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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sibilant types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sibilant_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sibilant types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sibilant_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tongue_shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tongue_shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tongue shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tongue_shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Place_of_articulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Place_of_articulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Place of articulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Place_of_articulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Point_of_contact_on_the_tongue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Point_of_contact_on_the_tongue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Point of contact on the tongue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Point_of_contact_on_the_tongue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols_in_the_IPA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols_in_the_IPA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Symbols in the IPA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols_in_the_IPA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_combinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_combinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Possible combinations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Possible_combinations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Possible combinations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Possible_combinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Whistled_sibilants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whistled_sibilants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Whistled sibilants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whistled_sibilants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_contrasts_among_sibilants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_contrasts_among_sibilants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Linguistic contrasts among sibilants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_contrasts_among_sibilants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contested_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contested_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Contested definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contested_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sibilant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1_(%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="صفير (لسانيات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صفير (لسانيات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante_sibilante" title="Consonante sibilante – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Consonante sibilante" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Шипяща съгласна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шипяща съгласна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%27hwibanenn" title="C'hwibanenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="C'hwibanenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_sibilant" title="Consonant sibilant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Consonant sibilant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykavka" title="Sykavka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sykavka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sibilant" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zischlaut" title="Zischlaut – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zischlaut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sibilant" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante_sibilante" title="Consonante sibilante – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Consonante sibilante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siblanto" title="Siblanto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Siblanto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontsonante_txistukari" title="Kontsonante txistukari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kontsonante txistukari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="صفیری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صفیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonne_sibilante" title="Consonne sibilante – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Consonne sibilante" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilante" title="Sibilante – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sibilante" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%98%EC%B0%B0%EC%9D%8C" title="치찰음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="치찰음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonan_desis" title="Konsonan desis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsonan desis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עיצורים שורקים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיצורים שורקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="სიბილანტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიბილანტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sibilant" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шушкава согласка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шушкава согласка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonan_desis" title="Konsonan desis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konsonan desis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sibilant" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%AF%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="歯擦音 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="歯擦音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilanter" title="Sibilanter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sibilanter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sibilant" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilante" title="Sibilante – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sibilante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Сибилянты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сибилянты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sibilant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%8Dnik" title="Sičnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sičnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sibilant" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сызгырулы тартыклар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сызгырулы тартыклар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Сибілянти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сибілянти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98" title="סיבילאנט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סיבילאנט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%99%9D%E9%9F%B3" title="噝音 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="噝音" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%9D%E9%9F%B3" title="咝音 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="咝音" data-language-autonym="中文" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of fricative consonant sound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sibilants</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">sībilāns</i> : 'hissing') are <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> consonants of higher <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_frequency" title="Fundamental frequency">pitch</a>, made by <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">directing</a> a stream of air with the tongue towards the <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of sibilants are the consonants at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> words <i>sip</i>, <i>zip</i>, <i>ship</i>, and <i>genre</i>. The symbols in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> used to denote the sibilant sounds in these words are, respectively, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]<span class="wrap"> </span>[z]<span class="wrap"> </span>[ʃ]<span class="wrap"> </span>[ʒ]</span>. Sibilants have a characteristically intense sound, which accounts for their <a href="/wiki/Paralanguage" title="Paralanguage">paralinguistic</a> use in getting one's attention (e.g. calling someone using "psst!" or quieting someone using "shhhh!"). