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id="main-content" class="al_main" role="main"> <h1 class="page__title title element-invisible" id="page-title">Animal Law Legal Center home page</h1> <article class="node-9326 node node-page node-promoted node-teaser clearfix" about="/site/animal-legal-and-historical-center-website" typeof="foaf:Document"> <header> <h2 class="node__title node-title"><a href="/site/animal-legal-and-historical-center-website">Animal Legal and Historical Center Website</a></h2> <span property="dc:title" content="Animal Legal and Historical Center Website" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span> </header> <section class="al_content_section"> <span class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"> <span class="field-items"> <span class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p> On this site you will find a comprehensive repository of information about animal law, including: over 1200 full text cases (US, historical, and UK), over 1400 US statutes, over 60 topics and comprehensive explanations, legal articles on a variety of animal topics and an international collection. </p></span> </span> </span> </section> <ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/site/animal-legal-and-historical-center-website" rel="tag" title="Animal Legal and Historical Center Website">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Animal Legal and Historical Center Website</span></a></li> </ul> </article> <h3>March News</h3><p><strong><img style="float: left;" src="/sites/default/files/thumb_happy_dog.jpg" alt="" width="90" height="90" /></strong> <strong>Did you know that Vermont banned the sale of cats and dogs at pet stores last year? Did you also know that Virginia banned cat declawing?</strong> These and many other changes to animal-related laws occurred in 2024. While momentum has slowed on states passing substantive animal laws, a number of laws were amended or added. States have begun exploring the legal aspects of veterinary telehealth and others continue to refine their laws on service and assistance animals. Two states (Connecticut and Tennessee) added veterinary reporting and immunity laws. Cruelty laws remain a constantly evolving area of animal legislation as states further define specific mistreatment of animals especially for heinous acts like torture and sexual abuse. Check out the <a href="/topic/2024-statute-update-table" target="_blank">2024 Table of Amendments</a> for more.</p><p><img style="float: left;" src="/sites/default/files/thumb_elephant_chained_0.jpg" alt="" width="90" height="90" />   <strong>Two more states enact laws restricting the use of certain animals in travelling performances and circuses.</strong> In May 2024, Maryland Governor Wes Moore signed <a href="https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Legislation/Details/HB0379?ys=2024RS" target="_blank">SB 547/HB 379</a> into law, which prohibits the use of elephants, big cats, bears, and nonhuman primates in traveling shows and circuses in the state. In August 2024, Massachusetts Gov. Maura Healey signed <a href="https://malegislature.gov/Bills/193/H4915" target="_blank">H 4915</a> into law, prohibiting the use of big cats, bears, elephants, non-human primates, and also giraffes. These states join <a href="/statute/ca-circus-article-5-circus-cruelty-prevention-act" target="_blank">California</a>, <a href="/statute/co-circus-%C2%A7-33-1-126-prohibiting-certain-animals-traveling-animal-act-short-title" target="_blank">Colorado</a>, <a href="/administrative/hi-exotic-wildlife-subchapter-2-non-domestic-animal-introductions#s65" target="_blank">Hawaii</a> (by regulation), <a href="/statute/il-elephant-548-11-unlawful-use-elephant-traveling-animal-act" target="_blank">Illinois</a>, <a href="/administrative/ky-exotic-wildlife-native-wildlife-transportation-and-holding-native-wildlife301-kar#s082" target="_blank">Kentucky</a> (by regulation), <a href="/statute/nj-endangered-chapter-2a-wildlife-generally#s16" target="_blank">New Jersey</a>, and <a href="/statute/ny-exotic-chapter-43-b-consolidated-laws-0#s0540" target="_blank">New York</a> in banning the use of certain animals in traveling acts or circuses. According to <a href="https://www.westernmassnews.com/2024/08/12/new-massachusetts-law-bans-use-animals-traveling-shows/" target="_blank">Western Mass News</a>, the Mass. ban was idling in the state legislature for decades, “but the death of an elephant in 2019 during the fair gave it an extra push.” The Maryland law goes into effect on October 1<sup>st</sup> and the Massachusetts law is effective on January 1, 2025.