art&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-7793-1&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=Lee+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpSedAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DJesus%2BAsclepius%2Biconography%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2000" class="citation cs2">Jensen, Robin Margaret (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e4QnezmeN2kC&q=Pagan+influence+on+Christian+iconography+of+jesus">Understanding Early Christian Art</a>, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-20455-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-20455-0"><bdi>0-415-20455-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Early+Christian+Art&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-20455-0&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Robin+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De4QnezmeN2kC%26q%3DPagan%2Binfluence%2Bon%2BChristian%2Biconography%2Bof%2Bjesus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn2005" class="citation cs2">John, J. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yBP8a2jJ9A4C&q=Saturnalia+Christmas&pg=PA112">A Christmas Compendium</a>, New York City, New York and London, England: Continuum, p. 112, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-8749-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-8749-1"><bdi>0-8264-8749-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Christmas+Compendium&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8264-8749-1&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyBP8a2jJ9A4C%26q%3DSaturnalia%2BChristmas%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonJohnson2007" class="citation cs2">Johnson, Donald; Johnson, Jean (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nuAQAQAAIAAJ&q=Isis+nursing+Horus+Jesus">Universal Religions in World History: Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam</a>, Explorations in World History, New York City, New York: MacGraw-Hill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-295428-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-295428-9"><bdi>978-0-07-295428-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universal+Religions+in+World+History%3A+Buddhism%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Islam&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.series=Explorations+in+World+History&rft.pub=MacGraw-Hill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-07-295428-9&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnuAQAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DIsis%2Bnursing%2BHorus%2BJesus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerényi1951" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Ker%C3%A9nyi" title="Károly Kerényi">Kerényi, Karl</a> (1951), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich">The Gods of the Greeks</a>, London, England: Thames and Hudson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-27048-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-27048-1"><bdi>0-500-27048-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+of+the+Greeks&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=0-500-27048-1&rft.aulast=Ker%C3%A9nyi&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsofgreeks00kerrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKierspel2006" class="citation cs2">Kierspel, Lars (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=68f2cdlMtfMC&q=Dionysus+Gospel+of+John&pg=PA202">"Meaning and context of "the World""</a>, The Jews and the World in the Fourth Gospel: Parallelism, Function, and Context, Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149069-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149069-9"><bdi>978-3-16-149069-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Meaning+and+context+of+%22the+World%22&rft.btitle=The+Jews+and+the+World+in+the+Fourth+Gospel%3A+Parallelism%2C+Function%2C+and+Context&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149069-9&rft.aulast=Kierspel&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D68f2cdlMtfMC%26q%3DDionysus%2BGospel%2Bof%2BJohn%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLink1995" class="citation cs2">Link, Luther (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EU7Qt5HSmHAC&q=origins+of+iconography+of+the+Devil">The Devil: A Mask Without a Face</a>, London, England: Reaktion Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948462-67-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-948462-67-1"><bdi>0-948462-67-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%3A+A+Mask+Without+a+Face&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-948462-67-1&rft.aulast=Link&rft.aufirst=Luther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEU7Qt5HSmHAC%26q%3Dorigins%2Bof%2Biconography%2Bof%2Bthe%2BDevil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitwak2005" class="citation cs2">Litwak, Kenneth D. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5tUGAOV2I3QC&q=Samson+annunciation+Luke+Jesus&pg=PA75">Echoes of Scripture in Luke-Acts: Telling the History of God's People Intertextually</a>, New York City, New York and London, England: T & T Clark International, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-03025-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-03025-3"><bdi>0-567-03025-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Echoes+of+Scripture+in+Luke-Acts%3A+Telling+the+History+of+God%27s+People+Intertextually&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark+International&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-567-03025-3&rft.aulast=Litwak&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5tUGAOV2I3QC%26q%3DSamson%2Bannunciation%2BLuke%2BJesus%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitwa2014" class="citation cs2">Litwa, M. David (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tQUDAwAAQBAJ&q=divine+birth+in+classical+mythology&pg=PA64">Iesus Deus: The Early Christian Depiction of Jesus as a Mediterranean God</a>, Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-7985-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-7985-0"><bdi>978-1-4514-7985-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iesus+Deus%3A+The+Early+Christian+Depiction+of+Jesus+as+a+Mediterranean+God&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-7985-0&rft.aulast=Litwa&rft.aufirst=M.