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> <b>hissing</b> sibilants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span>, the back of the tongue forms a narrow channel (is <i><a href="/wiki/Sulcalization" title="Sulcalization">grooved</a></i>) to focus the stream of air more intensely, resulting in a high pitch. With the <b>hushing</b> sibilants (occasionally termed <i>shibilants</i>), such as English <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span>, the tongue is flatter, and the resulting pitch lower.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A broader category is <b>stridents</b>, which include more fricatives than sibilants such as <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvulars</a>. Sibilants are a higher pitched subset of the stridents. The English sibilants are: </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s,<span class="wrap"> </span>z,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒ/</span></li></ul> <p>while the English stridents are: </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s,<span class="wrap"> </span>z,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒ,<span class="wrap"> </span>f,<span class="wrap"> </span>v/</span></li></ul> <p>as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> are stridents but not sibilants because they are lower in pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Be aware, some linguistics use the terms <b>stridents</b> and <b>sibilants</b> interchangeably to refer to the greater <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_frequency" title="Fundamental frequency">pitch</a> compared to other fricatives.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Stridency" refers to the <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">perceptual</a> <a href="/wiki/Sound_intensity" title="Sound intensity">intensity</a> of the sound of a sibilant consonant, or <b>obstacle fricatives</b> or <b>affricates</b>, which refers to the critical role of the teeth in producing the sound as an obstacle to the airstream. Non-sibilant fricatives and affricates produce their characteristic sound directly with the tongue or lips etc. and the place of contact in the mouth, without secondary involvement of the teeth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The characteristic intensity of sibilants means that small variations in tongue shape and position are perceivable, with the result that there are many sibilant types that contrast in various languages. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acoustics">Acoustics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibilant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Acoustics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sibilants are louder than their non-sibilant counterparts, and most of their acoustic energy occurs at higher frequencies than non-sibilant fricatives—usually around 8,000 Hz.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sibilant_types">Sibilant types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibilant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sibilant types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All sibilants are <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal consonants</a> (made with the tip or front part of the tongue). However, there is a great deal of variety among sibilants as to tongue shape, point of contact on the tongue, and point of contact on the upper side of the mouth. </p><p>The following variables affect sibilant sound quality, and, along with their possible values, are ordered from sharpest (highest-pitched) to dullest (lowest-pitched): </p> <ul><li>Tongue shape: <a href="/wiki/Grooved_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Grooved consonant">grooved</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolo-palatal">alveolo-palatal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Palato-alveolar">palato-alveolar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">retroflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Place of articulation</a> (point of contact on the upper side of the mouth): <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> or <a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Denti-alveolar">denti-alveolar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar">postalveolar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a></li> <li>Point of contact on the tongue: <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a> "closed" (<a href="#Point_of_contact_on_the_tongue">see below</a>), <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a> non-"closed", <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subapical_consonant" title="Subapical consonant">subapical</a></li></ul> <p>Generally, the values of the different variables co-occur so as to produce an overall sharper or duller sound. For example, a laminal denti-alveolar grooved sibilant occurs in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, and a subapical palatal retroflex sibilant occurs in <a href="/wiki/Toda_language" title="Toda language">Toda</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tongue_shape">Tongue shape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibilant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tongue shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main distinction is the shape of the tongue. Most sibilants have a <a href="/wiki/Sulcalization" title="Sulcalization">groove</a> running down the centerline of the tongue that helps focus the airstream, but it is not known how widespread this is. In addition, the following tongue shapes are described, from sharpest and highest-pitched to dullest and lowest-pitched: </p> <ul><li>Hollow (e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span>): This hollow accepts a large volume of air that is forced through a typically narrow aperture that directs a high-velocity jet of air against the teeth, which results in a high-pitched, piercing "hissing" sound. Because of the prominence of these sounds, they are the most common and most stable of sibilants cross-linguistically. They occur in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, where they are denoted with a letter <i>s</i> or <i>z</i>, as in <i>soon</i> or <i>zone</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (May 2011)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sibilant#Dubious" title="Talk:Sibilant">discuss</a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolo-palatal">Alveolo-palatal</a> (e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕ]</span>): with a convex, V-shaped tongue, and highly <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> (middle of the tongue strongly raised or bowed).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Palato-alveolar">Palato-alveolar</a> (e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>): with a <a href="/wiki/Domed_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Domed consonant">"domed" tongue</a> (convex and moderately palatalized). These sounds occur in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, where they are denoted with letter combinations such as <i>sh</i>, <i>ch</i>, <i>g</i>, <i>j</i> or <i>si</i>, as in <i>shin</i>, <i>chin</i>, <i>gin</i> and <i>vision</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">Retroflex</a> (e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʂ]</span>): with a flat or concave tongue, and no palatalization. There is a variety of these sounds, some of which also go by other names (e.g. "flat postalveolar" or "<a href="/wiki/Apico-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Apico-alveolar">apico-alveolar</a>"). The <a href="/wiki/Subapical_consonant" title="Subapical consonant">subapical</a> <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> or "true" retroflex sounds are the very dullest and lowest-pitched of all the sibilants.</li></ul> <p>The latter three post-alveolar types of sounds are often known as "hushing" sounds because of their quality, as opposed to the "hissing" alveolar sounds. The alveolar sounds in fact occur in several varieties, in addition to the normal sound of English <i>s</i>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">Palatalized</a>: Sibilants can occur with or without raising the tongue body to the palate (<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a>). Palatalized alveolars are transcribed e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sʲ]</span> and occur in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>; they sound similar to the cluster <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sj]</span> occurring in the middle of the English phrase <i>miss you</i>.