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id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultivars_(varieties)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivars_(varieties)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cultivars (varieties)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivars_(varieties)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cultivation problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food-borne_illness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food-borne_illness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Food-borne illness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-borne_illness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Cited literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lettuce</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaarslaai" title="Blaarslaai – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Blaarslaai" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%88%8B%E1%8C%A3" title="ሰላጣ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሰላጣ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%93actric" title="Lēactric – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lēactric" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B3" title="خس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactuca_sativa" title="Lactuca sativa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lactuca sativa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2lat%C3%A2" title="Sâlatâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Sâlatâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactuca_sativa" title="Lactuca sativa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lactuca sativa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katiapi" title="Katiapi – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Katiapi" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27anakyr%E1%BB%B9i" title="Ka'anakyrỹi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ka'anakyrỹi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kah%C4%B1" title="Kahı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kahı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8" title="লেটুস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লেটুস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salada" title="Salada – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Salada" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Латук – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Латук" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litsugas" title="Litsugas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Litsugas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Обикновена маруля – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обикновена маруля" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salod_(Pflanzn)" title="Salod (Pflanzn) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Salod (Pflanzn)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%97%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B" title="རྗེན་ཚལ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྗེན་ཚལ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciam" title="Enciam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enciam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letsugas" title="Letsugas – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Letsugas" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locika_set%C3%A1" title="Locika setá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Locika setá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactuca_sativa" title="Lactuca sativa – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lactuca sativa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letysen" title="Letysen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Letysen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havesalat" title="Havesalat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Havesalat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartensalat" title="Gartensalat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gartensalat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedsalat" title="Aedsalat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aedsalat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Μαρούλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρούλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactuca_sativa" title="Lactuca sativa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lactuca sativa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultiva_laktuko" title="Kultiva laktuko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kultiva laktuko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraza" title="Uraza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uraza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88" title="کاهو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاهو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laitue_cultiv%C3%A9e" title="Laitue cultivée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laitue cultivée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leit%C3%ADs" title="Leitís – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leitís" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassyr" title="Glassyr – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Glassyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leituga" title="Leituga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leituga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BA-mak" title="Fú-mak – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fú-mak" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%EC%B6%94" title="상추 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상추" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AB" title="Հազար մշակովի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հազար մշակովի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelena_salata" title="Zelena salata – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zelena salata" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latugo" title="Latugo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Latugo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selada_(tumbuhan)" title="Selada (tumbuhan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Selada (tumbuhan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salat" title="Salat – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Salat" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactuca_sativa" title="Lactuca sativa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lactuca sativa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חסה תרבותית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חסה תרבותית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selada" title="Selada – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Selada" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲೆಟಿಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲೆಟಿಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechugas" title="Lechugas – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Lechugas" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90" title="სალათა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სალათა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Салат латук – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Салат латук" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imboga_za_leti" title="Imboga za leti – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Imboga za leti" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leti" title="Leti – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Leti" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kah%C3%BB" title="Kahû – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kahû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Салат Латук – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Салат Латук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactuca_sativa" title="Lactuca sativa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lactuca sativa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81rza_sal%C4%81ti" title="Dārza salāti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dārza salāti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%97jamoji_salota" title="Sėjamoji salota – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sėjamoji salota" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leituga" title="Leituga – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Leituga" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerti_sal%C3%A1ta" title="Kerti saláta – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kerti saláta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Зелена салата – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зелена салата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salady" title="Salady – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Salady" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0" title="ഉർവച്ചീര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉർവച്ചീര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="लेट्युस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लेट्युस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B3" title="خس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%87%D9%88%DA%A9" title="کهوک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کهوک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun_salad" title="Daun salad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Daun salad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E8%8F%9C" title="春菜 – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="春菜" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%9C%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဆလတ်ပင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆလတ်ပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quillechocah" title="Quillechocah – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Quillechocah" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sla" title="Sla – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sla" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B9" title="レタス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レタス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagesalat" title="Hagesalat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hagesalat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagesalat" title="Hagesalat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hagesalat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salat_(ekin)" title="Salat (ekin) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Salat (ekin)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਸਲਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਲਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B3" title="لیٹس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیٹس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C5%82ata_siewna" title="Sałata siewna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sałata siewna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alface" title="Alface – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alface" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salat_(o%27simlik)" title="Salat (o'simlik) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Salat (o'simlik)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactuca_sativa" title="Lactuca sativa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lactuca sativa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilliyuyu" title="Pilliyuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pilliyuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Латук посевной – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Латук посевной" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattuca" title="Lattuca – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lattuca" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettuce" title="Lettuce – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lettuce" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallata" title="Sallata – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sallata" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattuca" title="Lattuca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lattuca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF_(%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA)" title="සලාද (ශාකය) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සලාද (ශාකය)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettuce" title="Lettuce – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lettuce" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B3" title="خس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="خس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0al%C3%A1t_siaty" title="Šalát siaty – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šalát siaty" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaar" title="Salaar – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Salaar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Зелена салата – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зелена салата" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelena_salata" title="Zelena salata – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zelena salata" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehtisalaatti" title="Lehtisalaatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lehtisalaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallat" title="Sallat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sallat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letsugas" title="Letsugas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Letsugas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="இலைக்கோசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலைக்கோசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamafart" title="Tamafart – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamafart" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="ผักกาดหอม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผักกาดหอม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%93tisilau" title="Lētisilau – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lētisilau" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of annual plant of the daisy family, most often grown as a leaf vegetable</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lettuce_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lettuce (disambiguation)">Lettuce (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Lettuce </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Iceberg_lettuce_in_SB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A field of bright green heads of lettuce." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Iceberg_lettuce_in_SB.jpg/220px-Iceberg_lettuce_in_SB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Iceberg_lettuce_in_SB.jpg/330px-Iceberg_lettuce_in_SB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Iceberg_lettuce_in_SB.jpg/440px-Iceberg_lettuce_in_SB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">A field of iceberg lettuces in California </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Lactuca" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterales" title="Asterales">Asterales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lactuca" title="Lactuca"><i>Lactuca</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>L. sativa</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Lactuca sativa</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kew_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kew-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USDA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactusca_scariola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactusca scariola (page does not exist)">Lactusca scariola</a></i> var. <i>sativa</i> <small>(Moris)</small></li> <li><i>L. scariola</i> var. <i>integrata</i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_Marie_Grenier" title="Jean Charles Marie Grenier">Gren.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Alexandre_Godron" title="Dominique Alexandre Godron">Godr.</a>)</small></li> <li><i>L. scariola</i> var. <i>integrifolia</i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Beck_von_Mannagetta_und_Lerchenau" title="Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau">G.Beck</a>)</small></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Lettuce</b> (<i><b>Lactuca sativa</b></i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual plant</a> of the family <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a> mostly grown as a <a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">leaf vegetable</a>. The leaves are most often used raw in <a href="/wiki/Green_salad" class="mw-redirect" title="Green salad">green salads</a>, although lettuce is also seen in other kinds of food, such as sandwiches, <a href="/wiki/Wraps" class="mw-redirect" title="Wraps">wraps</a> and soups; it can also be grilled.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its stem and seeds are sometimes used; <a href="/wiki/Celtuce" title="Celtuce">celtuce</a> (asparagus lettuce) is one variety grown for its stems, which are eaten either raw or cooked. In addition to its main use as a leafy green, it has also gathered religious and medicinal significance over centuries of human consumption. Europe and North America originally dominated the market for lettuce, but by the late 20th century the consumption of lettuce had spread throughout the world. As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lettuce&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, world production of lettuce (and <a href="/wiki/Chicory" title="Chicory">chicory</a>) was 27 million <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a>, 53<span class="nowrap"> </span>percent of which came from China.<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lettuce was originally farmed by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptians">ancient Egyptians</a>, who transformed it from a plant whose seeds were used to obtain oil into an important food crop raised for its succulent leaves and oil-rich seeds. Lettuce spread to the Greeks and Romans; the latter gave it the name <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Lactuca" title="Lactuca">lactuca</a></i></span>, from which the English <i>lettuce</i> is derived. By 50 AD, many types were described, and lettuce appeared often in medieval writings, including several <a href="/wiki/Herbal" title="Herbal">herbals</a>. The 16th through 18th centuries saw the development of many <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> in Europe, and by the mid-18th century, cultivars were described that can still be found in modern gardens. </p><p>Generally grown as a <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardy</a> <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual</a>, lettuce is easily cultivated, although it requires relatively low temperatures to prevent it from flowering quickly. It can be plagued by numerous <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient_deficiency" title="Micronutrient deficiency">nutrient deficiencies</a>, as well as insect and mammal pests, and fungal and bacterial diseases. <i>L. sativa</i> <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">crosses</a> easily within the species and with some other species within the genus <i>Lactuca</i>. Although this trait can be a problem to home gardeners who attempt to save seeds, biologists have used it to broaden the <a href="/wiki/Gene_pool" title="Gene pool">gene pool</a> of cultivated lettuce varieties. </p><p>Lettuce is a rich source of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>, and a moderate source of <a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>. Contaminated lettuce is often a source of bacterial, viral, and parasitic outbreaks in humans, including <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_etymology">Taxonomy and etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lactuca_sativa_seeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lactuca_sativa_seeds.jpg/220px-Lactuca_sativa_seeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lactuca_sativa_seeds.jpg/330px-Lactuca_sativa_seeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lactuca_sativa_seeds.jpg/440px-Lactuca_sativa_seeds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><i>L. sativa</i> seeds</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Lactuca sativa</i> is a member of the <i><a href="/wiki/Lactuca" title="Lactuca">Lactuca</a></i> (lettuce) genus and the <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Helianthus" title="Helianthus">sunflower</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aster_(genus)" title="Aster (genus)">aster</a>) family.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species was first described in 1753 by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in the second volume of his <i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synonyms for <i>L. sativa</i> include <i>Lactuca scariola</i> <abbr title="variety">var.</abbr> <i>sativa</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kew_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kew-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>L. scariola</i> <abbr title="variety">var.</abbr> <i>integrata</i> and <i>L. scariola</i> <abbr title="variety">var.</abbr> <i>integrifolia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>L. scariola</i> is itself a <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonym</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Lactuca_serriola" title="Lactuca serriola">L. serriola</a></i>, the common wild or prickly lettuce.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>L. sativa</i> also has many identified taxonomic <a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a>, which delineate the various <a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">cultivar groups</a> of domesticated lettuce.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lettuce is closely related to several <i>Lactuca</i> species from southwest Asia; the closest relationship is to <i>L. serriola</i>, an aggressive <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weed</a> common in temperate and subtropical zones in much of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romans referred to lettuce as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lactuca</i></span> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lac</i></span> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>), an allusion to the white substance, <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a>, exuded by cut stems.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Lactuca</i> has become the genus name, while <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sativa</i></span> (meaning "sown" or "cultivated") was added to create the species name.<sup id="cite_ref-Katz376_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katz376-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current word <i>lettuce</i>, originally from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, came from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">letues</i></span> or <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">laitues</i></span>, which derived from the Roman name.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>romaine</i> came from the variety of lettuce grown in the Roman papal gardens, while <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cos</i></span>, another term for <a href="/wiki/Romaine_lettuce" title="Romaine lettuce">romaine lettuce</a>, came from the earliest European seeds of the type from the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a>, a center of lettuce farming in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lactuca_sativa,_botersla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lactuca_sativa%2C_botersla.jpg/220px-Lactuca_sativa%2C_botersla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lactuca_sativa%2C_botersla.jpg/330px-Lactuca_sativa%2C_botersla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lactuca_sativa%2C_botersla.jpg/440px-Lactuca_sativa%2C_botersla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2535" data-file-height="1694" /></a><figcaption>Lettuce inflorescences</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kropsla_vruchten_(Lactuca_sativa_fruits).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kropsla_vruchten_%28Lactuca_sativa_fruits%29.jpg/220px-Kropsla_vruchten_%28Lactuca_sativa_fruits%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kropsla_vruchten_%28Lactuca_sativa_fruits%29.jpg/330px-Kropsla_vruchten_%28Lactuca_sativa_fruits%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kropsla_vruchten_%28Lactuca_sativa_fruits%29.jpg/440px-Kropsla_vruchten_%28Lactuca_sativa_fruits%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption>Mature lettuce <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a> in fruit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lettuce_seeds_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lettuce_seeds_01.jpg/220px-Lettuce_seeds_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lettuce_seeds_01.jpg/330px-Lettuce_seeds_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lettuce_seeds_01.jpg/440px-Lettuce_seeds_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2392" data-file-height="2193" /></a><figcaption>Lettuce seeds</figcaption></figure> <p>Lettuce's native range spreads from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, although it has been transported to almost all areas of the world. Plants generally have a height and spread of 15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 in).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaves are colorful, mainly in the green and red color spectrums, with some <a href="/wiki/Variegation" title="Variegation">variegated</a> varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-FineCooking_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FineCooking-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also a few varieties with yellow, gold or blue-teal leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryder_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryder-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lettuces have a wide range of shapes and textures, from the dense heads of the iceberg type to the notched, scalloped, frilly or ruffly leaves of leaf varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-FineCooking_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FineCooking-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lettuce plants have a root system that includes a main <a href="/wiki/Taproot" title="Taproot">taproot</a> and smaller secondary roots. Some varieties, especially those found in the United States and Western Europe, have long, narrow taproots and a small set of secondary roots. Longer taproots and more extensive secondary systems are found in varieties from Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryder_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryder-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on the variety and time of year, lettuce generally lives 65–130 days from planting to harvesting. Because lettuce that flowers (through the process known as "<a href="/wiki/Bolting_(horticulture)" title="Bolting (horticulture)">bolting</a>") becomes bitter and unsaleable, plants grown for consumption are rarely allowed to grow to maturity. Lettuce flowers more quickly in hot temperatures, while freezing temperatures cause slower growth and sometimes damage to outer leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once plants move past the edible stage, they develop flower stalks up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) high with small yellow blossoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Weaver175_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weaver175-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other members of the tribe <a href="/wiki/Cichorieae" title="Cichorieae">Cichorieae</a>, lettuce <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescences</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Pseudanthium" title="Pseudanthium">flower heads</a> or capitula) are composed of multiple <a href="/wiki/Floret" class="mw-redirect" title="Floret">florets</a>, each with a modified <a href="/wiki/Calyx_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyx (botany)">calyx</a> called a <a href="/wiki/Pappus_(flower_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pappus (flower structure)">pappus</a> (which becomes the feathery "parachute" of the fruit), a corolla of five petals fused into a <a href="/wiki/Ligule" title="Ligule">ligule</a> or strap, and the reproductive parts. These include fused <a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">anthers</a> that form a tube which surrounds a <a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">style</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bipartite#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:bipartite">bipartite</a> <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigma</a>. As the anthers shed <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>, the style elongates to allow the stigmas, now coated with pollen, to emerge from the tube.