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtQUDAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddivine%2Bbirth%2Bin%2Bclassical%2Bmythology%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_MacDonald" title="Dennis MacDonald">MacDonald, Dennis R.</a> (2009), "My Turn: A Critique of Critics of 'Mimesis Criticism'", Occasional Papers of the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, 53, Claremont, California: The Institute for Antiquity and Christianity</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occasional+Papers+of+the+Institute+for+Antiquity+and+Christianity&rft.atitle=My+Turn%3A+A+Critique+of+Critics+of+%27Mimesis+Criticism%27&rft.volume=53&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Dennis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2013" class="citation cs2">MacDonald, Dennis R. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKQoCQAAQBAJ&q=comparison+between+Jesus+and+Greek+mythology&pg=PA5">Mythologizing Jesus: From Jewish Teacher to Epic Hero</a>, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5891-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5891-5"><bdi>978-0-7425-5891-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythologizing+Jesus%3A+From+Jewish+Teacher+to+Epic+Hero&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5891-5&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Dennis+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUKQoCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcomparison%2Bbetween%2BJesus%2Band%2BGreek%2Bmythology%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachen1987" class="citation cs2">Machen, Gresham (1987), Virgin Birth of Christ, Ingram Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-227-67630-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-227-67630-1"><bdi>978-0-227-67630-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virgin+Birth+of+Christ&rft.pub=Ingram+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-227-67630-1&rft.aulast=Machen&rft.aufirst=Gresham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier1998" class="citation book cs1">Maier, Paul L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWnYvI5RdLMC&q=Herod+and+the+Infants+of+Bethlehem&pg=PA169">"Herod and the Infants of Bethlehem"</a>. In Summers, Ray; Vardaman, Jerry (eds.). Chronos, Kairos, Christos II: Chronological, Nativity, and Religious Studies in Memory of Ray Summers. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-582-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-582-3"><bdi>978-0-86554-582-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herod+and+the+Infants+of+Bethlehem&rft.btitle=Chronos%2C+Kairos%2C+Christos+II%3A+Chronological%2C+Nativity%2C+and+Religious+Studies+in+Memory+of+Ray+Summers&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-582-3&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Paul+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWnYvI5RdLMC%26q%3DHerod%2Band%2Bthe%2BInfants%2Bof%2BBethlehem%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchadourNeuhausMartini2009" class="citation cs2">Marchadour, A.; Neuhaus, D.; Martini, C. C. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OxW-s_X8XssC&pg=PA68">The Land, the Bible, and History: Toward the Land That I Will Show You</a>, New York City, New York: Fordham University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-2661-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-2661-0"><bdi>978-0-8232-2661-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land%2C+the+Bible%2C+and+History%3A+Toward+the+Land+That+I+Will+Show+You&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-2661-0&rft.aulast=Marchadour&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Neuhaus%2C+D.&rft.au=Martini%2C+C.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxW-s_X8XssC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMettinger2004" class="citation cs2">Mettinger, Tryggve N. D. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlkb0cSBGlIC&q=Tammuz+dying-and-rising+god&pg=PA375">"The "Dying and Rising God": A Survey of Research from Frazer to the Present Day"</a>, in Batto, Bernard F.; Roberts, Kathryn L. (eds.), David and Zion: Biblical Studies in Honor of J.J.M. Roberts, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57506-092-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57506-092-2"><bdi>1-57506-092-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%22Dying+and+Rising+God%22%3A+A+Survey+of+Research+from+Frazer+to+the+Present+Day&rft.btitle=David+and+Zion%3A+Biblical+Studies+in+Honor+of+J.J.M.+Roberts&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-57506-092-2&rft.aulast=Mettinger&rft.aufirst=Tryggve+N.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVlkb0cSBGlIC%26q%3DTammuz%2Bdying-and-rising%2Bgod%26pg%3DPA375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2013" class="citation cs2">Meyer, Marvin (2013) [2011], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MEhJAwAAQBAJ&q=Is+the+Gospel+of+Mark+based+on+the+Odyssey&pg=PA149">"The Young Streaker in Secret and Canonical Mark"</a>, in Burke, Tony (ed.), Ancient Gospel or Modern Forgery?: The Secret Gospel of Mark in Debate: Proceedings from the 2011 York University Christian Apocrypha Symposium, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-186-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-186-7"><bdi>978-1-62032-186-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Young+Streaker+in+Secret+and+Canonical+Mark&rft.btitle=Ancient+Gospel+or+Modern+Forgery%3F%3A+The+Secret+Gospel+of+Mark+in+Debate%3A+Proceedings+from+the+2011+York+University+Christian+Apocrypha+Symposium&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62032-186-7&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMEhJAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DIs%2Bthe%2BGospel%2Bof%2BMark%2Bbased%2Bon%2Bthe%2BOdyssey%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgden2013" class="citation