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3 Molecular cloning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_cloning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cell_cloning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cell_cloning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Cell cloning </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cell_cloning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cell cloning subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cell_cloning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cloning_unicellular_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloning_unicellular_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Cloning unicellular organisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloning_unicellular_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloning_stem_cells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloning_stem_cells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Cloning stem cells </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloning_stem_cells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organism_cloning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organism_cloning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Organism cloning </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organism_cloning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organism cloning subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organism_cloning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Horticultural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horticultural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Horticultural </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horticultural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parthenogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parthenogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Parthenogenesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parthenogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_cloning_of_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_cloning_of_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Artificial cloning of organisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_cloning_of_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_steps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_steps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 First steps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_steps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dolly_the_sheep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dolly_the_sheep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Dolly the sheep </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dolly_the_sheep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species_cloned_and_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_cloned_and_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 Species cloned and applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species_cloned_and_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_cloning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_cloning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.5 Human cloning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_cloning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_issues_of_cloning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_issues_of_cloning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.6 Ethical issues of cloning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethical_issues_of_cloning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloning_extinct_and_endangered_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloning_extinct_and_endangered_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.7 Cloning extinct and endangered species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloning_extinct_and_endangered_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservation_cloning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_cloning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.7.1 Conservation cloning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_cloning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De-extinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De-extinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.7.2 De-extinction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De-extinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unsuccessful_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsuccessful_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.7.2.1 Unsuccessful attempts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unsuccessful_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifespan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifespan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Lifespan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifespan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 In popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cloning_and_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloning_and_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Cloning and identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloning_and_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloning_as_resurrection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloning_as_resurrection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Cloning as resurrection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloning_as_resurrection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloning_for_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloning_for_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Cloning for warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloning_for_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloning_for_exploitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloning_for_exploitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Cloning for exploitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloning_for_exploitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cloning</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" > 79 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloning" title="Kloning – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kloning" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="استنساخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استنساخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E2%80%99%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="ক্ল’নিং – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ক্ল’নিং" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonaci%C3%B3n" title="Clonación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Clonación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonla%C5%9Fd%C4%B1rma" title="Klonlaşdırma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Klonlaşdırma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="অনুকৃতি উৎপাদন (জীববিজ্ঞান) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অনুকৃতি উৎপাদন (জীববিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cloning" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Клонлаштырыу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Клонлаштырыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Клониране – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клониране" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloniranje" title="Kloniranje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kloniranje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonaci%C3%B3" title="Clonació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clonació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Klonování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klonování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloning" title="Kloning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kloning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonen" title="Klonen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klonen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloonimine" title="Kloonimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kloonimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Κλωνοποίηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλωνοποίηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonaci%C3%B3n" title="Clonación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clonación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonado" title="Klonado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klonado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonazio" title="Klonazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Klonazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_(%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="شبیه‌سازی (زیست‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبیه‌سازی (زیست‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonage" title="Clonage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clonage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonen" title="Klonen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Klonen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B3n%C3%A1il" title="Clónáil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clónáil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonaci%C3%B3n" title="Clonación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Clonación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B5%EC%A0%9C_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="복제 (생물학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="복제 (생물학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կլոնավորում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլոնավորում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रतिरूपण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रतिरूपण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloniranje" title="Kloniranje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kloniranje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloning" title="Kloning – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kloning" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonage" title="Clonage – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Clonage" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonazione" title="Clonazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clonazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98" title="שיבוט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיבוט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%9C_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಅಬೀಜ ಸಂತಾನೋತ್ಪತ್ತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಬೀಜ ಸಂತಾನೋತ್ಪತ್ತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="კლონირება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლონირება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloni" title="Kloni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kloni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubarekirin" title="Dubarekirin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dubarekirin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonizatio" title="Clonizatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Clonizatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klon%C4%93%C5%A1ana" title="Klonēšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klonēšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonavimas" title="Klonavimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klonavimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clona%C3%A7ion" title="Clonaçion – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Clonaçion" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mivyfu%27i" title="mivyfu'i – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mivyfu'i" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%B3noz%C3%A1s" title="Klónozás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Klónozás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Клонирање – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клонирање" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്ലോണിംഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ലോണിംഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klon" title="Klon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Klon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပုံတူမျိုးပွားခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပုံတူမျိုးပွားခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonen_(biologie)" title="Klonen (biologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klonen (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="क्लोनिङ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्लोनिङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="クローニング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クローニング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloning" title="Kloning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kloning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloning" title="Kloning – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kloning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%82%8F%E1%80%97%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%EA%A9%BB" title="ပွုံႏဗွိုန်မျိုꩻပွာꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပွုံႏဗွိုန်မျိုꩻပွာꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90%D9%86%DA%AB" title="کلونېنګ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کلونېنګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonowanie" title="Klonowanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klonowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonagem" title="Clonagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Clonagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonare" title="Clonare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Clonare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Клонирование (биология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клонирование (биология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonimi" title="Klonimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Klonimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone" title="Clone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Clone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonovanie" title="Klonovanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Klonovanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloniranje" title="Kloniranje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kloniranje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Клонирање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Клонирање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloniranje" title="Kloniranje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kloniranje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloning" title="Kloning – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kloning" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloonaus" title="Kloonaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kloonaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloning" title="Kloning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kloning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Cloning" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="படியெடுப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="படியெடுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="క్లోనింగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్లోనింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99" title="การโคลน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การโคลน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonlama" title="Klonlama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Klonlama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Клонування (біотехнологія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клонування (біотехнологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%86%DA%AF" title="کلوننگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلوننگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%89%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%AE%D9%86%D9%89%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="كىلون تېخنىكىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كىلون تېخنىكىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A2n_b%E1%BA%A3n_v%C3%B4_t%C3%ADnh" title="Nhân bản vô tính – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhân bản vô tính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonasyon" title="Klonasyon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Klonasyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86" title="克隆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克隆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD" title="基因複製 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="基因複製" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86" title="克隆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克隆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q120877#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cloning" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Split plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this article be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> into a new article titled <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning_in_fiction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloning in fiction (page does not exist)">Cloning in fiction</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Cloning" title="Talk:Cloning">Discuss</a>) (February 2025)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the cloning of human beings, see <a href="/wiki/Human_cloning" title="Human cloning">Human cloning</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cloning_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cloning (disambiguation)">Cloning (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quakingfallcolors.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Quakingfallcolors.JPG/330px-Quakingfallcolors.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Quakingfallcolors.JPG/500px-Quakingfallcolors.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Quakingfallcolors.JPG/960px-Quakingfallcolors.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>Many organisms, including <a href="/wiki/Aspen_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspen tree">aspen trees</a>, reproduce by cloning, often creating large groups of organisms with the same <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. One example depicted here is <a href="/wiki/Quaking_aspen" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaking aspen">quaking aspen</a>.</figcaption></figure> Cloning is the process of producing individual <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> with identical <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a>, either by natural or artificial means. In nature, some organisms produce clones through <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual reproduction</a>; this reproduction of an organism by itself without a mate is known as <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a>. In the field of <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, cloning is the process of creating cloned organisms of <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> and of DNA fragments. The artificial cloning of organisms, sometimes known as reproductive cloning, is often accomplished via <a href="/wiki/Somatic-cell_nuclear_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatic-cell nuclear transfer">somatic-cell nuclear transfer</a> (SCNT), a cloning method in which a viable <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> is created from a <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell" title="Somatic cell">somatic cell</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">egg cell</a>. In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)" title="Dolly (sheep)">Dolly the sheep</a> achieved notoriety for being the first mammal cloned from a somatic cell. Another example of artificial cloning is <a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloning" title="Molecular cloning">molecular cloning</a>, a technique in <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a> in which a single living cell is used to clone a large population of cells that contain identical DNA molecules. In <a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">bioethics</a>, there are a variety of <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_cloning" title="Ethics of cloning">ethical positions regarding the practice and possibilities of cloning</a>. The use of <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" title="Embryonic stem cell">embryonic stem cells</a>, which can be produced through SCNT, in some stem cell research <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_controversy" title="Stem cell controversy">has attracted controversy</a>. Cloning has been proposed as a means of <a href="/wiki/De-extinction" title="De-extinction">reviving extinct species</a>. In popular culture, the concept of cloning—particularly human cloning—is often depicted in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>; depictions commonly involve themes related to identity, the recreation of historical figures or extinct species, or cloning for exploitation (e.g. cloning soldiers for warfare). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Coined by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Webber" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert J. Webber">Herbert J. Webber</a>, the term clone derives from the Ancient Greek word κλών (klōn), twig, which is the process whereby a new plant is created from a twig. In botany, the term lusus was used.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>, the spelling clon was used until the early twentieth century; the final e came into use to indicate the vowel is a "long o" instead of a "short o".<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Science1903-3">[3]</a> Since the term entered the popular lexicon in a more general context, the spelling clone has been used exclusively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_cloning">Natural cloning</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Natural cloning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (December 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Natural cloning is the production of clones without the involvement of genetic engineering techniques or human intervention (i.e. artificial cloning).<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Natural cloning occurs through a variety of natural mechanisms, from single-celled organisms to complex multicellular organisms, and has allowed life forms to spread for hundreds of millions of years. Versions of this reproduction method are used by plants, fungi, and bacteria, and is also the way that <a href="/wiki/Clonal_colony" title="Clonal colony">clonal colonies</a> reproduce themselves.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Some of the mechanisms are explored and used in plants and animals are binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> It can also occur during some forms of asexual reproduction, when a single parent organism produces genetically identical offspring by itself.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Many plants are well known for natural cloning ability, including <a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_corymbosum" title="Vaccinium corymbosum">blueberry plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">Hazel</a> trees, <a href="/wiki/Pando_(tree)" title="Pando (tree)">the Pando trees</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-NALDC-11">[11]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_coffeetree" title="Kentucky coffeetree">Kentucky coffeetree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrica" title="Myrica">Myrica</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Liquidambar_styraciflua" title="Liquidambar styraciflua">American sweetgum.</a> It also occurs accidentally in the case of identical twins, which are formed when a fertilized egg splits, creating two or more embryos that carry identical DNA. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molecular_cloning">Molecular cloning</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Molecular cloning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloning" title="Molecular cloning">Molecular cloning</a></div> Molecular cloning refers to the process of making multiple molecules. Cloning is commonly used to amplify <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> fragments containing whole <a href="/wiki/Genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Genes">genes</a>, but it can also be used to amplify any DNA sequence such as <a href="/wiki/Promoter_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Promoter (biology)">promoters</a>, non-coding sequences and randomly fragmented DNA. It is used in a wide array of biological experiments and practical applications ranging from <a href="/wiki/Genetic_fingerprinting" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic fingerprinting">genetic fingerprinting</a> to large scale protein production. Occasionally, the term cloning is misleadingly used to refer to the identification of the <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomal</a> location of a gene associated with a particular phenotype of interest, such as in <a href="/wiki/Positional_cloning" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional cloning">positional cloning</a>. In practice, localization of the gene to a chromosome or genomic region does not necessarily enable one to isolate or amplify the relevant genomic sequence. To amplify any DNA sequence in a living organism, that sequence must be linked to an <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_replication" title="Origin of replication">origin of replication</a>, which is a sequence of DNA capable of directing the propagation of itself and any linked sequence. However, a number of other features are needed, and a variety of specialised <a href="/wiki/Cloning_vector" title="Cloning vector">cloning vectors</a> (small piece of DNA into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted) exist that allow <a href="/wiki/Protein_production" title="Protein production">protein production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Affinity_tag" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity tag">affinity tagging</a>, single-stranded <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> or DNA production and a host of other molecular biology tools. Cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves four steps<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <ol><li>fragmentation - breaking apart a strand of DNA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_ligase" title="DNA ligase">ligation</a> – gluing together pieces of DNA in a desired sequence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfection" title="Transfection">transfection</a> – inserting the newly formed pieces of DNA into cells</li> <li>screening/selection – selecting out the cells that were successfully transfected with the new DNA</li></ol> Although these steps are invariable among cloning