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryder_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryder-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ovaries form compressed, <a href="/wiki/Obovate" class="mw-redirect" title="Obovate">obovate</a> (teardrop-shaped) dry fruits that do not open at maturity, measuring 3 to 4 mm long. The fruits have 5–7 ribs on each side and are tipped by two rows of small white hairs. The pappus remains at the top of each fruit as a <a href="/wiki/Biological_dispersal" title="Biological dispersal">dispersal</a> structure. Each fruit contains one seed, which can be white, yellow, gray or brown depending on the variety of lettuce.<sup id="cite_ref-Kew_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kew-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The domestication of lettuce over the centuries has resulted in several changes through <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a>: delayed bolting, larger seeds, larger leaves and heads, better taste and texture, a lower <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a> content, and different leaf shapes and colors. Work in these areas continues through the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-Davey222_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davey222-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientific research into the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_modification" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic modification">genetic modification</a> of lettuce is ongoing, with over 85 field trials taking place between 1992 and 2005 in the European Union and the United States to test modifications allowing greater <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicide</a> tolerance, greater resistance to insects and fungi and slower bolting patterns. However, genetically modified lettuce is not currently used in commercial agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romaine_lettuce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Romaine_lettuce.jpg/250px-Romaine_lettuce.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Romaine_lettuce.jpg/330px-Romaine_lettuce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Romaine_lettuce.jpg/500px-Romaine_lettuce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Romaine_lettuce" title="Romaine lettuce">Romaine lettuce</a>, a descendant of some of the earliest cultivated lettuce</figcaption></figure> <p>DNA analysis of 445 types of lettuce indicates that lettuce was first domesticated from its <a href="/wiki/Lactuca_serriola" title="Lactuca serriola">wild ancestor</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Shattering_(agriculture)" title="Shattering (agriculture)">seed shattering</a> was first selected out of the <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a>. At this time, the lettuce plant was only suitable for harvesting its <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>, which could be pressed to extract <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">oil</a>, likely used for cooking, among other purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there, lettuce was likely transported to the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the first depictions of lettuce cultivation can be found as early as 2680 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the early lettuce from the Caucasus, this lettuce was grown to produce cooking oil from its seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lettuce was considered a sacred plant of the reproduction god <a href="/wiki/Min_(god)" title="Min (god)">Min</a>, and was carried during his festivals and placed near his images. The plant was thought to help the god "perform the sexual act untiringly".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its use in religious ceremonies resulted in the creation of many images in tombs and wall paintings. The cultivated variety appears to have been about 75 cm (30 in) tall and resembled a large version of the modern <a href="/wiki/Romaine_lettuce" title="Romaine lettuce">romaine lettuce</a>. These upright lettuces were developed by the Egyptians and passed to the Greeks, who in turn shared them with the Romans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Around 50 AD, Roman agriculturalist <a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a> described several lettuce varieties – some of which may have been ancestors of today's lettuces.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plant was eventually selectively bred into a plant grown for its edible leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long leaves in Egyptian depictions suggest that it may have been grown for its leaves, which would make it the first lettuce cultivar grown for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, genome wide analysis suggests the traits needed for cultivation as a leafy vegetable, like the loss of bitterness and thorns, evolved much later, from around 500 BC in Southern Europe. Lettuce cultivars radiated more rapidly from this point, with <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Cultivars_(varieties)">oilseed lettuce</a> likely being brought by the ancient Greeks from Egypt to Italy, where it was modified into <a href="/wiki/Romaine_lettuce" title="Romaine lettuce"><i>cos</i> lettuce</a> and cultivated for its leaves. From there, it was brought north to Central Europe, where it was modified into <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Cultivars_(varieties)">butterhead lettuce</a> and other varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lettuce appears in many medieval writings, especially as a medicinal herb. <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a> mentioned it in her writings on medicinal herbs between 1098 and 1179, and many early <a href="/wiki/Herbal" title="Herbal">herbals</a> also describe its uses. In 1586, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Camerarius" title="Joachim Camerarius">Joachim Camerarius</a> provided descriptions of the three basic modern lettuces – head lettuce, loose-leaf lettuce, and romaine (or cos) lettuce.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lettuce was first brought to the Americas from Europe by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> in the late 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the late 16th century and the early 18th century, many varieties were developed in Europe, particularly Holland. Books published in the mid-18th and early 19th centuries describe several varieties found in gardens today.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to its short lifespan after harvest, lettuce was originally sold relatively close to where it was grown. The early 20th century saw the development of new packing, storage and shipping technologies that improved the lifespan and transportability of lettuce and resulted in a significant increase in availability.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the 1950s, lettuce production was revolutionized with the development of <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_cooling" title="Vacuum cooling">vacuum cooling</a>, which allowed field cooling and packing of lettuce, replacing the previously used method of ice-cooling in packing houses outside the fields.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lettuce is easy to grow, and as such has been a significant source of sales for many <a href="/wiki/Seed_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed companies">seed companies</a>. Tracing the history of many varieties is complicated by the practice of many companies, particularly in the US, of changing a variety's name from year to year. This practice is conducted for several reasons, the most prominent being to boost sales by promoting a "new" variety, or to prevent customers from knowing that the variety had been developed by a competing seed company. Documentation from the late 19th century shows between 65 and 140 distinct varieties of lettuce, depending on the amount of variation allowed between types – a distinct difference from the 1,100 named lettuce varieties on the market at the time. Names also often changed significantly from country to country.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most lettuce grown today is used as a vegetable, a minor amount is used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco-free_cigarettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco-free cigarettes">tobacco-free cigarettes</a>; however, domestic lettuce's wild relatives produce a leaf that visually more closely resembles tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-Katz377_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katz377-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Park_Lane_Nurseries_-_geograph.org.uk_-_583201.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Park_Lane_Nurseries_-_geograph.org.uk_-_583201.jpg/250px-Park_Lane_Nurseries_-_geograph.org.uk_-_583201.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Park_Lane_Nurseries_-_geograph.org.uk_-_583201.jpg/330px-Park_Lane_Nurseries_-_geograph.org.uk_-_583201.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Park_Lane_Nurseries_-_geograph.org.uk_-_583201.jpg/500px-Park_Lane_Nurseries_-_geograph.org.uk_-_583201.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>A lettuce farm in the United Kingdom</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardy</a> annual, some varieties of lettuce can be <a href="/wiki/Overwintering" title="Overwintering">overwintered</a> even in relatively cold climates under a layer of straw, and older, <a href="/wiki/Heirloom_variety" class="mw-redirect" title="Heirloom variety">heirloom varieties</a> are often grown in <a href="/wiki/Cold_frame" title="Cold frame">cold frames</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weaver173_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weaver173-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lettuces meant for the cutting of individual leaves are generally planted straight into the garden in thick rows. Heading varieties of lettuces are commonly started in flats, then <a href="/wiki/Transplanting" title="Transplanting">transplanted</a> to individual spots, usually 20 to 36 cm (7.9 to 14.2 in) apart, in the garden after developing several leaves. Lettuce spaced farther apart receives more sunlight, which improves color and nutrient quantities in the leaves. Pale to white lettuce, such as the centers in some iceberg lettuce, contain few nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-Weaver175_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weaver175-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planche_Lactuca_sativa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Planche_Lactuca_sativa.jpg/250px-Planche_Lactuca_sativa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Planche_Lactuca_sativa.jpg/330px-Planche_Lactuca_sativa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Planche_Lactuca_sativa.jpg/500px-Planche_Lactuca_sativa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A transplanted bed of lettuce in a <a href="/wiki/Polytunnel" title="Polytunnel">polytunnel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lettuce grows best in full sun in loose, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>-rich soils with a <a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">pH</a> of between 6.0 and 6.8. Heat generally prompts lettuce to <a href="/wiki/Bolt_(horticulture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolt (horticulture)">bolt</a>, with most varieties growing poorly above 24 °C (75 °F); cool temperatures prompt better performance, with 16 to 18 °C (61 to 64 °F) being preferred and as low as 7 °C (45 °F) being tolerated.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradley129_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley129-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants in hot areas that are provided partial shade during the hottest part of the day will bolt more slowly. Temperatures above 27 °C (81 °F) will generally result in poor or non-existent germination of lettuce seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradley129_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley129-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After harvest, lettuce lasts the longest when kept at 0 °C (32 °F) and 96 percent humidity. The high water content of lettuce (94.9 percent) creates problems when attempting to preserve the plant – it cannot be successfully frozen, canned or dried and must be eaten fresh.<sup id="cite_ref-UI_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UI-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of its high water content, traditionally grown lettuce has a low <a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">water footprint</a>, with 237 liters (52 imp gal; 63 U.S. gal) of water required for each kilogram of lettuce produced.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydroponic growing methods can reduce this water consumption by nearly two orders of magnitude. </p><p>Lettuce varieties will <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">cross</a> with each other, making spacing of 1.5 to 6 m (60 to 240 in) between varieties necessary to prevent contamination when saving seeds. Lettuce will also cross with <i><a href="/wiki/Lactuca_serriola" title="Lactuca serriola">Lactuca serriola</a></i> (wild lettuce), with the resulting seeds often producing a plant with tough, bitter leaves. <a href="/wiki/Celtuce" title="Celtuce">Celtuce</a>, a lettuce variety grown primarily in Asia for its stems, crosses easily with lettuces grown for their leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Weaver175_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weaver175-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This propensity for crossing, however, has led to breeding programs using closely related species in <i>Lactuca</i>, such as <i>L. serriola</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lactuca_saligna" title="Lactuca saligna">L. saligna</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Lactuca_virosa" title="Lactuca virosa">L. virosa</a></i>, to broaden the available <a href="/wiki/Gene_pool" title="Gene pool">gene pool</a>. Starting in the 1990s, such programs began to include more distantly related species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Lactuca_tatarica" title="Lactuca tatarica">L. tatarica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lettuce_mix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lettuce_mix.jpg/220px-Lettuce_mix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lettuce_mix.jpg/330px-Lettuce_mix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lettuce_mix.jpg/440px-Lettuce_mix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>A selection of lettuce cultivars</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yangzhou_-_supermarket_-_woju_-_P1070028.