cs2">Ogden, Daniel (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&q=Jesus+Asclepius+iconography&pg=PA420">Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds</a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955732-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955732-5"><bdi>978-0-19-955732-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drakon%3A+Dragon+Myth+and+Serpent+Cult+in+the+Greek+and+Roman+Worlds&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955732-5&rft.aulast=Ogden&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFQ2pAK9luwkC%26q%3DJesus%2BAsclepius%2Biconography%26pg%3DPA420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrchard1998" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Orchard, Helen (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UbzeBAAAQBAJ&q=Dionysus+Gospel+of+John&pg=PA129">Courting Betrayal: Jesus as Victim in the Gospel of John</a>, Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series 161, vol. Gender, Culture, Theory 5, Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press Ltd., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-884-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-884-6"><bdi>978-1-85075-884-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courting+Betrayal%3A+Jesus+as+Victim+in+the+Gospel+of+John&rft.place=Sheffield%2C+England&rft.series=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+New+Testament+Supplement+Series+161&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-884-6&rft.aulast=Orchard&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUbzeBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DDionysus%2BGospel%2Bof%2BJohn%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatella2006" class="citation cs2">Patella, Michael (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hufTAwAAQBAJ&q=Mithraic+symbolism+in+the+Gospel+of+John">Lord of the Cosmos: Mithras, Paul, and the Gospel of Mark</a>, New York City, New York and London, England: T & T Clark, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-02532-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-02532-2"><bdi>0-567-02532-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+of+the+Cosmos%3A+Mithras%2C+Paul%2C+and+the+Gospel+of+Mark&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-567-02532-2&rft.aulast=Patella&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhufTAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DMithraic%2Bsymbolism%2Bin%2Bthe%2BGospel%2Bof%2BJohn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2007" class="citation cs2">Perkins, Pheme (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUZhdgmOR8C&q=Is+the+Gospel+of+Mark+based+on+the+Odyssey&pg=PA24">Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels</a>, Grand Rapids, Michigan and Cambridge, England: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6553-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6553-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-6553-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Synoptic+Gospels&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan+and+Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6553-3&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Pheme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlMUZhdgmOR8C%26q%3DIs%2Bthe%2BGospel%2Bof%2BMark%2Bbased%2Bon%2Bthe%2BOdyssey%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinch2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Pinch" class="mw-redirect" title="Geraldine Pinch">Pinch, Geraldine</a> (2004) [2002], Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517024-5"><bdi>978-0-19-517024-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Mythology%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Gods%2C+Goddesses%2C+and+Traditions+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517024-5&rft.aulast=Pinch&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2015" class="citation cs2">Porter, Stanley E. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2llZCgAAQBAJ&q=Platonic+influences+in+the+Gospel+of+John&pg=PA104">John, His Gospel, and Jesus: In Pursuit of the Johannine Voice</a>, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, pp. 102–104, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7170-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7170-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-7170-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John%2C+His+Gospel%2C+and+Jesus%3A+In+Pursuit+of+the+Johannine+Voice&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=102-104&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-7170-1&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Stanley+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2llZCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DPlatonic%2Binfluences%2Bin%2Bthe%2BGospel%2Bof%2BJohn%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Price" title="Robert M. Price">Price, Robert M.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deconstructingje00pric">Deconstructing Jesus</a>. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-758-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-758-1"><bdi>978-1-57392-758-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deconstructing+Jesus&rft.place=Amherst%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57392-758-1&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeconstructingje00pric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Price, Robert M. (2005). "New Testament narrative as Old Testament midrash". In <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Jacob Neusner</a> and Alan J. Avery-Peck (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Midrash: Biblical Interpretation in Formative Judaism. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14166-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14166-7"><bdi>978-90-04-14166-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Testament+narrative+as+Old+Testament+midrash&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Midrash%3A+Biblical+Interpretation+in+Formative+Judaism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14166-7&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2002" class="citation cs2">Reid, Donald Malcolm (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FeviPDy08e8C&q=Isis+nursing+Horus+Jesus&pg=PA24">Whose Pharaohs?: Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I</a>, Berkeley, California: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22197-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22197-4"><bdi>0-520-22197-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whose+Pharaohs%3F%3A+Archaeology%2C+Museums%2C+and+Egyptian+National+Identity+from+Napoleon+to+World+War+I&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-520-22197-4&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Donald+Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFeviPDy08e8C%26q%3DIsis%2Bnursing%2BHorus%2BJesus%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> (1993), The Historical Figure of Jesus, London, England, New York City, New York, Ringwood, Australia, Toronto, Ontario, and Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-014499-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-014499-4"><bdi>0-14-014499-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.place=London%2C+England%2C+New+York+City%2C+New+York%2C+Ringwood%2C+Australia%2C+Toronto%2C+Ontario%2C+and+Auckland%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-14-014499-4&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandnes2005" class="citation cs2">Sandnes, Karl Olav (2005), "Imitatio Homeri?: An Appraisal of Dennis R. MacDonald's "Mimesis Criticism"", Journal of Biblical Literature, 124 (4), Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature: 715–732, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F30041066">10.2307/30041066</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30041066">30041066</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Imitatio+Homeri%3F%3A+An+Appraisal+of+Dennis+R.+MacDonald%27s+%22Mimesis+Criticism%22&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=715-732&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F30041066&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30041066%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sandnes&rft.aufirst=Karl+Olav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalier2004" class="citation cs2">Salier, Willis Hedley (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7MVVdE6FKmoC&q=Dionysus+Gospel+of+John&pg=PA67">The Rhetorical Impact of the Sēmeia in the Gospel of John</a>, Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-148407-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-148407-X"><bdi>3-16-148407-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhetorical+Impact+of+the+S%C4%93meia+in+the+Gospel+of+John&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-16-148407-X&rft.aulast=Salier&rft.aufirst=Willis+Hedley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7MVVdE6FKmoC%26q%3DDionysus%2BGospel%2Bof%2BJohn%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweitzer2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Schweitzer, Albert</a> (2000) [1913]. John Bowden (ed.). The Quest of the Historical Jesus (first complete ed.). London: SCM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-02791-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-02791-1"><bdi>978-0-334-02791-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.place=London&rft.edition=first+complete&rft.pub=SCM&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-334-02791-1&rft.aulast=Schweitzer&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidler2006" class="citation cs2">Seidler, Naomi (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rZGx-bS3vcgC&q=virgin+birth+Septuagint+parthenos&pg=PA39">Faithful Renderings: Jewish-Christian Difference and the Politics of Translation</a>, Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-74505-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-74505-3"><bdi>978-0-226-74505-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faithful+Renderings%3A+Jewish-Christian+Difference+and+the+Politics+of+Translation&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-226-74505-3&rft.aulast=Seidler&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrZGx-bS3vcgC%26q%3Dvirgin%2Bbirth%2BSeptuagint%2Bparthenos%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmalley2012" class="citation cs2">Smalley, Stephen S. (2012) [1978], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WodNAwAAQBAJ&q=Platonic+influences+in+the+Gospel+of+John&pg=PA47">John: Evangelist and Interpreter</a>, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publishers, pp. 87–88, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-295-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-295-6"><bdi>978-1-62032-295-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John%3A+Evangelist+and+Interpreter&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=87-88&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-62032-295-6&rft.aulast=Smalley&rft.aufirst=Stephen+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWodNAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DPlatonic%2Binfluences%2Bin%2Bthe%2BGospel%2Bof%2BJohn%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Z._Smith" title="Jonathan Z. Smith">Smith, Jonathan Z.