</li> <li>Lisping: Alveolar sibilants made with the tip of the tongue (<a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a>) near the upper teeth have a softer sound reminiscent of (but still sharper-sounding than) the "lisping" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ]</span> sound of English <i>think</i>. These sounds are relatively uncommon, but occur in some of the indigenous languages of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBright1978_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright1978-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> dialects of western and southern <a href="/wiki/Andaluc%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalucía">Andalucía</a> (southwest <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>), mostly in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevilla">Sevilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Huelva</a>. In these dialects, the lisping sibilant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̟]</span> (sometimes indicated in Spanish <a href="/wiki/Dialectology" title="Dialectology">dialectology</a> as ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">s̄</span>⟩) is the <a href="/wiki/Ceceo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceceo">most common pronunciation</a> of the letters <i>s</i> and <i>z</i>, as well as <i>c</i> before <i>i</i> or <i>e</i>, replacing the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ]</span> that occur elsewhere in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Speaking non-technically, the retroflex consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʂ]</span> sounds somewhat like a mixture between the regular English <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> of "ship" and a strong American "r"; while the alveolo-palatal consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕ]</span> sounds somewhat like a mixture of English <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> of "ship" and the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sj]</span> in the middle of "miss you". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Place_of_articulation">Place of articulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibilant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Place of articulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sibilants can be made at any <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal</a> articulation<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, i.e. the tongue can contact the upper side of the mouth anywhere from the upper teeth (<a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/Hard_palate" title="Hard palate">hard palate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a>), with the in-between articulations being <a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Denti-alveolar">denti-alveolar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar">postalveolar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Point_of_contact_on_the_tongue">Point of contact on the tongue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibilant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Point of contact on the tongue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tongue can contact the upper side of the mouth with the very tip of the tongue (an <i><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a></i> articulation, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ̺]</span>); with the surface just behind the tip, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Tongue_blade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongue blade">blade</a></i> of the tongue (a <i><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a></i> articulation, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ̻]</span>); or with the underside of the tip (a <i><a href="/wiki/Subapical_consonant" title="Subapical consonant">subapical</a></i> articulation). Apical and subapical articulations are always <i>tongue-up</i>, with the tip of the tongue above the teeth, while laminal articulations can be either tongue-up or <i>tongue-down</i>, with the tip of the tongue behind the lower teeth. This distinction is particularly important for <a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">retroflex</a> sibilants, because all three varieties can occur, with noticeably different sound qualities. For more information on these variants and their relation to sibilants, see the article on <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar consonants</a>. </p><p>For tongue-down laminal articulations, an additional distinction can be made depending on where exactly behind the lower teeth the tongue tip is placed. A little ways back from the lower teeth is a hollow area (or pit) in the lower surface of the mouth. When the tongue tip rests in this hollow area, there is an empty space below the tongue (a <i>sublingual cavity</i>), which results in a relatively duller sound. When the tip of the tongue rests against the lower teeth, there is no sublingual cavity, resulting in a sharper sound. Usually, the position of the tip of the tongue correlates with the grooved vs. hushing tongue shape so as to maximize the differences. However, the palato-alveolar sibilants in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a> are an exception. These sounds have the tongue tip resting directly against the lower teeth, which gives the sounds a quality that Catford describes as "hissing-hushing". Ladefoged and Maddieson<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> term this a "<i>closed</i> laminal postalveolar" articulation, and transcribe them (following Catford) as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŝ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ẑ]</span>, although this is not an IPA notation. See the article on <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar consonants</a> for more information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols_in_the_IPA">Symbols in the IPA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibilant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Symbols in the IPA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table shows the types of sibilant fricatives defined in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>: </p> <table> <caption><b>IPA signs for sibilants</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Voiceless </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">IPA </th> <th rowspan="2">Description </th> <th colspan="4">Example </th></tr> <tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Orthography </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <th><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xsampa-s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Xsampa-s.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="13" data-file-height="17" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant">voiceless alveolar sibilant</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td><b>s</b>ip </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>s</b>ɪp]</span> </td> <td>"<span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sip#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:sip">sip</a></span>" </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xsampa-sslash.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Xsampa-sslash.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="17" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant">voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> </td> <td><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:小">小</a></span> (<b>x</b>iǎo) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>ɕ</b>jɑ̀ʊ̯]</span> </td> <td>"<span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/small#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:small">small</a></span>" </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xsampa-S2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Xsampa-S2.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="28" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant">voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td><b>sh</b>in </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>ʃ</b>ɪn]</span> </td> <td>"<span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shin#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:shin">shin</a></span>" </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xsampa-s%27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Xsampa-s%27.