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Yangzhou_-_supermarket_-_woju_-_P1070028.JPG/220px-Yangzhou_-_supermarket_-_woju_-_P1070028.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Yangzhou_-_supermarket_-_woju_-_P1070028.JPG/330px-Yangzhou_-_supermarket_-_woju_-_P1070028.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Yangzhou_-_supermarket_-_woju_-_P1070028.JPG/440px-Yangzhou_-_supermarket_-_woju_-_P1070028.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The lettuce variety <a href="/wiki/Celtuce" title="Celtuce">celtuce</a> is grown for its stem, used in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese cooking">Chinese cooking</a>.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buttercrunch_butterhead_lettuce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Buttercrunch_butterhead_lettuce.jpg/220px-Buttercrunch_butterhead_lettuce.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Buttercrunch_butterhead_lettuce.jpg/330px-Buttercrunch_butterhead_lettuce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Buttercrunch_butterhead_lettuce.jpg/440px-Buttercrunch_butterhead_lettuce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A butterhead lettuce</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salata_Prajzerica_(Croatia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Salata_Prajzerica_%28Croatia%29.jpg/220px-Salata_Prajzerica_%28Croatia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Salata_Prajzerica_%28Croatia%29.jpg/330px-Salata_Prajzerica_%28Croatia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Salata_Prajzerica_%28Croatia%29.jpg/440px-Salata_Prajzerica_%28Croatia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption><i>Prajzerica</i>, a lettuce variety from <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Seeds keep best when stored in cool conditions, and, unless stored <a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">cryogenically</a>, remain viable the longest when stored at −20 °C (−4 °F); they are relatively short lived in storage.<sup id="cite_ref-Kew_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kew-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At room temperature, lettuce seeds remain viable for only a few months. However, when newly harvested lettuce seed is stored cryogenically, this life increases to a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 500 years for vaporized nitrogen and 3,400 years for liquid nitrogen; this advantage is lost if seeds are not frozen promptly after harvesting.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivars_(varieties)"><span id="Cultivars_.28varieties.29"></span>Cultivars (varieties)</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Cultivars"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lactuca_sativa_%27Forellenschluss%27,_Longwood_Gardens_2023_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lactuca_sativa_%27Forellenschluss%27%2C_Longwood_Gardens_2023_01.jpg/220px-Lactuca_sativa_%27Forellenschluss%27%2C_Longwood_Gardens_2023_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lactuca_sativa_%27Forellenschluss%27%2C_Longwood_Gardens_2023_01.jpg/330px-Lactuca_sativa_%27Forellenschluss%27%2C_Longwood_Gardens_2023_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lactuca_sativa_%27Forellenschluss%27%2C_Longwood_Gardens_2023_01.jpg/440px-Lactuca_sativa_%27Forellenschluss%27%2C_Longwood_Gardens_2023_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Romaine lettuce 'Forellenschluss' from <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are several types and <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> of lettuce. Categorization may sometimes refer to "leaf" versus "head", but there are seven main cultivar groups of lettuce, each including many varieties: </p> <ol><li>Leaf—Also known as looseleaf, cutting or bunching lettuce,<sup id="cite_ref-WSU_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSU-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this type has loosely bunched leaves and is the most widely planted. It is used mainly for salads.<sup id="cite_ref-UI_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UI-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_leaf_lettuce" title="Red leaf lettuce">Red leaf lettuce</a>—A group of lettuce types with red leaves.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaine_lettuce" title="Romaine lettuce">Romaine</a>/Cos—Used mainly for salads and sandwiches, this type forms long, upright heads.<sup id="cite_ref-UI_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UI-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the most often used lettuce in <a href="/wiki/Caesar_salad" title="Caesar salad">Caesar salads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Little Gem—a dwarf, compact romaine lettuce, popular in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Iceberg/Crisphead—The most popular type in the United States. Iceberg lettuce is very heat-sensitive and was originally developed in 1894 for growth in the northern United States by <a href="/wiki/Burpee_Seeds_and_Plants" title="Burpee Seeds and Plants">Burpee Seeds and Plants</a>. It gets its name from the way it was transported in crushed ice, where the heads of lettuce looked like <a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">icebergs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, it ships well, but is low in flavor and nutritional content, being composed of even more water than other lettuce types.<sup id="cite_ref-UI_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UI-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Butterhead—Also known as Boston or Bibb lettuce,<sup id="cite_ref-WSU_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSU-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and traditionally in the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a> as "round lettuce",<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this type is a head lettuce with a loose arrangement of leaves, known for its sweet flavor and tender texture.<sup id="cite_ref-UI_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UI-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Summercrisp—Also called Batavian or French crisp, this lettuce is midway between the crisphead and leaf types. These lettuces tend to be larger, bolt-resistant and well-flavored.<sup id="cite_ref-WSU_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSU-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtuce" title="Celtuce">Celtuce</a>/Stem—This type is grown for its seedstalk, rather than its leaves, and is used in Asian cooking, primarily Chinese, as well as stewed and creamed dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-UI_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UI-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Oilseed—This type is grown for its seeds, which are pressed to extract an oil mainly used for cooking. It has few leaves, bolts quickly and produces seeds around 50 percent larger than other types of lettuce.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The four main types in the Western world have been looseleaf, romaine, crisphead, and butterhead, with the others being intermediary or more exotic. The butterhead and crisphead types are sometimes known together as "cabbage" lettuce, because their heads are shorter, flatter, and more cabbage-like than romaine lettuces.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivation_problems">Cultivation problems</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_081031-0356_Lactuca_sativa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Starr_081031-0356_Lactuca_sativa.jpg/170px-Starr_081031-0356_Lactuca_sativa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Starr_081031-0356_Lactuca_sativa.jpg/255px-Starr_081031-0356_Lactuca_sativa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Starr_081031-0356_Lactuca_sativa.jpg/340px-Starr_081031-0356_Lactuca_sativa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>A lettuce surrounded by weeds, which have crowded it to the point of <a href="/wiki/Bolting_(horticulture)" title="Bolting (horticulture)">bolting</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_lettuce_diseases" title="List of lettuce diseases">List of lettuce diseases</a></div> <p>Soil nutrient deficiencies can cause a variety of plant problems that range from malformed plants to a lack of head growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradley129_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley129-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many insects are attracted to lettuce, including <a href="/wiki/Cutworm" title="Cutworm">cutworms</a>, which cut seedlings off at the soil line; <a href="/wiki/Wireworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireworm">wireworms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>, which cause yellow, stunted plants; <a href="/wiki/Tarnished_plant_bug" title="Tarnished plant bug">tarnished plant bugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a>, which cause yellow, distorted leaves; <a href="/wiki/Leafhopper" title="Leafhopper">leafhoppers</a>, which cause stunted growth and pale leaves; <a href="/wiki/Thrip" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrip">thrips</a>, which turn leaves gray-green or silver; <a href="/wiki/Leafminer" class="mw-redirect" title="Leafminer">leafminers</a>, which create tunnels within the leaves; <a href="/wiki/Flea_beetle" title="Flea beetle">flea beetles</a>, which cut small holes in leaves and <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>, which cut large holes in leaves. For example, the larvae of the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_moth" title="Ghost moth">ghost moth</a> is a common pest of lettuce plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards64_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards64-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mammals, including <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groundhog" title="Groundhog">groundhogs</a>, also eat the plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradley132_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley132-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lettuce contains several defensive compounds, including <a href="/wiki/Sesquiterpene_lactone" title="Sesquiterpene lactone">sesquiterpene lactones</a>, and other natural <a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">phenolics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Flavonol" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavonol">flavonol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flavonols#Flavonols_glycosides" title="Flavonols">glycosides</a>, which help to protect it against pests. Certain varieties contain more than others, and some selective breeding and genetic modification studies have focused on using this trait to identify and produce commercial varieties with increased pest resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lettuce also suffers from several <a href="/wiki/Plant_virus" title="Plant virus">viral diseases</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Lettuce_big-vein_disease" title="Lettuce big-vein disease">big vein</a>, which causes yellow, distorted leaves, and <a href="/wiki/Lettuce_mosaic_virus" title="Lettuce mosaic virus">mosaic virus</a>, which is spread by aphids and causes stunted plant growth and deformed leaves. <a href="/wiki/Aster_yellows" title="Aster yellows">Aster yellows</a> are a disease-causing bacteria carried by leafhoppers, which causes deformed leaves. Fungal diseases include <a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">powdery mildew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">downy mildew</a>, which cause leaves to mold and die and <a href="/wiki/Fungicide_use_in_the_United_States#Bottom_rot" title="Fungicide use in the United States">bottom rot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungicide_use_in_the_United_States#Lettuce_drop" title="Fungicide use in the United States">lettuce drop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gray_mold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray mold">gray mold</a>, which cause entire plants to rot and collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradley132_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley132-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacterial diseases include <i><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis cinerea</a></i>, for which <a href="/wiki/UV-C" class="mw-redirect" title="UV-C">UV-C</a> treatments may be used: Vàsquez et al. 2017 find that <a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine_ammonia-lyase" title="Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase">phenylalanine ammonia-lyase</a> activity, phenolic production, and <i>B. cinerea</i> <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_resistance" title="Plant disease resistance">resistance</a> are increased by UV-C.<sup id="cite_ref-Urban-et-al-2018_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban-et-al-2018-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crowding lettuce tends to attract pests and diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-Weaver175_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weaver175-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weeds can also be an issue, as cultivated lettuce is generally not competitive with them, especially when directly seeded into the ground. Transplanted lettuce (started in flats and later moved to growing beds) is generally more competitive initially, but can still be crowded later in the season, causing misshapen lettuce and lower yields. Weeds also act as homes for insects and disease and can make harvesting more difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herbicides are often used to control weeds in commercial production. However, this has led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Herbicide-resistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbicide-resistant">herbicide-resistant</a> weeds in lettuce cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-Davey222_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davey222-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="clear:right; width:12em; text-align:center; margin-right:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Lettuce production – 2022 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddf;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ddf;"><span style="font-size:85%;">millions<br /> of <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>15.