procedures a number of alternative routes can be selected; these are summarized as a cloning strategy. Initially, the DNA of interest needs to be isolated to provide a DNA segment of suitable size. Subsequently, a ligation procedure is used where the amplified fragment is inserted into a <a href="/wiki/Vector_(molecular_biology)" title="Vector (molecular biology)">vector</a> (piece of DNA). The vector (which is frequently circular) is linearised using <a href="/wiki/Restriction_enzyme" title="Restriction enzyme">restriction enzymes</a>, and incubated with the fragment of interest under appropriate conditions with an enzyme called <a href="/wiki/DNA_ligase" title="DNA ligase">DNA ligase</a>. Following ligation, the vector with the insert of interest is transfected into cells. A number of alternative techniques are available, such as chemical sensitisation of cells, <a href="/wiki/Electroporation" title="Electroporation">electroporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optical_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical injection">optical injection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biolistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Biolistics">biolistics</a>. Finally, the transfected cells are cultured. As the aforementioned procedures are of particularly low efficiency, there is a need to identify the cells that have been successfully transfected with the vector construct containing the desired insertion sequence in the required orientation. Modern cloning vectors include selectable <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> resistance markers, which allow only cells in which the vector has been transfected, to grow. Additionally, the cloning vectors may contain colour selection markers, which provide blue/white screening (alpha-factor complementation) on <a href="/wiki/X-gal" title="X-gal">X-gal</a> medium. Nevertheless, these selection steps do not absolutely guarantee that the DNA insert is present in the cells obtained. Further investigation of the resulting colonies must be required to confirm that cloning was successful. This may be accomplished by means of <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">PCR</a>, restriction fragment analysis and/or <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cell_cloning">Cell cloning</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cell cloning">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloning_unicellular_organisms">Cloning unicellular organisms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cloning unicellular organisms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_cell-line_colony_being_cloned_in_vitro_through_use_of_cloning_rings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Human_cell-line_colony_being_cloned_in_vitro_through_use_of_cloning_rings.jpg/220px-Human_cell-line_colony_being_cloned_in_vitro_through_use_of_cloning_rings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Human_cell-line_colony_being_cloned_in_vitro_through_use_of_cloning_rings.jpg/330px-Human_cell-line_colony_being_cloned_in_vitro_through_use_of_cloning_rings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Human_cell-line_colony_being_cloned_in_vitro_through_use_of_cloning_rings.jpg/440px-Human_cell-line_colony_being_cloned_in_vitro_through_use_of_cloning_rings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Cloning cell-line colonies using cloning rings</figcaption></figure> Cloning a cell means to derive a population of cells from a single cell. In the case of unicellular organisms such as bacteria and yeast, this process is remarkably simple and essentially only requires the <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">inoculation</a> of the appropriate medium. However, in the case of cell cultures from multi-cellular organisms, cell cloning is an arduous task as these cells will not readily grow in standard media. A useful tissue culture technique used to clone distinct lineages of cell lines involves the use of cloning rings (cylinders).<a href="#cite_note-CloningRings-13">[13]</a> In this technique a single-cell suspension of cells that have been exposed to a <a href="/wiki/Mutagen" title="Mutagen">mutagenic</a> agent or drug used to drive <a href="/wiki/Selection_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Selection (biology)">selection</a> is plated at high dilution to create isolated colonies, each arising from a single and potentially clonal distinct cell. At an early growth stage when colonies consist of only a few cells, sterile <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a> rings (cloning rings), which have been dipped in grease, are placed over an individual colony and a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Trypsin" title="Trypsin">trypsin</a> is added. Cloned cells are collected from inside the ring and transferred to a new vessel for further growth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloning_stem_cells">Cloning stem cells</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cloning stem cells">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somatic-cell_nuclear_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatic-cell nuclear transfer">Somatic-cell nuclear transfer</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Somatic-cell_nuclear_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatic-cell nuclear transfer">Somatic-cell nuclear transfer</a>, popularly known as SCNT, can also be used to create embryos for research or therapeutic purposes. The most likely purpose for this is to produce embryos for use in <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem cell research">stem cell research</a>. This process is also called "research cloning" or "therapeutic cloning". The goal is not to create cloned human beings (called "reproductive cloning"), but rather to harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and to potentially treat disease. While a clonal human blastocyst has been created, stem cell lines are yet to be isolated from a clonal source.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Therapeutic cloning is achieved by creating embryonic stem cells in the hopes of treating diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer's. The process begins by removing the nucleus (containing the DNA) from an egg cell and inserting a nucleus from the adult cell to be cloned.<a href="#cite_note-Halim-15">[15]</a> In the case of someone with Alzheimer's disease, the nucleus from a skin cell of that patient is placed into an empty egg. The reprogrammed cell begins to develop into an embryo because the egg reacts with the transferred nucleus. The embryo will become genetically identical to the patient.<a href="#cite_note-Halim-15">[15]</a> The embryo will then form a blastocyst which has the potential to form/become any cell in the body.<a href="#cite_note-Plus-16">[16]</a> The reason why SCNT is used for cloning is because somatic cells can be easily acquired and cultured in the lab. This process can either add or delete specific genomes of farm animals. A key point to remember is that cloning is achieved when the oocyte maintains its normal functions and instead of using sperm and egg genomes to replicate, the donor's somatic cell nucleus is inserted into the oocyte.<a href="#cite_note-Latham-17">[17]</a> The oocyte will react to the somatic cell nucleus, the same way it would to a sperm cell's nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Latham-17">[17]</a> The process of cloning a particular farm animal using SCNT is relatively the same for all animals. The first step is to collect the somatic cells from the animal that will be cloned. The somatic cells could be used immediately or stored in the laboratory for later use.<a href="#cite_note-Latham-17">[17]</a> The hardest part of SCNT is removing maternal DNA from an oocyte at metaphase II. Once this has been done, the somatic nucleus can be inserted into an egg cytoplasm.<a href="#cite_note-Latham-17">[17]</a> This creates a one-cell embryo. The grouped somatic cell and egg cytoplasm are then introduced to an electrical current.<a href="#cite_note-Latham-17">[17]</a> This energy will hopefully allow the cloned embryo to begin development. The successfully developed embryos are then placed in surrogate recipients, such as a cow or sheep in the case of farm animals.<a href="#cite_note-Latham-17">[17]</a> SCNT is seen as a good method for producing agriculture animals for food consumption. It successfully cloned sheep, cattle, goats, and pigs. Another benefit is SCNT is seen as a solution to clone endangered species that are on the verge of going extinct.<a href="#cite_note-Latham-17">[17]</a> However, stresses placed on both the egg cell and the introduced nucleus can be enormous, which led to a high loss in resulting cells in early research. For example, <a href="/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)" title="Dolly (sheep)">the cloned sheep Dolly</a> was born after 277 eggs were used for SCNT, which created 29 viable embryos. Only three of these embryos survived until birth, and only one survived to adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-18">[18]</a> As the procedure could not be automated, and had to be performed manually under a <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a>, SCNT was very resource intensive. The biochemistry involved in reprogramming the <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiated</a> somatic cell nucleus and activating the recipient egg was also far from being well understood. However, by 2014 researchers were reporting cloning success rates of seven to eight out of ten<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and in 2016, a Korean Company Sooam Biotech was reported to be producing 500 cloned embryos per day.<a href="#cite_note-NewScientist500-20">[20]</a> In SCNT, not all of the donor cell's genetic information is transferred, as the donor cell's <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a> that contain their own <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> are left behind. The resulting hybrid cells retain those mitochondrial structures which originally belonged to the egg. As a consequence, clones such as Dolly that are born from SCNT are not perfect copies of the donor of the nucleus. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organism_cloning">Organism cloning</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Organism cloning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">Asexual reproduction</a></div> Organism cloning (also called reproductive cloning) refers to the procedure of creating a new multicellular organism, genetically identical to another. In essence this form of cloning is an asexual method of reproduction, where fertilization or inter-gamete contact does not take place. Asexual reproduction is a naturally occurring phenomenon in many species, including most plants and some insects. Scientists have made some major achievements with cloning, including the asexual reproduction of sheep and cows. There is a lot of ethical debate over whether or not cloning should be used. However, cloning, or asexual propagation,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> has been common practice in the horticultural world for hundreds of years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horticultural">Horticultural</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Horticultural">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the use of cloning in viticulture, see <a href="/wiki/Propagation_of_grapevines" title="Propagation of grapevines">Propagation of grapevines</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plants)">Cuttings (plants)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction" title="Vegetative reproduction">vegetative reproduction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vine_shoots.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vine_shoots.JPG/250px-Vine_shoots.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vine_shoots.JPG/330px-Vine_shoots.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vine_shoots.JPG/500px-Vine_shoots.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Propagating plants from <a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plants)">cuttings</a>, such as grape vines, is an ancient form of cloning.</figcaption></figure> The term clone is used in horticulture to refer to descendants of a single plant which were produced by <a href="/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction" title="Vegetative reproduction">vegetative reproduction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Apomixis" title="Apomixis">apomixis</a>. Many horticultural plant <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> are clones, having been derived from a single individual, multiplied by some process other than sexual reproduction.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> As an example, some European cultivars of grapes represent clones that have been propagated for over two millennia. Other examples are potatoes and bananas.