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="13" data-file-height="22" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex sibilant">voiceless retroflex sibilant</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> </td> <td><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:上海">上海</a></span> (Shànghǎi) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>ʂ</b>ɑ̂ŋ.xàɪ̯]</span> </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>" </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Voiced </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">IPA </th> <th rowspan="2">Description </th> <th colspan="4">Example </th></tr> <tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Orthography </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <th><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xsampa-z.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Xsampa-z.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar sibilant">voiced alveolar sibilant</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td><b>z</b>ip </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>z</b>ɪp]</span> </td> <td>"<span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zip#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:zip">zip</a></span>" </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xsampa-zslash.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Xsampa-zslash.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="18" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant">voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> </td> <td><i lang="pl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zio%C5%82o#Polish" class="extiw" title="wikt:zioło"><b>zi</b>oło</a></i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈ<b>ʑ</b>ɔwɔ]</span> </td> <td>"<span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/herb#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:herb">herb</a></span>" </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xsampa-Z2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Xsampa-Z2.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="22" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant">voiced palato-alveolar sibilant</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td>vi<b>si</b>on </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈvɪ<b>ʒ</b>ən]</span> </td> <td>"<span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vision#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:vision">vision</a></span>" </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xsampa-z%27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Xsampa-z%27.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="18" data-file-height="22" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced retroflex sibilant">voiced retroflex sibilant</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> </td> <td><span lang="ru"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:жаба"><b>ж</b>аба</a></span><br /><i lang="pl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%BCaba#Polish" class="extiw" title="wikt:żaba"><b>ż</b>aba</a></i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈ<b>ʐ</b>abə]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈ<b>ʐ</b>aba]</span> </td> <td>"<span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/toad#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:toad">toad</a></span>"<br />"<span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frog#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:frog">frog</a></span>" </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Diacritics can be used for finer detail. For example, apical and laminal alveolars can be specified as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̺]</span> <i>vs</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̻]</span>; a <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> (or more likely <i>denti-alveolar</i>) sibilant as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̪]</span>; a palatalized alveolar as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sʲ]</span>; and a generic "retracted sibilant" as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̠]</span>, a transcription frequently used for the sharper-quality types of retroflex consonants (e.g. the laminal "flat" type and the "<a href="/wiki/Apico-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Apico-alveolar">apico-alveolar</a>" type). There is no diacritic to denote the laminal "closed" articulation of palato-alveolars in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian languages</a>, but they are sometimes provisionally transcribed as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŝ<span class="wrap"> </span>ẑ]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_combinations">Possible combinations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibilant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Possible combinations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The attested possibilities, with exemplar languages, are as follows. Note that the IPA diacritics are simplified; some articulations would require two diacritics to be fully specified, but only one is used in order to keep the results legible without the need for <a href="/wiki/OpenType" title="OpenType">OpenType</a> IPA fonts. Also, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged</a> has resurrected an obsolete IPA symbol, the under dot, to indicate <i>apical postalveolar</i> (normally included in the category of <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex consonants</a>), and that notation is used here. (Note that the notation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s̠,<span class="wrap"> </span>ṣ</span> is sometimes reversed; either may also be called 'retroflex' and written <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʂ</span>.) </p> <table class="wikitable nowrap"> <tbody><tr> <th>IPA</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tongue_shape" title="Tongue shape">Tongue shape</a></th> <th>Place<br />of articulation<br />(mouth)</th> <th>Place<br />of articulation<br />(tongue)</th> <th>Exemplifying languages </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: x-large;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̺̪<span class="wrap"> </span>z̺̪]</span></td> <td rowspan="5">hollow</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a></td> <td>southeast European <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <i>s/z</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumeyaay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: x-large;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̪<span class="wrap"> </span>z̪]</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">denti-alveolar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <i>s, z</i>; <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> <i>z, tz</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: x-large;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̺<span class="wrap"> </span>z̺]</span></td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a></td> <td>northern peninsular <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <i>s</i>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> <i>s, ts</i>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> <i>s, z, c</i> (apical, dental or alveolar) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: x-large;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s<span class="wrap"> </span>z]</span></td> <td>apical or laminal</td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <i>s, z</i> (alveolar, laminal or apical);<br />American or southwest European <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <i>s/z</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: x-large;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̻<span class="wrap"> </span>z̻]</span></td> <td>laminal</td> <td>Toda, <a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: x-large;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ]</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">domed</a></td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar</a></td> <td>apical or laminal</td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <i>sh, ch, j, zh</i><br />and French <i>ch, j</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃʷ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒʷ]</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: x-large;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ̻<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ̻]</span></td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toda_language" title="Toda language">Toda</a>; <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> <i>x, tx</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: x-large;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʑ]</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">palatalized</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> <i>x, j, q</i>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <i>ś, ć, ź, dź</i>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: x-large;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŝ<span class="wrap"> </span>ẑ]</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_hollow"><a href="#endnote_hollow">1</a></sup></td> <td>hollow<br />(no cavity)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: x-large;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̠<span class="wrap"> </span>ẕ]</span>,<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʂ̻<span class="wrap"> </span>ʐ̻]</span></td> <td>hollow or flat<br />(cavity under tongue)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <i>sz, cz, ż, dż</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʂ̻ʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʂ̻ʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʐ̻ʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʐ̻ʷ]</span>);<br /><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> <i>sh, zh, ch</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: x-large;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʂ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʐ],<br />[ṣ<span class="wrap"> </span>ẓ]</span>,<br />etc.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_apicoretroflex"><a href="#endnote_apicoretroflex">2</a></sup></td> <td>hollow</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a>;<br />Kumeyaay; Toda; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: x-large;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʂ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʐ]</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">curled</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar</a>?)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subapical_consonant" title="Subapical consonant">subapical</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toda_language" title="Toda language">Toda</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_hollow"><b><a href="#ref_hollow">^1</a></b></span> <span style="font-size: large;">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ŝ ẑ</span>⟩</span> is an ad-hoc transcription. The old IPA letters <span style="font-size: large;">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ʆ ʓ</span>⟩</span> are also available. </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_apicoretroflex"><b><a href="#ref_apicoretroflex">^2</a></b></span> These sounds are usually just transcribed <span style="font-size: large;">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ʂ ʐ</span>⟩</span>. Apical postalveolar and subapical palatal sibilants do not contrast in any language, but if necessary, apical postalveolars can be transcribed with an apical diacritic, as <span style="font-size: large;">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">s̠̺ z̠̺</span>⟩</span> or <span style="font-size: large;">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ʂ̺ ʐ̺</span>⟩</span>. Ladefoged resurrects the old retroflex sub-dot for apical retroflexes, <span style="font-size: large;">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ṣ ẓ</span>⟩</span> Also seen in the literature on e.g. Hindi and Norwegian is <span style="font-size: large;">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ᶘ ᶚ</span>⟩</span> – the domed articulation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ]</span> precludes a subapical realization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whistled_sibilants">Whistled sibilants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibilant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Whistled sibilants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whistled sibilants occur phonemically in several southern Bantu languages, the best known being <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a>. However, they also occur in speech pathology and may be caused by dental prostheses or orthodontics. </p><p>The whistled sibilants of Shona have been variously described—as <a href="/wiki/Labialized" class="mw-redirect" title="Labialized">labialized</a> but not velarized, as retroflex, etc., but none of these features are required for the sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using the <a href="/wiki/Extended_IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended IPA">Extended IPA</a>, Shona <i>sv</i> and <i>zv</i> may be transcribed <span style="font-size: large;">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">s͎</span>⟩</span> and <span style="font-size: large;">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">z͎</span>⟩</span>. Other transcriptions seen include purely labialized <span style="font-size: large;">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">s̫</span>⟩</span> and <span style="font-size: large;">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">z̫</span>⟩</span> (Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996) and labially co-articulated <span style="font-size: large;">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">sᶲ</span>⟩</span> and <span style="font-size: large;">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">zᵝ</span>⟩</span> (or <span style="font-size: large;">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">s͡ɸ</span>⟩</span> and <span style="font-size: large;">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">z͜β</span>⟩</span>). In the otherwise IPA transcription of Shona in Doke (1967), the whistled sibilants are transcribed with the non-IPA letters <span style="font-size: large;">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/%E2%B1%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȿ">ȿ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E2%B1%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɀ">ɀ</a></span>⟩</span> and <span style="font-size: large;">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">tȿ dɀ</span>⟩</span>. </p><p>Besides Shona, whistled sibilants have been reported as phonemes in <a href="/wiki/Kalanga_language" title="Kalanga language">Kalanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Changana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tswa_language" title="Tswa language">Tswa</a>—all of which are Southern African languages—and <a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a>. The articulation of whistled sibilants may differ between languages. In Shona, the lips are <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">compressed</a> throughout, and the sibilant may be followed by normal labialization upon release. (That is, there is a contrast among <i>s, sw, ȿ, ȿw</i>.) In Tsonga, the whistling effect is weak; the lips are narrowed but also the tongue is <a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">retroflex</a>. Tswa may be similar. In Changana, the lips are rounded (protruded), but so is /s/ in the sequence /usu/, so there is evidently some distinct phonetic phenomenon occurring here that has yet to be formally identified and described.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_contrasts_among_sibilants">Linguistic contrasts among sibilants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibilant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Linguistic contrasts among sibilants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not including differences in <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Secondary_articulation" title="Secondary articulation">secondary articulation</a>, some languages have as many as four different types of sibilants. For example, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Qiang">Northern Qiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Qiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Qiang">Southern Qiang</a> have a four-way distinction among sibilant affricates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/<span class="wrap"> </span>/tʂ/<span class="wrap"> </span>/tʃ/<span class="wrap"> </span>/tɕ/</span>, with one for each of the four tongue shapes. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Toda_language" title="Toda language">Toda</a> also has a four-way sibilant distinction, with one alveolar, one palato-alveolar, and two retroflex (apical postalveolar and subapical palatal). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The now-extinct <a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh language</a> was particularly complex, with a total of 27 sibilant consonants. Not only all four tongue shapes were represented (with the palato-alveolar appearing in the laminal "closed" variation) but also both the palato-alveolars and alveolo-palatals could additionally appear <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialized</a>. Besides, there was a five-way manner distinction among voiceless and voiced fricatives, voiceless and voiced affricates, and <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a> affricates. (The three labialized palato-alveolar affricates were missing, which is why the total was 27, not 30.) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Bzyp dialect of the related <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz language</a> also has a similar inventory. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some languages have four types when <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a> is considered. <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> is one example, with both palatalized and non-palatalized laminal denti-alveolars, laminal postalveolar (or "flat retroflex"), and alveolo-palatal (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̪<span class="wrap"> </span>z̪]<span class="wrap"> </span>[s̪ʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>z̪ʲ]<span class="wrap"> </span>[s̠<span class="wrap"> </span>z̠]<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɕ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʑ]</span>). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> has the same surface contrasts, but the alveolo-palatals are arguably not phonemic. They occur only geminate, and the retroflex consonants never occur geminate, which suggests that both are allophones of the same phoneme. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Somewhat more common are languages with three sibilant types, including one hissing and two hushing. As with Polish and Russian, the two hushing types are usually postalveolar and alveolo-palatal since these are the two most distinct from each other. <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> is an example of such a language. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, other possibilities exist. <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> has alveolar, flat postalveolar and alveolo-palatal affricates whereas <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> has palato-alveolar and laminal and apical alveolar (<a href="/wiki/Apico-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Apico-alveolar">apico-alveolar</a>) fricatives and affricates (late Medieval peninsular <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> had the same distinctions among fricatives). </p><p>Many languages, such as <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, have two sibilant types, one hissing and one hushing. A wide variety of languages across the world have this pattern. Perhaps most common is the pattern, as in English and Arabic, with alveolar and palato-alveolar sibilants. Modern northern peninsular <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> has a single <a href="/wiki/Apico-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Apico-alveolar">apico-alveolar</a> sibilant fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̠]</span>, as well as a single palato-alveolar sibilant affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span>. However, there are also languages with alveolar and apical retroflex sibilants (such as Standard <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>) and with alveolar and alveolo-palatal postalveolars (e.g. alveolar and laminal palatalized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒ]</span> i.e. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒʲ]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a>, the latter probably through Amerindian influence,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and alveolar and dorsal i.e. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʑ<span class="wrap"> </span>cɕ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɟʑ]</span> proper in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only a few languages with sibilants lack the hissing type. <a href="/wiki/Middle_Vietnamese" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Vietnamese">Middle Vietnamese</a> is normally reconstructed with two sibilant fricatives, both hushing (one retroflex, one alveolo-palatal). Some languages have only a single hushing sibilant and no hissing sibilant. That occurs in southern Peninsular Spanish dialects of the "<a href="/wiki/Ceceo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceceo">ceceo</a>" type, which have replaced the former hissing fricative with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ]</span>, leaving only <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span>. </p><p>Languages with no sibilants are fairly rare. Most have no fricatives at all or only the fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>. Examples include most <a href="/wiki/Australian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian languages">Australian languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rotokas_language" title="Rotokas language">Rotokas</a>, and what is generally reconstructed for <a href="/wiki/Proto-Bantu_language" title="Proto-Bantu language">Proto-Bantu</a>. Languages with fricatives but no sibilants, however, do occur, such as <a href="/wiki/Ukue_language" title="Ukue language">Ukue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, which has only the fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f,<span class="wrap"> </span>v,<span class="wrap"> </span>h/</span>. Also, almost all Eastern <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian languages</a> have no sibilants but do have the fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> and/or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span>: <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a>, most <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori" title="Cook Islands Māori">Cook Islands Māori</a> dialects, <a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuamotuan_language" title="Tuamotuan language">Tuamotuan</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> only has the sibilant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʂ/</span> and fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> in loanwords, and they are frequently replaced by native sounds. The sibilants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɕ]</span> exist as allophones of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ɕ/</span> and the fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> as an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contested_definitions">Contested definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibilant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contested definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Authors including <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morris_Halle" title="Morris Halle">Halle</a> group <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span> as sibilants. However, they do not have the grooved articulation and high frequencies of other sibilants, and most phoneticians<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continue to group them together with <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">bilabial</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>]</span> and (inter)dental <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]</span> as non-sibilant <a href="/wiki/Anterior_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior (phonetics)">anterior</a> fricatives. For a grouping of sibilants and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f,<span class="wrap"> </span>v]</span>, the term <i>strident</i> is more common. Some researchers judge <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span> to be non-strident in English, based on measurements of its comparative amplitude, but to be strident in other languages (for example, in the African language <a href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a>, where it contrasts with non-strident <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɸ]</span>). </p><p>The nature of <i>sibilants</i> as so-called 'obstacle fricatives' is complicated – there is a continuum of possibilities relating to the angle at which the jet of air may strike an obstacle. The grooving often considered necessary for classification as a <i>sibilant</i> has been observed in ultrasound studies of the tongue for the supposedly <i>non-sibilant</i> voiceless alveolar fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ̠]</span> of English.