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>3.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>27.1</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/UN_Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Food and Agriculture Organization">UN Food and Agriculture Organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-faostat_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2022, world production of lettuce (report combined with <a href="/wiki/Chicory" title="Chicory">chicory</a>) was 27 million tonnes, with <a href="/wiki/Lettuce_production_in_China" title="Lettuce production in China">China</a> alone producing 55% of the total (table). </p><p>Lettuce is the only member of the genus <i>Lactuca</i> to be grown commercially.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although China is the top world producer of lettuce, the majority of the crop is consumed domestically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Markets">Markets</h3></div> <p>Western Europe and North America were the original major markets for large-scale lettuce production. By the late 1900s, Asia, South America, Australia and Africa became more substantial markets. Different locations tended to prefer different types of lettuce, with butterhead prevailing in northern Europe and Great Britain, romaine in the Mediterranean and stem lettuce in China and Egypt. By the late 20th century, the preferred types began to change, with crisphead, especially iceberg, lettuce becoming the dominant type in northern Europe and Great Britain and more popular in western Europe. In the US, no one type predominated until the early 20th century, when crisphead lettuces began gaining popularity. After the 1940s, with the development of iceberg lettuce, 95 percent of the lettuce grown and consumed in the US was crisphead lettuce. By the end of the century, other types began to regain popularity and eventually made up over 30 percent of production.<sup id="cite_ref-Katz378_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katz378-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stem lettuce was first developed in China, where it remains primarily cultivated.<sup id="cite_ref-Simoons_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simoons-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lettuce_plant_reaching_for_the_sky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lettuce_plant_reaching_for_the_sky.jpg/250px-Lettuce_plant_reaching_for_the_sky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lettuce_plant_reaching_for_the_sky.jpg/330px-Lettuce_plant_reaching_for_the_sky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lettuce_plant_reaching_for_the_sky.jpg/500px-Lettuce_plant_reaching_for_the_sky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A lettuce plant that has bolted</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 21st century, bagged salad products increased in the lettuce market, especially in the US where innovative packaging and shipping methods prolonged freshness.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-agmrc_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agmrc-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npr_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States in 2022, lettuce was the main vegetable ingredient in salads, and was the most consumed among leaf vegetables; its market was about 20% of all vegetables, with Romaine and iceberg having about equal sales.<sup id="cite_ref-agmrc_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agmrc-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 85% of the lettuce consumed in the United States in 2022 was produced domestically.<sup id="cite_ref-agmrc_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agmrc-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3></div> <p>As described around 50 AD, lettuce leaves were often cooked and served by the Romans with an oil-and-vinegar dressing; however, smaller leaves were sometimes eaten raw. During the 81–96 AD reign of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>, the tradition of serving a lettuce <a href="/wiki/Salad" title="Salad">salad</a> before a meal began. Post-Roman Europe continued the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">poaching</a> lettuce, mainly with large romaine types, as well as the method of pouring a hot oil and vinegar mixture over the leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Weaver170_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weaver170-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the majority of lettuce is grown for its leaves, although one type is grown for its stem and one for its seeds, which are made into an oil.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most lettuce is used in salads, either alone or with other greens, vegetables, meats and cheeses. Romaine lettuce is often used for <a href="/wiki/Caesar_salad" title="Caesar salad">Caesar salads</a>. Lettuce leaves can also be found in soups, sandwiches and wraps, while the stems are eaten both raw and cooked.<sup id="cite_ref-Katz376_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katz376-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Lettuce (iceberg, raw)</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">58 kJ (14 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">3.0 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.2 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.14 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.9 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Carotene">beta-Carotene</a></div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lutein" title="Lutein">lutein</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeaxanthin" title="Zeaxanthin">zeaxanthin</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 25 μg<div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div>299 μg</div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">277 μg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.041 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.025 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.091 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.042 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 29 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 2.8 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.18 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">20%</div> 24.1 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 18 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.41 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 7 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 0.125 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 20 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 141 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 10 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.15 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">95.6 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169248/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The consumption of lettuce in China developed differently from in Western countries, due to health risks and cultural aversion to eating raw leaves; Chinese "salads" are composed of cooked vegetables and are served hot or cold. Lettuce is also used in a larger variety of dishes than in Western countries, contributing to a range of dishes including <a href="/wiki/Bean_curd" class="mw-redirect" title="Bean curd">bean curd</a> and meat dishes, soups and <a href="/wiki/Stir-fry" class="mw-redirect" title="Stir-fry">stir-frys</a> plain or with other vegetables. Stem lettuce, widely consumed in China, is eaten either raw or cooked, the latter primarily in soups and stir-frys.<sup id="cite_ref-Simoons_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simoons-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lettuce is also used as a primary ingredient in the preparation of <a href="/wiki/Lettuce_soup" title="Lettuce soup">lettuce soup</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2></div> <p>Raw iceberg lettuce is 96% water, 3% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, and contains negligible <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> (table). In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), iceberg lettuce supplies 14 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a> and is a rich source (20% or more of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV) of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a> (20% DV), with no other <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a> in significant content (table). </p><p>In lettuce varieties with dark green leaves, such as <a href="/wiki/Romaine_lettuce" title="Romaine lettuce">romaine (also called <i>cos</i>)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a> contents are appreciable due to the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Provitamin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Provitamin A">provitamin A</a> compound, <a href="/wiki/Beta-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-carotene">beta-carotene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UI_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UI-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dark green varieties of lettuce also contain moderate amounts of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">calcium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_in_biology" title="Iron in biology">iron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UI_34-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UI-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The edible spine and ribs of the lettuce plant supply <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, while micronutrients are contained in the leaf portion.<sup id="cite_ref-UI_34-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UI-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food-borne_illness">Food-borne illness</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Food-borne_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Food-borne illness">Food-borne</a> <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> that can survive on lettuce include <i><a href="/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes">Listeria monocytogenes</a></i>, the causative agent of <a href="/wiki/Listeriosis" title="Listeriosis">listeriosis</a>, which multiplies in storage. However, despite high levels of bacteria being found on ready-to-eat lettuce products, a 2008 study found no incidents of food-borne illness related to listeriosis, possibly due to the product's short <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a>, indigenous microflora competing with the <i>Listeria</i> bacteria or inhibition of bacteria to cause listeriosis.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other bacteria found on lettuce include <i><a href="/wiki/Aeromonas" title="Aeromonas">Aeromonas</a></i> species, which have not been linked to any outbreaks; <i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter">Campylobacter</a></i> species, which cause <a href="/wiki/Campylobacteriosis" title="Campylobacteriosis">campylobacteriosis</a>; and <i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_intermedia" title="Yersinia intermedia">Yersinia intermedia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_kristensenii" title="Yersinia kristensenii">Yersinia kristensenii</a></i> (species of <i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia" title="Yersinia">Yersinia</a></i>), which have been found mainly in lettuce.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i> bacteria, including the uncommon <i>Salmonella braenderup</i> type, have also caused outbreaks traced to contaminated lettuce.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viruses, including <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">hepatitis A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calicivirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicivirus">calicivirus</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Norwalk_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwalk virus">Norwalk-like</a> strain, have been found in lettuce. The vegetable has also been linked to outbreaks of parasitic infestations, including <i><a href="/wiki/Giardia_lamblia" class="mw-redirect" title="Giardia lamblia">Giardia lamblia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lettuce has been linked to numerous outbreaks of the bacteria <a href="/wiki/E._coli_O157:H7" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli O157:H7"><i>E.coli</i> O157:H7</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shigella" title="Shigella">Shigella</a></i>; the plants were most likely contaminated through contact with animal<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or human feces.<sup id="cite_ref-Summ_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Summ-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2007 study determined that the vacuum cooling method, especially prevalent in the California lettuce industry, increased the uptake and survival rates of <i>E. coli</i> O157:H7.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientific experiments using treated <a href="/wiki/Municipal_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal wastewater">municipal wastewater</a> as irrigation for romaine lettuce have shown that the contamination levels of foliage, leachate, and soil with <i>E. coli</i><sup id="cite_ref-Summ_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Summ-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage_AP205" title="Bacteriophage AP205">bacteriophage AP205</a> (used by researchers as a surrogate for <a href="/wiki/Enteric_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteric virus">enteric viruses</a>), respectively, were directly correlated with the presence of these organisms in the irrigation water.<sup id="cite_ref-Summerlin_2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Summerlin_2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the increase in food demand, the use of treated wastewater effluent for irrigation and animal or human excreta (i.e., manure or biosolids) as soil amendments is increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-Mays_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mays-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, so are the outbreaks of food-borne illnesses. Due to the overuse of antibiotics in farming, the number of pathogens <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic resistance">resistant</a> to antibiotics is increasing,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of these being <i>AR E.coli</i>, which has been found on lettuce irrigated with wastewater.