CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Labour in Nepal - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0ba41bae-4547-4b3e-9f75-b5293a00ac40","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Labour_in_Nepal","wgTitle":"Labour in Nepal","wgCurRevisionId":1262559472,"wgRevisionId":1262559472,"wgArticleId":62375864,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description with empty Wikidata description","Use dmy dates from November 2019","Use Oxford spelling from December 2020","Labour in Nepal"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Labour_in_Nepal","wgRelevantArticleId":62375864,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q85775473","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2006labour.PNG/1200px-2006labour.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="526"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2006labour.PNG/960px-2006labour.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="351"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="281"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Labour in Nepal - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_in_Nepal"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_in_Nepal"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Labour_in_Nepal rootpage-Labour_in_Nepal skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Labour+in+Nepal" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Labour+in+Nepal" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Labour+in+Nepal" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Labour+in+Nepal" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_in_the_workforce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_in_the_workforce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Women in the workforce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_in_the_workforce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Child labour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bonded_labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bonded_labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bonded labour</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bonded_labour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bonded labour subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bonded_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kamaiya-kamlari_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamaiya-kamlari_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kamaiya-kamlari system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamaiya-kamlari_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haruwa-charuwa_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haruwa-charuwa_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Haruwa-charuwa system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haruwa-charuwa_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haliya_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haliya_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Haliya system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haliya_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigrant_labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigrant_labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Immigrant labour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigrant_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labour_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Labour laws</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Labour_laws-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Labour laws subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Labour_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minimum_wage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minimum_wage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Minimum wage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minimum_wage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worker_safety_and_welfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worker_safety_and_welfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Worker safety and welfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worker_safety_and_welfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Foreign workers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_labour_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_labour_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History of labour laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_labour_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labour_unions_and_worker_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour_unions_and_worker_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Labour unions and worker rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour_unions_and_worker_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Labour in Nepal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q85775473#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Nepal" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Labour_in_Nepal" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Nepal"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Nepal"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Labour_in_Nepal" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Labour_in_Nepal" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&oldid=1262559472" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Labour_in_Nepal&id=1262559472&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLabour_in_Nepal"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLabour_in_Nepal"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Labour_in_Nepal&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q85775473" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of workforce in Nepal, workers' rights, labour laws and challenges</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006labour.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2006labour.PNG/250px-2006labour.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2006labour.PNG/330px-2006labour.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2006labour.PNG/500px-2006labour.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Labour force availability (as of 2006) map</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></b> has a labour force of 16.8 million workers, the 37th largest in the world as of 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although agriculture makes up only about 28 per cent of Nepal's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>, it employs more than two-thirds of the workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millions of men work as unskilled labourers in foreign countries, leaving the household, agriculture, and raising of children to women alone. Most of the working-age women are employed in the <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">agricultural sector</a>, contributions to which are usually ignored or undervalued in official statistics. Few women who are employed in the <a href="/wiki/Formal_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal sector">formal sectors</a> face discrimination and significant <a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">wage gap</a>. Almost half of all children are economically active, half of which (almost a quarter of all children) are <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labourers</a>. Millions of people, men, women and children of both sexes, are employed as <a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">bonded labourers</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">slavery-like conditions</a>. Trade unions have played a significant role in bringing about better working conditions and workers' rights, both at the company level and the national government level. Worker-friendly labour laws, endorsed by the labour unions as well as business owners,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provide a framework for better working conditions and secure future for the employees, but their implementation is severely lacking in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the highly educated, there is a significant <a href="/wiki/Brain-drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain-drain">brain-drain</a>, posing a significant hurdle in fulfilling the demand for skilled workforce in the country. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour,_Employment_and_Social_Security_(Nepal)" title="Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security (Nepal)">Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security</a> governs the development of labour and employment policies in Nepal. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_Working_in_the_Rice_Fields_at_Khiji_Nepal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Women_Working_in_the_Rice_Fields_at_Khiji_Nepal.jpg/220px-Women_Working_in_the_Rice_Fields_at_Khiji_Nepal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Women_Working_in_the_Rice_Fields_at_Khiji_Nepal.jpg/330px-Women_Working_in_the_Rice_Fields_at_Khiji_Nepal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Women_Working_in_the_Rice_Fields_at_Khiji_Nepal.jpg/440px-Women_Working_in_the_Rice_Fields_at_Khiji_Nepal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Men prepare the paddy fields and women transplant rice seedlings (rural Nepal)</figcaption></figure> <p>Nepal is one of the <a href="/wiki/Least_Developed_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Developed Countries">least developed countries</a> in the world, with a severe shortage of skilled labour. The unemployment rate is high. Millions of unskilled labourers work abroad, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC countries</a> and Malaysia,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contributing around 28 per cent of the country's total GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, thousands of well-educated and skilled workforce emigrates to the developed countries in the Americas, Europe and Australasia.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as 66.5 per cent of men and 59.7 per cent of women employed in Nepal, are employed in the informal sector.<sup id="cite_ref-nlfs17_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nlfs17-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the labour force survey of 2008, only 16.9 per cent of the employment was in wage employment, with the rest identifying as self-employed.<sup id="cite_ref-ilo08_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilo08-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women_in_the_workforce">Women in the workforce</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Women in the workforce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_at_work_in_Nepal_(46746612224).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Women_at_work_in_Nepal_%2846746612224%29.jpg/220px-Women_at_work_in_Nepal_%2846746612224%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Women_at_work_in_Nepal_%2846746612224%29.jpg/330px-Women_at_work_in_Nepal_%2846746612224%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Women_at_work_in_Nepal_%2846746612224%29.jpg/440px-Women_at_work_in_Nepal_%2846746612224%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4724" data-file-height="3154" /></a><figcaption>A Nepali woman scatters paddy with a hoe as another carrying a basketful of bricks passes by.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <i>Nepal labour force survey 2017-18</i>, Nepal has 125 working-age women for every 100 such men. However, only 22.5 per cent of the working-age women are employed. Of the 11.53 million working-age women, 8.5 million are in the labour force (employed or seeking employment), with only 2.6 million of them actually employed. The low figure of employment is mostly attributed to the fact that women employed in subsistence farming (making no recorded profits) as well as homemakers were counted among the unemployed.<sup id="cite_ref-nlfs17_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nlfs17-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women form the majority of the workforce in the agricultural sector, most of which is ignored in the statistics. Because of continued outmigration of men from rural agricultural villages, women have been forced to take complete responsibility of the household which includes growing crops, animal husbandry, household chores and raising children.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 73.9 per cent of the population employed in agriculture was composed of 84.3 per cent of all working women compared to 62.2 per cent for men.<sup id="cite_ref-ilo08_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilo08-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women, on average, are paid 30 percent less salary compared to men, regardless of profession. Women are preferred for elementary level and non-technical jobs while men are hired for higher positions and technical jobs. There is a trend of hiring men for leadership positions and women as their deputies. Fewer women acquire higher or technical education and they are also subjected to "family penalty", discrimination based on the assumption that motherhood will lead to decreased productivity among women workers in the long term.<sup id="cite_ref-nlfs17_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nlfs17-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Child_labour">Child labour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Child labour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Nepal" title="Child labour in Nepal">Child labour in Nepal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_labour_Nepal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Child_labour_Nepal.jpg/220px-Child_labour_Nepal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Child_labour_Nepal.jpg/330px-Child_labour_Nepal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Child_labour_Nepal.jpg/440px-Child_labour_Nepal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Two Nepalese girls working in a brick factory carry sun-dried bricks on their heads.</figcaption></figure> <p>The incidence of child labour in Nepal is relatively high compared with other countries in South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations_Children's_Fund_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Children's_Fund-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nepal enacted the Child Labour Act 1992 and ratified the ILO Conventions no. 138 and 182, making child labour a criminal offence. However, in practice, millions of children are working as child labourers. According to the Nepal Labour Force Survey (NLFS) in 2008, 40.4 per cent of the child population was economically active, with 51 per cent of it being child labour.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brick factories are considered a hub for child labour in Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2017 study, nearly 300,000 children were employed by the 1,100 brick factories throughout Nepal. A series of discussions between the brick factory owners and the government in 2018, led to the signing of an agreement to end child labour in the sector. The president of the Federation of Nepal Brick Industries expressed a commitment to end child labour by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-thtkiln_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thtkiln-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some child labourers, particularly in the agricultural sector in the <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> and in the households of affluent families throughout the country, are employed in slavery-like conditions. <i>Charuwa</i>, a form of bonded child labour common in the Terai, has children employed as caretakers of cattle, who work up to 16 hours a day with no opportunity for education.