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a> can be regarded as cloning, since all the shoots and branches coming from the graft are genetically a clone of a single individual, but this particular kind of cloning has not come under <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a> scrutiny and is generally treated as an entirely different kind of operation. Many trees, <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Perennials" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennials">herbaceous perennials</a> form <a href="/wiki/Clonal_colony" title="Clonal colony">clonal colonies</a> naturally. Parts of an individual plant may become detached by <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(cell_biology)" title="Fragmentation (cell biology)">fragmentation</a> and grow on to become separate clonal individuals. A common example is in the vegetative reproduction of moss and liverwort gametophyte clones by means of <a href="/wiki/Gemma_(botany)" title="Gemma (botany)">gemmae</a>. Some vascular plants e.g. <a href="/wiki/Dandelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandelion">dandelion</a> and certain <a href="/wiki/Viviparity" title="Viviparity">viviparous</a> grasses also form <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> asexually, termed <a href="/wiki/Apomixis" title="Apomixis">apomixis</a>, resulting in clonal populations of genetically identical individuals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parthenogenesis">Parthenogenesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Parthenogenesis">edit</a>]</div> Clonal derivation exists in nature in some animal species and is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a> (reproduction of an organism by itself without a mate). This is an asexual form of reproduction that is only found in females of some insects, crustaceans, nematodes,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> fish (for example the <a href="/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" title="Hammerhead shark">hammerhead shark</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Shubin-25">[25]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_capensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera capensis">Cape honeybees</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and lizards including the <a href="/wiki/Komodo_dragon" title="Komodo dragon">Komodo dragon</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Shubin-25">[25]</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Teiidae" title="Teiidae">whiptails</a>. The growth and development occurs without fertilization by a male. In plants, parthenogenesis means the development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell, and is a component process of apomixis. In species that use the <a href="/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system" title="XY sex-determination system">XY sex-determination system</a>, the offspring will always be female. An example of partenogenesis is the little fire ant (<a href="/wiki/Wasmannia_auropunctata" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasmannia auropunctata">Wasmannia auropunctata</a>), which is native to <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and South America but has spread throughout many tropical environments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificial_cloning_of_organisms">Artificial cloning of organisms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Artificial cloning of organisms">edit</a>]</div> Artificial cloning of organisms may also be called reproductive cloning. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_steps">First steps</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: First steps">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a>, a German <a href="/wiki/Embryologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryologist">embryologist</a> was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> in 1935 for his discovery of the effect now known as embryonic induction, exercised by various parts of the embryo, that directs the development of groups of cells into particular tissues and organs. In 1924 he and his student, <a href="/wiki/Hilde_Mangold" title="Hilde Mangold">Hilde Mangold</a>, were the first to perform <a href="/wiki/Somatic-cell_nuclear_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatic-cell nuclear transfer">somatic-cell nuclear transfer</a> using <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibian</a> embryos – one of the first steps towards cloning.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methods">Methods</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Methods">edit</a>]</div> Reproductive cloning generally uses "<a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell_nuclear_transfer" title="Somatic cell nuclear transfer">somatic cell nuclear transfer</a>" (SCNT) to create animals that are genetically identical. This process entails the transfer of a nucleus from a donor adult cell (somatic cell) to an egg from which the nucleus has been removed, or to a cell from a <a href="/wiki/Blastocyst" title="Blastocyst">blastocyst</a> from which the nucleus has been removed.<a href="#cite_note-HumanGenomeInfo-28">[28]</a> If the egg begins to divide normally it is transferred into the uterus of the surrogate mother. Such clones are not strictly identical since the somatic cells may contain mutations in their nuclear DNA. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> also contains DNA and during SCNT this mitochondrial DNA is wholly from the cytoplasmic donor's egg, thus the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondrial</a> genome is not the same as that of the nucleus donor cell from which it was produced. This may have important implications for cross-species nuclear transfer in which nuclear-mitochondrial incompatibilities may lead to death. Artificial embryo splitting or embryo twinning, a technique that creates monozygotic twins from a single embryo, is not considered in the same fashion as other methods of cloning. During that procedure, a donor <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> is split in two distinct embryos, that can then be transferred via <a href="/wiki/Embryo_transfer" title="Embryo transfer">embryo transfer</a>. It is optimally performed at the 6- to 8-cell stage, where it can be used as an expansion of <a href="/wiki/IVF" class="mw-redirect" title="IVF">IVF</a> to increase the number of available embryos.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> If both embryos are successful, it gives rise to <a href="/wiki/Monozygotic_twins" class="mw-redirect" title="Monozygotic twins">monozygotic (identical) twins</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dolly_the_sheep">Dolly the sheep</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dolly the sheep">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)" title="Dolly (sheep)">Dolly (sheep)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_July_2014_IMG_4384_(14507598508).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Edinburgh_July_2014_IMG_4384_%2814507598508%29.jpg/220px-Edinburgh_July_2014_IMG_4384_%2814507598508%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Edinburgh_July_2014_IMG_4384_%2814507598508%29.jpg/330px-Edinburgh_July_2014_IMG_4384_%2814507598508%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Edinburgh_July_2014_IMG_4384_%2814507598508%29.jpg/440px-Edinburgh_July_2014_IMG_4384_%2814507598508%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">taxidermied</a> body of Dolly the sheep</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolly_clone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Dolly_clone.svg/220px-Dolly_clone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Dolly_clone.svg/330px-Dolly_clone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Dolly_clone.svg/440px-Dolly_clone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Dolly clone</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)" title="Dolly (sheep)">Dolly</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Finn-Dorset" class="mw-redirect" title="Finn-Dorset">Finn-Dorset</a> <a href="/wiki/Domestic_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic sheep">ewe</a>, was the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell. Dolly was formed by taking a cell from the udder of her 6-year-old biological mother.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Dolly's embryo was created by taking the cell and inserting it into a sheep ovum. It took 435 attempts before an embryo was successful.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The embryo was then placed inside a female sheep that went through a normal pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-Lassen-32">[32]</a> She was cloned at the <a href="/wiki/Roslin_Institute" title="Roslin Institute">Roslin Institute</a> in Scotland by British scientists Sir <a href="/wiki/Ian_Wilmut" title="Ian Wilmut">Ian Wilmut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keith_Campbell_(biologist)" title="Keith Campbell (biologist)">Keith Campbell</a> and lived there from her birth in 1996 until her death in 2003 when she was six. She was born on 5 July 1996 but not announced to the world until 22 February 1997.<a href="#cite_note-Credo-33">[33]</a> Her <a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">stuffed remains</a> were placed at Edinburgh's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Museum">Royal Museum</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museums_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museums of Scotland">National Museums of Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Dolly was publicly significant because the effort showed that genetic material from a specific adult cell, designed to express only a distinct subset of its genes, can be redesigned to grow an entirely new organism. Before this demonstration, it had been shown by John Gurdon that nuclei from differentiated cells could give rise to an entire organism after transplantation into an enucleated egg.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> However, this concept was not yet demonstrated in a mammalian system. The first mammalian cloning (resulting in Dolly) had a success rate of 29 embryos per 277 fertilized eggs, which produced three lambs at birth, one of which lived. In a bovine experiment involving 70 cloned calves, one-third of the calves died quite young. The first successfully cloned horse, <a href="/wiki/Prometea" class="mw-redirect" title="Prometea">Prometea</a>, took 814 attempts. Notably, although the first clones were frogs, no adult cloned frog has yet been produced from a somatic adult nucleus donor cell.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> There were early claims that Dolly had pathologies resembling accelerated aging. Scientists speculated that Dolly's death in 2003 was related to the shortening of <a href="/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere">telomeres</a>, DNA-protein complexes that protect the end of linear <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>. However, other researchers, including <a href="/wiki/Ian_Wilmut" title="Ian Wilmut">Ian Wilmut</a> who led the team that successfully cloned Dolly, argue that Dolly's early death due to respiratory infection was unrelated to problems with the cloning process. This idea that the nuclei have not irreversibly aged was shown in 2013 to be true for mice.<a href="#cite_note-Wakayama-37">[37]</a> Dolly was named after performer <a href="/wiki/Dolly_Parton" title="Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</a> because the cells cloned to make her were from a <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary gland</a> cell, and Parton is known for her ample cleavage.<a href="#cite_note-BBCname-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Species_cloned_and_applications">Species cloned and applications</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Species cloned and applications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_animals_that_have_been_cloned" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animals that have been cloned">List of animals that have been cloned</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_animal_cloning" title="Commercial animal cloning">Commercial animal cloning</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (March 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The modern cloning techniques involving <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transfer" title="Nuclear transfer">nuclear transfer</a> have been successfully performed on several species. Notable experiments include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tadpole" title="Tadpole">Tadpole</a>: (1952) <a href="/wiki/Robert_Briggs_(scientist)" title="Robert Briggs (scientist)">Robert Briggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Joseph_King" title="Thomas Joseph King">Thomas J. King</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_animals_that_have_been_cloned#Frog_(tadpole)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animals that have been cloned">successfully cloned northern leopard frogs</a>: thirty-five complete embryos and twenty-seven tadpoles from one-hundred and four successful nuclear transfers.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a>: (1963) In China, <a href="/wiki/Embryologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryologist">embryologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Tong_Dizhou" title="Tong Dizhou">Tong Dizhou</a> produced the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_animals_that_have_been_cloned#Carp" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animals that have been cloned">first cloned fish</a> by inserting the DNA from a cell of a male carp into an egg from a female carp.<a href="#cite_note-Bloodlines_timeline-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrafish" title="Zebrafish">Zebrafish</a>: (1981) <a href="/wiki/George_Streisinger" title="George Streisinger">George Streisinger</a> produced the first cloned vertebrate.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic sheep">Sheep</a>: (1984) <a href="/wiki/Steen_Willadsen" title="Steen Willadsen">Steen Willadsen</a> produced the first cloned mammal from early embryonic cells. <ul><li>In June 1995, the <a href="/wiki/Roslin_Institute" title="Roslin Institute">Roslin Institute</a> cloned <a href="/wiki/Megan_and_Morag" title="Megan and Morag">Megan and Morag</a> from differentiated embryonic cells.