</p><p><strong><img style="float: left;" src="/sites/default/files/thumb_dog_kitten_0.jpg" alt="" width="90" height="90" /></strong>   <strong>Have you ever heard the term "multispecies family?"</strong> While this term may be new to the U.S., other countries in Latin America like Ecuador, Chile, Peru, Mexico, and Colombia already recognize this legal concept. This expansion of rights has resulted in a shift in how "family" is defined based on the idea of “free development of personality." Relying on the United Nations 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, courts are declaring that everyone has the right to build their lives the way they see fit, so long as it does not harm others, and to have those choices respected. Here, this also includes one’s decision to add and keep animals into their family. There have been multiple landmark cases in Latin American courts that exemplify the courts’ recognition and protection of multispecies families. Learn more about this emerging concept in our new <a href="/intro/multispecies-family-latin-america" target="_blank">Multispecies Family Topic Intro</a>..</p><p><strong><a href="/site/news-archives">News archives</a></strong></p> <h3>Cases</h3><p><strong>D.C. Court overturns conviction for dog left in car on 98-degree day.</strong> <a href="/case/ross-v-united-states" target="_blank"><em>Ross v. United States</em></a>, --- A.3d ----, 2025 WL 561432 (D.C. Feb. 20, 2025). In this D.C. case, the appellate court reversed Niya Ross’s conviction for animal cruelty under D.C. Code §§ 22-1001 and 22-1002, stemming from her leaving her dog, Cinnamon, in a parked car on a 98-degree day for over an hour. The trial court had convicted Ross based on the inference that leaving a dog in a hot car with windows slightly open created a “plain and strong likelihood” of harm. However, the appellate court found the evidence insufficient, as the government failed to present specific proof of the car’s interior temperature or symptoms of heat-related distress in the dog, relying instead on “common knowledge” and general assumptions. The court emphasized that criminal convictions require proof beyond a reasonable doubt, grounded in evidence, not conjecture. The concurring opinion highlighted the ethical and practical considerations of using AI tools in judicial decision-making, while the dissent argued that the trial court’s reliance on common sense and the testimony of an experienced animal control officer sufficiently supported the conviction. Ultimately, the appellate court reversed the conviction and remanded for entry of a judgment of acquittal.</p><p><strong>Washington appellate court holds <em>Ferrier</em> warnings (required warnings before a consensual search) did not apply to outdoor areas in animal cruelty case.</strong> <a href="/case/state-v-mercedes" target="_blank"><em>State v. Mercedes</em></a>, --- P.3d ----, 2025 WL 715789 (Wash. Mar. 6, 2025). State v. Mercedes addresses the constitutionality of a warrantless search under article I, section 7 of the Washington Constitution, which protects against unlawful invasions of privacy. The defendant, Mary Mercedes, challenged the validity of consent given to animal control officers to search her property, where evidence of animal cruelty was discovered. The trial court suppressed the evidence, ruling that Ferrier warnings—requiring officers to inform individuals of their right to refuse, limit, or revoke consent—were necessary. The Court of Appeals reversed, holding that Ferrier warnings apply only to searches of a person’s home, not outdoor property. The Washington Supreme Court affirmed, concluding that the officers’ investigative purpose—responding to animal cruelty complaints and monitoring compliance—did not trigger Ferrier requirements. The court emphasized that Ferrier applies narrowly to warrantless searches of homes for contraband or evidence of a crime, not to outdoor property inspections for regulatory or investigative purposes. The case was remanded to determine whether consent was voluntary under the totality of the circumstances.