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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=441544]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_441544").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_441544").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1628073" data-work_id="1628073" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1628073/The_importance_of_lead_in_the_silver_production_at_Riotinto_Spain_Limportance_du_plomb_dans_la_production_dargent_%C3%A0_Riotinto_Espagne_">The importance of lead in the silver production at Riotinto (Spain). L'importance du plomb dans la production d'argent à Riotinto (Espagne)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The site of Corta Lago is located within Rio Tinto mining district, in the Huelva province, in the South-West of Spain. This region is geologically characterised by the presence of the Iberian Pyrite Belt, highly important for the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1628073" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The site of Corta Lago is located within Rio Tinto mining district, in the Huelva province, in the South-West of Spain. This region is geologically characterised by the presence of the Iberian Pyrite Belt, highly important for the concentration and the subsequent exploitation and production of several metals such as silver, copper, gold and manganese, since the Bronze Age up to few decades ago. This paper focuses on the exploitation of the North Lode of Cerro Salomon and in particular on the stratigraphic section of Corta Lago, spanning between the Phoenician period up to the second century AD, mainly highlighting the Roman period (200 BC-200 AD). The main goal is to distinguish the various slag typologies and reconstruct from them the differences between the silver smelting techniques and their possible reasons. The importance of lead is well known within the cupellation process. However, for the silver production in Rio Tinto, lead has a crucial role already in the first step of the production: the smelting. Lead metal or a lead mineral is added to the first charge in the furnace with jarosite (containing a varying lead concentration), and gangue (quartz plus barite in varying ratios). The isotopic characterisation of the lead involved in the system seems to point to use of lead with different origins, sometimes local and sometimes "foreigner". This observation is further confirmed by the presence of Roman lead ingots with the stamp "Carthago" (stored at the Rio Tinto Museum). The lead isotope analyses have the aim to identify the possible area of provenance of the lead used for the smelting in Rio Tinto.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1628073" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eeddadf88595a73f2e201c5fc015a61f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50894747,"asset_id":1628073,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50894747/download_file?st=MTc0MzA3ODIzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="230706" href="https://brunel.academia.edu/LornaAnguilano">Lorna Anguilano</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="230706" type="text/json">{"id":230706,"first_name":"Lorna","last_name":"Anguilano","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"LornaAnguilano","display_name":"Lorna Anguilano","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/LornaAnguilano","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/230706/990653/1239393/s65_lorna.anguilano.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1628073 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1628073"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1628073, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1628073", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1628073 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1628073; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1628073"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1628073 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1628073"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1628073; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1628073]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1628073").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1628073").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1628073"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1628073]'), work: {"id":1628073,"title":"The importance of lead in the silver production at Riotinto (Spain). L'importance du plomb dans la production d'argent à Riotinto (Espagne)","created_at":"2012-06-06T20:16:44.304-07:00","owner_id":230706,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/1628073/The_importance_of_lead_in_the_silver_production_at_Riotinto_Spain_Limportance_du_plomb_dans_la_production_dargent_%C3%A0_Riotinto_Espagne_","slug":"The_importance_of_lead_in_the_silver_production_at_Riotinto_Spain_Limportance_du_plomb_dans_la_production_dargent_à_Riotinto_Espagne_","dom_id":"work_1628073","summary":"The site of Corta Lago is located within Rio Tinto mining district, in the Huelva province, in the South-West of Spain. This region is geologically characterised by the presence of the Iberian Pyrite Belt, highly important for the concentration and the subsequent exploitation and production of several metals such as silver, copper, gold and manganese, since the Bronze Age up to few decades ago. This paper focuses on the exploitation of the North Lode of Cerro Salomon and in particular on the stratigraphic section of Corta Lago, spanning between the Phoenician period up to the second century AD, mainly highlighting the Roman period (200 BC-200 AD). The main goal is to distinguish the various slag typologies and reconstruct from them the differences between the silver smelting techniques and their possible reasons. The importance of lead is well known within the cupellation process. However, for the silver production in Rio Tinto, lead has a crucial role already in the first step of the production: the smelting. Lead metal or a lead mineral is added to the first charge in the furnace with jarosite (containing a varying lead concentration), and gangue (quartz plus barite in varying ratios). The isotopic characterisation of the lead involved in the system seems to point to use of lead with different origins, sometimes local and sometimes \"foreigner\". This observation is further confirmed by the presence of Roman lead ingots with the stamp \"Carthago\" (stored at the Rio Tinto Museum). The lead isotope analyses have the aim to identify the possible area of provenance of the lead used for the smelting in Rio