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li>In July 1996, PPL Therapeutics and the Roslin Institute cloned <a href="/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)" title="Dolly (sheep)">Dolly the sheep</a> from a somatic cell.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloodlines_timeline-41">[41]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">Mouse</a>: (1986) A mouse was successfully cloned from an early embryonic cell. In 1987, Soviet scientists <a href="/wiki/Levon_Chailakhyan" title="Levon Chailakhyan">Levon Chaylakhyan</a>, Veprencev, Sviridova, and Nikitin cloned Masha, a mouse.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhesus_monkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhesus monkey">Rhesus monkey</a>: (October 1999) The <a href="/wiki/Oregon_National_Primate_Research_Center" title="Oregon National Primate Research Center">Oregon National Primate Research Center</a> cloned <a href="/wiki/Tetra_(monkey)" title="Tetra (monkey)">Tetra</a> from embryo splitting and not nuclear transfer: a process more akin to artificial formation of twins.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Pig</a>: (March 2000) PPL Therapeutics cloned five piglets.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> By 2014, <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Genomics_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing Genomics Institute">BGI</a> in China was producing 500 cloned pigs a year to test new medicines.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur</a>: (2001) was the first endangered species cloned.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li> <li>Cattle: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animals_that_have_been_cloned#Cattle" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animals that have been cloned">Alpha and Beta</a> (males, 2001) and (2005), Brazil<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li>In 2023, Chinese scientists reported the cloning of three <a href="/wiki/Supercow_(dairy)" title="Supercow (dairy)">supercows</a> with a milk productivity "nearly 1.7 times the amount of milk an average cow in the United States produced in 2021" and a plan for 1,000 of such super cows in the near-term. According to a news report "[i]n many countries, including the United States, farmers breed clones with conventional animals to add desirable traits, such as high milk production or disease resistance, into the gene pool".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cat: <a href="/wiki/CC_(cat)" title="CC (cat)">CopyCat</a> "CC" (female, late 2001), <a href="/wiki/Little_Nicky_(cat)" title="Little Nicky (cat)">Little Nicky</a>, 2004, was the first cat cloned for commercial reasons<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li>Rat: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_(cloned_rat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph (cloned rat)">Ralph</a>, the first cloned rat (2003)<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">Mule</a>: <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Gem" title="Idaho Gem">Idaho Gem</a>, a john mule born 4 May 2003, was the first horse-family clone.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li> <li>Horse: <a href="/wiki/Prometea" class="mw-redirect" title="Prometea">Prometea</a>, a Haflinger female born 28 May 2003, was the first horse clone.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_horse" title="Przewalski's horse">Przewalksi's Horse</a>: An ongoing cloning program by the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo_Wildlife_Alliance" title="San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance">San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revive_%26_Restore" title="Revive & Restore">Revive & Restore</a> attempts to reintroduce <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> to this endangered species.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <ul><li>Kurt, the first cloned Przewalski's horse, was born in 2020. He was cloned from the skin tissue of a stallion which was preserved in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li>"Trey" was born in 2023. He was cloned from the same stallion's tissue as Kurt.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dog: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snuppy" title="Snuppy">Snuppy</a>, a male <a href="/wiki/Afghan_hound" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan hound">Afghan hound</a> was the first cloned dog (2005).<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In 2017, the world's first gene-editing clone dog, Apple, was created by Sinogene Biotechnology.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Sooam Biotech, South Korea, was reported in 2015 to have cloned 700 dogs to date for their owners, including two <a href="/wiki/Yakutian_Laika" title="Yakutian Laika">Yakutian Laika</a> hunting dogs, which are seriously endangered due to crossbreeding.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li> <li>Cloning of super <a href="/wiki/Sniffer_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Sniffer dog">sniffer dogs</a> was reported in 2011, four years afterwards when the dogs <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">started working</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Cloning of a successful rescue dog was also reported in 2009<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and of a similar police dog in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Cancer-sniffing dogs have also been cloned. A <a href="/wiki/Scientific_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific review">review</a> concluded that "qualified <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a> working dogs can be produced by cloning a working dog that exhibits both an appropriate temperament and good health."<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf</a>: <a href="/wiki/List_of_animals_that_have_been_cloned#Wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animals that have been cloned">Snuwolf and Snuwolffy</a>, the first two cloned female wolves (2005).<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samrupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Samrupa">Samrupa</a> was the first cloned water buffalo. It was born on 6 February 2009, at <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s Karnal National Dairy Research Institute but died five days later due to lung infection.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_ibex" title="Pyrenean ibex">Pyrenean ibex</a>: (2009) was the first extinct animal to be cloned back to life; the clone lived for seven minutes before dying of lung defects.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The extinct Pyrenean ibex is a sub-species of the extant <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ibex" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish ibex">Spanish ibex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Camel: (2009) <a href="/wiki/Injaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Injaz">Injaz</a>, was the first cloned camel.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina_goat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashmina goat">Pashmina goat</a>: (2012) <a href="/wiki/List_of_animals_that_have_been_cloned#Goat" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animals that have been cloned">Noori</a>, is the first cloned pashmina goat. Scientists at the faculty of veterinary sciences and animal husbandry of <a href="/wiki/Sher-e-Kashmir_University_of_Agricultural_Sciences_and_Technology_of_Kashmir" title="Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir">Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir</a> successfully cloned the first Pashmina goat (Noori) using the advanced reproductive techniques under the leadership of Riaz Ahmad Shah.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li>Goat: (2001) Scientists of <a href="/wiki/Northwest_A%26F_University" title="Northwest A&F University">Northwest A&F University</a> successfully cloned the first goat which use the adult female cell.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_brooding_frog" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric brooding frog">Gastric brooding frog</a>: (2013) The gastric brooding frog, Rheobatrachus silus, thought to have been extinct since 1983 was cloned in Australia, although the embryos died after a few days.<a href="#cite_note-Gastric-76">[76]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaque" title="Macaque">Macaque</a> monkey: (2017) First successful cloning of a <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primate</a> species using <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transfer" title="Nuclear transfer">nuclear transfer</a>, with the birth of two live clones named <a href="/wiki/Zhong_Zhong_and_Hua_Hua" title="Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua">Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua</a>. Conducted in China in 2017, and reported in January 2018.<a href="#cite_note-CELL-20180124-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20180124-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-20180124-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180124-80">[80]</a> In January 2019, scientists in China reported the creation of five identical <a href="/wiki/Clone_(cell_biology)" title="Clone (cell biology)">cloned</a> <a href="/wiki/Genome_editing" title="Genome editing">gene-edited</a> monkeys, using the same cloning technique that was used with Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua and <a href="/wiki/Dolly_(clone)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolly (clone)">Dolly the sheep</a>, and the gene-editing <a href="/wiki/Crispr" class="mw-redirect" title="Crispr">Crispr</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cas9" title="Cas9">Cas9</a> technique allegedly used by <a href="/wiki/He_Jiankui" title="He Jiankui">He Jiankui</a> in creating the first ever gene-modified human babies <a href="/wiki/Lulu_and_Nana" class="mw-redirect" title="Lulu and Nana">Lulu and Nana</a>. The monkey clones were made to study several medical diseases.<a href="#cite_note-EA-20190123a-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-GZM-20190123-82">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_ferret" title="Black-footed ferret">Black-footed ferret</a>: (2020) A team of scientists cloned a female named Willa, who died in the mid-1980s and left no living descendants. Her clone, a female named Elizabeth Ann, was born on 10 December. Scientists hope that the contribution of this individual will alleviate the effects of inbreeding and help black-footed ferrets better cope with plague. Experts estimate that this female's genome contains three times as much genetic diversity as any of the modern black-footed ferrets.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li> <li>First artificial <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a> in mammals: (2022) Viable mice offspring was born from unfertilized eggs via targeted <a href="/wiki/DNA_methylation" title="DNA methylation">DNA methylation</a> <a href="/wiki/Epigenome_editing" title="Epigenome editing">editing</a> of seven <a href="/wiki/Genomic_imprinting" title="Genomic imprinting">imprinting</a> control regions.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Human_cloning">Human cloning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Human cloning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_cloning" title="Human cloning">Human cloning</a></div> Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissues. It does not refer to the natural conception and delivery of <a href="/wiki/Monozygotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monozygotic">identical</a> <a href="/wiki/Multiple_birth" title="Multiple birth">twins</a>. The possibility of human cloning has raised <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_cloning" title="Ethics of cloning">controversies</a>. These ethical concerns have prompted several nations to pass legislation regarding human cloning and its legality. As of right now, scientists have no intention of trying to clone people and they believe their results should spark a wider discussion about the laws and regulations the world needs to regulate cloning.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Two commonly discussed types of theoretical human cloning are therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. Therapeutic cloning would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants, and is an active area of research, but is not in medical practice anywhere in the world, as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit">[update]</a>. Two common methods of therapeutic cloning that are being researched are <a href="/wiki/Somatic-cell_nuclear_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatic-cell nuclear transfer">somatic-cell nuclear transfer</a> and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell" title="Induced pluripotent stem cell">pluripotent stem cell induction</a>. Reproductive cloning would involve making an entire cloned human, instead of just specific cells or tissues.