</a> (1987), "Dying and Rising Gods", in Eliade, Mircea (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Religion, vol. IV, London, England: Macmillan, pp. 521–527, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-909700-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-909700-2"><bdi>0-02-909700-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dying+and+Rising+Gods&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=521-527&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-02-909700-2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShorrock2011" class="citation cs2">Shorrock, Robert (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JcXUAAAAQBAJ&q=Dionysus+Gospel+of+John&pg=PA57">The Myth of Paganism: Nonnus, Dionysus and the World of Late Antiquity</a>, A&C Black, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-1966-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-1966-5"><bdi>978-1-4725-1966-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Paganism%3A+Nonnus%2C+Dionysus+and+the+World+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-1966-5&rft.aulast=Shorrock&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJcXUAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DDionysus%2BGospel%2Bof%2BJohn%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStibbe1993" class="citation cs2">Stibbe, Mark W. 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(1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwIk43mGZ9IC&q=Dionysus+Gospel+of+John&pg=PA241">"The Elusive Christ: A New Reading of the Fourth Gospel"</a>, The Gospel of John As Literature: An Anthology of Twentieth-Century Perspectives, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09932-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09932-8"><bdi>90-04-09932-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Elusive+Christ%3A+A+New+Reading+of+the+Fourth+Gospel&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+John+As+Literature%3A+An+Anthology+of+Twentieth-Century+Perspectives&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=90-04-09932-8&rft.aulast=Stibbe&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNwIk43mGZ9IC%26q%3DDionysus%2BGospel%2Bof%2BJohn%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStibbe1994" class="citation cs2">Stibbe, Mark W. G. (1994) [1992], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNArroYBEgcC&q=Dionysus+Gospel+of+John&pg=PA132">John as Storyteller: Narrative Criticism and the Fourth Gospel</a>, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47765-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47765-4"><bdi>0-521-47765-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+as+Storyteller%3A+Narrative+Criticism+and+the+Fourth+Gospel&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-521-47765-4&rft.aulast=Stibbe&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpNArroYBEgcC%26q%3DDionysus%2BGospel%2Bof%2BJohn%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStruthers2012" class="citation cs2">Struthers, Jane (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YKaJsdIkOgsC&q=Saturnalia+Christmas&pg=PA18">The Book of Christmas: Everything We Once Knew and Loved about Christmastime</a>, London, England: Ebury Press, pp. 17–21, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-194729-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-194729-3"><bdi>978-0-09-194729-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Christmas%3A+Everything+We+Once+Knew+and+Loved+about+Christmastime&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=17-21&rft.pub=Ebury+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-09-194729-3&rft.aulast=Struthers&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYKaJsdIkOgsC%26q%3DSaturnalia%2BChristmas%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1993" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Joan E. (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWAXbCNxH6YC&q=Church+of+the+nativity+Tammuz&pg=PA96">Christians and the Holy Places: The Myth of Jewish-Christian Origins</a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814785-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814785-6"><bdi>0-19-814785-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+and+the+Holy+Places%3A+The+Myth+of+Jewish-Christian+Origins&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-814785-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Joan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKWAXbCNxH6YC%26q%3DChurch%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bnativity%2BTammuz%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2018" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Joan E. (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4pc8DwAAQBAJ&q=Jesus+Asclepius+iconography&pg=PA82">What Did Jesus Look Like?</a>, New York City, New York: Bloomsbury T & T Clark, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5676-7151-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5676-7151-6"><bdi>978-0-5676-7151-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Did+Jesus+Look+Like%3F&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+T+%26+T+Clark&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-5676-7151-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Joan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4pc8DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DJesus%2BAsclepius%2Biconography%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheissenMerz1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Theissen" title="Gerd Theissen">Theissen, Gerd</a>; <a href="/wiki/Annette_Merz" title="Annette Merz">Merz, Annette</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC">The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide</a>. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0863-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0863-8"><bdi>978-1-4514-0863-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0863-8&rft.aulast=Theissen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Merz%2C+Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ZU97DQMH6UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2005" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Thomas L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/messiahmythneare00thom">The Messiah Myth: The Near Eastern Roots of Jesus and David</a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-08577-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-08577-4"><bdi>978-0-465-08577-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Messiah+Myth%3A+The+Near+Eastern+Roots+of+Jesus+and+David&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-465-08577-4&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmessiahmythneare00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlansey1989" class="citation cs2">Ulansey, David (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=25_SOWldSUUC&q=tauroctony&pg=PA54">The Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries: Cosmology and Salvation in the Ancient World</a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506788-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506788-6"><bdi>0-19-506788-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Mithraic+Mysteries%3A+Cosmology+and+Salvation+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-19-506788-6&rft.aulast=Ulansey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D25_SOWldSUUC%26q%3Dtauroctony%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Eck2016" class="citation cs2">van Eck, Ernest (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iTbkDAAAQBAJ&q=rich+man+and+Lazarus+near+eastern+folktale&pg=PA265">The Parables of Jesus the Galilean: Stories of a Social Prophet</a>, Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-3372-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-3372-9"><bdi>978-1-4982-3372-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parables+of+Jesus+the+Galilean%3A+Stories+of+a+Social+Prophet&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Cascade+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-3372-9&rft.aulast=van+Eck&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiTbkDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Drich%2Bman%2Band%2BLazarus%2Bnear%2Beastern%2Bfolktale%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Van_Voorst" title="Robert E. Van Voorst">Van Voorst, Robert E.</a> (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC">Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence</a>, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4368-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4368-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-4368-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Outside+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Ancient+Evidence&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4368-5&rft.aulast=Van+Voorst&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlwzliMSRGGkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Voorst2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Van_Voorst" title="Robert E. Van Voorst">Van Voorst, Robert E.</a> (2003). "Nonexistence Hypothesis". In James Leslie Houlden (ed.). Jesus in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 658–660.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nonexistence+Hypothesis&rft.btitle=Jesus+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=658-660&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Van+Voorst&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner2016" class="citation cs2">Warner, Marina (2016) [1976], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DATDAAAQBAJ&q=virgin+births+in+classical+mythology&pg=PA36">Alone of All Her Sex: The Myth and Cult of the Virgin Mary</a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-963994-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-963994-6"><bdi>978-0-19-963994-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alone+of+All+Her+Sex%3A+The+Myth+and+Cult+of+the+Virgin+Mary&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-963994-6&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DATDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dvirgin%2Bbirths%2Bin%2Bclassical%2Bmythology%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2013" class="citation cs2">Watts, Joel L. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7odNAwAAQBAJ&q=Is+the+Gospel+of+Mark+based+on+the+Odyssey&pg=PA12">Mimetic Criticism and the Gospel of Mark: An Introduction and Commentary</a>, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-289-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-289-5"><bdi>978-1-62032-289-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mimetic+Criticism+and+the+Gospel+of+Mark%3A+An+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62032-289-5&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Joel+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7odNAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DIs%2Bthe%2BGospel%2Bof%2BMark%2Bbased%2Bon%2Bthe%2BOdyssey%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver1999" class="citation book cs1">Weaver, Walter P. (1999). The Historical Jesus in the Twentieth Century, 1900–1950. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-280-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-280-2"><bdi>978-1-56338-280-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+the+Twentieth+Century%2C+1900%E2%80%931950&rft.place=Harrisburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Trinity&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-56338-280-2&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Walter+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1969" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Albert_Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="George Albert Wells">Wells, G. A.</a> (April–June 1969). "Stages of New Testament Criticism". Journal of the History of Ideas. 30 (2): 147–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2708429">10.2307/2708429</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708429">2708429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Stages+of+New+Testament+Criticism&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-160&rft.date=1969-04%2F1969-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2708429&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2708429%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1973" class="citation journal cs1">Wells, G. A. (January–March 1973). "Friedrich Solmsen on Christian Origins". Journal of the History of Ideas. 