Tinto.","publication":"ArchéoSciences. …","publication_with_fallback":"ArchéoSciences. …","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50894747,"asset_id":1628073,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/50894747/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/50894747/archeosciences-2833-libre.pdf?1481782440=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_importance_of_lead_in_the_silver_pro.pdf\u0026Expires=1742924766\u0026Signature=ZfBOG2a2mQfZmWMX3N47d8IL9EqL~SaVT32geZtbCcmt-LBzio8RMJRwfHp8TdOb794YcZf8vA9hVPdlwmimZP378xdRlQDB9g1CRWnYEwmoJEwXE~NsUE9RxCZG~p8icv~PJfPCFB-fcLnh7BszuWfi2oX2CZ1T7keZzzd7~QQiR0GCmhL7tP2Po8DYdaFBAF7G3Gxz2t4BRm~KMIFywvvGUTmY9v3mQWyTNX17y9WXY6b~jEk3X1-H1FRoWXkGQskV5WQQKWLCezUC6A2eNU0ld1SotMJ4hLrcAFeaiYNCUp1fsNHB71aCUMhyTWEGLU3dCXv2wCT~9mdqs09d2Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50894747/download_file?st=MTc0MzA3ODIzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/50894747/mini_magick20190127-18125-o99pht.png?1548588079"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":50894747,"asset_id":1628073,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/50894747/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/50894747/archeosciences-2833-libre.pdf?1481782440=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_importance_of_lead_in_the_silver_pro.pdf\u0026Expires=1742924766\u0026Signature=ZfBOG2a2mQfZmWMX3N47d8IL9EqL~SaVT32geZtbCcmt-LBzio8RMJRwfHp8TdOb794YcZf8vA9hVPdlwmimZP378xdRlQDB9g1CRWnYEwmoJEwXE~NsUE9RxCZG~p8icv~PJfPCFB-fcLnh7BszuWfi2oX2CZ1T7keZzzd7~QQiR0GCmhL7tP2Po8DYdaFBAF7G3Gxz2t4BRm~KMIFywvvGUTmY9v3mQWyTNX17y9WXY6b~jEk3X1-H1FRoWXkGQskV5WQQKWLCezUC6A2eNU0ld1SotMJ4hLrcAFeaiYNCUp1fsNHB71aCUMhyTWEGLU3dCXv2wCT~9mdqs09d2Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50894747/download_file?st=MTc0MzA3ODIzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/50894747/mini_magick20190127-18125-o99pht.png?1548588079"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":9,"ordered_authors":[{"id":230706,"first_name":"Lorna","last_name":"Anguilano","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"LornaAnguilano","display_name":"Lorna Anguilano","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/LornaAnguilano","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/230706/990653/1239393/s65_lorna.anguilano.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":24522,"name":"Archaeometallurgy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeometallurgy"},{"id":2292122,"name":"Slag","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slag"}],"publication_year":2011,"publication_year_with_fallback":2011,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":34,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11643984 coauthored" data-work_id="11643984" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11643984/Case_Bastione_a_prehistoric_settlement_in_the_Erei_uplands_central_Sicily_in_english_2014">Case Bastione: a prehistoric settlement in the Erei uplands (central Sicily) (in english) 2014</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Case Bastione is a large settlement occupied from the Late Neolithic to the Bronze Age, lying within the western Erei uplands in the valley of the Morello river (central Sicily). The first excavation seasons (2007, 2009, 2013)... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11643984" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Case Bastione is a large settlement occupied from the Late Neolithic to the Bronze Age, lying within the western Erei uplands in the valley of the Morello river (central Sicily). The first excavation seasons (2007, 2009, 2013) investigated the Late Copper Age and Early Bronze Age layers (mid 3rd to mid 2nd mill. cal. BC). The campaigns have yielded extensive evidence of domestic structures, and of a number of craft activities, such as textiles, pottery making, lithic production and possibly metallurgy. Data about the absolute and relative chronologies, based on radiometric dating and the typological analysis of the rich ceramic pottery complex, are discussed. Abundant zoological remains also highlight the role of animal husbandry in the subsistence strategies of the village community. The paper ends with a preliminary discussion of geomagnetic and archaeometric analyses carried out during the 2013 campaign</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11643984" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5c600409b0a521e85f88c6f5bf11c936" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37105581,"asset_id":11643984,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37105581/download_file?st=MTc0MzA3ODIzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="230706" href="https://brunel.academia.edu/LornaAnguilano">Lorna Anguilano</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="230706" type="text/json">{"id":230706,"first_name":"Lorna","last_name":"Anguilano","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"LornaAnguilano","display_name":"Lorna Anguilano","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/LornaAnguilano","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/230706/990653/1239393/s65_lorna.anguilano.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-11643984">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-11643984"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://arkeos.academia.edu/EnricoGiannitrapani">Enrico Giannitrapani</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://arkeos.academia.edu/FilippoIann%C3%AC">Filippo Iannì</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-11643984'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-11643984').html(); 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The first excavation seasons (2007, 2009, 2013) investigated the Late Copper Age and Early Bronze Age layers (mid 3rd to mid 2nd mill. cal. BC). The campaigns have yielded extensive evidence of domestic structures, and of a number of craft activities, such as textiles, pottery making, lithic production and possibly metallurgy. Data about the absolute and relative chronologies, based on radiometric dating and the typological analysis of the rich ceramic pottery complex, are discussed. Abundant zoological remains also highlight the role of animal husbandry in the subsistence strategies of the village community. The paper ends with a preliminary discussion of geomagnetic and archaeometric analyses carried out during the 2013 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Piazza Madonna di Loreto, Rome (Italy), between the years 2007 and 2010, uncovered a new part of the Hadrian Athenaeum, a public building within the Roman Forum. The Athenaeum itself, almost... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18849334" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Commercial archaeological excavations in Piazza Madonna di Loreto, Rome (Italy), between the years 2007 and<br />2010, uncovered a new part of the Hadrian Athenaeum, a public building within the Roman Forum. The<br />Athenaeum itself, almost completely obliterated by the later uses of the same space, was the extension of the<br />Trajan Forum commissioned by the emperor Hadrian to commemorate him. The Athenaeum was originally a<br />school whose architectonic features included rich marble decorations. However, during the 6th century it was<br />transformed into a metallurgical workshop and part of the materials present in the Athenaeum were re-used for<br />production purposes as working matter. Slag and furnaces, occurring together within the workshop, are the<br />typical stratigraphic features characterising this phase of the site life. The great variety of slag recovered at the<br />site is directly linked with the different typologies of furnaces and makes even more evident the coexistence of<br />many diverse metallurgical processes, partially linked to each other, emphasising the high level of metallurgical<br />technology achieved inside the workshop. Moreover, on the basis of a small but significant amount of data<br />available up to now (archaeometallurgical analyses), it is possible to state that, at the site of Piazza Madonna di<br />Loreto, the working processes were principally performed on metal semi-products already produced<br />elsewhere. The workshop in Piazza Madonna di Loreto bears also evidence for a clear change of the ‘industrial’<br />landscape (from international to sub regional markets). Therefore, it seems that a highly specialised and skilled<br />workforce was, actually, concentrated in one and single workshop where, thus, the organisation of production<br />took on rapidly a shape strictly connected to the need to maintain a centralized control on metal production<br />(especially on non ferrous metallurgy) within the boundaries of a public power, limiting and, at the same, time<br />allowing to collect in one single place fuel, raw materials and flux in a more complex and technically<br />sophisticated environment.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18849334" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="13913d8a77eb2aefca88ffa3761b4331" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40288803,"asset_id":18849334,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40288803/download_file?st=MTc0MzA3ODIzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1283246" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarziaTornese">Marzia Tornese</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1283246" type="text/json">{"id":1283246,"first_name":"Marzia","last_name":"Tornese","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarziaTornese","display_name":"Marzia Tornese","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarziaTornese","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-18849334">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-18849334"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://unich-it.academia.edu/VascoLaSalvia">Vasco La Salvia</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://brunel.academia.edu/LornaAnguilano">Lorna Anguilano</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-18849334'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-18849334').html(); 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u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper proposes an overarching review of national municipal waste management systems and waste-to-energy as an important part of it in the context of circular economy in the selected countries in Europe. The growth of population and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36176976" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper proposes an overarching review of national municipal waste management systems and waste-to-energy as an important part of it in the context of circular economy in the selected countries in Europe. The growth of population and rising standards of living means that the consumption of goods and energy is increasing. On the one hand, consumption leads to an increase in the generation of waste. On the other hand, the correlation between increased wealth and increased energy consumption is very strong as well. Given that the average heating value of municipal solid waste (MSW) is approximately 10 MJ/kg, it seems logical to use waste as a source of energy. Traditionally, waste-to-energy (WtE) has been associated with incineration. Yet, the term is much broader, embracing various waste treatment processes generating energy (for instance, in the form of electricity and/or heat or producing a waste-derived fuel). Turning waste into energy can be one key to a circular economy enabling the value of products, materials, and resources to be maintained on the market for as long as possible, minimising waste and resource use. As the circular economy is at the top of the EU agenda, all Member States of the EU (including the EEA countries) should move away from the old-fashioned disposal of waste to a more intelligent waste treatment encompassing the circular economy approach in their waste policies. Therefore, the article examines how these EU policies are implemented in practice. Given that WtE traditionally is attached to the MSW management and organisation, the focus of this article is twofold. Firstly, it aims to identify the different practices of municipal waste management employed in selected countries and their approaches in embracing the circular economy and, secondly, the extent to which WtE technologies play any role in this context. The following countries, and the UK were chosen to depict a broad European context.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36176976" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="16cfc0323fa3ed8c655dc4b4a133f805" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56076310,"asset_id":36176976,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56076310/download_file?st=MTc0MzA3ODIzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1894846" href="https://brunel.academia.edu/JurgitaMalinauskaite">Jurgita Malinauskaite</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1894846" type="text/json">{"id":1894846,"first_name":"Jurgita","last_name":"Malinauskaite","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"JurgitaMalinauskaite","display_name":"Jurgita Malinauskaite","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/JurgitaMalinauskaite","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1894846/641583/795678/s65_jurgita.malinauskaite.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-36176976">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-36176976"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://brunel.academia.edu/LornaAnguilano">Lorna Anguilano</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-36176976'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-36176976').html(); 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