</p><p><a href="/site/prior-animal-law-cases-month">Case Archives</a></p><h3>Articles</h3><p><a href="/article/examining-veterinary-client-patient-relationship-united-states-why-abolition-person" target="_blank"><em>Examining the Veterinary Client-Patient Relationship in the United States: Why the Abolition of the In-Person Examination Requirement is Warranted</em></a>, Jeffrey P. Feldmann, 56 Suffolk U. L. Rev. 91 (2023).</p><p><a href="/article/derechos-de-los-animales-en-colombia-una-lectura-crítica-en-perspectiva-ambiental" target="_blank"><em>Derechos de los animales en Colombia: una lectura crítica en perspectiva ambiental</em></a><em>,</em> Carlos Lozano, State Law Magazine, 54 (Nov. 2022), 345–380.</p><p><a href="/article/forgotten-victims-war-animals-and-international-law-armed-conflict" target="_blank"><em>Forgotten Victims of War: Animals and the International Law of Armed Conflict</em></a>, Saba Pipia, 28 Animal L. 175 (2022).</p><p><a href="/article/factory-farming-sustainable-food-system-legislative-approach" target="_blank"><em>From Factory Farming to A Sustainable Food System: A Legislative Approach</em></a>, Michelle Johnson-Weider, 32 Geo. Envtl. L. Rev. 685 (2020).</p><p><a href="/article/when-fido-family-how-landlord-imposed-pet-bans-restrict-access-housing" target="_blank"><em>When Fido is Family: How Landlord-Imposed Pet Bans Restrict Access to Housing</em></a>, Kate O'Reilly-Jones, 52 Colum. J.L. & Soc. Probs. 427 (Spring, 2019).</p><p><span> </span></p> </main> <section class="region region-sidebar-first column sidebar"> <div class="al_intro"><h3 class="element-invisible">Site introduction</h3><p><img style="float: left; padding: 0 1em 1em 0;" src="/sites/default/files/Animal%20law23%20yrs%20final.jpg" alt="20th anniversary" width="213" height="112" />In March 2025, the Animal Legal & Historical Center celebrated its 23rd anniversary. Over the years, with the help of many individuals, we've added thousands of files that are accessed across the globe. We believe this site is the largest legal website devoted to animal issues in the world. Unsurprisingly, the website's most sought after materials relate to the many issues that dogs provide our society.</p><p>Our peak usage day (Monday) has well over 9,000 unique visitors. Yet unlike a physical library, we are unable to have casual conversations with our users. So to gain feedback, please share your comments at <a href="mailto:animallaw@law.msu.edu">animallaw@law.msu.edu</a>. Tell us about your use of the site. What could we add to the site? How could the site be easier to use? Any and all thoughts and comments are welcome. Since Michigan State University College of Law is very generous with its financial support of this site, your feedback helps ensure this site's growth and presence for years to come. Thank you!</p><div class="al_tutorial-buttons"><ul><li><a href="/site/first-time-user-tutorial">First-time users</a></li><li><a href="/site/attorney-researcher-tutorial">Attorneys/Researchers</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="al_staff"><div><h3>Editorial staff</h3><ul><li>Professor David Favre <em>Editor-in-Chief</em></li><li>Rebecca Wisch <em>Associate Editor </em></li><li>Angie Vega <em>Latin America Editor<br /></em></li><li>Alice Collinson <em>Contributing Editor, UK Materials</em></li></ul></div></div> <p> </p><div class="al_feature-box"><h3>Topical Introductions (2021 - 2024)</h3><div><a href="/intro/legal-challenges-farm-animal-welfare-laws" target="_blank">Legal Challenges to Farm Animal