<a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethical_issues_of_cloning">Ethical issues of cloning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ethical issues of cloning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_cloning" title="Ethics of cloning">Ethics of cloning</a></div> There are a variety of <a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">ethical</a> positions regarding the possibilities of cloning, especially <a href="/wiki/Human_cloning" title="Human cloning">human cloning</a>. While many of these views are religious in origin, the questions raised by cloning are faced by secular perspectives as well. Perspectives on human cloning are theoretical, as human therapeutic and reproductive cloning are not commercially used; animals are currently cloned in laboratories and in <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> production. Advocates support development of therapeutic cloning to generate tissues and whole organs to treat patients who otherwise cannot obtain transplants,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> to avoid the need for <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunosuppressive drugs">immunosuppressive drugs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-86">[86]</a> and to stave off the effects of aging.<a href="#cite_note-EndingAging-88">[88]</a> Advocates for reproductive cloning believe that parents who cannot otherwise procreate should have access to the technology.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Opponents of cloning have concerns that technology is not yet developed enough to be safe<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and that it could be prone to abuse (leading to the generation of humans from whom organs and tissues would be harvested),<a href="#cite_note-McGee-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> as well as concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate with families and with society at large.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Human_Cloning_Ethics-94">[94]</a> Cloning humans could lead to serious violations of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Religious groups are divided, with some opposing the technology as usurping "God's place" and, to the extent embryos are used, destroying a human life; others support therapeutic cloning's potential life-saving benefits.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> There is at least one religion, <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism#Cloning_and_survival_after_death" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a>, in which cloning plays a major role.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Contemporary work on this topic is concerned with the ethics, adequate regulation and issues of any cloning carried out by humans, <a href="/wiki/Space_law#Spacefaring_machines_and_space_colonization" title="Space law">not potentially by extraterrestrials</a> (including in the future), and largely also not replication – also described as mind cloning<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> – of potential whole brain emulations. Cloning of animals is opposed by animal-groups due to the number of cloned animals that suffer from malformations before they die, and while food from cloned animals has been approved as safe by the US FDA,<a href="#cite_note-Watanabe-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> its use is opposed by groups concerned about food safety.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In practical terms, the inclusion of "licensing requirements for embryo research projects and fertility clinics, restrictions on the commodification of eggs and sperm, and measures to prevent proprietary interests from monopolizing access to stem cell lines" in international cloning regulations has been proposed, albeit e.g. effective oversight mechanisms or cloning requirements have not been described.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cloning_extinct_and_endangered_species">Cloning extinct and endangered species</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cloning extinct and endangered species">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/De-extinction" title="De-extinction">De-extinction</a></div> Cloning, or more precisely, the reconstruction of functional DNA from <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> species has, for decades, been a dream. Possible implications of this were dramatized in the 1984 novel <a href="/wiki/Carnosaur_(novel)" title="Carnosaur (novel)">Carnosaur</a> and the 1990 novel <a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(novel)#Biological_issues_and_accuracy" title="Jurassic Park (novel)">Jurassic Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holt-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ehrenfeld-111">[111]</a> The best current cloning techniques have an average success rate of 9.4 percent<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> (and as high as 25 percent<a href="#cite_note-Wakayama-37">[37]</a>) when working with familiar species such as mice,<a href="#cite_note-115">[note 1]</a> while cloning wild animals is usually less than 1 percent successful.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Conservation_cloning">Conservation cloning</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Conservation cloning">edit</a>]</div> Several tissue banks have come into existence, including the "<a href="/wiki/Frozen_zoo" title="Frozen zoo">Frozen zoo</a>" at the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo" title="San Diego Zoo">San Diego Zoo</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">store frozen tissue</a> from the world's rarest and most endangered species.<a href="#cite_note-Holt-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-pence2-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> This is also referred to as "Conservation cloning".<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Engineers have proposed a "lunar ark" in 2021 – storing millions of seed, spore, sperm and egg samples from Earth's contemporary species in a network of lava tubes on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> as a genetic backup.<a href="#cite_note-LS-202103-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-ARZ-20210308-124">[123]</a> Similar proposals have been made since at least 2008.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> These also include sending human customer DNA,<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> and a proposal for "a lunar backup record of humanity" that includes genetic information by <a href="/wiki/Avi_Loeb" title="Avi Loeb">Avi Loeb</a> et al.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo" title="San Diego Zoo">San Diego Zoo</a> began a number of projects in partnership with the conservation organization <a href="/wiki/Revive_%26_Restore" title="Revive & Restore">Revive & Restore</a> and the <a href="/wiki/ViaGen_Pets" title="ViaGen Pets">ViaGen Pets and Equine Company</a> to clone individuals of genetically-impoverished endangered species. A <a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_horse" title="Przewalski's horse">Przewalski's horse</a> was cloned from preserved tissue of a stallion whose genes are absent in the surviving populations of the species, which descend from twenty individuals. The clone, named Kurt, had been born to a domestic surrogate mother, and was partnered with a natural-born Przewalski's mare in order to socialize him with the species' natural behavior before being introduced to the Zoo's breeding herd.<a href="#cite_note-SDZoo_2022-128">[127]</a> In 2023, a second clone of the original stallion, named Ollie, was born; this marked the first instance of multiple living clones of a single individual of an endangered species being alive at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-Novak_et_al-129">[128]</a> Also in 2020, a clone named Elizabeth Ann was produced of a female <a href="/wiki/Black-footed_ferret" title="Black-footed ferret">black-footed ferret</a> that had no living descendants.<a href="#cite_note-Szuszwalak2021-130">[129]</a> While Elizabeth Ann became sterile due to secondary health complications, a pair of additional clones of the same individual, named Antonia and Noreen, were born to distinct surrogate mothers, and Antonia successfully reproduced later in the year.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="De-extinction">De-extinction</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: De-extinction">edit</a>]</div> One of the most anticipated targets for cloning was once the <a href="/wiki/Woolly_mammoth" title="Woolly mammoth">woolly mammoth</a>, but attempts to extract DNA from frozen mammoths have been unsuccessful, though a joint Russo-Japanese team is currently working toward this goal.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] In January 2011, it was reported by Yomiuri Shimbun that a team of scientists headed by Akira Iritani of Kyoto University had built upon research by Dr. Wakayama, saying that they will extract DNA from a mammoth carcass that had been preserved in a Russian laboratory and insert it into the egg cells of an <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a> in hopes of producing a mammoth embryo. The researchers said they hoped to produce a baby mammoth within six years.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> The challenges are formidable. Extensively degraded DNA that may be suitable for sequencing may not be suitable for cloning; it would have to be synthetically reconstituted. In any case, with currently available technology, DNA alone is not suitable for mammalian cloning; intact viable cell nuclei are required. Patching pieces of reconstituted mammoth DNA into an Asian elephant cell nucleus would result in an elephant-mammoth hybrid rather than a true mammoth.<a href="#cite_note-rure-134">[133]</a> Moreover, true de-extinction of the wooly mammoth species would require a breeding population, which would require cloning of multiple genetically distinct but reproductively compatible individuals, multiplying both the amount of work and the uncertainties involved in the project. There are potentially other post-cloning problems associated with the survival of a reconstructed mammoth, such as the requirement of <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a> for specific <a href="/wiki/Symbiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbiotic">symbiotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Microbiota" title="Microbiota">microbiota</a> in their stomachs for digestion.<a href="#cite_note-rure-134">[133]</a> Scientists at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Newcastle_(Australia)" title="University of Newcastle (Australia)">University of Newcastle</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a> announced in March 2013 that the very recently extinct <a href="/wiki/Gastric-brooding_frog" title="Gastric-brooding frog">gastric-brooding frog</a> would be the subject of a cloning attempt to resurrect the species.<a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic-135">[134]</a> Many such "de-extinction" projects are being championed by the non-profit <a href="/wiki/Revive_%26_Restore" title="Revive & Restore">Revive & Restore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> In 2022, scientists showed major limitations and the scale of challenge of genetic-editing-based de-extinction, suggesting resources spent on more comprehensive de-extinction projects such as <a href="/wiki/Woolly_mammoth#Revival_of_the_species" title="Woolly mammoth">of the woolly mammoth</a> may currently not be well <a href="/wiki/Resource_allocation" title="Resource allocation">allocated</a> and substantially limited. Their analyses "show that even when the extremely high-quality Norway brown rat (<a href="/wiki/R._norvegicus" class="mw-redirect" title="R. norvegicus">R. norvegicus</a>) is used as a reference, nearly 5% of the genome sequence is unrecoverable, with 1,661 genes recovered at lower than 90% completeness, and 26 completely absent", complicated further by that "distribution of regions affected is not random, but for example, if 90% completeness is used as the cutoff, genes related to immune response and olfaction are excessively affected" due to which "a reconstructed Christmas Island rat would lack attributes likely critical to surviving in its natural or natural-like environment".<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> In a 2021 online session of the Russian Geographical Society, Russia's defense minister <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a> mentioned using the DNA of 3,000-year-old <a href="/wiki/Scythians#Warfare" title="Scythians">Scythian warriors</a> to potentially bring them back to life. The idea was described as absurd at least at this point in news reports and it was noted that Scythians likely weren't skilled warriors by default.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> The idea of cloning <a href="/wiki/Neanderthals" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthals">Neanderthals</a> or bringing them back to life in general is controversial but some scientists have stated that it may be possible in the future and have outlined several issues or problems with such as well as broad rationales for doing so.