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<button aria-controls="toc-Origin_and_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origin and history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Botanical_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Botanical_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Botanical origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Botanical_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_tea_drinking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_tea_drinking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early tea drinking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_tea_drinking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide_spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide_spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Worldwide spread</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldwide_spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chemical composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation_and_harvesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation_and_harvesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultivation and harvesting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation_and_harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processing_and_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing_and_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Processing and classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processing_and_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blending_and_additives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blending_and_additives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Blending and additives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blending_and_additives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Packaging</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Packaging-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Packaging subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Packaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tea_bags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tea_bags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Tea bags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tea_bags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loose_tea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loose_tea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Loose tea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loose_tea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compressed_tea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compressed_tea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Compressed tea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compressed_tea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instant_tea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instant_tea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Instant tea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instant_tea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bottled_and_canned_tea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bottled_and_canned_tea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Bottled and canned tea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bottled_and_canned_tea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tea_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tea_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tea culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tea_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Producers_and_consumers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producers_and_consumers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Producers and consumers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Producers_and_consumers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Certification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Certification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fraud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fraud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Fraud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fraud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Labour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tea</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 208 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-208" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">208 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8" title="Tè – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Tè" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee" title="Tee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee" title="Tee – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tee" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%BB%E1%8B%AD" title="ሻይ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሻይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="चाय – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चाय" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93" title="Tē – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tē" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="شاي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شاي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9" title="Té – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Té" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A7%D5%B5" title="Թէյ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թէյ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceai" title="Ceai – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ceai" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="চাহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চাহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9" title="Té – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Té" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipicapo" title="Nipicapo – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Nipicapo" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="चाह – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="चाह" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ygua" title="Ygua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ygua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulu" title="Pulu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Pulu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ay_(i%C3%A7ki)" title="Çay (içki) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çay (içki)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9h" title="Téh – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Téh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE" title="চা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AA" title="Tê – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tê" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%B9" title="Сәй – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәй" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Чай – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Гарбата – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гарбата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="चाय – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चाय" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsa" title="Tsa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tsa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Чай – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Tää – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tää" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%87%E0%BC%8D" title="ཇ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཇ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Caj" title="Čaj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čaj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te" title="Te – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Te" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Сай – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сай" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te" title="Te – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Te" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Чей – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чей" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Caj" title="Čaj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čaj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svutugadzike" title="Svutugadzike – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Svutugadzike" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te" title="Te – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Te" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te" title="Te – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Te" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A_(%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8)" title="أتاي (مشروب) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أتاي (مشروب)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee" title="Tee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8" title="ސައި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސައި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCil_ahw%C3%A9%C3%A9h" title="Chʼil ahwééh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼil ahwééh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="चिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%87" title="ཇ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཇ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee_(jook)" title="Tee (jook) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tee (jook)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%B9" title="Τσάι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσάι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9" title="Té – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Té" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teo" title="Teo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten" title="Ten – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ten" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_(edaria)" title="Te (edaria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Te (edaria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="چای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha" title="Cha – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Cha" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te" title="Te – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Te" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9" title="Thé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te" title="Te – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Te" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tae" title="Tae – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tae" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AC" title="Tì – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tì" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9" title="Té – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Té" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8C%B6" title="茶 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="茶" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%8A" title="چأيي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="چأيي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE" title="ચા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐍄𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐍄𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%A0" title="Chhà – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhà" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8_(%EC%9D%8C%EB%A3%8C)" title="차 (음료) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차 (음료)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shayi" title="Shayi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Shayi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B5" title="Թեյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թեյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="चाय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चाय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Caj" title="Čaj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čaj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teo" title="Teo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Teo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsa" title="Tsa – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tsa" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teh" title="Teh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/The" title="The – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="The" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9" title="Té – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Té" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%82%E1%90%85%E1%96%85%E1%91%B2%E1%96%85/%E1%91%8F%E1%95%90%E1%93%97" title="ᓂᐅᖅᑲᖅ/ᑏᕐᓗ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓂᐅᖅᑲᖅ/ᑏᕐᓗ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saiyu" title="Saiyu – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Saiyu" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Цай – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цай" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itiye" title="Itiye – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Itiye" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te" title="Te – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Te" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8" title="Tè – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tè" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%94" title="תה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8h" title="Tèh – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tèh" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tii" title="Tii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE" title="ಚಹಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಹಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Чай – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Чай" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%98" title="ჩაი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩაი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%92" title="چاے – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="چاے" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Шай – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te" title="Te – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Te" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icyayi_cy%27icyatsi" title="Icyayi cy'icyatsi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Icyayi cy'icyatsi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chai" title="Chai – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chai" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9" title="Té – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Té" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ay_(vexwarin)" title="Çay (vexwarin) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çay (vexwarin)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Чай – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чай" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chai" title="Chai – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Chai" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8F%D0%B9" title="Чяй – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Чяй" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2" title="ຊາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thea" title="Thea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93ja" title="Tēja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tēja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9i" title="Téi – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Téi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Чай – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чай" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbata" title="Arbata – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arbata" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesi" title="Tesi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Tesi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8" title="Tè – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tè" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie%C3%AB" title="Tieë – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tieë" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te" title="Te – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Te" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cuaju" title="Čuaju – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Čuaju" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tcati" title="tcati – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tcati" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8" title="Tè – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tè" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_(ital)" title="Tea (ital) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tea (ital)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="चाय – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चाय" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Чај – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чај" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dite_(zava-pisotro)" title="Dite (zava-pisotro) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Dite (zava-pisotro)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF" title="ചായ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചായ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="चहा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चहा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%98" title="ჩაი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩაი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%89" title="شاى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شاى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="چائی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چائی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teh" title="Teh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Teh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5_(%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A4)" title="ꯆꯥ (ꯃꯍꯤ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯥ (ꯃꯍꯤ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teh" title="Teh – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Teh" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A0" title="Dà – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dà" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A1" title="Xá – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Xá" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Цай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="လက်ဖက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လက်ဖက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thee_(drank)" title="Thee (drank) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thee (drank)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee_(draank)" title="Tee (draank) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tee (draank)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="चिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8C%B6" title="茶 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="茶" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Чай – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чай" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee" title="Tee – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tee" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te" title="Te – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Te" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te" title="Te – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Te" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9e" title="Thée – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Thée" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8" title="Tè – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tè" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Чай – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Чай" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BE%E2%80%99" title="ଚା’ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚା’" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choy" title="Choy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Choy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9" title="ਚਾਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee" title="Tee – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Tee" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%81" title="چاہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چاہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="چای – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چای" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tii" title="Tii – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Tii" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%82" title="តែ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តែ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti" title="Ti – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ti" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee" title="Tee – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tee" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbata" title="Herbata – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Herbata" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1" title="Chá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee" title="Tee – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Tee" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceai" title="Ceai – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ceai" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiy" title="Tiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Чай – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чай" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Чай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Чэй – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чэй" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ucya" title="ucya – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="ucya" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="चायम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चायम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱪᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea" title="Tea – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87aji" title="Çaji – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çaji" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8" title="Tè – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tè" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9A" title="තේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea" title="Tea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%DB%81" title="چانهہ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چانهہ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Caj" title="Čaj – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Caj" title="Čaj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyj" title="Tyj – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tyj" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaax" title="Shaax – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shaax" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7" title="چا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te" title="Te – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Te" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Чај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Caj" title="Čaj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čaj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent%C3%A9h" title="Entéh – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Entéh" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee" title="Tee – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tee" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te" title="Te – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Te" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaa" title="Tsaa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tsaa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="தேநீர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேநீர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atay" title="Atay – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Atay" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%99%D0%B9" title="Чәй – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чәй" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%81%BC%E1%80%B5%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="ၼမ်ႉၼဵင်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၼမ်ႉၼဵင်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81" title="తేనీరు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తేనీరు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2" title="ชา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Чой – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чой" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B6%E1%8E%AC" title="ᎤᎦᎶᎬ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎦᎶᎬ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9hpots%C3%A9hohpe" title="Véhpotséhohpe – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Véhpotséhohpe" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ay_(i%C3%A7ecek)" title="Çay (içecek) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çay (içecek)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87a%C3%BD" title="Çaý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Çaý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Шай – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Шай" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Чай – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чай" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92" title="چائے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چائے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="چاي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چاي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caz" title="Caz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Caz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8" title="Tè – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tè" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cai" title="Čai – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čai" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A0" title="Trà – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trà" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tii" title="Tii – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tii" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9_(aboere_do_tey%C3%AE)" title="Té (aboere do teyî) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Té (aboere do teyî)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8C%B6" title="茶 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="茶" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminte" title="Seminte – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Seminte" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8C%B6" title="茶 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="茶" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99" title="טיי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טיי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8C%B6" title="茶 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="茶" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ay" title="Çay – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çay" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thee" title="Thee – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Brewed drink made from tea leaves</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the beverage made from Camellia sinensis. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tea (disambiguation)">Tea (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn ingredient">Tea</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Longjing_tea_steeping_in_gaiwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Longjing_tea_steeping_in_gaiwan.jpg/220px-Longjing_tea_steeping_in_gaiwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Longjing_tea_steeping_in_gaiwan.jpg/330px-Longjing_tea_steeping_in_gaiwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Longjing_tea_steeping_in_gaiwan.jpg/440px-Longjing_tea_steeping_in_gaiwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Longjing_tea" title="Longjing tea">Longjing</a> <a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">green tea</a> being infused in a <i><a href="/wiki/Gaiwan" title="Gaiwan">gaiwan</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Hot or cold beverage</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Country of origin </span></th><td class="infobox-data">China<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">First recorded in China in 59 BC, possibly originated earlier<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200929–30_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200929–30-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tea</b> is an aromatic <a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">beverage</a> prepared by pouring hot or <a href="/wiki/Boiling_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling water">boiling water</a> over <a href="/wiki/Curing_(vegetable_preservation)" title="Curing (vegetable preservation)">cured</a> or fresh leaves of <i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_sinensis" title="Camellia sinensis">Camellia sinensis</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrub</a> native to <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> which probably originated in the borderlands of <a href="/wiki/Southwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest China">southwestern China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Myanmar" title="Geography of Myanmar">northern Myanmar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yamamoto_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamamoto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeissHeiss20076–7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeissHeiss20076–7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tea is also made, but rarely, from the leaves of <i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_taliensis" title="Camellia taliensis">Camellia taliensis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After plain water, tea is the most widely consumed drink in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Macfarlane_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macfarlane-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many different types of tea; some have a cooling, slightly bitter, and <a href="/wiki/Astringent" title="Astringent">astringent</a> flavour,<sup id="cite_ref-ody_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ody-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others have profiles that include sweet, nutty, floral, or grassy <a href="/wiki/Note_(perfumery)" title="Note (perfumery)">notes</a>. Tea has a <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulating</a> effect in humans, primarily due to its <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> content.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early credible record of tea drinking dates to the third century AD, in a medical text written by Chinese physician <a href="/wiki/Hua_Tuo" title="Hua Tuo">Hua Tuo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was popularised as a recreational drink during the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, and tea drinking subsequently spread to other East Asian countries. <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions#The_arrival_of_Jesuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Portuguese priests</a> and merchants introduced it to Europe during the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-caff_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caff-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 17th century, drinking tea became fashionable among the <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a>, who started to plant tea on a large scale in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>. </p><p>The term <a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">herbal tea</a> refers to drinks not made from <i>Camellia sinensis</i>. They are the infusions of fruit, leaves, or <a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">other plant parts</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Steeping" title="Steeping">steeps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rose_hip" title="Rose hip">rosehip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamomile" title="Chamomile">chamomile</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rooibos" title="Rooibos">rooibos</a>. These may be called <i>tisanes</i> or <i>herbal infusions</i> to prevent confusion with tea made from the tea plant. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_tea" title="Etymology of tea">Etymology of tea</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of the various words for <i>tea</i> reflects the history of transmission of tea drinking culture and trade from China to countries around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009262–264_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009262–264-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly all of the words for tea worldwide fall into three broad groups: <i>te</i>, <i>cha</i> and <i>chai</i>, present in English as <i>tea</i>, <i>cha</i> or <i>char</i>, and <i>chai</i>. The earliest of the three to enter English is <i>cha</i>, which came in the 1590s via the Portuguese, who traded in <a href="/wiki/Macao" class="mw-redirect" title="Macao">Macao</a> and picked up the <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> pronunciation of the word.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009262_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009262-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more common <i>tea</i> form arrived in the 17th century via the Dutch, who acquired it either indirectly from the Malay <i>teh</i>, or directly from the <i>tê</i> pronunciation in <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third form <i>chai</i> (meaning "spiced tea") originated from a northern Chinese pronunciation of <i>cha</i>, which travelled overland to Central Asia and <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> where it picked up a Persian ending <i>yi</i>. The Chinese word for tea itself was likely ultimately derived from the non-Sinitic languages of the botanical homeland of the tea plant in southwest China (or <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>), possibly from an archaic <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austro-Asiatic</a> root word *<i>la</i>, meaning "leaf".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009266_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009266-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_history">Origin and history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_tea" title="History of tea">History of tea</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_tea_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of tea in China">History of tea in China</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Botanical_origin">Botanical origin</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camellia_sinensis_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-025.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Camellia_sinensis_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-025.jpg/220px-Camellia_sinensis_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-025.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Camellia_sinensis_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-025.jpg/330px-Camellia_sinensis_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Camellia_sinensis_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-025.jpg/440px-Camellia_sinensis_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1725" /></a><figcaption>Tea plant (<i>Camellia sinensis</i>) from <i><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6hler%27s_Medicinal_Plants" title="Köhler's Medicinal Plants">Köhler's Medicinal Plants</a></i>, 1897</figcaption></figure> <p>Tea plants are native to East Asia and the probable center of origin of tea is near the source of the <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_River" title="Irrawaddy River">Irrawaddy River</a> from where it spread out fan-wise into southeast China, Indo-China and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>. Thus, the natural home of the tea plant is considered to be within the comparatively small fan-shaped area between <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a> frontier in the west, through <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> as far as the <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang Province</a> in the east, and from this line generally south through the hills to Burma and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. The west–east axis indicated above is about 2,400 km long extending from longitude 95°-120°E. The north–south axis covers about 1,920 km, starting from the northern part of Burma, latitude 29°N passing through <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tongkin</a>, Thailand, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and on to Annan, reaching latitude 11°N.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese (small-leaf) type tea (<i>C. sinensis</i> var. <i>sinensis</i>) may have originated in southern China possibly with hybridization of unknown wild tea relatives. However, since there are no known wild populations of this tea, its origin is speculative.<sup id="cite_ref-Meegahakumbura_1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meegahakumbura_1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meegahakumbura_2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meegahakumbura_2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given their genetic differences forming distinct <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a>, Chinese Assam-type tea (<i>C. sinensis</i> var. <i>assamica</i>) may have two different parentages – one being found in southern <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Xishuangbanna">Xishuangbanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_City" title="Pu'er City">Pu'er City</a>) and the other in western Yunnan (<a href="/wiki/Lincang" title="Lincang">Lincang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baoshan,_Yunnan" title="Baoshan, Yunnan">Baoshan</a>). Many types of Southern Yunnan Assam tea have been hybridized with the closely related species <i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_taliensis" title="Camellia taliensis">Camellia taliensis</a></i>. Unlike Southern Yunnan Assam tea, Western Yunnan Assam tea shares many genetic similarities with Indian Assam-type tea (also <i>C. sinensis</i> var. <i>assamica</i>). Thus, Western Yunnan Assam tea and Indian Assam tea both may have originated from the same parent plant in the area where southwestern China, Indo-Burma, and Tibet meet. However, as the Indian Assam tea shares no <a href="/wiki/Haplotype" title="Haplotype">haplotypes</a> with Western Yunnan Assam tea, Indian Assam tea is likely to have originated from an independent domestication. Some Indian Assam tea appears to have hybridized with the species <i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_pubicosta" title="Camellia pubicosta">Camellia pubicosta</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meegahakumbura_1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meegahakumbura_1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meegahakumbura_2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meegahakumbura_2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assuming a generation of 12 years, Chinese small-leaf tea is estimated to have diverged from Assam tea around 22,000 years ago, while Chinese Assam tea and Indian Assam tea diverged 2,800 years ago. The divergence of Chinese small-leaf tea and Assam tea would correspond to the last <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">glacial maximum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meegahakumbura_1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meegahakumbura_1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meegahakumbura_2_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meegahakumbura_2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_tea_drinking">Early tea drinking</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinno_(Shennong)_derivative.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shinno_%28Shennong%29_derivative.jpg/170px-Shinno_%28Shennong%29_derivative.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shinno_%28Shennong%29_derivative.jpg/255px-Shinno_%28Shennong%29_derivative.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shinno_%28Shennong%29_derivative.jpg/340px-Shinno_%28Shennong%29_derivative.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="2226" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century Japanese painting depicting <a href="/wiki/Shennong" title="Shennong">Shennong</a>: Chinese legends credit Shennong with the invention of tea.<sup id="cite_ref-laura2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laura2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>People in ancient East Asia ate tea for centuries, perhaps even <a href="/wiki/Millennia" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennia">millennia</a>, before ever consuming it as a beverage. They would nibble on the leaves raw, add them to <a href="/wiki/Soups" class="mw-redirect" title="Soups">soups</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">greens</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ferment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferment">ferment</a> them and chew them as <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a> is chewed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Tea drinking may have begun in the region of <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, where it was used for medicinal purposes. It is believed that in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, "people began to boil tea leaves for consumption into a concentrated liquid without the addition of other leaves or herbs, thereby using tea as a bitter yet stimulating drink, rather than as a medicinal concoction."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeissHeiss20076–7_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeissHeiss20076–7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese legends attribute the invention of tea to the mythical <a href="/wiki/Shennong" title="Shennong">Shennong</a> (in central and northern China) in 2737 BC, although evidence suggests that tea drinking may have been introduced from the southwest of China (Sichuan/Yunnan area).<sup id="cite_ref-laura2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laura2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest written records of tea come from China. The word <i>tú</i> <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8D%BC#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:荼">荼</a></span> appears in the <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Shijing</a></i> and other ancient texts to signify a kind of "bitter vegetable" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苦菜</span></span>), and it is possible that it referred to many different plants such as <a href="/wiki/Sow_thistle" title="Sow thistle">sow thistle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicory" title="Chicory">chicory</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Polygonum" title="Polygonum">smartweed</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn201522_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn201522-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as tea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009264–65_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009264–65-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_of_Huayang" title="Chronicles of Huayang">Chronicles of Huayang</a></i>, it was recorded that the <a href="/wiki/Ba_(state)" title="Ba (state)">Ba</a> people in Sichuan presented <i>tu</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> king. The <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> later conquered the state of <a href="/wiki/Ba_(state)" title="Ba (state)">Ba</a> and its neighbour <a href="/wiki/Shu_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shu (state)">Shu</a>, and according to the 17th century scholar <a href="/wiki/Gu_Yanwu" title="Gu Yanwu">Gu Yanwu</a> who wrote in <i>Ri Zhi Lu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">日知錄</span></span>): "It was after the Qin had taken Shu that they learned how to drink tea."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200929–30_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200929–30-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another possible early reference to tea is found in a letter written by the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> general Liu Kun who requested that some "real tea" to be sent to him.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known physical evidence<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of tea was discovered in 2016 in the mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Han" title="Emperor Jing of Han">Emperor Jing of Han</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, indicating that tea from the genus <i>Camellia</i> was drunk by <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> emperors as early as the second century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Han dynasty work "The Contract for a Youth", written by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Bao" title="Wang Bao">Wang Bao</a> in 59 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contains the first known reference to boiling tea. Among the tasks listed to be undertaken by the youth, the contract states that "he shall boil tea and fill the utensils" and "he shall buy tea at Wuyang".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200929–30_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200929–30-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first record of tea cultivation is dated to this period, during which tea was cultivated on Meng Mountain (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蒙山</span></span>) near <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200930–31_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200930–31-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early credible record of tea drinking dates to the 3rd century AD, in a medical text by the Chinese physician <a href="/wiki/Hua_Tuo" title="Hua Tuo">Hua Tuo</a>, who stated, "to drink bitter t'u constantly makes one think better."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, before the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, tea-drinking was primarily a southern Chinese practice centered in <a href="/wiki/Jiankang" title="Jiankang">Jiankang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn201542_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn201542-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tea was disdained by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern dynasties</a> aristocrats, who describe it as inferior to yogurt.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became widely popular during the Tang dynasty, when it spread to Korea, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and Vietnam. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Classic_of_Tea" title="The Classic of Tea">The Classic of Tea</a></i>, a treatise on tea and its preparations, was written by the 8th century Chinese writer, <a href="/wiki/Lu_Yu" title="Lu Yu">Lu Yu</a>. He was known to have influenced tea drinking on a large part in China.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developments">Developments</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tea_with_ingredients.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tea_with_ingredients.jpg/220px-Tea_with_ingredients.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tea_with_ingredients.jpg/330px-Tea_with_ingredients.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tea_with_ingredients.jpg/440px-Tea_with_ingredients.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2020" /></a><figcaption>Tea with ingredients, China</figcaption></figure> <p>Through the centuries, a variety of techniques for processing tea, and a number of different forms of tea, were developed. During the Tang dynasty, tea was steamed, then pounded and shaped into cake form,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200939–41_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200939–41-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, loose-leaf tea was developed and became popular. During the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> dynasties, unoxidized tea leaves were first stirred in a hot dry pan, then rolled and air-dried, a process that stops the <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidation</a> process that would have turned the leaves dark, thereby allowing tea to remain green. In the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Oolong" title="Oolong">oolong</a> tea, in which the leaves are allowed to partially oxidize before being heated in the pan, was developed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn201542_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn201542-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western tastes, however, favoured the fully oxidized <a href="/wiki/Black_tea" title="Black tea">black tea</a>, and the leaves were allowed to oxidize further. <a href="/wiki/Yellow_tea" title="Yellow tea">Yellow tea</a> was an accidental discovery in the production of green tea during the Ming dynasty, when apparently careless practices allowed the leaves to turn yellow, which yielded a different flavour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009118_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009118-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worldwide_spread">Worldwide spread</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_tea" title="Arabic tea">Arabic tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_tea" title="Korean tea">Korean tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea_in_Australia" title="Tea in Australia">Tea in Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tea_in_France" title="Tea in France">Tea in France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorskii_03992u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gorskii_03992u.jpg/220px-Gorskii_03992u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gorskii_03992u.jpg/330px-Gorskii_03992u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gorskii_03992u.jpg/440px-Gorskii_03992u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3349" data-file-height="2939" /></a><figcaption>Tea-weighing station north of <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, before 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>Tea was first introduced to Western priests and merchants in China during the 16th century, at which time it was termed <i>chá</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-caff_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caff-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest European reference to tea, written as <i>chiai</i>, came from <i>Delle navigationi e viaggi</i> written by Venetian <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Ramusio" title="Giovanni Battista Ramusio">Giambattista Ramusio</a> in 1545.