<sup id="cite_ref-ilobond_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilobond-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kamlaris</i>, the young girls from western Terai who are employed as domestic helpers, having been auctioned off by their family to rich landlords, in a tradition now officially banned but alive in practice due to extreme poverty in the affected families, face inhumane living conditions, violence and abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-tkpkam_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tkpkam-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 July 2018, the federal government endorsed a 10-year "master plan" to end all child labour by 2028.<sup id="cite_ref-thtkiln_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thtkiln-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bonded_labour">Bonded labour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bonded labour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Slavery was officially abolished by the Rana regime in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-thtsla_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thtsla-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, bonded labour has persisted in Nepal, in other forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamaiya-kamlari_system">Kamaiya-kamlari system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kamaiya-kamlari system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kamaiya_and_kamlari" title="Kamaiya and kamlari">Kamaiya and kamlari</a></div> <p>In western Nepal, <i>kamaiyas</i> are male workers, usually of <a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharu</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a> caste groups, bonded to a landlord owing to debt whose interests mount at a rate higher than can be paid with labourer's wage; the indenture is inherited by the subsequent generations as the debt is never paid.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was abolished, and more than 11,000 labourers freed,<sup id="cite_ref-tkpkam_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tkpkam-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-thtsla_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thtsla-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the system is believed to still persist in practice as many freed kamaiyas have begun returning to their former landlords, as law-enforcement isn't strict, and freed labourers lack other opportunities for livelihood.<sup id="cite_ref-tkpkam_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tkpkam-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kamlaris</i> are young girls, as young as six, sold by their parents as indentured servants to higher-caste, land-owning families to repay debts.<sup id="cite_ref-gu_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gu-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the payment is made to the parents, the kamlaris are slaves to the landlord for the duration of the contract, and are subject to violence and abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-gu_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gu-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many kamlaris are sold off repeatedly each year, and so spend many years in slavery. The practice was officially banned in 2013, and more than 12,000 kamalaris freed, but it still exists in some parts of the country, as freed Kamlaris from families in extreme poverty have begun returning to their former landlords.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haruwa-charuwa_system">Haruwa-charuwa system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Haruwa-charuwa system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haruwa-Charuwa_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Haruwa-Charuwa system">Haruwa-Charuwa system</a></div> <p>In the Terai, the <a href="/wiki/Haruwa-Charuwa_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Haruwa-Charuwa system">Haruwa-Charuwa system</a> which employs many bonded labourers includes indebted men called <i>haruwa</i>s, who are employed to take care of the farms, mainly sowing, growing and harvesting crops in payment of debt or under unfair contracts, whose wife and children are also forced to work for the landlord, as domestic workers, cattle rearers and helpers in the farms, and children, usually of the <i>haruwa</i>s, employed as <i>charuwa</i>s, who take care of the cattle, cleaning the shed, milking and selling milk, gathering grass and fodder, taking the cattle for grazing (<i>charuwa</i> means "one who grazes cattle") and even helping out elsewhere when not busy with the cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-ilobond_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilobond-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haliya_system">Haliya system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Haliya system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haliya" title="Haliya">Haliya</a></div> <p><i>Haliyas</i> are indentured labourers in the farms of the western hills, who are forced to work for other landowners as they are themselves landless, and are forced to incur debt from the landlords for their livelihood, which they can never completely repay due to the rates at which the interests accumulate. The whole family is bonded to the landlords, and the indentured status is passed from father to son for many generations. The system was abolished, and thousands of labourers freed, in 2008. However, due to the failure of the rehabilitation efforts, many haliyas are reported to have gone back to their former landlords to make their living.<sup id="cite_ref-ilobond_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilobond-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immigrant_labour">Immigrant labour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Immigrant labour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indians make up the bulk of the immigrant labour force. Indian workers were exempt from requiring a work permit to live and work in Nepal until 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So, Nepal does not have any data on the number of Indians living and working in Nepal. However, the Indian government puts the number of non-resident Indians in Nepal at 600,000.<sup id="cite_ref-mea.gov.in_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mea.gov.in-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the workers from India and rest of South Asia are usually employed in unskilled or low-skilled jobs. In recent years, the number of immigrants from South Asia and elsewhere, applying for a work permit for employment in high-skilled jobs has been increasing. These workers number a few thousands, almost half of them from China, while the United Kingdom is at distant second.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Labour_laws">Labour laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Labour laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minimum_wage">Minimum wage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Minimum wage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Social Security Act that came into force in 2017 set minimum monthly wage for industrial workers at Rs 13,450, a daily minimum wage at Rs 517, and an hourly minimum at Rs 69. Minimum additional entitlements include provident fund and gratuity contributions worth 18.33 per cent of basic wage, festival allowances worth 8.33 per cent of basic wage, as well as planned increases to maternity support, health and accident insurances, taking the total minimum additional entitlements to around Rs 2,500.