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Unsuccessful_attempts">Unsuccessful attempts</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Unsuccessful attempts">edit</a>]</div> In 2001, a cow named Bessie gave birth to a cloned Asian <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a>, an endangered species, but the calf died after two days. In 2003, a <a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">banteng</a> was successfully cloned, followed by three <a href="/wiki/African_wildcat" title="African wildcat">African wildcats</a> from a thawed frozen embryo. These successes provided hope that similar techniques (using surrogate mothers of another species) might be used to clone extinct species. Anticipating this possibility, tissue samples from the last bucardo (<a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_ibex" title="Pyrenean ibex">Pyrenean ibex</a>) were frozen in <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a> immediately after it died in 2000. Researchers are also considering cloning endangered species such as the <a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">Giant panda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">Cheetah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> In 2002, geneticists at the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Museum" title="Australian Museum">Australian Museum</a> announced that they had replicated DNA of the <a href="/wiki/Thylacine" title="Thylacine">thylacine</a> (Tasmanian tiger), at the time extinct for about 65 years, using <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> However, on 15 February 2005 the museum announced that it was stopping the project after tests showed the specimens' DNA had been too badly degraded by the (<a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>) preservative. On 15 May 2005 it was announced that the thylacine project would be revived, with new participation from researchers in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> In 2003, for the first time, an extinct animal, the Pyrenean ibex mentioned above was cloned, at the Centre of Food Technology and Research of Aragon, using the preserved frozen cell nucleus of the skin samples from 2001 and domestic goat egg-cells. The ibex died shortly after birth due to physical defects in its lungs.<a href="#cite_note-The_Telegraph-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifespan">Lifespan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lifespan">edit</a>]</div> After an eight-year project involving the use of a pioneering cloning technique, Japanese researchers created 25 generations of healthy cloned mice with normal lifespans, demonstrating that clones are not intrinsically shorter-lived than naturally born animals.<a href="#cite_note-Wakayama-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-gen25-154">[153]</a> Other sources have noted that the offspring of clones tend to be healthier than the original clones and indistinguishable from animals produced naturally.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> Some posited that Dolly the sheep may have aged more quickly than naturally born animals, as she died relatively early for a sheep at the age of six. Ultimately, her death was attributed to a respiratory illness, and the "advanced aging" theory is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cloning#Dubious" title="Talk:Cloning">discuss</a>] A 2016 study indicated that once cloned animals survive the first month or two of life they are generally healthy.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> However, early pregnancy loss and neonatal losses are still greater with cloning than natural conception or assisted reproduction (IVF). Current research is attempting to overcome these problems.<a href="#cite_note-BBCname-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doctor_Who_Experience_London_Olympia_(5502759139).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Doctor_Who_Experience_London_Olympia_%285502759139%29.jpg/250px-Doctor_Who_Experience_London_Olympia_%285502759139%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Doctor_Who_Experience_London_Olympia_%285502759139%29.jpg/330px-Doctor_Who_Experience_London_Olympia_%285502759139%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Doctor_Who_Experience_London_Olympia_%285502759139%29.jpg/500px-Doctor_Who_Experience_London_Olympia_%285502759139%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sontaran" title="Sontaran">Sontarans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a> are a cloned warrior race.</figcaption></figure> Discussion of cloning in the popular media often presents the subject negatively. In an article in the 8 November 1993 article of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>, cloning was portrayed in a negative way, modifying Michelangelo's <a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Adam" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation of Adam">Creation of Adam</a> to depict Adam with five identical hands.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>'s 10 March 1997 issue also critiqued the ethics of human cloning, and included a graphic depicting identical babies in beakers.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> The concept of cloning, particularly human cloning, has featured a wide variety of science fiction works. An early fictional depiction of cloning is <a href="/wiki/Bokanovsky%27s_Process" title="Bokanovsky's Process">Bokanovsky's Process</a> which features in <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>'s 1931 dystopian novel <a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a>. The process is applied to fertilized human <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a> <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a>, causing them to split into identical genetic copies of the original.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Following renewed interest in cloning in the 1950s, the subject was explored further in works such as <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a>'s 1953 story UN-Man, which describes a technology called "exogenesis", and <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Rattray_Taylor" title="Gordon Rattray Taylor">Gordon Rattray Taylor</a>'s book <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Biological_Time_Bomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Biological Time Bomb (page does not exist)">The Biological Time Bomb</a>, which popularised the term "cloning" in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-stableford-162">[161]</a> Cloning is a recurring theme in a number of contemporary science fiction films, ranging from action films such as <a href="/wiki/Anna_to_the_Infinite_Power" title="Anna to the Infinite Power">Anna to the Infinite Power</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Boys_from_Brazil_(film)" title="The Boys from Brazil (film)">The Boys from Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(film)" title="Jurassic Park (film)">Jurassic Park</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/Alien_Resurrection" title="Alien Resurrection">Alien Resurrection</a> (1997), <a href="/wiki/The_6th_Day" title="The 6th Day">The 6th Day</a> (2000), <a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil_(2002_video_game)" title="Resident Evil (2002 video game)">Resident Evil</a> (2002), <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_II_%E2%80%93_Attack_of_the_Clones" title="Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones">Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones</a> (2002), <a href="/wiki/The_Island_(2005_film)" title="The Island (2005 film)">The Island</a> (2005), <a href="/wiki/Tales_of_the_Abyss" title="Tales of the Abyss">Tales of the Abyss</a> (2006), and <a href="/wiki/Moon_(2009_film)" title="Moon (2009 film)">Moon</a> (2009) to comedies such as <a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a>'s 1973 film <a href="/wiki/Sleeper_(1973_film)" title="Sleeper (1973 film)">Sleeper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> The process of cloning is represented variously in fiction. Many works depict the artificial creation of humans by a method of growing cells from a tissue or DNA sample; the replication may be instantaneous, or take place through slow growth of human embryos in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_womb" title="Artificial womb">artificial wombs</a>. In the long-running British television series <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Doctor" title="Fourth Doctor">Fourth Doctor</a> and his companion <a href="/wiki/Leela_(Doctor_Who)" title="Leela (Doctor Who)">Leela</a> were cloned in a matter of seconds from DNA samples ("<a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Enemy_(Doctor_Who)" title="The Invisible Enemy (Doctor Who)">The Invisible Enemy</a>", 1977) and then – in an apparent <a href="/wiki/Homage_(arts)" title="Homage (arts)">homage</a> to the 1966 film <a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Voyage" title="Fantastic Voyage">Fantastic Voyage</a> – shrunk to microscopic size to enter the Doctor's body to combat an alien virus. The clones in this story are short-lived, and can only survive a matter of minutes before they expire.<a href="#cite_note-muir-164">[163]</a> Science fiction films such as <a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a> and Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones have featured scenes of human <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">foetuses</a> being cultured on an industrial scale in mechanical tanks.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Cloning humans from body parts is also a common theme in science fiction. Cloning features strongly among the science fiction conventions parodied in Woody Allen's Sleeper, the plot of which centres around an attempt to clone an assassinated dictator from his disembodied nose.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> In the 2008 Doctor Who story "<a href="/wiki/Journey%27s_End_(Doctor_Who)" title="Journey's End (Doctor Who)">Journey's End</a>", a duplicate version of the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Doctor" title="Tenth Doctor">Tenth Doctor</a> spontaneously grows from his severed hand, which had been cut off in a sword fight during an earlier episode.<a href="#cite_note-smithka-167">[166]</a> After the death of her beloved 14-year-old <a href="/wiki/Coton_de_Tulear" title="Coton de Tulear">Coton de Tulear</a> named Samantha in late 2017, <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> announced that she had cloned the dog, and was now "waiting for [the two cloned pups] to get older so [she] can see if they have [Samantha's] brown eyes and her seriousness".<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> The operation cost $50,000 through the pet cloning company <a href="/wiki/ViaGen_Pets" title="ViaGen Pets">ViaGen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> In films such as <a href="/wiki/Roger_Spottiswoode" title="Roger Spottiswoode">Roger Spottiswoode</a>'s 2000 <a href="/wiki/The_6th_Day" title="The 6th Day">The 6th Day</a>, which makes use of the trope of a "vast clandestine laboratory ... filled with row upon row of 'blank' human bodies kept floating in tanks of nutrient liquid or in suspended animation", clearly fear is to be incited. In Clark's view, the biotechnology is typically "given fantastic but visually arresting forms" while the science is either relegated to the background or fictionalised to suit a young audience.<a href="#cite_note-Wellcome-170">[169]</a> Genetic engineering methods are weakly represented in film; Michael Clark, writing for <a href="/wiki/The_Wellcome_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wellcome Trust">The Wellcome Trust</a>, calls the portrayal of genetic engineering and biotechnology "seriously distorted"<a href="#cite_note-Wellcome-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloning_and_identity">Cloning and identity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cloning and identity">edit</a>]</div> Science fiction has used cloning, most commonly and specifically <a href="/wiki/Human_cloning" title="Human cloning">human cloning</a>, to raise questions of identity.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/A_Number" title="A Number">A Number</a> is a 2002 play by English playwright <a href="/wiki/Caryl_Churchill" title="Caryl Churchill">Caryl Churchill</a> which addresses the subject of human cloning and identity, especially <a href="/wiki/Nature_and_nurture" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature and nurture">nature and nurture</a>. The story, set in the near future, is structured around the conflict between a father (Salter) and his sons (Bernard 1, Bernard 2, and Michael Black) – two of whom are clones of the first one. A Number was adapted by Caryl Churchill for television, in a co-production between the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/HBO_Films" title="HBO Films">HBO Films</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> In 2012, a Japanese television series named "Bunshin" was created. The story's main character, Mariko, is a woman studying child welfare in Hokkaido. She grew up always doubtful about the love from her mother, who looked nothing like her and who died nine years before. One day, she finds some of her mother's belongings at a relative's house, and heads to Tokyo to seek out the truth behind her birth. She later discovered that she was a clone.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> In the 2013 television series <a href="/wiki/Orphan_Black" title="Orphan Black">Orphan Black</a>, cloning is used as a scientific study on the behavioral adaptation of the clones.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> In a similar vein, the book <a href="/wiki/The_Double_(Saramago_novel)" title="The Double (Saramago novel)">The Double</a> by Nobel Prize winner <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a> explores the emotional experience of a man who discovers that he is a clone.