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009165_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009165-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first recorded shipment of tea by a European nation was in 1607 when the Dutch East India Company moved a cargo of tea from <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macao</a> to Java, then two years later, the Dutch bought the first assignment of tea which was from <a href="/wiki/Hirado,_Nagasaki" title="Hirado, Nagasaki">Hirado</a> in Japan to be shipped to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009106_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009106-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tea became a fashionable drink in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> in the Netherlands, and the Dutch introduced the drink to <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and across the Atlantic to <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> (New York).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009169_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009169-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1567, Russian people came in contact with tea when the <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack</a> <a href="/wiki/Ataman" title="Ataman">Atamans</a> Petrov and Yalyshev visited China.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongolian Khan donated to <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Russia" title="Michael of Russia">Michael I</a> four <a href="/wiki/Pood" title="Pood">poods</a> (65–70 kg) of tea in 1638.<sup id="cite_ref-T_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Curtin" title="Jeremiah Curtin">Jeremiah Curtin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was possibly in 1636<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Vassili Starkov was sent as envoy to the <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan_of_the_Khalkha" title="Altan Khan of the Khalkha">Altyn Khan</a>. He was given 250 pounds of tea as a gift to the tsar. Starkov at first refused, seeing no use for a load of dead leaves, but the Khan insisted. Thus was tea introduced to Russia. In 1679, Russia concluded a treaty on regular tea supplies from China via <a href="/wiki/Camel_train" title="Camel train">camel caravan</a> in exchange for furs. It is today considered the <i>de facto</i> national beverage. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:This_print_of_the_Raymond_Hugh_Mckay_Commander._The_first_vessel_direct_from_China_to_Hull_is_published_commemorative_of_her_arrival_on_the_14th_October_1843_RMG_PW7733.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/This_print_of_the_Raymond_Hugh_Mckay_Commander._The_first_vessel_direct_from_China_to_Hull_is_published_commemorative_of_her_arrival_on_the_14th_October_1843_RMG_PW7733.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/This_print_of_the_Raymond_Hugh_Mckay_Commander._The_first_vessel_direct_from_China_to_Hull_is_published_commemorative_of_her_arrival_on_the_14th_October_1843_RMG_PW7733.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/This_print_of_the_Raymond_Hugh_Mckay_Commander._The_first_vessel_direct_from_China_to_Hull_is_published_commemorative_of_her_arrival_on_the_14th_October_1843_RMG_PW7733.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Raymond</i>, Hugh Mckay Commander. The first vessel direct from China to <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a> on her arrival on 14 October 1843 with a cargo of tea.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first record of tea in English came from a letter written by Richard Wickham, who ran an <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> office in Japan, writing to a merchant in Macao requesting "the best sort of chaw" in 1615. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mundy" title="Peter Mundy">Peter Mundy</a>, a traveller and merchant who came across tea in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> in 1637, wrote, "<i>chaa</i> – only water with a kind of herb boyled in it".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tea was sold in a coffee house in London in 1657, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> tasted tea in 1660, and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a> took the tea-drinking habit to the English court when she married <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> in 1662. Tea, however, was not widely consumed in the British Isles until the 18th century and remained expensive until the latter part of that period. English drinkers preferred to add sugar and milk to black tea, and black tea overtook green tea in popularity in the 1720s.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tea smuggling during the 18th century led to the general public being able to afford and consume tea. The British government removed the tax on tea, thereby eliminating the smuggling trade, by 1785.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain and Ireland, tea was initially consumed as a luxury item on special occasions, such as religious festivals, wakes, and domestic work gatherings. The price of tea in Europe fell steadily during the 19th century, especially after Indian tea began to arrive in large quantities; by the late 19th century tea had become an everyday beverage for all levels of society.<sup id="cite_ref-Lysaght_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lysaght-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of tea played a role in historical events – the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea Act</a> of 1773 provoked the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> that escalated into the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. The need to address the issue of British trade deficit because of the trade in tea resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Opium_Wars" title="Opium Wars">Opium Wars</a>. The Qing <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> had banned foreign products from being sold in China, decreeing in 1685 that all goods bought from China must be paid for in silver coin or bullion.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traders from other nations then sought to find another product, in this case opium, to sell to China to earn back the silver they were required to pay for tea and other commodities. The subsequent attempts by the Chinese Government to curtail the trade in opium led to war.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MapTea-1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="World map of tea exporters and importers, 1907" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/MapTea-1907.jpg/220px-MapTea-1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/MapTea-1907.jpg/330px-MapTea-1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/MapTea-1907.jpg/440px-MapTea-1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8668" data-file-height="7293" /></a><figcaption>World map of tea exporters and importers, 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>Chinese small-leaf-type tea was introduced into India in 1836 by the British in an attempt to break the Chinese monopoly on tea.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1841, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_(doctor)" title="Archibald Campbell (doctor)">Archibald Campbell</a> brought seeds of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea" title="Chinese tea">Chinese tea</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon Kingdom">Kumaun</a> region and experimented with planting tea in <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a>. The Alubari <a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">tea garden</a> was opened in 1856, and <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a> began to be produced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009214_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009214-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1848, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fortune" title="Robert Fortune">Robert Fortune</a> was sent by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> on a mission to China to bring the tea plant back to Great Britain. He began his journey in high secrecy as his mission occurred in the lull between the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese tea plants he brought back were introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, though most did not survive. The British had discovered that a different variety of tea was endemic to <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> and the northeast region of India, which was then hybridized with Chinese small-leaf-type tea. Using Chinese planting and cultivation techniques, the British colonial government established a tea industry by offering land in Assam to any European who agreed to cultivate it for export.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tea was originally consumed only by <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indians">Anglo-Indians</a>; however, it became widely popular in India in the 1950s because of a successful advertising campaign by the India Tea Board.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British introduced tea industry to Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor-AU_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor-AU-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_composition">Chemical composition</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_tea" title="Phenolic content in tea">Phenolic content in tea</a></div> <p>Physically speaking, tea has properties of both a <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspension</a>. It is a solution of the water-soluble compounds extracted from the tea leaves, such as the polyphenols and amino acids. Tea infusions are among most consumed beverages globally.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a> makes up about 3% of tea's dry weight, which translates to between 30 and 90 milligrams per <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>250-millilitre (<span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> US fl oz) cup depending on the type, brand,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and brewing method.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study found that the caffeine content of one gram of black tea ranged from 22 to 28 mg, while the caffeine content of one gram of green tea ranged from 11 to 20 mg, reflecting a significant difference.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tea contains small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">theobromine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">theophylline</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">xanthines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulants</a>, similar to caffeine.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TeaLeaves.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/TeaLeaves.JPG/220px-TeaLeaves.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/TeaLeaves.JPG/330px-TeaLeaves.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/TeaLeaves.JPG/440px-TeaLeaves.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Fresh tea leaves in various stages of growth</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Astringent" title="Astringent">astringency</a> in tea can be attributed to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a>. These are the most abundant compounds in tea leaves, making up 30–40% of their composition.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polyphenols in tea include <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epigallocatechin_gallate" title="Epigallocatechin gallate">epigallocatechin gallate</a> (EGCG), and other <a href="/wiki/Flavan-3-ol" title="Flavan-3-ol">catechins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there has been preliminary <a href="/wiki/Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">clinical research</a> on whether green or black teas may protect against various human diseases, there is no evidence that tea polyphenols have any effect on health or lowering disease risk.<sup id="cite_ref-nccih_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nccih-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tea" title="Health effects of tea">Health effects of tea</a></div> <p>Although health benefits have been assumed throughout the history of <i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_sinensis" title="Camellia sinensis">Camellia sinensis</a></i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_sinensis" title="Camellia sinensis">'s</a> consumption, there is no high-quality evidence showing that tea consumption gives significant benefits other than possibly increasing alertness, an effect caused by <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> in the tea leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-medline_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medline-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nccih2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nccih2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">clinical research</a> conducted in the early 21st century, it was found there is no scientific evidence to indicate that consuming tea affects any disease or improves health.<sup id="cite_ref-medline_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medline-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black and green teas contain no <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">essential nutrients</a> in significant amounts, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">dietary mineral</a> <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, at 0.5 mg per cup or 26% of the <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake" title="Reference Daily Intake">Reference Daily Intake</a> (RDI).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">Fluoride</a> is sometimes present in tea; certain types of "brick tea", made from old leaves and stems, have the highest levels, enough to pose a health risk if much tea is drunk, which has been attributed to high levels of fluoride in soils, acidic soils, and long brewing.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation_and_harvesting">Cultivation and harvesting</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Cultivation_and_harvesting"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:04_Zhejiang_tea_05.1987_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/04_Zhejiang_tea_05.1987_01.jpg/220px-04_Zhejiang_tea_05.1987_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/04_Zhejiang_tea_05.1987_01.jpg/330px-04_Zhejiang_tea_05.1987_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/04_Zhejiang_tea_05.1987_01.jpg/440px-04_Zhejiang_tea_05.1987_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3265" data-file-height="2142" /></a><figcaption>Tea harvesting in Zhejiang province, China, May 1987</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SriLanka_TeaHarvest_(pixinn.net).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/SriLanka_TeaHarvest_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg/220px-SriLanka_TeaHarvest_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/SriLanka_TeaHarvest_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg/330px-SriLanka_TeaHarvest_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/SriLanka_TeaHarvest_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg/440px-SriLanka_TeaHarvest_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>Tea plantation workers in <a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Camellia sinensis</i> is an evergreen plant that grows mainly in <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a> climates.<sup id="cite_ref-hort.purdue_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hort.purdue-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some varieties can tolerate <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climates</a> and are cultivated as far north as <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> in England,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Perthshire" title="Perthshire">Perthshire</a> in Scotland,<sup id="cite_ref-ti-2014nov17_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ti-2014nov17-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_the_United_States" title="Tea production in the United States">United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Southern Hemisphere, tea is grown as far south as <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a> in Tasmania<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Waikato" title="Waikato">Waikato</a> in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-nzh-2013aug17_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzh-2013aug17-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tea plants are propagated from seed and cuttings; about 4 to 12 years are needed for a plant to bear seed and about three years before a new plant is ready for harvesting.<sup id="cite_ref-hort.purdue_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hort.purdue-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to a <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">zone 8</a> climate or warmer, tea plants require at least 127 cm (50 in) of rainfall per year and prefer <a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">acidic soils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many high-quality tea plants are cultivated at elevations of up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above sea level. Though at these heights the plants grow more slowly, they acquire a better flavour.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2DU_Kenya16_(5367334314).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2DU_Kenya16_%285367334314%29.jpg/220px-2DU_Kenya16_%285367334314%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2DU_Kenya16_%285367334314%29.jpg/330px-2DU_Kenya16_%285367334314%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2DU_Kenya16_%285367334314%29.jpg/440px-2DU_Kenya16_%285367334314%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Women picking tea in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Two principal varieties are used: <i>Camellia sinensis</i> var. <i>sinensis,</i> which is used for most Chinese, Formosan and Japanese teas, and <i>C. sinensis</i> var. <i>assamica,</i> used in <a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_tea" title="Pu'er tea">Pu-erh</a> and most Indian teas (but not Darjeeling). Within these botanical varieties, many <a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">strains</a> and modern clonal varieties are known. Leaf size is the chief criterion for the classification of tea plants, with three primary classifications being:<sup id="cite_ref-Mondal_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondal-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Assam_tea" title="Assam tea">Assam</a> type, characterised by the largest leaves; China type, characterised by the smallest leaves; and Cambodian type, characterised by leaves of intermediate size. The Cambodian-type tea (<i>C. assamica</i> subsp. <i>lasiocaly</i>) was originally considered a type of Assam tea. However, later genetic work showed that it is a hybrid between Chinese small-leaf tea and Assam-type tea.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darjeeling tea appears to be a hybrid between Chinese small-leaf tea and Assam-type large-leaf tea.<sup id="cite_ref-Meegahakumbura_2_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meegahakumbura_2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%90%E1%BB%93i_ch%C3%A8_%C3%94_Qu%C3%BD_H%E1%BB%93.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%C4%90%E1%BB%93i_ch%C3%A8_%C3%94_Qu%C3%BD_H%E1%BB%93.jpg/220px-%C4%90%E1%BB%93i_ch%C3%A8_%C3%94_Qu%C3%BD_H%E1%BB%93.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%C4%90%E1%BB%93i_ch%C3%A8_%C3%94_Qu%C3%BD_H%E1%BB%93.jpg/330px-%C4%90%E1%BB%93i_ch%C3%A8_%C3%94_Qu%C3%BD_H%E1%BB%93.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%C4%90%E1%BB%93i_ch%C3%A8_%C3%94_Qu%C3%BD_H%E1%BB%93.jpg/440px-%C4%90%E1%BB%93i_ch%C3%A8_%C3%94_Qu%C3%BD_H%E1%BB%93.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1747" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>Tea plantation near <a href="/wiki/Sa_Pa" title="Sa Pa">Sa Pa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A tea plant will grow into a tree of up to 16 m (52 ft) if left undisturbed,<sup id="cite_ref-hort.purdue_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hort.purdue-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but cultivated plants are generally pruned to waist height for ease of plucking. The short plants bear more new shoots which provide new and tender leaves and increase the quality of the tea.<sup id="cite_ref-Tea_Cultivation_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tea_Cultivation-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the top 2.5–5 centimetres (1–2 in) of the mature plant are picked. These buds and leaves are called 'flushes'.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A plant will grow a new flush every 7 to 15 days during the growing season. Leaves that are slow in development tend to produce better-flavoured teas.<sup id="cite_ref-hort.purdue_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hort.purdue-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several teas are available from specified flushes; for example, Darjeeling tea is available as first flush (at a premium price), second flush, monsoon and autumn. Assam second flush or "tippy" tea is considered superior to first flush, because of the gold tips that appear on the leaves. </p><p>Pests that can afflict tea plants include mosquito bugs, genus <i><a href="/wiki/Helopeltis" title="Helopeltis">Helopeltis</a></i>, which are <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">true bugs</a> and not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">dipterous insects of family <i>Culicidae</i></a> ('mosquitos'). Mosquito bugs can damage leaves both by sucking plant materials, and by the laying of eggs (oviposition) within the plant. Spraying with synthetic <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a> may be deemed appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other pests are Lepidopteran leaf feeders and various <a href="/wiki/List_of_tea_diseases" title="List of tea diseases">tea diseases</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Tea production – 2022 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ddf;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ddf;">Million<br /> tonnes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">14.53</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">5.97</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Kenya" title="Tea production in Kenya">Kenya</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">2.33</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">1.40</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">1.30</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">1.12</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">0.60</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">0.44</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">0.36</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">0.33</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>29.76</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/UN_Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Food and Agriculture Organization">(FAO)</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-faostat2024_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat2024-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tea is mainly grown in Asia and Africa, with smaller areas in South America and around the Black and Caspian Seas. The four biggest tea-producing countries are China, India, Kenya and Sri Lanka, together representing 81% of world tea production. Smaller hubs of production include such places as <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Miguel_Island,_Azores" class="mw-redirect" title="São Miguel Island, Azores">São Miguel Island, Azores</a>, in Portugal, and <a href="/wiki/Guria" title="Guria">Guria</a>, in Georgia. In 2022, global production of tea was 29.8 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by China with 49% and India with 20% of the world total. <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> were secondary producers.<sup id="cite_ref-faostat2020_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat2020-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3></div> <p>Storage conditions determine the <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a> of tea; that of black teas is greater than that of green teas. Some, such as flower teas, may last only a month or so. Others, such as pu-erh, improve with age. To remain fresh and prevent mold, tea needs to be stored away from heat, light, air, and moisture. Tea must be kept at room temperature in an air-tight container. Black tea in a bag within a sealed opaque canister may keep for two years. Green tea deteriorates more rapidly, usually in less than a year. Tightly rolled <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_tea" title="Gunpowder tea">gunpowder tea</a> leaves keep longer than the more open-leafed <a href="/wiki/Chun_Mee_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chun Mee tea">Chun Mee tea</a>. </p><p>Storage life for all teas can be extended by using <a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">desiccant</a> or oxygen-absorbing packets, vacuum sealing, or refrigeration in air-tight containers (except green tea, where discrete use of refrigeration or freezing is recommended and temperature variation kept to a minimum).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processing_and_classification">Processing and classification</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tea_processing" title="Tea processing">Tea processing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tea_in_different_grade_of_fermentation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Tea_in_different_grade_of_fermentation.jpg/220px-Tea_in_different_grade_of_fermentation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Tea_in_different_grade_of_fermentation.jpg/330px-Tea_in_different_grade_of_fermentation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Tea_in_different_grade_of_fermentation.jpg/440px-Tea_in_different_grade_of_fermentation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2144" /></a><figcaption>Teas of different levels of oxidation (L to R): green, yellow, oolong, and black</figcaption></figure> <p>Tea is divided into categories based on how it is processed.