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibilant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-essing" title="De-essing">De-essing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive consonant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibboleth" title="Shibboleth">Shibboleth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">Sj-sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strident_vowel" title="Strident vowel">Strident vowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant">Voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_apicoalveolar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced apicoalveolar fricative">Voiced apicoalveolar fricative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assibilation" title="Assibilation">Assibilation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibilant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREF이재욱이서호2019" class="citation book cs1">이재욱; 이서호 (2019-01-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gBeFDwAAQBAJ"><i>한국인을 위한 전세계 100가지 영어 사투리 (영국 잉글랜드 북부 영어 Mancunian 사투리, Scouse 사투리 Yorkshire 사투리 편): 100 English Dialects in the World for Koreans British English Northern England English Mancunian Dialect, Scouse Dialect Yorkshire Dialect</i></a>. TAX & LAW PRESS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-11-88917-34-1" title="Special:BookSources/979-11-88917-34-1"><bdi>979-11-88917-34-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%B8%EC%9D%84+%EC%9C%84%ED%95%9C+%EC%A0%84%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84+100%EA%B0%80%EC%A7%80+%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4+%EC%82%AC%ED%88%AC%EB%A6%AC+%28%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD+%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C+%EB%B6%81%EB%B6%80+%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4+Mancunian+%EC%82%AC%ED%88%AC%EB%A6%AC%2C+Scouse+%EC%82%AC%ED%88%AC%EB%A6%AC+Yorkshire+%EC%82%AC%ED%88%AC%EB%A6%AC+%ED%8E%B8%29%3A+100+English+Dialects+in+the+World+for+Koreans+British+English+Northern+England+English+Mancunian+Dialect%2C+Scouse+Dialect+Yorkshire+Dialect&rft.pub=TAX+%26+LAW+PRESS&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft.isbn=979-11-88917-34-1&rft.au=%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%AC%EC%9A%B1&rft.au=%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%9C%ED%98%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgBeFDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASibilant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://literarydevices.net/sibilance/">"Sibilance - Definition and Examples of Sibilance"</a>. <i>Literary Devices</i>. 2014-02-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Literary+Devices&rft.atitle=Sibilance+-+Definition+and+Examples+of+Sibilance&rft.date=2014-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliterarydevices.net%2Fsibilance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASibilant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennock-SpeckValor2020" class="citation book cs1">Pennock-Speck, Barry; Valor, Maria Lluïsa Gea (2020-04-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ivgDwAAQBAJ"><i>A Practical Introduction to English Phonology, 2nd. Edition</i></a>. Universitat de València. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9134-600-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9134-600-5"><bdi>978-84-9134-600-5</bdi></a>. <q>Fricatives involve turbulent airflow caused by at least two articulators being closed together. There are two main kinds, sibilants, which are high-pitched fricative sounds, and non-sibilants, which have a low-pitched sound. The sibilants in English are /s, z, ʒ, ʃ, ʒ/. The non-sibilants are /f, v, θ, ð, h/.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Introduction+to+English+Phonology%2C+2nd.+Edition&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Universitat+de+Val%C3%A8ncia&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft.isbn=978-84-9134-600-5&rft.aulast=Pennock-Speck&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Valor%2C+Maria+Llu%C3%AFsa+Gea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ivgDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASibilant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoffi2021" class="citation book cs1">Koffi, Ettien (2021-04-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cq0PEAAAQBAJ"><i>Relevant Acoustic Phonetics of L2 English: Focus on Intelligibility</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-34009-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-34009-9"><bdi>978-1-000-34009-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relevant+Acoustic+Phonetics+of+L2+English%3A+Focus+on+Intelligibility&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft.isbn=978-1-000-34009-9&rft.aulast=Koffi&rft.aufirst=Ettien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcq0PEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASibilant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoffi2021" class="citation book cs1">Koffi, Ettien (2021-04-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cq0PEAAAQBAJ"><i>Relevant Acoustic Phonetics of L2 English: Focus on Intelligibility</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-34009-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-34009-9"><bdi>978-1-000-34009-9</bdi></a>. <q>A substet of consonants, the production of which includes some amount of frication, is assigned the feature [+sibilant]. These consonants are /s, z, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/. Some linguists also refer to them as stridents. The two terms are used interchangeably.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relevant+Acoustic+Phonetics+of+L2+English%3A+Focus+on+Intelligibility&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft.isbn=978-1-000-34009-9&rft.aulast=Koffi&rft.aufirst=Ettien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcq0PEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASibilant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theproaudiofiles.com/vocal-sibilance/">"Tips For Controlling Vocal Sibilance"</a>. <i>Pro Audio Files</i>. 2012-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pro+Audio+Files&rft.atitle=Tips+For+Controlling+Vocal+Sibilance&rft.date=2012-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheproaudiofiles.com%2Fvocal-sibilance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASibilant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright1978-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBright1978_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBright1978">Bright 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalbor1980">Dalbor (1980)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFObaid1973">Obaid (1973)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shosted 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maddieson & Sands (2019). 'The Sounds of the Bantu Languages', in van de Velde et al. (eds) <i>The Bantu Languages</i>, 2nd edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coracoralina.ueg.br/visao_academica/revista/2010_novembro/rev10_2010_dialetos.pdf">Dialects of Brazil: the palatalization of the phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010719/http://www.coracoralina.ueg.br/visao_academica/revista/2010_novembro/rev10_2010_dialetos.