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pathogens found on lettuce are not specific to lettuce (though some <i>E. coli</i> strains have affinity for Romaine). But, unlike other vegetables which tend to be cooked, lettuce is eaten raw, thus food-borne outbreaks associated with it are more frequent and affect a larger number of people.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kew-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kew_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kew_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kew_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kew_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102090341/http://www.kew.org/science-research-data/kew-in-depth/difficult-seeds/species-profiles/lactuca-sativa/index.htm">"<i>Lactuca sativa</i>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lactuca+serriola+L&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplants.usda.gov%2Fjava%2Fprofile%3Fsymbol%3DLASE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Fearnley-Whittingstall" class="citation web cs1">Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/grilledlettucewithgo_14300">"Grilled lettuce with goats' cheese"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130717170143/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/grilledlettucewithgo_14300">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grilled+lettuce+with+goats%27+cheese&rft.pub=BBC&rft.au=Hugh+Fearnley-Whittingstall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Ffood%2Frecipes%2Fgrilledlettucewithgo_14300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faostat-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faostat_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faostat_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC">"Lettuce (with chicory) production in 2022; Countries/Regions/Production Quantity/Year from pick lists"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lettuce+%28with+chicory%29+production+in+2022%3B+Countries%2FRegions%2FProduction+Quantity%2FYear+from+pick+lists&rft.pub=UN+Food+%26+Agriculture+Organization%2C+Statistics+Division+%28FAOSTAT%29&rft.date=2024&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=36607">"<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L"</a>. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111025171631/http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=36607">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lactuca+sativa+L&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D36607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNatural_History_Museum2022" class="citation web cs1">Natural History Museum (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/linnaean-typification/search/detail.dsml?ID=492400&listPageURL=list%2edsml%3fVarqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CVarqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CGenusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CSpeciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26Species%3dsativa%26sort%3dGenus%252cSpecies%26Speciesqtype%3dequals%26Genus%3dLactuca%26Genusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CSspqtype%3dstarts%2bwith">"The Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project"</a>. Natural History Museum. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5519%2Fqwv6u7j5">10.5519/qwv6u7j5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222085030/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/linnaean-typification/search/detail.dsml?ID=492400&listPageURL=list%2edsml%3fVarqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CVarqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CGenusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CSpeciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26Species%3dsativa%26sort%3dGenus%252cSpecies%26Speciesqtype%3dequals%26Genus%3dLactuca%26Genusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CSspqtype%3dstarts%2bwith">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Linnaean+Plant+Name+Typification+Project&rft.pub=Natural+History+Museum&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5519%2Fqwv6u7j5&rft.au=Natural+History+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Four-science%2Fdata%2Flinnaean-typification%2Fsearch%2Fdetail.dsml%3FID%3D492400%26listPageURL%3Dlist%252edsml%253fVarqtype%253dstarts%252bwith%2526CVarqtype%253dstarts%252bwith%2526CGenusqtype%253dstarts%252bwith%2526CSpeciesqtype%253dstarts%252bwith%2526Species%253dsativa%2526sort%253dGenus%25252cSpecies%2526Speciesqtype%253dequals%2526Genus%253dLactuca%2526Genusqtype%253dstarts%252bwith%2526CSspqtype%253dstarts%252bwith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608120552/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=LASA3">"<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L"</a>. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=LASA3">the original</a> on 8 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lactuca+sativa+L&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplants.usda.gov%2Fjava%2Fprofile%3Fsymbol%3DLASA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPorcher,_Michael_H.2005" class="citation web cs1">Porcher, Michael H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916125457/http://www.ars-grin.gov/misc/mmpnd/Lactuca.html">"Sorting <i>Lactuca</i> Names"</a>. <i>Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database</i>. University of Melbourne. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars-grin.gov/misc/mmpnd/Lactuca.html">the original</a> on 16 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Multilingual+Multiscript+Plant+Name+Database&rft.atitle=Sorting+Lactuca+Names&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Porcher%2C+Michael+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars-grin.gov%2Fmisc%2Fmmpnd%2FLactuca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZohary,_DanielHopf,_MariaWeiss,_Ehud2012" class="citation book cs1">Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1hHSYoqY-AwC&pg=PA157"><i>Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954906-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954906-1"><bdi>978-0-19-954906-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160723001748/https://books.google.com/books?id=1hHSYoqY-AwC&pg=PA157">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domestication+of+Plants+in+the+Old+World%3A+The+Origin+and+Spread+of+Domesticated+Plants+in+Southwest+Asia%2C+Europe%2C+and+the+Mediterranean+Basin&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954906-1&rft.au=Zohary%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Hopf%2C+Maria&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Ehud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1hHSYoqY-AwC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeaver1997" class="citation book cs1">Weaver, William Woys (1997). <i>Heirloom vegetable gardening: a master gardener's guide to planting, growing, seed saving, and cultural history</i> (1st ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">170–</span>172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-4025-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-4025-8"><bdi>978-0-8050-4025-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heirloom+vegetable+gardening%3A+a+master+gardener%27s+guide+to+planting%2C+growing%2C+seed+saving%2C+and+cultural+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E170-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-4025-8&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=William+Woys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katz376-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Katz376_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katz376_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz and Weaver, p. 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChantrell,_Glynnis2002" class="citation book cs1">Chantrell, Glynnis, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_x2z7/page/300"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Word Histories</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_x2z7/page/300">300</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-863121-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-863121-9"><bdi>0-19-863121-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Word+Histories&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-863121-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary0000unse_x2z7%2Fpage%2F300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeaver1997" class="citation book cs1">Weaver, William Woys (1997). <i>Heirloom vegetable gardening: a master gardener's guide to planting, growing, seed saving, and cultural history</i> (1st ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-4025-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-4025-8"><bdi>978-0-8050-4025-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heirloom+vegetable+gardening%3A+a+master+gardener%27s+guide+to+planting%2C+growing%2C+seed+saving%2C+and+cultural+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=172&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-4025-8&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=William+Woys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/a679/lactuca-sativa.aspx">"<i>Lactuca sativa</i>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lactuca+sativa&rft.pub=Missouri+Botanical+Garden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.missouribotanicalgarden.org%2Fgardens-gardening%2Fyour-garden%2Fplant-finder%2Fplant-details%2Fkc%2Fa679%2Flactuca-sativa.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FineCooking-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FineCooking_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FineCooking_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFine_Cooking_Magazine2011" class="citation book cs1">Fine Cooking Magazine (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eAyNxv2I1LoC&q=lettuce+leaf+color+range&pg=PA28"><i>Fine Cooking in Season: Your Guide to Choosing and Preparing the Season's Best</i></a>. Taunton Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60085-303-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60085-303-6"><bdi>978-1-60085-303-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520044644/https://books.google.com/books?id=eAyNxv2I1LoC&q=lettuce+leaf+color+range&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fine+Cooking+in+Season%3A+Your+Guide+to+Choosing+and+Preparing+the+Season%27s+Best&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Taunton+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60085-303-6&rft.au=Fine+Cooking+Magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeAyNxv2I1LoC%26q%3Dlettuce%2Bleaf%2Bcolor%2Brange%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ryder-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ryder_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryder_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryder_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyder,_J.Waycott,_Williams1993" class="citation book cs1">Ryder, J.; Waycott, Williams (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717013724/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-528.html">"New Directions in Salad Crops: New Forms, New Tools, and Old Philosophy"</a>. In Janick, J.; Simon, J.E. (eds.). <i>New Crops</i>. Wiley. pp. <span class="nowrap">528–</span>532. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-528.html">the original</a> on 17 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Directions+in+Salad+Crops%3A+New+Forms%2C+New+Tools%2C+and+Old+Philosophy&rft.btitle=New+Crops&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E528-%3C%2Fspan%3E532&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Ryder%2C+J.&rft.au=Waycott%2C+Williams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hort.purdue.edu%2Fnewcrop%2Fproceedings1993%2Fv2-528.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_RichardCahn,_MichaelDaugovish,_OlegKoike,_Steven" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Richard; Cahn, Michael; Daugovish, Oleg; Koike, Steven; Natwick, Eric; Smith, Hugh; Subbarao, Krishna; Takele, Etaferahu; Turin, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050116/http://ucanr.org/freepubs/docs/7216.pdf">"Leaf Lettuce Production in California"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2012</span> – via eFloras.org, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>, St. Louis, MO & <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria" title="Harvard University Herbaria">Harvard University Herbaria</a>, Cambridge, MA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Asteraceae+tribe+Cichorieae&rft.btitle=Flora+of+North+America+North+of+Mexico+%28FNA%29&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Barkley&rft.aufirst=Theodore+M.&rft.au=Brouillet%2C+Luc&rft.au=Strother%2C+John+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D1%26taxon_id%3D20701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davey222-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davey222_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davey222_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davey, et al., pp. 222–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511202430/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/plants/65.lettuce.html">"Lettuce"</a>. 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Scribner. pp. <span class="nowrap">375–</span>376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80568-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80568-9"><bdi>978-0-684-80568-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Food+and+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E376&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80568-9&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Solomon+H.