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloning_as_resurrection">Cloning as resurrection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cloning as resurrection">edit</a>]</div> Cloning has been used in fiction as a way of recreating historical figures. In the 1976 <a href="/wiki/Ira_Levin" title="Ira Levin">Ira Levin</a> novel <a href="/wiki/The_Boys_from_Brazil_(novel)" title="The Boys from Brazil (novel)">The Boys from Brazil</a> and its <a href="/wiki/The_Boys_from_Brazil_(film)" title="The Boys from Brazil (film)">1978 film adaptation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a> uses cloning to create copies of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Crichton" title="Michael Crichton">Michael Crichton</a>'s 1990 novel <a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(novel)" title="Jurassic Park (novel)">Jurassic Park</a>, which spawned a <a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park" title="Jurassic Park">series of Jurassic Park feature films</a>, the bioengineering company InGen develops a technique to resurrect extinct species of dinosaurs by creating cloned creatures using DNA extracted from <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a>. The cloned dinosaurs are used to populate the Jurassic Park <a href="/wiki/Animal_theme_park" title="Animal theme park">wildlife park</a> for the entertainment of visitors. The scheme goes disastrously wrong when the dinosaurs escape their enclosures. Despite being selectively cloned as females to prevent them from breeding, the dinosaurs develop the ability to reproduce through <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cohen-178">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloning_for_warfare">Cloning for warfare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cloning for warfare">edit</a>]</div> The use of cloning for military purposes has also been explored in several fictional works. In Doctor Who, an alien race of armour-clad, warlike beings called <a href="/wiki/Sontaran" title="Sontaran">Sontarans</a> was introduced in the 1973 serial "<a href="/wiki/The_Time_Warrior" title="The Time Warrior">The Time Warrior</a>". Sontarans are depicted as squat, bald creatures who have been genetically engineered for combat. Their weak spot is a "probic vent", a small socket at the back of their neck which is associated with the cloning process.<a href="#cite_note-thompson-179">[178]</a> The concept of cloned soldiers being bred for combat was revisited in "<a href="/wiki/The_Doctor%27s_Daughter" title="The Doctor's Daughter">The Doctor's Daughter</a>" (2008), when the Doctor's DNA is used to create a female warrior called <a href="/wiki/Jenny_(Doctor_Who)" title="Jenny (Doctor Who)">Jenny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> The 1977 film <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars (film)">Star Wars</a> was set against the backdrop of a historical conflict called the <a href="/wiki/Clone_Wars" title="Clone Wars">Clone Wars</a>. The events of this war were not fully explored until the prequel films <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_II_%E2%80%93_Attack_of_the_Clones" title="Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones">Attack of the Clones</a> (2002) and <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_III_%E2%80%93_Revenge_of_the_Sith" title="Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith">Revenge of the Sith</a> (2005), which depict a <a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Space warfare in fiction">space war</a> waged by a massive army of heavily armoured <a href="/wiki/Clone_trooper" title="Clone trooper">clone troopers</a> that leads to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Empire_(Star_Wars)" title="Galactic Empire (Star Wars)">Galactic Empire</a>. Cloned soldiers are "manufactured" on an industrial scale, genetically conditioned for obedience and combat effectiveness. It is also revealed that the popular character <a href="/wiki/Boba_Fett" title="Boba Fett">Boba Fett</a> originated as a clone of <a href="/wiki/Jango_Fett" title="Jango Fett">Jango Fett</a>, a mercenary who served as the genetic template for the clone troopers.<a href="#cite_note-mcdonald-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloning_for_exploitation">Cloning for exploitation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cloning for exploitation">edit</a>]</div> A recurring sub-theme of cloning fiction is the use of clones as a supply of <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> for <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">transplantation</a>. The 2005 <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro" title="Kazuo Ishiguro">Kazuo Ishiguro</a> novel <a href="/wiki/Never_Let_Me_Go_(novel)" title="Never Let Me Go (novel)">Never Let Me Go</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Never_Let_Me_Go_(2010_film)" title="Never Let Me Go (2010 film)">2010 film adaption</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> are set in an <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> in which cloned humans are created for the sole purpose of providing organ donations to naturally born humans, despite the fact that they are fully sentient and self-aware. The 2005 film <a href="/wiki/The_Island_(2005_film)" title="The Island (2005 film)">The Island</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> revolves around a similar plot, with the exception that the clones are unaware of the reason for their existence. The exploitation of human clones for dangerous and undesirable work was examined in the 2009 British science fiction film <a href="/wiki/Moon_(2009_film)" title="Moon (2009 film)">Moon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> In the futuristic novel <a href="/wiki/Cloud_Atlas_(novel)" title="Cloud Atlas (novel)">Cloud Atlas</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Cloud_Atlas_(film)" title="Cloud Atlas (film)">film</a>, one of the story lines focuses on a genetically engineered fabricant clone named Sonmi~451, one of millions raised in an artificial "wombtank", destined to serve from birth. She is one of thousands created for manual and <a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">emotional labor</a>; Sonmi herself works as a server in a restaurant. She later discovers that the sole source of food for clones, called 'Soap', is manufactured from the clones themselves.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> In the film <a href="/wiki/Us_(2019_film)" title="Us (2019 film)">Us</a>, at some point prior to the 1980s, the US Government creates clones of every citizen of the United States with the intention of using them to control their original counterparts, akin to <a href="/wiki/Voodoo_doll" title="Voodoo doll">voodoo dolls</a>. This fails, as they were able to copy bodies, but unable to copy the souls of those they cloned. The project is abandoned and the clones are trapped exactly mirroring their above-ground counterparts' actions for generations. In the present day, the clones launch a surprise attack and manage to complete a mass-genocide of their unaware counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_Ark" title="Frozen Ark">Frozen Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_President%27s_Council_on_Bioethics" class="mw-redirect" title="The President's Council on Bioethics">The President's Council on Bioethics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> One news article in 2014 reported success rates of 70-80 percent for cloning pigs by <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Genomics_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing Genomics Institute">BGI</a>, a Chinese company<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> and in another news article in 2015 a Korean Company, Sooam Biotech, claimed 40 percent success rates with cloning dogs<a href="#cite_note-Sooam-114">[114]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v7/n4/box/nrm1855_BX1.html">Box 1: Explanation of the Spemann-Mangold experiment</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-HumanGenomeInfo-28"><a href="#cite_ref-HumanGenomeInfo_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502125744/http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtml">"Cloning Fact Sheet"</a>. Human Genome Project Information. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtml">the original</a> on 2 May 2013. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/02/style/barbra-streisand-cloned-her-dog.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2022. 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Hal Leonard Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781480342958" title="Special:BookSources/9781480342958"><bdi>9781480342958</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctor+Who+FAQ%3A+All+That%27s+Left+to+Know+About+the+Most+Famous+Time+Lord+in+the+Universe&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781480342958&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQcEXAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloning" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrMustachio2014" class="citation book cs1">Barr, Jason; Mustachio, Camille D. G. 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Retrieved 3 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Never+Let+Me+Go+%282010%29&rft.date=2011-02-11&rft.au=espenshade55&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1334260%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloning" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0399201/">"The Island (2005)"</a>. IMDb. 22 July 2005. 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Retrieved 3 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Moon+%282009%29&rft.date=2009-07-17&rft.au=larry-411&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1182345%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloning" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105103230/http://www.technewsdaily.com/8402-human-clones-cloud-atlas.html">"Technology News – 2017 Innovations and Future Tech"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technewsdaily.com/8402-human-clones-cloud-atlas.html">the original</a> on 5 January 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technology+News+%E2%80%93+2017+Innovations+and+Future+Tech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technewsdaily.com%2F8402-human-clones-cloud-atlas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloning" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Kurland2019" class="citation web cs1">Daniel Kurland (23 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.denofgeek.com/us/movies/us/280039/us-the-tethered-explained">"Us: Who Are the Tethered?"</a>. Retrieved 11 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Us%3A+Who+Are+the+Tethered%3F&rft.date=2019-05-23&rft.au=Daniel+Kurland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.denofgeek.com%2Fus%2Fmovies%2Fus%2F280039%2Fus-the-tethered-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloning" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJason_Spiegel2019" class="citation web cs1">Jason Spiegel (23 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/us-ending-explained-could-be-a-sequel-1196643">"'Us' Ending Explained: Could There Be A Sequel?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a>. Retrieved 11 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=%27Us%27+Ending+Explained%3A+Could+There+Be+A+Sequel%3F&rft.date=2019-03-23&rft.au=Jason+Spiegel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fheat-vision%2Fus-ending-explained-could-be-a-sequel-1196643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloning" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Guo, Owen. "World's Biggest Animal Cloning Center Set for '16 in a Skeptical China". The New York Times, 26 November 2015</li> <li>Lerner, K. Lee. "Animal cloning". The <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Gale</a> Encyclopedia of Science, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, 5th ed., Gale, 2014. Science in Context, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proxy.library:2084/apps/doc/ZYIZMD068603125/SCIC?u=upenn_main&sid=SCIC&xid=c0a1cd22">link</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Dutchen, Stephanie (11 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hms.harvard.edu/news/rise-clones">"Rise of the Clones"</a>. Harvard Medical School.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cloning" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cloning">Cloning</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Cloning <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Cloning">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Cloning&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/cloning">"Cloning"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cloning&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fcloning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloning" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtml">Cloning Fact Sheet</a> from Human Genome Project Information website.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/15">'Cloning'</a> Freeview video by the Vega Science Trust and the BBC/OU</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010012315/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/cloning/index.cfm">Cloning in Focus</a>, an accessible and comprehensive look at cloning research from the University of Utah's Genetic Science Learning Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060503033842/http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/cloning/clickandclone/">Click and Clone</a>. Try it yourself in the virtual mouse cloning laboratory, from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a>'s Genetic Science Learning Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/document/document071602.asp">"Cloning Addendum: A statement on the cloning report issues by the President's Council on Bioethics"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108120959/http://www.nationalreview.com/document/document071602.asp">Archived</a> 8 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>, 15 July 2002 8:45 am</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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