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abralin.org/abralin11_cdrom/artigos/Flavio_de_Oliveira.PDF">Análise acústica de sequências de fricativas e africadas por japoneses aprendizes de português brasileiro</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup><i>, Universidade Federal do Paraná, page 1504</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stone, M. & Lundberg, A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speech.umaryland.edu/Publications/Jasa96_Stone_Lundberg.pdf">Three-dimensional tongue surface shapes of English consonants and vowels</a>. <i>Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>, vol. <b>99</b> (6), pp. 3728–3737</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibilant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBright1978" class="citation cs2">Bright, William (1978), "Sibilants and naturalness in aboriginal California", <i>Journal of California Anthropology, Papers in Linguistics</i>, <b>1</b>: 39–63</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+California+Anthropology%2C+Papers+in+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Sibilants+and+naturalness+in+aboriginal+California&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=39-63&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASibilant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalbor1980" class="citation cs2">Dalbor, John B. (1980), "Observations on Present-Day Seseo and Ceceo in Southern Spain", <i>Hispania</i>, <b>63</b> (1), American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese: 5–19, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F340806">10.2307/340806</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/340806">340806</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispania&rft.atitle=Observations+on+Present-Day+Seseo+and+Ceceo+in+Southern+Spain&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-19&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F340806&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F340806%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dalbor&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASibilant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHualde1991" class="citation cs2">Hualde, José Ignacio (1991), <i>Basque phonology</i>, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/340806">340806</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basque+phonology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F340806%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hualde&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Ignacio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASibilant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages" title="The Sounds of the World's Languages"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6"><bdi>0-631-19815-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-19815-6&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASibilant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObaid1973" class="citation cs2">Obaid, Antonio H. (1973), "The Vagaries of the Spanish 'S'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", <i>Hispania</i>, <b>56</b> (1), American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese: 60–67, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F339038">10.2307/339038</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/339038">339038</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispania&rft.atitle=The+Vagaries+of+the+Spanish+%27S%27&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60-67&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F339038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F339038%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Obaid&rft.aufirst=Antonio+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASibilant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Shosted, Ryan K. (2006) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cefala.org/issp2006/cdrom/articles/shosted.pdf">Just put your lips together and blow? The whistled fricatives of Southern Bantu</a>.</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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title="Articulatory phonetics">Articulatory phonetics</a> – <a href="/wiki/Co-articulated_consonant" title="Co-articulated consonant">Co-articulation</a> – <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Place</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguolabial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">Interdental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">Denti-alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">Palato-alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active_place" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active place</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">Apical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">Laminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subapical_consonant" title="Subapical consonant">Subapical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-palatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal/epiglottal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doubly_articulated_consonant" title="Doubly articulated consonant">Double articulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant" title="Labial–coronal consonant">Labial–coronal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93alveolar_consonant" title="Labial–alveolar consonant">Labial–alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93retroflex_consonant" title="Labial–retroflex consonant">Labial–retroflex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93palatal_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial–palatal consonant">Labial–palatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93uvular_consonant" title="Labial–uvular consonant">Labial–uvular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Coronal–velar consonant">Coronal–velar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant" title="Uvular–epiglottal consonant">Uvular–epiglottal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speech_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech pathology">Pathological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velopharyngeal_consonant" title="Velopharyngeal consonant">Velopharyngeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidental_consonant" title="Bidental consonant">Bidental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">Obstruent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sibilant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">Sonorant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrant_consonant" title="Vibrant consonant">Vibrant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occlusive" title="Occlusive">Occlusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">Continuant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">Airstream</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egressive_sound" title="Egressive sound">Egressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingressive_sound" title="Ingressive sound">Ingressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonic-contour_clicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic-contour clicks">Pulmonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejective-contour_clicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective-contour clicks">Ejective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussive consonant">Percussive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_articulation" title="Secondary articulation">Secondary <br />articulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">Labialization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">Rounding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">Palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">Labio-palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvularization" title="Uvularization">Uvularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">Pharyngealization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">Glottalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">Nasalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tongue_shape" title="Tongue shape">Tongue shape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulcalization" title="Sulcalization">Sulcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domed_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Domed consonant">Domed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_onset_time" title="Voice onset time">Voice onset time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Phonation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modal_voice" title="Modal voice">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">Breathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_voice" title="Slack voice">Slack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">Creaky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiff_voice" title="Stiff voice">Stiff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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