<sup id="cite_ref-LiuTong_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuTong-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least six different types are produced: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_tea" title="White tea">White</a>: wilted and unoxidized;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_tea" title="Yellow tea">Yellow</a>: unwilted and unoxidized but allowed to yellow;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">Green</a>: unwilted and unoxidized;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolong" title="Oolong">Oolong</a>: wilted, bruised, and partially oxidized;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_tea" title="Black tea">Black</a>: wilted, sometimes crushed, and fully oxidized (called <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">紅茶</span></span> [<i>hóngchá</i>], "red tea" in Chinese and other East Asian tea culture);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Post-fermented (Dark)</a>: green tea that has been allowed to ferment/compost (called <a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_tea" title="Pu'er tea"><i>Pu'er</i></a> if from the Yunnan district of South-Western China or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">黑茶</span></span> [<i>hēichá</i>] "black tea" in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture" title="Chinese tea culture">Chinese tea culture</a>).</li></ul> <p>After picking, the leaves of <i>C. sinensis</i> soon begin to <a href="/wiki/Wilting" title="Wilting">wilt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidize</a> unless immediately dried. An <a href="/wiki/Food_browning" title="Food browning">enzymatic oxidation</a> process triggered by the plant's intracellular <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> causes the leaves to turn progressively darker as their <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> breaks down and tannins are released. This darkening is stopped at a predetermined stage by heating, which deactivates the enzymes responsible. In the production of black teas, halting by heating is carried out simultaneously with drying. Without careful moisture and temperature control during manufacture and packaging, growth of undesired molds and bacteria may make tea unfit for consumption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blending_and_additives">Blending and additives</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tea_blending_and_additives" title="Tea blending and additives">Tea blending and additives</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teaprocessing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Teaprocessing.svg/660px-Teaprocessing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Teaprocessing.svg/990px-Teaprocessing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Teaprocessing.svg/1320px-Teaprocessing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Common processing methods of tea leaves</figcaption></figure> <p>After basic processing, teas may be altered through additional processing steps before being sold<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is often consumed with additions to the basic tea leaf and water added during preparation or drinking. Examples of additional processing steps that occur before tea is sold are blending, flavouring, scenting, and decaffeination of teas. Examples of additions added at the point of consumption include milk, sugar and lemon. </p><p>Tea blending is the combination of different teas together to achieve the final product. Such teas may combine others from the same cultivation area or several different ones. The aim is to obtain consistency, better taste, higher price, or some combination of the three. </p><p>Flavoured and scented teas are enhancements of the base tea. This can be accomplished through directly adding flavouring agents, such as <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">mint leaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergamot_orange" title="Bergamot orange">bergamot</a> (found in <a href="/wiki/Earl_Grey_tea" title="Earl Grey tea">Earl Grey</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spearmint" title="Spearmint">spearmint</a>. Alternatively, because tea easily retains odours, it can be placed in proximity to an aromatic ingredient to absorb its aroma, as in traditional <a href="/wiki/Jasmine_tea" title="Jasmine tea">jasmine tea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nice_Cup_of_Tea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nice_Cup_of_Tea.jpg/220px-Nice_Cup_of_Tea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nice_Cup_of_Tea.jpg/330px-Nice_Cup_of_Tea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nice_Cup_of_Tea.jpg/440px-Nice_Cup_of_Tea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Black tea is often taken with milk.</figcaption></figure> <p>The addition of milk to tea in Europe was first mentioned in 1680 by the epistolist <a href="/wiki/Madame_de_S%C3%A9vign%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame de Sévigné">Madame de Sévigné</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many teas are traditionally drunk with milk in cultures where dairy products are consumed. These include Indian <a href="/wiki/Masala_chai" title="Masala chai">masala chai</a> and British tea blends. These teas tend to be very hearty varieties of black tea which can be tasted through the milk, such as Assams, or the East Friesian blend. Milk is thought to neutralise remaining tannins and reduce acidity.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> do not usually drink milk with tea but the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a> do, and the elite of the Qing Dynasty of the Chinese Empire continued to do so. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong-style_milk_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong-style milk tea">Hong Kong-style milk tea</a> is based on British habits. <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a> and other Himalayan peoples traditionally drink tea with milk or <a href="/wiki/Yak_butter" title="Yak butter">yak butter</a> and salt. In Eastern European countries, and in Russia and Italy, tea is commonly served with lemon juice. In Poland, tea is traditionally served with a slice of lemon and is sweetened with either sugar or honey; tea with milk is called a <i>bawarka</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> style") in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> and is widely popular.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, tea with milk is known as "white tea". </p><p>The order of steps in preparing a cup of tea is a much-debated topic and can vary widely between cultures and individuals. Some say it is preferable to add the milk to the cup before the tea, as the high temperature of freshly brewed tea can denature the proteins found in fresh milk, similar to the change in taste of <a href="/wiki/UHT" class="mw-redirect" title="UHT">UHT</a> milk, resulting in an inferior-tasting beverage.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others insist it is better to add the milk to the cup after the tea, as black tea is often brewed as close to boiling as possible. The addition of milk chills the beverage during the crucial brewing phase, if brewing in a cup rather than using a pot, meaning the delicate flavour of a good tea cannot be fully appreciated. By adding the milk afterwards, it is easier to dissolve sugar in the tea and to ensure the desired amount of milk is added, as the colour of the tea can be observed.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the order of steps was taken as an indication of class: only those wealthy enough to afford good-quality porcelain would be confident of its being able to cope with being exposed to boiling water unadulterated with milk.<sup id="cite_ref-Dubrin2010_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubrin2010-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher temperature difference means faster <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">heat transfer</a>, so the earlier milk is added, the slower the drink cools. A 2007 study published in the <i>European Heart Journal</i> found certain <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tea" title="Health effects of tea">beneficial effects of tea</a> may be lost through the addition of milk.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenz_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenz-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Packaging">Packaging</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tea_bags">Tea bags</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tea_bag" title="Tea bag">Tea bag</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tea_bags.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tea_bags.jpg/220px-Tea_bags.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tea_bags.jpg/330px-Tea_bags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tea_bags.jpg/440px-Tea_bags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>Tea bags</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1907, American tea merchant Thomas Sullivan began distributing samples of his tea in small bags of silk with a drawstring. Consumers noticed they could simply leave the tea in the bag and reuse it with fresh tea. However, the potential of this distribution and packaging method would not be fully realised until later. During World War II, tea was rationed in the United Kingdom. In 1953, after <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom_during_and_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom during and after World War II">rationing in the UK</a> ended, <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>-based tea manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Tetley" title="Tetley">Tetley</a> launched the tea bag in the UK, and it was an immediate success. </p><p>The "pyramid tea bag" (or sachet), introduced by Lipton<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and PG Tips/Scottish Blend in 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attempts to address one of the connoisseurs' arguments against paper tea bags by way of its three-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedron" title="Tetrahedron">tetrahedron</a> shape, which allows more room for tea leaves to expand while steeping.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some types of pyramid tea bags have been criticised as being environmentally unfriendly, since their synthetic material is not as biodegradable as loose tea leaves and paper tea bags.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loose_tea">Loose tea</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Westminster_Tea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/English_Westminster_Tea.jpg/220px-English_Westminster_Tea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/English_Westminster_Tea.jpg/330px-English_Westminster_Tea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/English_Westminster_Tea.jpg/440px-English_Westminster_Tea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A blend of loose-leaf black teas</figcaption></figure> <p>The tea leaves are packaged loosely in a canister, paper bag, or other container such as a <a href="/wiki/Tea_chest" title="Tea chest">tea chest</a>. Some whole teas, such as rolled <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_tea" title="Gunpowder tea">gunpowder tea</a> leaves, which resist crumbling, are vacuum-packed for freshness in <a href="/wiki/BoPET" title="BoPET">aluminised packaging</a> for storage and retail. The loose tea is individually measured for use, allowing for flexibility and flavour control at the expense of convenience. Strainers, <a href="/wiki/Infuser" title="Infuser">tea balls</a>, tea presses, filtered teapots, and infusion bags prevent loose leaves from floating in the tea and over-brewing. A traditional method uses a three-piece lidded teacup called a <a href="/wiki/Gaiwan" title="Gaiwan">gaiwan</a>, the lid of which is tilted to decant the tea into a different cup for consumption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compressed_tea">Compressed tea</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiaguan_Te_Ji_Tuo_Cha_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Xiaguan_Te_Ji_Tuo_Cha_2004.jpg/220px-Xiaguan_Te_Ji_Tuo_Cha_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Xiaguan_Te_Ji_Tuo_Cha_2004.jpg/330px-Xiaguan_Te_Ji_Tuo_Cha_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Xiaguan_Te_Ji_Tuo_Cha_2004.jpg/440px-Xiaguan_Te_Ji_Tuo_Cha_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Sheng (raw) <a href="/wiki/Pu-erh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-erh">pu-erh</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tuo_cha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuo cha">tuo cha</a></i>, a type of compressed aged raw pu-erh</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tea_brick" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea brick">Tea bricks</a> or compressed tea are produced for convenience in transport, storage, and ageing. It can usually be stored longer without spoilage than loose leaf tea. Compressed tea is prepared by loosening leaves from the cake using a small knife, and steeping the extracted pieces in water. During the Tang dynasty, as described by Lu Yu, compressed tea was ground into a powder, combined with hot water, and ladled into bowls, resulting in a "frothy" mixture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200950_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200950-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, the tea powder would instead be whisked with hot water in the bowl. Although no longer practiced in China today, the whisking method of preparing powdered tea was transmitted to Japan by <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> monks, and is still used to prepare <a href="/wiki/Matcha" title="Matcha">matcha</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Japanese tea ceremony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200962_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200962-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese <a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_tea" title="Pu'er tea">pu-erh</a> is often distributed in the form, as other teas may sometimes be. </p><p>Compressed tea was the most popular form of tea in China during the Tang dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200948_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200948-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the beginning of the Ming dynasty, it had been displaced by loose-leaf tea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009110_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009110-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remains popular, however, in the Himalayan countries and Mongolian steppes. In Mongolia, tea bricks were ubiquitous enough to be used as a form of currency. Among Himalayan peoples, compressed tea is consumed by combining it with <a href="/wiki/Yak_butter" title="Yak butter">yak butter</a> and salt to produce <a href="/wiki/Butter_tea" title="Butter tea">butter tea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009124–36_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009124–36-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instant_tea">Instant tea</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Instant_tea" title="Instant tea">Instant tea</a></div> <p>"Instant tea", similar to <a href="/wiki/Freeze_drying" title="Freeze drying">freeze-dried</a> <a href="/wiki/Instant_coffee" title="Instant coffee">instant coffee</a> and an alternative to brewed tea, can be consumed either hot or cold. Instant tea was developed in the 1930s, with <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a> introducing the first commercial product in 1946, while Redi-Tea debuted instant <a href="/wiki/Iced_tea" title="Iced tea">iced tea</a> in 1953. Additives such as <a href="/wiki/Masala_chai" title="Masala chai">chai</a>, vanilla, honey or fruit, are popular, as is <a href="/wiki/Powdered_milk" title="Powdered milk">powdered milk</a>. </p><p>During the Second World War British and Canadian soldiers were issued an instant tea in their composite ration ("compo") packs. These blocks of instant tea, powdered milk, and sugar were not always well received. As Royal Canadian Artillery Gunner, George C Blackburn observed: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But, unquestionably, the feature of Compo rations destined to be remembered beyond all others is Compo tea...Directions say to "sprinkle powder on heated water and bring to the boil, stirring well, three heaped teaspoons to one pint of water." Every possible variation in the preparation of this tea was tried, but...it always ended up the same way. While still too hot to drink, it is a good-looking cup of strong tea. Even when it becomes just cool enough to be sipped gingerly, it is still a good-tasting cup of tea, if you like your tea strong and sweet. But let it cool enough to be quaffed and enjoyed, and your lips will be coated with a sticky scum that forms across the surface, which if left undisturbed will become a leathery membrane that can be wound around your finger and flipped away...<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bottled_and_canned_tea">Bottled and canned tea</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canned_tea" title="Canned tea">Canned tea</a></div> <p>Canned tea is sold prepared and ready to drink. It was introduced in 1981 in Japan. The first bottled tea was introduced by an Indonesian tea company, PT. Sinar Sosro in 1969 with the brand name Teh Botol Sosro (or Sosro bottled tea).<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, Swiss-based Bischofszell Food Ltd. was the first company to bottle iced tea on an industrial scale.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tea_culture">Tea culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">Tea culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_tea_culture" title="American tea culture">American tea culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentine_tea_culture" title="Argentine tea culture">Argentine tea culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_tea_culture" title="Azerbaijani tea culture">Azerbaijani tea culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_tea_culture" title="Brazilian tea culture">Brazilian tea culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_tea_culture" title="Dominican tea culture">Dominican tea culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea_culture_in_Japan" title="Tea culture in Japan">Tea culture in Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_tea_culture" title="Mexican tea culture">Mexican tea culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">Russian tea culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Senegalese_tea_culture" title="Senegalese tea culture">Senegalese tea culture</a></div> <p>In many cultures, tea is consumed at elevated social events, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tea_party" title="Tea party">tea party</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tea_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea ceremony">Tea ceremonies</a> have arisen in different cultures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture" title="Chinese tea culture">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Japanese</a> traditions, each of which employs certain techniques and ritualised protocol of brewing and serving tea for enjoyment in a refined setting. One form of Chinese tea ceremony is the <a href="/wiki/Gongfu_tea_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Gongfu tea ceremony">Gongfu tea ceremony</a>, which typically uses small <a href="/wiki/Yixing_clay_teapot" title="Yixing clay teapot">Yixing clay teapots</a> and oolong tea. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tea in the United Kingdom">In the United Kingdom</a>, 63% of people drink tea daily.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is customary for a host to offer tea to guests soon after their arrival. Tea is consumed both at home and outside the home, often in cafés or <a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">tea rooms</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tea_(meal)#Afternoon_tea" title="Tea (meal)">Afternoon tea</a> with cakes on fine porcelain is a cultural stereotype. In southwest England, many cafés serve a <a href="/wiki/Cream_tea" title="Cream tea">cream tea</a>, consisting of scones, <a href="/wiki/Clotted_cream" title="Clotted cream">clotted cream</a>, and jam alongside a pot of tea. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tea_and_Biscuits_(30700190145).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Tea_and_Biscuits_%2830700190145%29.jpg/220px-Tea_and_Biscuits_%2830700190145%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Tea_and_Biscuits_%2830700190145%29.jpg/330px-Tea_and_Biscuits_%2830700190145%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Tea_and_Biscuits_%2830700190145%29.jpg/440px-Tea_and_Biscuits_%2830700190145%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Tea being served in <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>, Iraq</figcaption></figure> <p>Ireland, as of 2016, was the second-biggest per capita consumer of tea in the world, after Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local blends are the most popular in Ireland, including <a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Irish breakfast tea</a>, using Rwandan, Kenyan and Assam teas. The annual national average of tea consumption in Ireland is 2.7 kg to 4 kg per person. <a href="/wiki/Tea_culture#Ireland" title="Tea culture">Tea in Ireland</a> is usually taken with milk or sugar and brewed longer for a stronger taste.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tea_in_Turkey" title="Tea in Turkey">Turkish tea</a> is an important part of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">that country's cuisine</a> and is the most commonly consumed hot drink, despite the country's long history with coffee. In 2004, Turkey produced 205,500 tonnes of tea (6.4% of the global total), which made it one of the largest tea markets in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-quantity_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quantity-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 120,000 tons being consumed in Turkey and the rest being exported.<sup id="cite_ref-tea_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tea-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Turkey had the highest per capita consumption in the world at 2.7 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-Indian_Tea_Industry_Report_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Tea_Industry_Report-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013, the per-capita consumption of Turkish tea exceeds 10 cups per day and 13.8 kg per year.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tea is grown mostly in <a href="/wiki/Rize_Province" title="Rize Province">Rize Province</a> on the Black Sea coast.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Indian_tea_seller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/South_Indian_tea_seller.jpg/170px-South_Indian_tea_seller.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/South_Indian_tea_seller.jpg/255px-South_Indian_tea_seller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/South_Indian_tea_seller.jpg/340px-South_Indian_tea_seller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3265" data-file-height="4898" /></a><figcaption>South Indian woman preparing a cup of morning tea in the traditional South Indian way</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">Russia has a long, rich tea history</a> dating to 1638 when tea was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael I of Russia">Tsar Michael</a>. Social gatherings were considered incomplete without tea, which was traditionally brewed in a <a href="/wiki/Samovar" title="Samovar">samovar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Pakistan, both black and green teas are popular and are known locally as <i>sabz chai</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kahwah" title="Kahwah">kahwah</a></i>, respectively. The popular green tea is often served after every meal in the <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a> belt of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>. In central and southern Punjab and the metropolitan Sindh region of Pakistan, tea with milk and sugar (sometimes with pistachios, cardamom, etc.), commonly referred to as <i>chai</i>, is widely consumed. It is the most common beverage of households in the region. In the northern Pakistani regions of <a href="/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>, a salty, buttered <a href="/wiki/Butter_tea" title="Butter tea">Tibetan-style tea</a> is consumed. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indian_tea_culture" title="Indian tea culture">Indian tea culture</a> is strong; the drink is the most popular hot beverage in the country. It is consumed daily<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in almost all houses, offered to guests, consumed in high amounts in domestic and official surroundings, and is made with the addition of milk with or without spices, and usually sweetened. It is sometimes served with biscuits to be dipped in the tea and eaten before consuming the tea. More often than not, it is drunk in "doses" of small cups (referred to as "cutting" chai if sold at street tea vendors) rather than one large cup. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_tea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="tea in narrow waist glass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Iranian_tea.jpg/150px-Iranian_tea.