&rft.au=Weaver%2C+William+Woys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCAtXswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHart,_George2005" class="citation book cs1">Hart, George (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1LAiPylZm4C&q=lettuce+in+egyptian+ritual&pg=PA95"><i>The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses</i></a> (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-134-28424-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-134-28424-1"><bdi>1-134-28424-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928054557/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1LAiPylZm4C&q=lettuce+in+egyptian+ritual&pg=PA95">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Dictionary+of+Egyptian+Gods+and+Goddesses&rft.pages=95&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-134-28424-1&rft.au=Hart%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1LAiPylZm4C%26q%3Dlettuce%2Bin%2Begyptian%2Britual%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDC_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322151027/http://www.fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov/month/lettuce.html">"Vegetable of the Month: Lettuce"</a>. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov/month/lettuce.html">the original</a> on 22 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vegetable+of+the+Month%3A+Lettuce&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov%2Fmonth%2Flettuce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSubbarao,_Krishna_V.Koike,_Steven_T.2007" class="citation book cs1">Subbarao, Krishna V.; Koike, Steven T. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DxrMm9lMFUAC&q=Christopher+Columbus+lettuce+new+world&pg=PA313">"Lettuce Diseases: Ecology and Control"</a>. In Pimentel, David (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Pest Management, Volume 2</i>. CRC Press. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-5361-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-5361-6"><bdi>978-1-4200-5361-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928054449/https://books.google.com/books?id=DxrMm9lMFUAC&q=Christopher+Columbus+lettuce+new+world&pg=PA313">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lettuce+Diseases%3A+Ecology+and+Control&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Pest+Management%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-5361-6&rft.au=Subbarao%2C+Krishna+V.&rft.au=Koike%2C+Steven+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDxrMm9lMFUAC%26q%3DChristopher%2BColumbus%2Blettuce%2Bnew%2Bworld%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTwilley2024" class="citation book cs1">Twilley, Nicola (2024). <i>Frostbite: How Refrigeration Changed Our Food, Our Planet, and Ourselves</i> (1st ed.). New York: Penguin Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">124–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780735223288" title="Special:BookSources/9780735223288"><bdi>9780735223288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frostbite%3A+How+Refrigeration+Changed+Our+Food%2C+Our+Planet%2C+and+Ourselves&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780735223288&rft.aulast=Twilley&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnochian,_R.V.Smith,_F.J1956" class="citation journal cs1">Enochian, R.V.; Smith, F.J (November 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615003744/http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca1011p3-64576.pdf">"House Packing Western Lettuce"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>California Agriculture</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca1011p3-64576.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Agriculture&rft.atitle=House+Packing+Western+Lettuce&rft.date=1956-11&rft.au=Enochian%2C+R.V.&rft.au=Smith%2C+F.J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fucce.ucdavis.edu%2Ffiles%2Frepositoryfiles%2Fca1011p3-64576.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weaver, pp. 173–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katz377-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Katz377_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz and Weaver, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weaver173-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weaver173_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weaver, pp. 172–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradley129-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley129_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley129_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley129_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradley, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UI-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UI_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UI_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UI_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UI_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UI_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UI_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UI_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UI_34-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UI_34-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315133237/http://urbanext.illinois.edu/veggies/lettuce.cfm">"Lettuce"</a>. University of Illinois Extension. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urbanext.illinois.edu/veggies/lettuce.cfm">the original</a> on 15 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lettuce&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Extension&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furbanext.illinois.edu%2Fveggies%2Flettuce.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolden2013" class="citation book cs1">Holden, Joseph (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Water-Resources-An-Integrated-Approach-1st-Edition/Holden/p/book/9780203489413"><i>Water Resources: An Integrated Approach</i></a>. Routledge. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203489413" title="Special:BookSources/9780203489413"><bdi>9780203489413</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605143046/https://www.routledge.com/Water-Resources-An-Integrated-Approach-1st-Edition/Holden/p/book/9780203489413">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+Resources%3A+An+Integrated+Approach&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780203489413&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FWater-Resources-An-Integrated-Approach-1st-Edition%2FHolden%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780203489413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoopman,_Wim_J.M.Guetta,_Elivan_de_Wiel,_Clemens_C.M.Vosman,_Ben1998" class="citation journal cs1">Koopman, Wim J.M.; Guetta, Eli; van de Wiel, Clemens C.M.; Vosman, Ben; van den Berg, Ronald G (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2446479">"Phylogenetic relationships among <i>Lactuca</i> (Asteraceae) species and related genera based on ITS-1 DNA sequences"</a>. <i>American Journal of Botany</i>. <b>85</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1517–</span>1530. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2446479">10.2307/2446479</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2446479">2446479</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21680311">21680311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+relationships+among+Lactuca+%28Asteraceae%29+species+and+related+genera+based+on+ITS-1+DNA+sequences&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1517-%3C%2Fspan%3E1530&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21680311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2446479%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2446479&rft.au=Koopman%2C+Wim+J.M.&rft.au=Guetta%2C+Eli&rft.au=van+de+Wiel%2C+Clemens+C.M.&rft.au=Vosman%2C+Ben&rft.au=van+den+Berg%2C+Ronald+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2446479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davey, et al., p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSU-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WSU_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSU_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSU_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiles,_Carol" class="citation web cs1">Miles, Carol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120411080540/http://vegetables.wsu.edu/WinterLettuce.html">"Winter Lettuce"</a>. Washington State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vegetables.wsu.edu/winterlettuce.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winter+Lettuce&rft.pub=Washington+State+University&rft.au=Miles%2C+Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvegetables.wsu.edu%2Fwinterlettuce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/112416/i-lactuca-sativa-i-little-gem/details">"Lactuca sativa 'Little Gem' | lettuce (Cos) 'Little Gem' Annual Biennial/RHS Gardening"</a>. <i>www.rhs.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rhs.org.uk&rft.atitle=Lactuca+sativa+%27Little+Gem%27+%7C+lettuce+%28Cos%29+%27Little+Gem%27+Annual+Biennial%2FRHS+Gardening&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fplants%2F112416%2Fi-lactuca-sativa-i-little-gem%2Fdetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRenna2007" class="citation news cs1">Renna (3 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2007-07-04-0706290893-story.html">"Iceberg lettuce"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Tribune_Publishing" title="Tribune Publishing">Tribune Publishing</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Iceberg+lettuce&rft.date=2007-07-03&rft.au=Renna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-2007-07-04-0706290893-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118100805/https://realfood.tesco.com/glossary/lettuce.html">"Lettuce"</a>. <i>Tesco Real Food</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tesco" title="Tesco">Tesco</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://realfood.tesco.com/glossary/lettuce.html">the original</a> on 18 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tesco+Real+Food&rft.atitle=Lettuce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frealfood.tesco.com%2Fglossary%2Flettuce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz and Weaver, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRana2017" class="citation book cs1">Rana, M. K. (2 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QDgPEAAAQBAJ&q=The+butterhead+and+crisphead+types+are+sometimes+known+together+as+%22cabbage%22+lettuce,+because+their+heads+are+shorter,+flatter,+and+more+cabbage-like+than+romaine+lettuces&pg=PA173"><i>Vegetable Crop Science</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-65279-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-65279-7"><bdi>978-1-351-65279-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928054450/https://books.google.com/books?id=QDgPEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA173&dq=The+butterhead+and+crisphead+types+are+sometimes+known+together+as+%22cabbage%22+lettuce%2C+because+their+heads+are+shorter%2C+flatter%2C+and+more+cabbage-like+than+romaine+lettuces&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reeis.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/198636.html">the original</a> on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Developing+Multi-Species+Insect+Resistance+in+Romaine+Lettuce&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reeis.usda.gov%2Fweb%2Fcrisprojectpages%2F198636.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urban-et-al-2018-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urban-et-al-2018_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUrbanChabane_SariOrsalLopes2018" class="citation journal cs1">Urban, L.; Chabane Sari, D.; Orsal, B.; Lopes, M.; Miranda, R.; Aarrouf, J. (2018). 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University of California. August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r441700111.html">the original</a> on 7 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UC+Pest+Management+Guidelines&rft.atitle=Lettuce%3A+Integrated+Weed+Management&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipm.ucdavis.edu%2FPMG%2Fr441700111.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoike,_Steven_TGladders,_PeterPaulus,_Albert_O.2006" class="citation book cs1">Koike, Steven T; Gladders, Peter; Paulus, Albert O. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iPgTGhaGRl4C&pg=PA296"><i>Vegetable Diseases: A Color Handbook</i></a>. Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-373675-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-373675-7"><bdi>0-12-373675-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430102732/https://books.google.com/books?id=iPgTGhaGRl4C&pg=PA296">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vegetable+Diseases%3A+A+Color+Handbook&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Gulf+Professional+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-12-373675-7&rft.au=Koike%2C+Steven+T&rft.au=Gladders%2C+Peter&rft.au=Paulus%2C+Albert+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiPgTGhaGRl4C%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katz378-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Katz378_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz and Weaver, p. 378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simoons-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simoons_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simoons_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimoons,_Frederick_J.1991" class="citation book cs1">Simoons, Frederick J. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo087ZxohA4C&pg=PA148"><i>Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">147–</span>148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-8804-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-8804-X"><bdi>0-8493-8804-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226104737/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo087ZxohA4C&pg=PA148">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+China%3A+A+Cultural+and+Historical+Inquiry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8493-8804-X&rft.au=Simoons%2C+Frederick+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFo087ZxohA4C%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFulmer,_Melinda2002" class="citation journal cs1">Fulmer, Melinda (19 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-aug-19-fi-lettuce19-story.html">"Lettuce Grows into A Processed Food"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131218114512/http://articles.latimes.com/2002/aug/19/business/fi-lettuce19">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Lettuce+Grows+into+A+Processed+Food&rft.date=2002-08-19&rft.au=Fulmer%2C+Melinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2002-aug-19-fi-lettuce19-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agmrc-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agmrc_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-agmrc_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-agmrc_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/chart-gallery/gallery/chart-detail/?chartId=106516">"Lettuce"</a>. Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, Iowa State University. April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lettuce&rft.pub=Agricultural+Marketing+Resource+Center%2C+Iowa+State+University&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ers.usda.gov%2Fdata-products%2Fchart-gallery%2Fgallery%2Fchart-detail%2F%3FchartId%3D106516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-npr_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharlesAubrey2016" class="citation news cs1">Charles, Dan; Aubrey, Allison (12 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/07/12/485098252/as-bagged-salad-kits-boom-americans-eat-more-greens">"As Bagged Salad Kits Boom, Americans Eat More Greens"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. National Public Radio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403101039/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/07/12/485098252/as-bagged-salad-kits-boom-americans-eat-more-greens">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=As+Bagged+Salad+Kits+Boom%2C+Americans+Eat+More+Greens&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Aubrey%2C+Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthesalt%2F2016%2F07%2F12%2F485098252%2Fas-bagged-salad-kits-boom-americans-eat-more-greens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weaver170-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weaver170_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weaver, pp. 170–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDADailyValues-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FDADailyValues_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"</a>. <i>FDA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=Daily+Value+on+the+Nutrition+and+Supplement+Facts+Labels&rft.date=2024&rft.au=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Fnutrition-facts-label%2Fdaily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428/table/tab_4_7/">"TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report"</a>. p. 120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TABLE+4-7+Comparison+of+Potassium+Adequate+Intakes+Established+in+This+Report+to+Potassium+Adequate+Intakes+Established+in+the+2005+DRI+Report&rft.pages=120&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK545428%2Ftable%2Ftab_4_7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span> In: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStallingsHarrisonOria2019" class="citation book cs1">Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. 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Kong, L; Liao, Y; Wu, Q; Liu, H; Wang, X (November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9686710">"Mini-Review: Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli from Farm Animal-Associated Sources"</a>. <i>Antibiotics</i>. <b>11</b> (11): 1535. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fantibiotics11111535">10.3390/antibiotics11111535</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9686710">9686710</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36358190">36358190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antibiotics&rft.atitle=Mini-Review%3A+Antibiotic-Resistant+Escherichia+coli+from+Farm+Animal-Associated+Sources&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1535&rft.date=2022-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9686710%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36358190&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fantibiotics11111535&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Kong%2C+L&rft.au=Liao%2C+Y&rft.au=Wu%2C+Q&rft.au=Liu%2C+H&rft.au=Wang%2C+X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9686710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'FlahertySoliminiPantanellaDe_Giusti2019" class="citation journal cs1">O'Flaherty, E; Solimini, AG; Pantanella, F; De Giusti, M; Cummins, E (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2018.11.022">"Human exposure to antibiotic resistant-Escherichia coli through irrigated lettuce"</a>. <i>Environment International</i>. <b>122</b>: <span class="nowrap">270–</span>280. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EnInt.122..270O">2019EnInt.122..270O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2018.11.022">10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.022</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30449627">30449627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+International&rft.atitle=Human+exposure+to+antibiotic+resistant-Escherichia+coli+through+irrigated+lettuce&rft.volume=122&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E270-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30449627&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envint.2018.11.022&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019EnInt.122..270O&rft.aulast=O%27Flaherty&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Solimini%2C+AG&rft.au=Pantanella%2C+F&rft.au=De+Giusti%2C+M&rft.au=Cummins%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.envint.2018.11.022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S016041201831643X?token=6585D28FDB16B77BA3788376DE943682C9ACD372BB9D47147E75615A28E1D9FDE92B07AE629981AED95FDED694DB104F&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20230412164332">PDF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuddaWaigiOdingaYang2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gudda, FO; Waigi, MG; Odinga, ES; Yang, B; Carter, L; Gao, Y (September 2020). "Antibiotic-contaminated wastewater irrigated vegetables pose resistance selection risks to the gut microbiome". <i>Environmental Pollution</i>. <b>264</b>: 114752. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020EPoll.26414752G">2020EPoll.26414752G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2020.114752">10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114752</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32417582">32417582</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218679107">218679107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Pollution&rft.atitle=Antibiotic-contaminated+wastewater+irrigated+vegetables+pose+resistance+selection+risks+to+the+gut+microbiome&rft.volume=264&rft.pages=114752&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2020.114752&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218679107%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32417582&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020EPoll.26414752G&rft.aulast=Gudda&rft.aufirst=FO&rft.au=Waigi%2C+MG&rft.au=Odinga%2C+ES&rft.au=Yang%2C+B&rft.au=Carter%2C+L&rft.au=Gao%2C+Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_literature">Cited literature</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBradleyEllisMartin2009" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Fern Marshall; Ellis, Barbara W.; Martin, Deborah L., eds. (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/organicgardeners00brad_0"><i>The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control</i></a></span>. Rodale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60529-677-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60529-677-7"><bdi>978-1-60529-677-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Organic+Gardener%27s+Handbook+of+Natural+Pest+and+Disease+Control&rft.pub=Rodale&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60529-677-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forganicgardeners00brad_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaveyAnthonyVan_HooffPower2007" class="citation book cs1">Davey, M. R.; Anthony, P.; Van Hooff, P.; Power, J. B.; Lowe, K. C. (2007). "Lettuce". <i>Transgenic Crops</i>. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Vol. 59. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-36752-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-36752-9"><bdi>978-3-540-36752-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lettuce&rft.btitle=Transgenic+Crops&rft.series=Biotechnology+in+Agriculture+and+Forestry&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-36752-9&rft.aulast=Davey&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft.au=Anthony%2C+P.&rft.au=Van+Hooff%2C+P.&rft.au=Power%2C+J.+B.&rft.au=Lowe%2C+K.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKatzWeaver2003" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Solomon H.; Weaver, Williams Woys (2003). <i>Encyclopedia of Food and Culture</i>. Vol. 2. Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80565-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80565-8"><bdi>978-0-684-80565-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Food+and+Culture&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80565-8&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Solomon+H.&rft.au=Weaver%2C+Williams+Woys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeaver1997" class="citation book cs1">Weaver, William Woys (1997). <i>Heirloom Vegetable Gardening: A Master Gardener's Guide to Planting, Seed Saving and Cultural History</i>. Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-4025-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-4025-8"><bdi>978-0-8050-4025-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heirloom+Vegetable+Gardening%3A+A+Master+Gardener%27s+Guide+to+Planting%2C+Seed+Saving+and+Cultural+History&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-4025-8&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=William+Woys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALettuce" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Lettuce</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lettuce" class="extiw" title="wikt:lettuce">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/lettuce" class="extiw" title="c:lettuce">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lettuce" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Lettuce">News</a></b> from Wikinews</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lettuce" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Lettuce">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lettuce" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Lettuce">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cookbook:Lettuce" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Cookbook:Lettuce">Recipes</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lettuce" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Lettuce">Resources</a></b> from Wikiversity</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lettuce" class="extiw" title="voy:Special:Search/Lettuce">Travel guides</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/40px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lactuca_sativa" class="extiw" title="species:Lactuca sativa">Taxa</a></b> from Wikispecies</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83193" class="extiw" title="d:Q83193">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers6437" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers6437" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Lactuca sativa</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83193" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q83193">Q83193</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lactuca_sativa" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Lactuca sativa">Lactuca sativa</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/99979">99979</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/166624">166624</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id41651">41651</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=10034">10034</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3RTC5">3RTC5</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/468144">468144</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/LACSA">LACSA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/156510">156510</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200024117">200024117</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200024117">200024117</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/7403263">7403263</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=21360">21360</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/122976">122976</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">IPA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=9437">9437</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/228239-1">228239-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10209453">10209453</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=36607">36607</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=263870">263870</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.159167/">2.159167</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000004538">NBNSYS0000004538</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4236">4236</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraNT" title="FloraNT">NTFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eflora.nt.gov.au/factsheet?id=594">594</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/408d35f0-7ac6-471c-af8b-7c25592f2d29">408d35f0-7ac6-471c-af8b-7c25592f2d29</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=3353">3353</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/6934/">6934</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=515700">515700</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PalDat: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paldat.org/pub/Lactuca_sativa">Lactuca_sativa</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+sativa">Lactuca sativa</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=11574">11574</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-89778">gcc-89778</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/LASA3">LASA3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A228239-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:228239-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/106151/wd/Details">106151</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/2710604">2710604</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/3268">3268</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000128816">wfo-0000128816</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1099606">1099606</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox945" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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