34 (1): 143–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2708950">10.2307/2708950</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708950">2708950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Friedrich+Solmsen+on+Christian+Origins&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=143-144&rft.date=1973-01%2F1973-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2708950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2708950%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills2005" class="citation cs2">Wills, Laurence M. (2005) [1997], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-SEAgAAQBAJ&q=Dundes+Jesus+criticism&pg=PA228">The Quest of the Historical Gospel: Mark, John and the Origins of the Gospel Genre</a>, New York City, New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-44200-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-44200-8"><bdi>0-203-44200-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+of+the+Historical+Gospel%3A+Mark%2C+John+and+the+Origins+of+the+Gospel+Genre&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-203-44200-8&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Laurence+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-SEAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DDundes%2BJesus%2Bcriticism%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+comparative+mythology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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title="Template talk:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jesus" title="Outline of Jesus">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesus-related_topics" title="List of Jesus-related topics">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Jesus's life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus" title="Date of the birth of Jesus">Date of birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy</a> (apocryphal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Selecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Jesus" title="Prayers of Jesus">Prayers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_of_Jesus" title="Homelessness of Jesus">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Entry into Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings on the cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">Oral gospel traditions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Mara bar Serapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Gospels</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Jesus" title="List of books about Jesus">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Jesus" title="List of statues of Jesus">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Transfiguration of Jesus in Christian art">Transfiguration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology#Person_of_Christ" title="Christology">Person of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Session of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Christ" title="Cosmic Christ">Cosmic Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">In other faiths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">In comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">In the Talmud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus#Baháʼí_Faith" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus the Splendour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (legal father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Panthera</a> (alleged father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (traditional maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (traditional maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli_(biblical_figure)" title="Heli (biblical figure)">Heli</a> (paternal grandfather per Luke)</li> <li>Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">Descendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a> (traditional uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus%27s_interactions_with_women" title="Jesus's interactions with women">Interactions with women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_marital_status_of_Jesus" title="Sexuality and marital status of Jesus">Sexuality and marital status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Bible_and_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Bible_and_history" title="Template:The Bible and history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Bible_and_history" title="Template talk:The Bible and history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Bible_and_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Bible and history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Bible_and_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">The Bible and history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">History of ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jesus in comparative mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/80px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/120px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/160px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">sources</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artifacts_in_biblical_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artifacts in biblical archaeology">List of artifacts in biblical archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_biblical_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of burial places of biblical figures">List of burial places of biblical figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hebrew_Bible_manuscripts" title="List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts">List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">List of New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">List of New Testament uncials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible Portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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