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Iranian_tea.jpg/225px-Iranian_tea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Iranian_tea.jpg/300px-Iranian_tea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Iranians usually drink tea with rock candy or ghand and in glass cups.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a> have one of the highest per capita rates of tea consumption in the world. <i>Châikhânes</i> (<a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">teahouses</a>) are common in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iranian tea is typically served in traditional Iranian glasses with a traditional saucer and teaspoon. Tea is cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iran" title="Northern Iran">northern Iran</a> along the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Burma (<a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>), tea is consumed not only as hot drinks, but also as <a href="/wiki/Sweet_tea" title="Sweet tea">sweet tea</a> and green tea known locally as <i>laphet-yay</i> and <i>laphet-yay-gyan</i>, respectively. Pickled tea leaves, known locally as <i><a href="/wiki/Lahpet" title="Lahpet">lahpet</a></i>, are a national delicacy. Pickled tea is usually eaten with roasted sesame seeds, crispy fried beans, roasted peanuts and fried garlic chips.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Mali, <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_tea" title="Gunpowder tea">gunpowder tea</a> is served in series of three, starting with the highest oxidisation or strongest, unsweetened tea, locally referred to as "strong like death", followed by a second serving, where the same tea leaves are boiled again with some sugar added ("pleasant as life"), and a third one, where the same tea leaves are boiled for the third time with yet more sugar added ("sweet as love"). Green tea is the central ingredient of a distinctly Malian custom, the "Grin", an informal social gathering that cuts across social and economic lines, starting in front of family compound gates in the afternoons and extending late into the night, and is widely popular in <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a> and other large urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, 80% of tea is consumed as <a href="/wiki/Iced_tea" title="Iced tea">iced tea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sweet_tea" title="Sweet tea">Sweet tea</a> is native to the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">southeastern U.S.</a> and is iconic in its cuisine due to its refreshing temperature and large amount of <a href="/wiki/White_sugar" title="White sugar">sweetener</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_tea2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turkish tea served in a typical small glass and corresponding plate"><img alt="Turkish tea served in a typical small glass and corresponding plate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Turkish_tea2.jpg/202px-Turkish_tea2.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Turkish_tea2.jpg/304px-Turkish_tea2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Turkish_tea2.jpg/405px-Turkish_tea2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish tea">Turkish tea</a> served in a typical small glass and corresponding plate</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:English_teaware.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="English teaware"><img alt="English teaware" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/English_teaware.jpg/360px-English_teaware.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/English_teaware.jpg/540px-English_teaware.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/English_teaware.jpg/720px-English_teaware.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">English teaware</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iced_Tea_from_flickr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iced tea with a slice of lemon"><img alt="Iced tea with a slice of lemon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Iced_Tea_from_flickr.jpg/180px-Iced_Tea_from_flickr.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Iced_Tea_from_flickr.jpg/270px-Iced_Tea_from_flickr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Iced_Tea_from_flickr.jpg/360px-Iced_Tea_from_flickr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Iced_tea" title="Iced tea">Iced tea</a> with a slice of lemon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Indian_tea_(5399611578).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian masala tea"><img alt="Indian masala tea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/South_Indian_tea_%285399611578%29.jpg/184px-South_Indian_tea_%285399611578%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/South_Indian_tea_%285399611578%29.jpg/276px-South_Indian_tea_%285399611578%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/South_Indian_tea_%285399611578%29.jpg/368px-South_Indian_tea_%285399611578%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="764" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indian masala tea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Classic_bubble_tea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bubble tea"><img alt="Bubble tea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Classic_bubble_tea.jpg/202px-Classic_bubble_tea.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Classic_bubble_tea.jpg/303px-Classic_bubble_tea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Classic_bubble_tea.jpg/405px-Classic_bubble_tea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bubble_tea" title="Bubble tea">Bubble tea</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hibiscus_tea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hibiscus tea"><img alt="Hibiscus tea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hibiscus_tea.jpg/300px-Hibiscus_tea.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hibiscus_tea.jpg/451px-Hibiscus_tea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Hibiscus_tea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_tea" title="Hibiscus tea">Hibiscus tea</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cha_yen.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Thai tea"><img alt="Thai tea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cha_yen.JPG/270px-Cha_yen.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cha_yen.JPG/405px-Cha_yen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cha_yen.JPG/540px-Cha_yen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thai_tea" title="Thai tea">Thai tea</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Producers_and_consumers">Producers and consumers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tea_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by tea consumption per capita">List of countries by tea consumption per capita</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tea_factory,_Pinglin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tea_factory%2C_Pinglin.jpg/220px-Tea_factory%2C_Pinglin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tea_factory%2C_Pinglin.jpg/330px-Tea_factory%2C_Pinglin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tea_factory%2C_Pinglin.jpg/440px-Tea_factory%2C_Pinglin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Tea factory in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tea is the most popular manufactured drink consumed in the world, equaling all others – including coffee, soft drinks, and alcohol – combined.<sup id="cite_ref-Macfarlane_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macfarlane-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most tea consumed outside East Asia is produced on large plantations in the hilly regions of India and Sri Lanka and is destined to be sold to large businesses. Opposite this large-scale industrial production are many small "gardens," sometimes minuscule plantations, that produce highly sought-after teas prized by gourmets. These teas are both rare and expensive and can be compared to some of the most expensive wines in this respect.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>India is the world's largest tea-drinking nation,<sup id="cite_ref-Sanyal_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanyal-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the per capita consumption of tea remains a modest 750 grams (26 oz) per person every year. Turkey, with 2.5 kilograms (5 lb 8 oz) of tea consumed per person per year, is the world's greatest per capita consumer.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Certification">Certification</h3></div> <p>Several bodies independently certify the production of tea, such as <a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance" title="Rainforest Alliance">Rainforest Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade_certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairtrade certification">Fairtrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/UTZ_Certified" title="UTZ Certified">UTZ Certified</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">Organic</a>. From 2008 to 2016, sustainability standards-certified tea production experienced a compound annual growth rate of about 35%, accounting for at least 19% of overall tea production. In 2016, at least 1.15 million tonnes of sustainably certified tea was produced, valued at US$2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rainforest Alliance certified tea is sold by <a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a> brands <a href="/wiki/Lipton" title="Lipton">Lipton</a> and <a href="/wiki/PG_Tips" title="PG Tips">PG Tips</a> in Western Europe, Australia and the U.S. Fairtrade certified tea is sold by a large number of suppliers around the world. UTZ Certified tea is sold by <a href="/wiki/Pickwick_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickwick tea">Pickwick tea</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Production of organic tea has risen since its introduction in 1990 at Rembeng, Kondoli Tea Estate, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6,000 tons of organic tea were sold in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3></div> <p>Tests of commercially popular teas have detected residues of banned toxic <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fraud">Fraud</h3></div> <p>Tea is a common target of <a href="/wiki/Food_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fraud">food fraud</a>. Lower cost ingredients may be substituted for tea, or a tea may be adulterated with undeclared and possibly toxic colors and flavors. The origin of the tea, picking season, and the processing techniques may be intentionally misidentified. Tea powders which undergo additional processing are more susceptible to food fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellman_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellman-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour">Labour</h3></div> <p>Tea production in Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda uses <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Goods_Produced_by_Child_Labor_or_Forced_Labor" title="List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor">List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers who pick and pack tea on plantations in developing countries can face harsh working conditions and may earn below the <a href="/wiki/Living_wage" title="Living wage">living wage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-waronwant_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waronwant-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_tea" title="Builder's tea">Builder's tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaiwala" title="Chaiwala">Chaiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_John_Horniman" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick John Horniman">Frederick John Horniman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Tea_Association" title="Indian Tea Association">Indian Tea Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Tea_Day" title="International Tea Day">International Tea Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">ISO 3103</a>, a standardized method for brewing tea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tea_companies" title="List of tea companies">List of tea companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_tea" title="Phenolic content in tea">Phenolic content in tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_tea_ceremony" title="Ryukyuan tea ceremony">Ryukyuan tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_classics" title="Tea classics">Tea classics</a>, historical monographs of East Asian tea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_leaf_grading" title="Tea leaf grading">Tea leaf grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_pet" title="Tea pet">Tea pet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_strainer" title="Tea strainer">Tea strainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tasting" title="Tea tasting">Tea tasting</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other drinks</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_milk_tea" title="Burmese milk tea">Burmese milk tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_pea_flower_tea" title="Butterfly pea flower tea">Butterfly pea flower tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifir%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Chifir'">Chifir'</a>, Russian extra-strong tea brew</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha">Kombucha</a>, a fermented tea drink</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_teas" title="List of Chinese teas">List of Chinese teas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hot beverages">List of hot beverages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_drinks" title="List of national drinks">List of national drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_mint_tea" title="Maghrebi mint tea">Maghrebi mint tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_tea" title="Mushroom tea">Mushroom tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaupon_tea" title="Yaupon tea">Yaupon tea</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFuller2008" class="citation news cs1">Fuller, Thomas (21 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/21/world/asia/21tea.html">"A Tea From the Jungle Enriches a Placid Village"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. New York. p. A8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214133259/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/21/world/asia/21tea.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Tea+From+the+Jungle+Enriches+a+Placid+Village&rft.pages=A8&rft.date=2008-04-21&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F04%2F21%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F21tea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200929–30-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200929–30_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200929–30_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200929–30_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMairHoh2009">Mair & Hoh 2009</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yamamoto-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yamamoto_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamamotoKimJuneja1997" class="citation book cs1">Yamamoto, T; Kim, M; Juneja, L R (1997). <i>Chemistry and Applications of Green Tea</i>. CRC Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-4006-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-4006-2"><bdi>978-0-8493-4006-2</bdi></a>. <q>For a long time, botanists have asserted the dualism of tea origin from their observations that there exist distinct differences in the morphological characteristics between Assamese varieties and Chinese varieties... Hashimoto and Shimura reported that the differences in the morphological characteristics in tea plants are not necessarily the evidence of the dualism hypothesis from the researches using the statistical cluster analysis method. In recent investigations, it has also been made clear that both varieties have the same chromosome number (n=15) and can be easily hybridised with each other. In addition, various types of intermediate hybrids or spontaneous polyploids of tea plants have been found in a wide area extending over the regions mentioned above. These facts may prove that the place of origin of <i>Camellia sinensis</i> is in the area including the northern part of the Burma, Yunnan, and Sichuan districts of China.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+and+Applications+of+Green+Tea&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-4006-2&rft.aulast=Yamamoto&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Kim%2C+M&rft.au=Juneja%2C+L+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Lou_HeissRobert_J._Heiss" class="citation book cs1">Mary Lou Heiss; Robert J. Heiss. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofteacultur0000heis"><i>The Story of Tea: A Cultural History and Drinking Guide</i></a></span>. <q>Camellia sinensis originated in southeast Asia, specifically around the intersection of 29th parallel and 98th meridian, the point of confluence of the lands of southwest China and Tibet</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Tea%3A+A+Cultural+History+and+Drinking+Guide&rft.au=Mary+Lou+Heiss&rft.au=Robert+J.+Heiss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofteacultur0000heis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span>, north Burma, and northeast India, citing Mondal (2007) p. 519</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeissHeiss20076–7-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeissHeiss20076–7_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeissHeiss20076–7_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeissHeiss2007">Heiss & Heiss 2007</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sevencups.com/shop/lao-shu-dian-hong-old-tree-yunnan">"Laoshu Dianhong (Old Tree Yunnan)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laoshu+Dianhong+%28Old+Tree+Yunnan%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsevencups.com%2Fshop%2Flao-shu-dian-hong-old-tree-yunnan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teatrekker.com/product/yunnan-da-bai-silver-needles/">"Yunnan da Bai Silver Needles – Tea Trekker"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yunnan+da+Bai+Silver+Needles+%E2%80%93+Tea+Trekker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteatrekker.com%2Fproduct%2Fyunnan-da-bai-silver-needles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liu <i>et al.</i> (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macfarlane-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macfarlane_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macfarlane_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacfarlaneMacfarlane2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Macfarlane" title="Alan Macfarlane">Macfarlane, Alan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Iris_Macfarlane" title="Iris Macfarlane">Macfarlane, Iris</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireoftearemar00macf/page/32"><i>The Empire of Tea</i></a>. The Overlook Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireoftearemar00macf/page/32">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-493-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-493-0"><bdi>978-1-58567-493-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+Tea&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58567-493-0&rft.aulast=Macfarlane&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Macfarlane%2C+Iris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireoftearemar00macf%2Fpage%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ody-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ody_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenelope_Ody2000" class="citation book cs1">Penelope Ody (2000). <i>Complete Guide to Medicinal Herbs</i>. New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-6785-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-6785-0"><bdi>978-0-7894-6785-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Guide+to+Medicinal+Herbs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7894-6785-0&rft.au=Penelope+Ody&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCappellettiPiacentinoSaniAromatario2015" class="citation journal cs1">Cappelletti, Simone; Piacentino, Daria; Sani, Gabriele; Aromatario, Mariarosaria (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4462044">"Caffeine: cognitive and physical performance enhancer or psychoactive drug?"</a>. <i>Current Neuropharmacology</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 71–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1570159X13666141210215655">10.2174/1570159X13666141210215655</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1570-159X">1570-159X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4462044">4462044</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26074744">26074744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Neuropharmacology&rft.atitle=Caffeine%3A+cognitive+and+physical+performance+enhancer+or+psychoactive+drug%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-88&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4462044%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1570-159X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26074744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1570159X13666141210215655&rft.aulast=Cappelletti&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft.au=Piacentino%2C+Daria&rft.au=Sani%2C+Gabriele&rft.au=Aromatario%2C+Mariarosaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4462044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Martin">Martin</a>, p. 29: "beginning in the third century CE, references to tea seem more credible, in particular those dating to the time of Hua T'o, a highly respected physician and surgeon"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caff-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caff_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caff_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett_Alan_WeinbergBonnie_K._Bealer2001" class="citation book cs1">Bennett Alan Weinberg; Bonnie K. Bealer (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YdpL2YCGLVYC&pg=PA63"><i>The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92722-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92722-2"><bdi>978-0-415-92722-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427034134/https://books.google.com/books?id=YdpL2YCGLVYC&pg=PA63">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Caffeine%3A+The+Science+and+Culture+of+the+World%27s+Most+Popular+Drug&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92722-2&rft.au=Bennett+Alan+Weinberg&rft.au=Bonnie+K.+Bealer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYdpL2YCGLVYC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009262–264-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009262–264_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMairHoh2009">Mair & Hoh 2009</a>, pp. 262–264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tea&allowed_in_frame=0">"tea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=tea&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dtea%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009262-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009262_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMairHoh2009">Mair & Hoh 2009</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009266-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009266_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMairHoh2009">Mair & Hoh 2009</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaikia2021" class="citation web cs1">Saikia, Gautam Kumar (19 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teaorb.com/en-us/blog/origin-of-tea">"Origin And Distribution Of The Tea Plant"</a>. <i>teaorb.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=teaorb.com&rft.atitle=Origin+And+Distribution+Of+The+Tea+Plant&rft.date=2021-09-19&rft.aulast=Saikia&rft.aufirst=Gautam+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteaorb.com%2Fen-us%2Fblog%2Forigin-of-tea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meegahakumbura_1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meegahakumbura_1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meegahakumbura_1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meegahakumbura_1_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeegahakumburaWambulwaThapa2016" class="citation journal cs1">Meegahakumbura, MK; Wambulwa, MC; Thapa, KK; et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4878758">"Indications for three independent domestication events for the tea plant (<i>Camellia sinensis</i> (L.) O. Kuntze) and new insights into the origin of tea germplasm in China and India revealed by nuclear microsatellites"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>11</b> (5): e0155369. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1155369M">2016PLoSO..1155369M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0155369">10.1371/journal.pone.0155369</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4878758">4878758</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27218820">27218820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Indications+for+three+independent+domestication+events+for+the+tea+plant+%28Camellia+sinensis+%28L.%29+O.+Kuntze%29+and+new+insights+into+the+origin+of+tea+germplasm+in+China+and+India+revealed+by+nuclear+microsatellites&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e0155369&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4878758%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27218820&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0155369&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PLoSO..1155369M&rft.aulast=Meegahakumbura&rft.aufirst=MK&rft.au=Wambulwa%2C+MC&rft.au=Thapa%2C+KK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4878758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meegahakumbura_2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meegahakumbura_2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meegahakumbura_2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meegahakumbura_2_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meegahakumbura_2_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeegahakumburaWambulwaLiThapa2018" class="citation journal cs1">Meegahakumbura MK, Wambulwa MC, Li MM, et al. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5788969">"Domestication origin and breeding history of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) in China and India based on nuclear microsatellites and cpDNA sequence data"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Plant Science</i>. <b>8</b>: 2270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2017.02270">10.3389/fpls.2017.02270</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5788969">5788969</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29422908">29422908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Plant+Science&rft.atitle=Domestication+origin+and+breeding+history+of+the+tea+plant+%28Camellia+sinensis%29+in+China+and+India+based+on+nuclear+microsatellites+and+cpDNA+sequence+data&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=2270&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5788969%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29422908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpls.2017.02270&rft.aulast=Meegahakumbura&rft.aufirst=MK&rft.au=Wambulwa%2C+MC&rft.au=Li%2C+MM&rft.au=Thapa%2C+KK&rft.au=Sun%2C+YS&rft.au=M%C3%B6ller%2C+M&rft.au=Xu%2C+JC&rft.au=Yang%2C+JB&rft.au=Liu%2C+J&rft.au=Liu%2C+BY&rft.au=Li%2C+DZ&rft.au=Gao%2C+LM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5788969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laura2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laura2_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-laura2_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYee" class="citation cs2">Yee, L.K., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020803115304/http://chcp.org/tea.html"><i>Tea's Wonderful History</i></a>, The Chinese Historical and Cultural Project, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chcp.org/tea.html">the original</a> on 3 August 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2013</span>, <q>year 1996–2012</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tea%27s+Wonderful+History&rft.pub=The+Chinese+Historical+and+Cultural+Project&rft.aulast=Yee&rft.aufirst=L.K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chcp.org%2Ftea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Van_Driem2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">George Van Driem</a> (2019). <i>Tale of Tea: A Comprehensive History of Tea: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004386259" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004386259"><bdi>978-9004386259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tale+of+Tea%3A+A+Comprehensive+History+of+Tea%3A+From+Prehistoric+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-9004386259&rft.au=George+Van+Driem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn201522-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn201522_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenn2015">Benn 2015</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009264–65-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009264–65_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMairHoh2009">Mair & Hoh 2009</a>, pp. 264–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKit_Boey_ChowIone_Kramer1990" class="citation book cs1">Kit Boey Chow; Ione Kramer (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NT8J5qDjABIC&pg=PR18"><i>All the Tea in China</i></a>. Sinolingua. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8351-2194-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8351-2194-1"><bdi>978-0-8351-2194-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160831072957/https://books.google.com/books?id=NT8J5qDjABIC&pg=PR18&lpg=PR18">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+Tea+in+China&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Sinolingua&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8351-2194-1&rft.au=Kit+Boey+Chow&rft.au=Ione+Kramer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNT8J5qDjABIC%26pg%3DPR18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/archaeologists-discover-worlds-oldest-tea-buried-with-ancient-chinese-emperor-a6805171.html">"Archaeologists discover world's oldest tea buried with ancient Chinese emperor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. Independent Print Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171008011801/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/archaeologists-discover-worlds-oldest-tea-buried-with-ancient-chinese-emperor-a6805171.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+discover+world%27s+oldest+tea+buried+with+ancient+Chinese+emperor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Farchaeology%2Farchaeologists-discover-worlds-oldest-tea-buried-with-ancient-chinese-emperor-a6805171.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouyuan_Lu2016" class="citation journal cs1">Houyuan Lu; et al. (7 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4704058">"Earliest tea as evidence for one branch of the Silk Road across the Tibetan Plateau"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>6</b>: 18955. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...618955L">2016NatSR...618955L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep18955">10.1038/srep18955</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4704058">4704058</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26738699">26738699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Earliest+tea+as+evidence+for+one+branch+of+the+Silk+Road+across+the+Tibetan+Plateau&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=18955&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4704058%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26738699&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep18955&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatSR...618955L&rft.au=Houyuan+Lu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4704058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phys.org/news/2016-01-world-oldest-tea-chinese-emperor.html">"World's oldest tea found in Chinese emperor's tomb"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phys.org" title="Phys.org">Phys.org</a>. 28 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917190549/http://phys.org/news/2016-01-world-oldest-tea-chinese-emperor.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2016</span>. <q>The oldest written reference to tea is from the year 59 BC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+oldest+tea+found+in+Chinese+emperor%27s+tomb&rft.pub=Phys.org&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2016-01-world-oldest-tea-chinese-emperor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200930–31-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200930–31_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMairHoh2009">Mair & Hoh 2009</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett_Alan_Weinberg,_Bonnie_K._Bealer2001" class="citation book cs1">Bennett Alan Weinberg, Bonnie K. Bealer (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AGaTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28"><i>The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug</i></a>. Routledge. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92722-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92722-2"><bdi>978-0-415-92722-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513051901/https://books.google.com/books?id=AGaTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Caffeine%3A+The+Science+and+Culture+of+the+World%27s+Most+Popular+Drug&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92722-2&rft.au=Bennett+Alan+Weinberg%2C+Bonnie+K.+Bealer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAGaTAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn201542-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn201542_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn201542_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenn2015">Benn 2015</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Chittick2020" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Chittick (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qmwywEACAAJ&q=slaves'%20drink&pg=PA76"><i>The Jiankang Empire in Chinese and World History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 75–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190937546" title="Special:BookSources/9780190937546"><bdi>9780190937546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jiankang+Empire+in+Chinese+and+World+History&rft.pages=75-76&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780190937546&rft.au=Andrew+Chittick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3qmwywEACAAJ%26q%3Dslaves%27%2520drink%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_PearceAudrey_G._SpiroPatricia_Buckley_Ebrey2001" class="citation book cs1">Scott Pearce; Audrey G. Spiro; Patricia Buckley Ebrey, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PASE4LVLzQ0C&q=yogurt&pg=PA22"><i>Culture and Power in the Reconstitution of the Chinese Realm, 200–600</i></a>. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00523-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00523-6"><bdi>0-674-00523-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Power+in+the+Reconstitution+of+the+Chinese+Realm%2C+200%E2%80%93600&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-674-00523-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPASE4LVLzQ0C%26q%3Dyogurt%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiranda_Brown2022" class="citation web cs1">Miranda Brown (2 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/eating-tea?">"The Medieval Influencer Who Convinced the World to Drink Tea—Not Eat It"</a>. <i>Atlas Obscura</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=The+Medieval+Influencer+Who+Convinced+the+World+to+Drink+Tea%E2%80%94Not+Eat+It&rft.date=2022-03-02&rft.au=Miranda+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Feating-tea%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200939–41-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200939–41_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMairHoh2009">Mair & Hoh 2009</a>, pp. 39–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009118-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009118_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMairHoh2009">Mair & Hoh 2009</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009165-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009165_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMairHoh2009">Mair & Hoh 2009</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009106-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009106_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMairHoh2009">Mair & Hoh 2009</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009169-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009169_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMairHoh2009">Mair & Hoh 2009</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apollotea.com/tea-articles/tea-history/15-russian-tea-history">"Russian Tea History"</a>. <i>www.apollotea.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.apollotea.com&rft.atitle=Russian+Tea+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apollotea.com%2Ftea-articles%2Ftea-history%2F15-russian-tea-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-T_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a></i>. Советская энциклопедия. 1978. pp. vol. 29, p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Soviet+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=vol.+29%2C+p.+11&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremiah Curtin, <i>A Journey to Southern Siberia</i>, 1909, chapter one</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basil Dymytryshyn, <i>Russia's Conquest of Siberia: A Documentary Record</i>, 1985, volume one, document 48 (he was an envoy that year, but the tea may have been given on a later visit to the Khan)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Chrystal2014" class="citation book cs1">Paul Chrystal (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXYFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT25"><i>Tea: A Very British Beverage</i></a>. Amberley Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-3360-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-3360-2"><bdi>978-1-4456-3360-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928000518/https://books.google.com/books?id=lXYFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT25&lpg=PT25">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tea%3A+A+Very+British+Beverage&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-3360-2&rft.au=Paul+Chrystal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXYFBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Peter Mundy Merchant Adventurer</i>, 2011, ed. R.E. Pritchard, Bodleian Libraries, Oxford</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y24y">"Tea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(BBC_Radio_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)">In Our Time</a></i>. 29 April 2004. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150411023701/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y24y">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Our+Time&rft.date=2004-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp004y24y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090730000451/http://www.tea.co.uk/page.php?id=98">"A Social History of the Nation's Favourite Drink"</a>. <i>United Kingdom Tea Council</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tea.co.uk/page.php?id=98#masses">the original</a> on 30 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Kingdom+Tea+Council&rft.atitle=A+Social+History+of+the+Nation%27s+Favourite+Drink&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tea.co.uk%2Fpage.php%3Fid%3D98%23masses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lysaght-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lysaght_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLysaght,_Patricia1987" class="citation journal cs1">Lysaght, Patricia (1987). "When I makes Tea, I makes Tea: the case of Tea in Ireland". <i>Ulster Folklife</i>. <b>33</b>: 48–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ulster+Folklife&rft.atitle=When+I+makes+Tea%2C+I+makes+Tea%3A+the+case+of+Tea+in+Ireland&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=48-49&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Lysaght%2C+Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstone2016" class="citation book cs1">Goldstone, Jack A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mOu_DQAAQBAJ&q=chinese+european+bullion&pg=PT365"><i>Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World: Population Change and State Breakdown in England, France, Turkey, and China, 1600–1850; 25th Anniversary Edition</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-40860-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-40860-6"><bdi>978-1-315-40860-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+Rebellion+in+the+Early+Modern+World%3A+Population+Change+and+State+Breakdown+in+England%2C+France%2C+Turkey%2C+and+China%2C+1600%E2%80%931850%3B+25th+Anniversary+Edition&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-40860-6&rft.aulast=Goldstone&rft.aufirst=Jack+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmOu_DQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dchinese%2Beuropean%2Bbullion%26pg%3DPT365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovell2012" class="citation book cs1">Lovell, Julia (2012). <i>The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams and the Making of China</i>. Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4472-0410-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4472-0410-7"><bdi>978-1-4472-0410-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Opium+War%3A+Drugs%2C+Dreams+and+the+Making+of+China&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4472-0410-7&rft.aulast=Lovell&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColleen_Taylor_Sen2004" class="citation book cs1">Colleen Taylor Sen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YIyV_5wrplMC&pg=PA26"><i>Food Culture in India</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32487-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32487-1"><bdi>978-0-313-32487-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424065113/https://books.google.com/books?id=YIyV_5wrplMC&pg=PA26">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>. <q>Ironically, it was the British who introduced tea drinking to India, initially to anglicized Indians. Tea did not become a mass drink there until the 1950s when the India Tea Board, faced with a surplus of low-grade tea, launched an advertising campaign to popularize it in the north, where the drink of choice was milk.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Culture+in+India&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32487-1&rft.au=Colleen+Taylor+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYIyV_5wrplMC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009214-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009214_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMairHoh2009">Mair & Hoh 2009</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rose_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Rose2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Rose" title="Sarah Rose">Sarah Rose</a> (2010). <i>For All the Tea in China</i>. Penguin Books. pp. 1–5, 89, 122, 197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+All+the+Tea+in+China&rft.pages=1-5%2C+89%2C+122%2C+197&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Sarah+Rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taylor-AU-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taylor-AU_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150223084443/http://www1.american.edu/ted/ceylon-tea.htm">"TED Case Studies – Ceylon Tea"</a>. American University, Washington, DC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.american.edu/ted/ceylon-tea.htm">the original</a> on 23 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TED+Case+Studies+%E2%80%93+Ceylon+Tea&rft.pub=American+University%2C+Washington%2C+DC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.american.edu%2Fted%2Fceylon-tea.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangBaldermannWatanabe2013" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Ziyin; Baldermann, Susanne; Watanabe, Naoharu (1 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096399691300104X">"Recent studies of the volatile compounds in tea"</a>. <i>Food Research International</i>. Tea – from bushes to mugs: composition, stability and health aspects. <b>53</b> (2): 585–599. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodres.2013.02.011">10.1016/j.foodres.2013.02.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0963-9969">0963-9969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Research+International&rft.atitle=Recent+studies+of+the+volatile+compounds+in+tea&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=585-599&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foodres.2013.02.011&rft.issn=0963-9969&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Ziyin&rft.au=Baldermann%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Watanabe%2C+Naoharu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS096399691300104X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg,_Bennett_AlanBealer,_Bonnie_K.2001" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Bennett Alan & Bealer, Bonnie K. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn"><i>The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug</i></a></span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Camellia+Sinensis&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Center+for+New+Crops+and+Plants+Products&rft.date=1996-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hort.purdue.edu%2Fnewcrop%2Fduke_energy%2Fcamellia_sinensis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2013" class="citation news cs1">Levin, Angela (20 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/10061426/Welcome-to-Tregothnan-Englands-only-tea-estate.html">"Welcome to Tregothnan, England's only tea estate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214014053/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/10061426/Welcome-to-Tregothnan-Englands-only-tea-estate.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Tregothnan%2C+England%27s+only+tea+estate&rft.date=2013-05-20&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffoodanddrink%2F10061426%2FWelcome-to-Tregothnan-Englands-only-tea-estate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ti-2014nov17-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ti-2014nov17_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilpern2014" class="citation news cs1">Hilpern, Kate (17 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/the-worlds-first-scottish-tea-at-10-a-cup-9866437.html">"The world's first Scottish tea (at £10 a cup)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171008130141/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/the-worlds-first-scottish-tea-at-10-a-cup-9866437.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+first+Scottish+tea+%28at+%C2%A310+a+cup%29&rft.date=2014-11-17&rft.aulast=Hilpern&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Ffood-and-drink%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-worlds-first-scottish-tea-at-10-a-cup-9866437.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810214327/http://69.93.14.225/wscpr/LibraryDocs/Tea2010.pdf">"Tea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Compendium of Washington Agriculture</i>. Washington State Commission on Pesticide Registration. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://69.93.14.225/wscpr/LibraryDocs/Tea2010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Compendium+of+Washington+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Tea&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F69.93.14.225%2Fwscpr%2FLibraryDocs%2FTea2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2013/05/05/tea-farm-on-vancouver-island-a-canadian-first/">"Tea farm on Vancouver Island, a Canadian first"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Sun" title="Vancouver Sun">Vancouver Sun</a></i>. 5 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527214442/http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2013/05/05/tea-farm-on-vancouver-island-a-canadian-first/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vancouver+Sun&rft.atitle=Tea+farm+on+Vancouver+Island%2C+a+Canadian+first&rft.date=2013-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.vancouversun.com%2F2013%2F05%2F05%2Ftea-farm-on-vancouver-island-a-canadian-first%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawley2013" class="citation news cs1">Crawley, Jennifer (13 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311120146/http://prelive.themercury.com.au/article/2013/08/13/385535_tasmania-news.html">"Tassie tea crop brewing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_(Hobart)" title="The Mercury (Hobart)">The Mercury (Hobart)</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prelive.themercury.com.au/article/2013/08/13/385535_tasmania-news.html">the original</a> on 11 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury+%28Hobart%29&rft.atitle=Tassie+tea+crop+brewing&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft.aulast=Crawley&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprelive.themercury.com.au%2Farticle%2F2013%2F08%2F13%2F385535_tasmania-news.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/tv/cookandchef/txt/s2404570.htm">"Episode 36 – Produce of Two Islands"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cook_and_the_Chef" title="The Cook and the Chef">The Cook and the Chef</a></i>. Episode 36. 29 October 2008. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC Australia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215032023/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/cookandchef/txt/s2404570.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cook+and+the+Chef&rft.series=Episode+36&rft.date=2008-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Ftv%2Fcookandchef%2Ftxt%2Fs2404570.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nzh-2013aug17-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nzh-2013aug17_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/waikato-news/news/tea-growing-is-tough-going/XCPAATJPQKKS7QFZ64WFSV2ILI/">"Tea growing is tough going"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i>. 17 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240222192713/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/waikato-news/news/tea-growing-is-tough-going/XCPAATJPQKKS7QFZ64WFSV2ILI/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Tea+growing+is+tough+going&rft.date=2013-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fwaikato-news%2Fnews%2Ftea-growing-is-tough-going%2FXCPAATJPQKKS7QFZ64WFSV2ILI%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolfeCave2003" class="citation book cs1">Rolfe, Jim & Cave, Yvonne (2003). <i>Camellias: A Practical Gardening Guide</i>. Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-577-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-577-7"><bdi>978-0-88192-577-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camellias%3A+A+Practical+Gardening+Guide&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-88192-577-7&rft.aulast=Rolfe&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Cave%2C+Yvonne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruess2006" class="citation book cs1">Pruess, Joanna (2006). <i>Tea Cuisine: A New Approach to Flavoring Contemporary and Traditional Dishes</i>. Globe Pequot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-741-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-741-3"><bdi>978-1-59228-741-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tea+Cuisine%3A+A+New+Approach+to+Flavoring+Contemporary+and+Traditional+Dishes&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59228-741-3&rft.aulast=Pruess&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mondal-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mondal_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMondal2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Mondal, T. K. (2007). "Tea". In Pua, E.C.; Davey, M.R. (eds.). <i>Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry</i>. Vol. 60: Transgenic Crops V. 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(February 2016). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28051971">"Nuclear microsatellites reveal the genetic architecture and breeding history of tea germplasm of East Africa"</a></span>. <i>Tree Genetics & Genomes</i>. <b>12</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11295-015-0963-x">10.1007/s11295-015-0963-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255132393">255132393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tree+Genetics+%26+Genomes&rft.atitle=Nuclear+microsatellites+reveal+the+genetic+architecture+and+breeding+history+of+tea+germplasm+of+East+Africa&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11295-015-0963-x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255132393%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wambulwa&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft.au=Meegahakumbura%2C+M.+K.&rft.au=Chalo%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28051971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tea_Cultivation-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tea_Cultivation_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarler2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harler, Campbell Ronald (26 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585098/tea">"Tea production"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430063121/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585098/tea">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Change+brewing+for+reshaped+tea+market&rft.date=2011-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fchange-brewing-for-reshaped-tea-market-1320676.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithers2010" class="citation news cs1">Smithers, Rebecca (2 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jul/02/teabags-biodegradeable">"Most UK teabags not fully biodegradeable [<i>sic</i>], research reveals"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204105012/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jul/02/teabags-biodegradeable">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Most+UK+teabags+not+fully+biodegradeable%26%2332%3B%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B%2C+research+reveals&rft.date=2010-07-02&rft.aulast=Smithers&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2010%2Fjul%2F02%2Fteabags-biodegradeable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200950-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200950_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMairHoh2009">Mair & Hoh 2009</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200962-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200962_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMairHoh2009">Mair & Hoh 2009</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200948-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh200948_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMairHoh2009">Mair & Hoh 2009</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009110-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009110_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMairHoh2009">Mair & Hoh 2009</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009124–36-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHoh2009124–36_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMairHoh2009">Mair & Hoh 2009</a>, pp. 124–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn2012" class="citation book cs1">Blackburn, George (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kL0hdkLlovgC&pg=PT93"><i>The Guns of Normandy: A Soldier's Eye View, France 1944</i></a>. Random House Digital, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55199-462-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55199-462-8"><bdi>978-1-55199-462-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424075208/https://books.google.com/books?id=kL0hdkLlovgC&pg=PT93">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bischofszell+Food+Ltd&rft.pub=Bina.ch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bina.ch%2Fcms%2Fgeschichte%2F%3FL%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/681635/tea-consumption-daily-amount-united-kingdom-uk/">"• UK: average cups of tea per day 2017 | Statista"</a>. <i>www.statista.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702043046/https://www.statista.com/statistics/681635/tea-consumption-daily-amount-united-kingdom-uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.statista.com&rft.atitle=%E2%80%A2+UK%3A+average+cups+of+tea+per+day+2017+%26%23124%3B+Statista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F681635%2Ftea-consumption-daily-amount-united-kingdom-uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/507950/global-per-capita-tea-consumption-by-country/">"Annual per capita tea consumption worldwide as of 2016, by leading countries"</a>. <i>Statista</i>. 14 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Annual+per+capita+tea+consumption+worldwide+as+of+2016%2C+by+leading+countries&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F507950%2Fglobal-per-capita-tea-consumption-by-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope" class="citation news cs1">Pope, Conor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/consumer/why-we-get-a-better-cup-in-ireland-than-all-the-tea-in-china-1.1949600">"Why we get a better cup in Ireland than all the tea in China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Why+we+get+a+better+cup+in+Ireland+than+all+the+tea+in+China&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fconsumer%2Fwhy-we-get-a-better-cup-in-ireland-than-all-the-tea-in-china-1.1949600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quantity-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-quantity_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2005/105404/index.html">"World tea production reaches new highs"</a>. <i>fao.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428045119/http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2005/105404/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fao.org&rft.atitle=World+tea+production+reaches+new+highs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fnewsroom%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2005%2F105404%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tea-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tea_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>About Turkey: Geography, Economics, Politics, Religion and Culture</i>, Rashid and Resit Ergener, Pilgrims' Process, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9710609-6-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9710609-6-7">0-9710609-6-7</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indian_Tea_Industry_Report-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Indian_Tea_Industry_Report_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140611133413/http://agritrade.iift.ac.in/html/Training/ASEAN%20%E2%80%93%20India%20FTA%20%20Emerging%20Issues%20for%20Trade%20in%20Agriculture/Tea%20Export.pdf">"Capacity Building Program on International Trade"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Press release). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+T%C3%BCrk&rft.atitle=En+%C3%A7ok+%C3%A7ay+ve+karpuz+t%C3%BCketiyoruz+%28in+Turkish%29%2F+We+consume+a+lot+of+tea+and+watermelon&rft.date=2013-08-11&rft.au=Turkish+Statistical+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnturk.com%2F2013%2Fekonomi%2Fgenel%2F08%2F11%2Fen.cok.cay.ve.karpuz.tuketiyoruz%2F719067.0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"tea"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alimentarium.org/en/knowledge/tea-russia">"Tea in Russia"</a>. <i>Alimentarium</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190929103430/https://www.alimentarium.org/en/knowledge/tea-russia">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouGov%3A+What+the+world+thinks&rft.atitle=A+majority+of+Indians+think+theirs+is+a+tea-drinking+nation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.yougov.com%2Fcontent%2F26569-majority-indians-think-theirs-tea-drinking-nation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persianfoodtours.com/persian-tea/">"Persian Tea | Everything You Need to Know"</a>. <i>Persian Food Tour</i>. 20 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TDE&rft.atitle=Persian+Tea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdefilm.ir%2FNews%2Fwww.tdefilm.ir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuguid2012" class="citation book cs1">Duguid, Naomi (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xTk20rPq1dUC"><i>Burma: Rivers of Flavor</i></a>. Artisan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57965-413-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57965-413-9"><bdi>978-1-57965-413-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burma%3A+Rivers+of+Flavor&rft.pub=Artisan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-57965-413-9&rft.aulast=Duguid&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxTk20rPq1dUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.virtualgreenteamuseum.de/malianteaceremony.php">"The Malian Tea Ceremony"</a>. <i>Virtual Green Tea Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Broadcast 15 October 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers" class="citation news cs1">Powers, Sean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gpbnews.org/post/sweet-tea-history-nectar-south">"Sweet Tea: A History of the 'Nectar Of The South'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181129132033/http://www.gpbnews.org/post/sweet-tea-history-nectar-south">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New Delhi. p. 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1460940491.html">the original</a> on 11 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=How+India+came+to+be+the+largest+tea+drinking+nation&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2008-04-13&rft.aulast=Sanyal&rft.aufirst=Amitava&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P3-1460940491.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuromonitor_International2013" class="citation web cs1">Euromonitor International (13 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117000057/http://www.marketresearchworld.net/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=208">"Turkey: Second biggest tea market in the world"</a>. <i>Market Research World</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Market+Research+World&rft.atitle=Turkey%3A+Second+biggest+tea+market+in+the+world&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft.au=Euromonitor+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketresearchworld.net%2Findex2.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26do_pdf%3D1%26id%3D208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoora,_V.,_Bermudez,_S.,_and_Larrea,_C.2019" class="citation web cs1">Voora, V., Bermudez, S., and Larrea, C. 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Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (2002). <i>Organic Agriculture and Rural Poverty Alleviation: Potential and Best Practices in Asia</i>. United Nations Publications. pp. 62–63. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-1-120138-1" title="Special:BookSources/92-1-120138-1">92-1-120138-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard2012" class="citation news cs1">Blanchard, Ben (24 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unilever-china-quality-idUSBRE83N0AT20120424">"Greenpeace says finds tainted Lipton tea bags in China"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Beijing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402225630/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/24/us-unilever-china-quality-idUSBRE83N0AT20120424">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Greenpeace+says+finds+tainted+Lipton+tea+bags+in+China&rft.date=2012-04-24&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-unilever-china-quality-idUSBRE83N0AT20120424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith-Greene2014" class="citation news cs1">Griffith-Greene, Megar (8 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/pesticide-traces-in-some-tea-exceed-allowable-limits-1.2564624">"Pesticide traces in some tea exceed allowable limits"</a>. CBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317230357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/pesticide-traces-in-some-tea-exceed-allowable-limits-1.2564624">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pesticide+traces+in+some+tea+exceed+allowable+limits&rft.date=2014-03-08&rft.aulast=Griffith-Greene&rft.aufirst=Megar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fpesticide-traces-in-some-tea-exceed-allowable-limits-1.2564624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hellman-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hellman_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellbergEverstineSklare2020" class="citation book cs1">Hellberg, Rosalee S.; Everstine, Karen; Sklare, Steven A. (30 November 2020). "Chapter 8. Coffee and Tea fraud". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dZThDwAAQBAJ&q=%22weight+%22+%22food+fraud%22+china"><i>Food Fraud: A Global Threat with Public Health and Economic Consequences</i></a>. Academic Press. pp. 143–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-817243-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-817243-8"><bdi>978-0-12-817243-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8.+Coffee+and+Tea+fraud&rft.btitle=Food+Fraud%3A+A+Global+Threat+with+Public+Health+and+Economic+Consequences&rft.pages=143-145&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2020-11-30&rft.isbn=978-0-12-817243-8&rft.aulast=Hellberg&rft.aufirst=Rosalee+S.&rft.au=Everstine%2C+Karen&rft.au=Sklare%2C+Steven+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdZThDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522weight%2B%2522%2B%2522food%2Bfraud%2522%2Bchina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/">"List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor"</a>. <i>dol.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180319225451/https://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dol.gov&rft.atitle=List+of+Goods+Produced+by+Child+Labor+or+Forced+Labor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dol.gov%2Filab%2Freports%2Fchild-labor%2Flist-of-goods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-waronwant-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-waronwant_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100919011759/http://www.waronwant.org/campaigns/fighting-supermarket-power/tea-industry/inform/16999-a-bitter-cup">"A Bitter Cup"</a>. <a href="/wiki/War_on_Want" title="War on Want">War on Want</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waronwant.org/campaigns/fighting-supermarket-power/tea-industry/inform/16999-a-bitter-cup">the original</a> on 19 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Bitter+Cup&rft.pub=War+on+Want&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waronwant.org%2Fcampaigns%2Ffighting-supermarket-power%2Ftea-industry%2Finform%2F16999-a-bitter-cup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenn2015" class="citation book cs1">Benn, James A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XF17CAAAQBAJ"><i>Tea in China: A Religious and Cultural History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-8208-73-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-8208-73-9"><bdi>978-988-8208-73-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tea+in+China%3A+A+Religious+and+Cultural+History&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-988-8208-73-9&rft.aulast=Benn&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXF17CAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeissHeiss2007" class="citation book cs1">Heiss, Mary Lou; Heiss, Robert J. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofteacultur0000heis"><i>The Story of Tea: A Cultural History and Drinking Guide</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Ten_Speed_Press" title="Ten Speed Press">Ten Speed Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-745-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-745-2"><bdi>978-1-58008-745-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Tea%3A+A+Cultural+History+and+Drinking+Guide&rft.pub=Ten+Speed+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58008-745-2&rft.aulast=Heiss&rft.aufirst=Mary+Lou&rft.au=Heiss%2C+Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofteacultur0000heis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMairHoh2009" class="citation book cs1">Mair, Victor H.; Hoh, Erling (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_TR_PQAACAAJ"><i>The True History of Tea</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-25146-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-25146-1"><bdi>978-0-500-25146-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+True+History+of+Tea&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-500-25146-1&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Victor+H.&rft.au=Hoh%2C+Erling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_TR_PQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Martin" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Laura C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ2j_bX6WTUC&pg=PA8"><i>Tea: The Drink that Changed the World</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3724-8"><bdi>978-0-8048-3724-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1159227468">1159227468</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1956186W">1956186W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tea%3A+The+Drink+that+Changed+the+World&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1159227468&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL1956186W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-3724-8&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Laura+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJ2j_bX6WTUC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Tea</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tea" class="extiw" title="wikt:tea">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tea" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Tea">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Tea" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Tea">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tea" class="extiw" title="q:Tea">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Tea" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Tea">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Tea" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Tea">Recipes</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tea" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Tea">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tea" class="extiw" title="voy:Tea">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/23px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/35px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/46px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Camellia_sinensis" class="extiw" title="species:Camellia sinensis">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6097" class="extiw" title="d:Q6097">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant-based_diets" title="Template:Plant-based diets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plant-based_diets" title="Template talk:Plant-based diets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plant-based_diets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plant-based diets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plant-based_diets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Flexitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">Lacto vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Lacto-ovo vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_diet" title="Low-carbon diet">Low-carbon diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health_diet" title="Planetary health diet">Planetary health diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portfolio_diet" title="Portfolio diet">Portfolio diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Academics, dietitians, and physicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neal_D._Barnard" title="Neal D. Barnard">Neal D. Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Bulsiewicz" title="Will Bulsiewicz">Will Bulsiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Colin_Campbell" title="T. Colin Campbell">T. Colin Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Davis" title="Brenda Davis">Brenda Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garth_Davis_(surgeon)" title="Garth Davis (surgeon)">Garth Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Desmond" title="Alan Desmond">Alan Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Diehl" title="Hans Diehl">Hans Diehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidon_Eshel" title="Gidon Eshel">Gidon Eshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_Esselstyn" title="Caldwell Esselstyn">Caldwell Esselstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_E._Fraser" title="Gary E. Fraser">Gary E. Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Fuhrman" title="Joel Fuhrman">Joel Fuhrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristi_Funk" title="Kristi Funk">Kristi Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_D._Gardner" title="Christopher D. Gardner">Christopher D. Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Gerson" title="Max Gerson">Max Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Greger" title="Michael Greger">Michael Greger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julieanna_Hever" title="Julieanna Hever">Julieanna Hever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Hill_(nutritionist)" title="Simon Hill (nutritionist)">Simon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shireen_Kassam" title="Shireen Kassam">Shireen Kassam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Jacobson" title="Michael F. Jacobson">Michael F. Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Jenkins" title="David J. Jenkins">David J. Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Kahn" title="Joel Kahn">Joel Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Katz" title="David L. Katz">David L. Katz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Klaper" title="Michael Klaper">Michael Klaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_M._Levin" title="Susan M. Levin">Susan M. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valter_Longo" title="Valter Longo">Valter Longo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaniappan_Manickam" title="Palaniappan Manickam">Palaniappan Manickam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McDougall" title="John A. McDougall">John A. McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracye_McQuirter" title="Tracye McQuirter">Tracye McQuirter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Newman" title="Gemma Newman">Gemma Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Ornish" title="Dean Ornish">Dean Ornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Plant" title="Jane Plant">Jane Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Pritikin" title="Nathan Pritikin">Nathan Pritikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megan_Rossi" title="Megan Rossi">Megan Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Shintani" title="Terry Shintani">Terry Shintani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheil_Shukla" title="Sheil Shukla">Sheil Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Spector" title="Tim Spector">Tim Spector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Syn" title="Mia Syn">Mia Syn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Wareham" title="Ellsworth Wareham">Ellsworth Wareham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Advocates and cookbook authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Adams" title="Eric Adams">Eric Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Anderson" title="Pamela Anderson">Pamela Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nava_Atlas" title="Nava Atlas">Nava Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Bass" title="Clarence Bass">Clarence Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bittman" title="Mark Bittman">Mark Bittman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Jackson_Blatner" title="Dawn Jackson Blatner">Dawn Jackson Blatner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleigh_Bodrug" title="Carleigh Bodrug">Carleigh Bodrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bowman" title="Alfredo Bowman">Alfredo Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Brazier" title="Brendan Brazier">Brendan Brazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Buettner" title="Dan Buettner">Dan Buettner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzy_Amis_Cameron" title="Suzy Amis Cameron">Suzy Amis Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Che" title="Hannah Che">Hannah Che</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Cross_(filmmaker)" title="Joe Cross (filmmaker)">Joe Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosanna_Davison" title="Rosanna Davison">Rosanna Davison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr." title="Robert Downey Jr.">Robert Downey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Dymek" title="Marta Dymek">Marta Dymek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_Esselstyn" title="Rip Esselstyn">Rip Esselstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Freston" title="Kathy Freston">Kathy Freston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kenney" title="Matthew Kenney">Matthew Kenney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richa_Hingle" title="Richa Hingle">Richa Hingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Humm" title="Daniel Humm">Daniel Humm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_La_Manna" title="Max La Manna">Max La Manna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McCartney" title="Mary McCartney">Mary McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Mills" title="Ella Mills">Ella Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetty_Lui_McKinnon" title="Hetty Lui McKinnon">Hetty Lui McKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Lee_Molinaro" title="Joanne Lee Molinaro">Joanne Lee Molinaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_Morgan" title="Charity Morgan">Charity Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_H._Murdock" title="David H. Murdock">David H. Murdock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Okamoto" title="Toni Okamoto">Toni Okamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darin_Olien" title="Darin Olien">Darin Olien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Pilot" title="Steve Pilot">Steve Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Robbins" title="Ocean Robbins">Ocean Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Sarno" title="Derek Sarno">Derek Sarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Seinfeld" title="Jessica Seinfeld">Jessica Seinfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Stone" title="Gene Stone">Gene Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Sunderani" title="Hannah Sunderani">Hannah Sunderani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Szekely" title="Deborah Szekely">Deborah Szekely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeeca_Uy" title="Jeeca Uy">Jeeca Uy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisha_Vora" title="Nisha Vora">Nisha Vora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Yonan" title="Joe Yonan">Joe Yonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Young" title="Robert O. Young">Robert O. Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PlantPure_Nation" title="PlantPure Nation">PlantPure Nation</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_the_Health" title="What the Health">What the Health</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Game_Changers" title="The Game Changers">The Game Changers</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books,<br />studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventist_Health_Studies" title="Adventist Health Studies">Adventist Health Studies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Study" title="The China Study">The China Study</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_Not_to_Die:_Discover_the_Foods_Scientifically_Proven_to_Prevent_and_Reverse_Disease" title="How Not to Die: Discover the Foods Scientifically Proven to Prevent and Reverse Disease">How Not to Die: Discover the Foods Scientifically Proven to Prevent and Reverse Disease</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Longevity_Diet" title="The Longevity Diet">The Longevity Diet</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-Based_Health_Professionals_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant-Based Health Professionals UK">Plant-Based Health Professionals UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicine" title="Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine">Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritikin_Longevity_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritikin Longevity Center">Pritikin Longevity Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fermented_foods" title="List of fermented foods">Fermented foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_microbiota" title="Gut microbiota">Gut microbiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_microbiome" title="Human microbiome">Gut microbiome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_action_plan" title="Plant-based action plan">Plant-based action plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nutrition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_nutrition" title="Vegan nutrition">Vegan nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_nutrition" title="Vegetarian nutrition">Vegetarian nutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">Beans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_fruits" title="List of culinary fruits">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="List of culinary herbs and spices">Herbs and spices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">Legumes/Pulses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_nuts" title="List of culinary nuts">Nuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_edible_seeds" title="List of edible seeds">Seeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">Tempeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetables" title="List of vegetables">Vegetables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">Whole grains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cacao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">Plant milk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_and_plant-based_media" title="List of vegan and plant-based media">List of vegan and plant-based media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Plant-based_diets" title="Category:Plant-based diets">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plant-based_diets" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Plant-based diets">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tea_(Camellia_sinensis)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Teas" title="Template:Teas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Teas" title="Template talk:Teas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Teas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Teas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tea_(Camellia_sinensis)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_sinensis" title="Camellia sinensis">Camellia sinensis</a></i>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea" title="History of tea">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common <br />varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_tea" title="Black tea">Black tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_tea" title="Assam tea">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyi_tea" title="Wuyi tea">Bohea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka#Ceylon_black_tea" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congou" title="Congou">Congou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianhong" title="Dianhong">Dianhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Monkey_tea" title="Golden Monkey tea">Golden Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Jun_Mei_tea" title="Jin Jun Mei tea">Jin Jun Mei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangra_tea" title="Kangra tea">Kangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keemun" title="Keemun">Keemun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tea" title="Nilgiri tea">Nilgiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_tea" title="Sikkim tea">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeti" title="Tibeti">Tibeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize_tea" title="Rize tea">Rize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingdehong_tea" title="Yingdehong tea">Yingdehong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oolong" title="Oolong">Oolong tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Jiguan_tea" title="Bai Jiguan tea">Bai Jiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Tian_Yao_tea" title="Ban Tian Yao tea">Ban Tian Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baozhong_tea" title="Baozhong tea">Baozhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu_Zhi_Chun_tea" title="Bu Zhi Chun tea">Bu Zhi Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_Hong_Pao" title="Da Hong Pao">Da Hong Pao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Ding_tea" title="Dong Ding tea">Dong ding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfang_meiren" title="Dongfang meiren">Dongfang meiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo_Shou_tea" title="Fo Shou tea">Fo Shou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-mountain_tea" title="High-mountain tea">Gaoshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangjin_Gui" title="Huangjin Gui">Huangjin Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Meigui_tea" title="Huang Meigui tea">Huang Meigui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Xuan_tea" title="Jin Xuan tea">Jin Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilan_tea" title="Qilan tea">Qilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rougui_tea" title="Rougui tea">Rougui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruan_zhi" title="Ruan zhi">Ruan zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shui_Jin_Gui_tea" title="Shui Jin Gui tea">Shui Jin Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shui_Xian" title="Shui Xian">Shui Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieluohan_tea" title="Tieluohan tea">Tieluohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieguanyin" title="Tieguanyin">Tieguanyin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">Green tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anji_bai_cha" title="Anji bai cha">Anji bai cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aracha" title="Aracha">Aracha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baimao_Hou" title="Baimao Hou">Baimao Hou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bancha" title="Bancha">Bancha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biluochun" title="Biluochun">Biluochun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Mee" title="Chun Mee">Chun Mee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafang_tea" title="Dafang tea">Dafang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genmaicha" title="Genmaicha">Genmaicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%27an_Melon_Seed_tea" title="Lu'an Melon Seed tea">Lu'an Melon Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_tea" title="Gunpowder tea">Gunpowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyokuro" title="Gyokuro">Gyokuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Djicha" title="Hōjicha">Hōjicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_houkui" title="Taiping houkui">Taiping houkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshan_Maofeng" title="Huangshan Maofeng">Huangshan Maofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyson" title="Hyson">Hyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sencha#Kabusecha" title="Sencha">Kabusecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamairicha" title="Kamairicha">Kamairicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konacha" title="Konacha">Konacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukicha" title="Kukicha">Kukicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjing_tea" title="Longjing tea">Longjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matcha" title="Matcha">Matcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyang_Maojian_tea" title="Xinyang Maojian tea">Maojian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_(tea)" title="Mecha (tea)">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengding_Ganlu_tea" title="Mengding Ganlu tea">Mengding Ganlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sencha" title="Sencha">Sencha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sencha#Shincha" title="Sencha">Shincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaryokucha" title="Tamaryokucha">Tamaryokucha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_tea" title="White tea">White tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baimudan_tea" title="Baimudan tea">Bai Mudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baihao_Yinzhen" title="Baihao Yinzhen">Baihao Yinzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoumei_tea" title="Shoumei tea">Shoumei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_tea" title="Yellow tea">Yellow tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junshan_Yinzhen" title="Junshan Yinzhen">Junshan Yinzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huoshan_Huangya_tea" title="Huoshan Huangya tea">Huoshan Huangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_tea" title="Pu'er tea">Pu-erh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doncha" title="Doncha">Doncha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahpet" title="Lahpet">Lahpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha">Kombucha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tea_blending_and_additives" title="Tea blending and additives">Blended or <br />flavoured teas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Grey_tea" title="Earl Grey tea">Earl Grey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lady_Grey_(tea)" title="Lady Grey (tea)">Lady Grey</a>)</li> <li>Breakfast tea (<a href="/wiki/English_breakfast_tea" title="English breakfast tea">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Irish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmine_tea" title="Jasmine tea">Jasmine tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapsang_souchong" title="Lapsang souchong">Lapsang souchong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_chai" title="Masala chai">Masala chai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_mint_tea" title="Maghrebi mint tea">Maghrebi mint tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_tea_blend" title="Prince of Wales tea blend">Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Caravan" title="Russian Caravan">Russian Caravan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strobilanthes_tonkinensis" title="Strobilanthes tonkinensis">Strobilanthes tonkinensis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_in_Australia" title="Tea in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_tea" title="Arabic tea">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tea in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_tea" title="Ceylon tea">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea" title="Chinese tea">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_tea" title="Korean tea">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_tea" title="Nepali tea">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea" title="Taiwanese tea">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_in_Turkey" title="Tea in Turkey">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_tea" title="Vietnamese tea">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Customs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_(meal)" title="Tea (meal)">Afternoon/High tea/Evening meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_party" title="Tea party">Tea party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasseography" title="Tasseography">Tasseography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_tea_ceremony" title="East Asian tea ceremony">East Asian tea ceremony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gongfu_tea" title="Gongfu tea">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yum_cha" title="Yum cha">Yum cha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_tea_ceremony" title="Korean tea ceremony">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea_culture" title="Taiwanese tea culture">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_tea_ceremony" title="Ryukyuan tea ceremony">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">Tea garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse or tearoom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cha_chaan_teng" title="Cha chaan teng">Cha chaan teng</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chashitsu" title="Chashitsu">Chashitsu</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mizuya" title="Mizuya">Mizuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukiya-zukuri" title="Sukiya-zukuri">Sukiya-zukuri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">Roji</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_tea_culture" title="American tea culture">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_tea_culture" title="Argentine tea culture">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_tea_culture" title="Azerbaijani tea culture">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_tea_culture" title="Brazilian tea culture">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture" title="Chinese tea culture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_tea_culture" title="Dominican tea culture">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_tea_culture" title="Hong Kong tea culture">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_tea_culture" title="Indian tea culture">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture_in_Japan" title="Tea culture in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_tea_culture" title="Mexican tea culture">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_tea_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani tea culture">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_tea_culture" title="Senegalese tea culture">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea_culture" title="Taiwanese tea culture">Taiwanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea" title="History of tea">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of tea in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea_in_India" title="History of tea in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea_in_Japan" title="History of tea in Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production and <br />distribution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_leaf_grading" title="Tea leaf grading">Leaf grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_processing" title="Tea processing">Processing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decaffeination" title="Decaffeination">Decaffeination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tasting" title="Tea tasting">Tasting</a></li> <li>Cultivation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tea_diseases" title="List of tea diseases">Diseases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tea_companies" title="List of tea companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tea_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by tea consumption per capita">Consumption by country</a></li> <li>Auctions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Tea_Auction" title="London Tea Auction">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Tea_Auction" title="Chittagong Tea Auction">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati_Tea_Auction_Centre" title="Guwahati Tea Auction Centre">Guwahati</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_country" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Tea production in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Indonesia" title="Tea production in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Kenya" title="Tea production in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Rwanda" title="Tea production in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_the_United_States" title="Tea production in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_tea" title="Flowering tea">Flowering teas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">Infusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_tea" title="Compressed tea">Compressed tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">Decoction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">ISO procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeping" title="Steeping">Steeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_bag" title="Tea bag">Tea bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_lady" title="Tea lady">Tea lady</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tea" title="Health effects of tea">Health effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_tea" title="Phenolic content in tea">Phenolic content</a></li> <li>Compounds <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">Theanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavan-3-ol" title="Flavan-3-ol">Flavan-3-ol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigallocatechin_gallate" title="Epigallocatechin gallate">Epigallocatechin gallate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theaflavin" title="Theaflavin">Theaflavin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tea-based <br />drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_tea" title="Bubble tea">Bubble tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_tea" title="Builder's tea">Builder's tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_milk_tea" title="Burmese milk tea">Burmese milk tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_tea" title="Butter tea">Butter tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifir" title="Chifir">Chifir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doodh_pati_chai" title="Doodh pati chai">Doodh pati chai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93style_milk_tea" title="Hong Kong–style milk tea">Hong Kong–style milk tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iced_tea" title="Iced tea">Iced tea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Palmer_(drink)" title="Arnold Palmer (drink)">Arnold Palmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagertee" title="Jagertee">Jagertee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahwah" title="Kahwah">Kahwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_cha" title="Lei cha">Lei cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_tea" title="Milk tea">Milk tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noon_chai" title="Noon chai">Noon chai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven-color_tea" title="Seven-color tea">Seven-color tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahi_haleeb" title="Shahi haleeb">Shahi haleeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suutei_tsai" title="Suutei tsai">Suutei tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_tea" title="Sweet tea">Sweet tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teh_tarik" title="Teh tarik">Teh tarik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_tea" title="Thai tea">Thai tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuenyeung" title="Yuenyeung">Yuenyeung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teaware" title="Teaware">Teaware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_chest" title="Tea chest">Chest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_caddy" title="Tea caddy">Caddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawan" title="Chawan">Chawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infuser" title="Infuser">Infuser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_strainer" title="Tea strainer">Strainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacup" title="Teacup">Teacup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teapot" title="Teapot">Teapot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaiwan" title="Gaiwan">Gaiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_set" title="Tea set">Tea set</a></li></ul></li> <li>Literature <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_classics" title="Tea classics">Tea classics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_teas" title="List of Chinese teas">List of Chinese teas</a></li> <li>Teas of related species <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_japonica" title="Camellia japonica">Camellia japonica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_sasanqua" title="Camellia sasanqua">Camellia sasanqua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_taliensis" title="Camellia taliensis">Camellia taliensis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tea research <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipton_Institute_of_Tea" title="Lipton Institute of Tea">Lipton Institute of Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Research_and_Extension_Station" title="Tea Research and Extension Station">Tea Research and Extension Station</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Herbal_tea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamomile" title="Chamomile">Chamomile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_lime_tea" title="Dried lime tea">Dried lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_tea" title="Ginger tea">Ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilex_guayusa" title="Ilex guayusa">Guayusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koththamalli" title="Koththamalli">Koththamalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuding" title="Kuding">Kuding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_(drink)" title="Mate (drink)">Mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooibos" title="Rooibos">Rooibos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tea" title="Category:Tea">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6097#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6097#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6097#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4059283-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85132924">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573562">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="čaj"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph135501&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563191905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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