Welfare Laws</a>, Alexis Andrews (2023)</div><div><a href="/intro/non-therapeutic-procedures-companion-animals" target="_blank">Non-Therapeutic Procedures for Companion Animals</a>, Asia Siev (2022)</div><div><a href="/intro/welfare-concerns-fish-farms-0#overlay-context=intro/non-therapeutic-procedures-companion-animals" target="_blank">Welfare Concerns of Fish Farms</a>, Bradley Varner (2022)</div><div>Updated Topic: <a href="/intro/petcompanion-animal-damages" target="_blank">Pet Damages</a>, Angie Vega (2022)</div><div><a href="/intro/cross-reporting-laws-child-abuse-and-animal-abuse" target="_blank">Cross-Reporting Laws for Child Abuse and Animal Abuse</a>, Tarun Bishop (2021)</div></div> <p> </p><div class="al_feature-box"><div><a href="/policy/world-law"><button class="msu-button" type="button">World Law</button></a>  <a href="/site/frequently-asked-questions-faqs"><button class="msu-button" type="button">FAQs</button></a></div></div> <p> </p><div class="al_feature-box"><div><h3>Upcoming Legal Conferences & Contests</h3><p>The Center for Animals and Public Policy at Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University is holding an M.S. in Animals and Public Policy (MAPP) Online Information Session with Dr. Allen Rutberg (Director), Wednesday, March 19, 2025, 3pm-4pm (ET). Free to attend. Register in advance for this meeting: <a href="https://vet.admissions.tufts.edu/portal/masters_infosessions?id=7b518147-3ae1-43dc-9e81-68869fe8a792" target="_blank">https://vet.admissions.tufts.edu/portal/masters_infosessions?id=7b518147-3ae1-43dc-9e81-68869fe8a792</a><br /><br />The Center for Animals and Public Policy at Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University Animal Matters Seminars:</p><ul><li>India’s Elephants- Wildlife SOS’s Approach to Welfare and Conservation, Monday, March 31, 2025, at 12 PM – 12:50 PM (ET) on Zoom and in person. Speaker: Kartick Satyanarayan, Wildlife SOS co-founder. Event link with more details coming soon!</li><li>Working Dogs and One Health, Wednesday, April 2, 2025, at 12 PM – 12:50 PM (ET) on Zoom and in person. Speaker: Meera Gatlin, D.V.M., M.P.H., Assistant Teaching Professor, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine. Event link with more details coming soon!</li></ul><p>33rd annual Animal Law Conference, 10/17/25 – 10/19/25, Animal Legal Defense Fund, Center for Animal Law Studies at Lewis & Clark Law School, h<a href="ttps://www.animallawconference.org/" target="_blank">ttps://www.animallawconference.org/</a></div></div> <p> </p><div class="al_feature-box"><h3><a href="/policy/animal-law-latin-america" target="_blank">Announcements</a></h3><div><a href="/policy/news-around-world-provided-icfap-january-2025">News from around the world</a>, provided by the International Coalition for Animal Protection (ICFAP). The ICFAP was founded on the One Health principle that advancing the well-being of animals is critical not just for the animals but also for humans and our shared environment.</div><div>Introducing our latest collection: <a href="https://www.animallaw.info/policy/animal-law-latin-america" target="_blank">Animal Law in Latin America</a>! Dive into the most important legal materials capturing the state of animal law in this region, but particularly in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru.</div></div> <p> </p><div class="al_feature-box"><h3>Animal and Natural Resource Law Review</h3><div><ul><li><a href="/policy/index-journal-animal-and-natural-resource-law">Index of published volumes</a></li><li><a href="http://msujanrl.org/about-us" target="_blank">Information about and article submission</a></li><li><a href="/policy/animal-natural-resource-law-review-volume-xix" target="_blank">Most recent volume</a></li><li><a href="/policy/journals-available-us-and-world">Other journals from the U.S. and around the world</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="al_feature-box"><h3>Newly Added Books in Animal Law</h3><div><p>Olivier Le Bot, <a href="/policy/constitutional-animal-law" target="_blank"><em>Constitutional Animal Law</em></a> (2023).</p><p>David S. Favre, <a href="/policy/future-animal-law"><em>The Future of Animal Law</em></a>, Edward Elgar Publishing (2021).</p><p>Edna Cardozo Dias, <a href="/policy/legal-guardianship-animals"><em>The Legal Guardianship of Animals</em></a> (2019) and <a href="/policy/sos-animal"><em>S.O.S Animal</em></a> (1996).</p><p>Marita Giménez-Candela, <a href="/policy/animal-transition-spain">Transición animal en España (Animal Transition in Spain),</a> Tirant lo Blanch (Valencia) in collaboration with ICALP-UAB (2019).</p><p>Hayden M. Wetzel, <em><a href="/policy/mangy-curs-and-stoned-horses-animal-control-district-columbia-beginnings-about-1940">Mangy Curs and Stoned Horses: Animal control in the District of Columbia from the beginnings to about 1940</a></em> (2019).</p><p><span>David S. Favre, <a href="/policy/respecting-animals-balanced-approach-our-relationship-pets-food-and-wildlife"><em>Respecting Animals: A Balanced Approach to Our Relationship with Pets, Food, and Wildlife</em></a>, Prometheus Books (2018).</span><p>More books <a href="/site/new-books">available here</a>.</p></div></div> <div class="al_feature-box"><h3>Podcasts</h3><div><p><p>Check out links to podcasts featuring interviews with experts in animal law.</p><p>Law, Ethics & Animals Program at Yale Law School's event, <strong>"Convention on Animal Protection: A Global Treaty for Animal Welfare, Public Health & The Environment,"</strong> with Daina Bray, Nigel Blackaby, David Favre, Rajesh Reddy, and Joan Schaffner, available at <a href="https://youtu.be/JN8TTCNXO58" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/JN8TTCNXO58</a>.</p><p><strong>Are pets the new kids? ANIMALISTIC, April 25, 2021:</strong> <a href="https://anchor.fm/animalisticpod/episodes/Are-pets-the-new-kids-evnglp" target="_blank">https://anchor.fm/animalisticpod/episodes/Are-pets-the-new-kids-evnglp</a></p><p><strong>Animal Rights Law: For or Against, The Cambridge Centre for Animal Rights Law, interview with Professor David Favre and other animal law experts:</strong> <a href="https://animalrightslaw.org/animal-rights-interviews" target="_blank">https://animalrightslaw.org/animal-rights-interviews</a></p></div></div> <div class="al_feature-box"><h3>Amazing but True Animal Laws</h3><div><p><p>There is a centuries-old proverb that March will come in a like a lion and go out like a lamb. While it is believed that phrase is more related to astronomy than weather, it usually holds true for both. You might be surprised that lions appear in some state laws. In <a href="/statute/ar-exotic-pets-large-carnivores-subchapter-5-ownership-and-possession-large-carnivores" target="_blank">Arkansas</a>, it is unlawful for a person to own, possess, breed, or transfer ownership of a large carnivore which includes lions. In <a href="/statute/mt-exotic-pets-chapter-4-commercial-activities" target="_blank">Montana</a>, a person can pay a whopping $25 per year to obtain a "wild animal menagerie" permit to possess up to 10 lions for non-exhibition purposes. Finally, for the lamb side of March, a person whose lambs were killed, wounded, or even "worried" can receive compensation from either the dog's owner or the county commission in <a href="/statute/wv-dogs-consolidated-dog-laws#s19_20_14" target="_blank">West Virginia</a>.</p><p>For more information on these interesting laws, be sure to check back monthly.</p></div></div> <div class="al_feature-box"> <h3>Become a Fan on Facebook!</h3> <div> <p><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Animal-Legal-Historical-Center/253204748780" target="_TOP"><img style="border: 0px;" src="https://badge.facebook.com/badge/253204748780.4097.871487098.png" alt="" width="100" height="60" /> </a> </div> </div> <h2 class="block__title block-title">Frequently asked questions</h2> <ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-leaf first leaf"><a href="https://www.animallaw.info/article/faq-buying-sick-dog-california" title="" class="menu__link">What can I do if a breeder sold me a sick puppy?</a></li> <li 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