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worker_safety_and_welfare">Worker safety and welfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Worker safety and welfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any enterprise with more than 20 employee must establish a Health and Safety Committee with representation from the workers. Enterprises with more than 50 employees are required to provide a break room and canteen, whereas a child care center is mandated, either by itself or jointly with another, for companies that employ more than 50 female workers.<sup id="cite_ref-pl_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pl-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_workers">Foreign workers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Foreign workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An enterprise may employ foreign workers not exceeding 5 per cent of the total workforce. Labour permit may be obtained for a maximum of 3 to 5 years depending on the skill level, with a potential for extension of up to two additional years from the Ministry of Labour.<sup id="cite_ref-pl_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pl-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_labour_laws">History of labour laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History of labour laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Labour Act 2048 was enacted following the re-establishment of democracy through the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_I_(1990)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Movement I (1990)">People's movement 1990</a>. Labour Rules 2050 (1993) provided additional guidance on the Labour Act 2048. Labour Act 2048 was repealed by Nepal Labour Act 2074, enacted in 2017, following the establishment of the federal republic and drafting of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">new constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new Labour Act also repealed Retirement Fund Act 2042 (1985) and Industrial Trainee Act 2039 (1982).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Labour Rules 2075 which provides additional guidance on the Labour Act 2074 was enacted on 27 May 2018. It repealed and replaced Labour Rules 2050 as the supplement to the Labour Act.<sup id="cite_ref-pl_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pl-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Labour_unions_and_worker_rights">Labour unions and worker rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Labour unions and worker rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of worker rights campaigns and trade unions in Nepal, begins with the Biratnagar Mills Workers' Association, which under the leadership of democratic revolutionaries from Nepali Congress and Communist Party of Nepal, were able to organise a strike for the first time on 4 March 1947, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1951" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1951">revolution for democracy</a> that successfully toppled the Rana regime and established constitutional monarchy in 1951. In the short term, they were successful in persuading the Rana regime to increase their wages by 15 per cent, and full wages for the duration of the strike. After the establishment of democracy, the union split into All Nepal Trade Union Congress and Nepal Trade Union Congress, and rapidly polarised as leftist and non-leftist during the cold war. Many independent industry-based workers' unions came into being in the late 1970s and early 1980s in the tourism, transport and hospitality sectors. On 20 July 1989, most of these unions came together to form the General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions (GEFONT). By 1996, the <a href="/wiki/CPN_UML" class="mw-redirect" title="CPN UML">CPN UML</a> affiliated GEFONT and <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a> affiliated Nepal Trade Union Congress (NTUC) were the only two recognised confederations of trade unions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the maoist party entered the peace process in 2006, its affiliate trade union, the All Nepal Federation of Trade Unions (ANFTU) entered as the third major trade union confederation. However, following the merger of CPN UML and CPN (Maoist Centre), GEFONT and ANFTU are in the process of negotiating a merger.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trade unions work together with investors, NGOs, INGOs and the government in developing policies, laws, rules and regulations related to worker welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other, due to highly politicized trade unions, they are failed to contribute to overall economic growth for the country.[33,34] However, the labor force in Nepal projects itself very powerful in terms of system framework as per the Labor Act of 2017, Nepal against growing decline of work force across the world.[35] </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160530152006/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications//the-world-factbook/rankorder/2095rank.html">"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2095rank.html">the original</a> on 30 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%94+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2095rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaudhary2018" class="citation journal cs1">Chaudhary, Deepak (1 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/rnjds/article/view/22425">"Agricultural Policies and Rural Development in Nepal: An Overview"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Nepal_Journal_of_Development_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies (page does not exist)">Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies</a></i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3126%2Frnjds.v1i2.22425">10.3126/rnjds.v1i2.22425</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2631-2131">2631-2131</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2019</span> – via <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepal_Journals_Online&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nepal Journals Online (page does not exist)">Nepal Journals Online</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Nepal+Journal+of+Development+Studies&rft.atitle=Agricultural+Policies+and+Rural+Development+in+Nepal%3A+An+Overview&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3126%2Frnjds.v1i2.22425&rft.issn=2631-2131&rft.aulast=Chaudhary&rft.aufirst=Deepak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepjol.info%2Findex.php%2Frnjds%2Farticle%2Fview%2F22425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/25828/">"Business, trade union leaders hail passage of new labor laws"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Republica_(newspaper)" title="Republica (newspaper)">Republica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Republica&rft.atitle=Business%2C+trade+union+leaders+hail+passage+of+new+labor+laws&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmyrepublica.nagariknetwork.com%2Fnews%2F25828%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/money/2019/05/08/losses-to-tea-industry-from-workers-strike-top-rs-1-billion">"Losses to tea industry from workers' strike top Rs 1 billion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kathmandu_Post" title="The Kathmandu Post">The Kathmandu Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kathmandu+Post&rft.atitle=Losses+to+tea+industry+from+workers%27+strike+top+Rs+1+billion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Fmoney%2F2019%2F05%2F08%2Flosses-to-tea-industry-from-workers-strike-top-rs-1-billion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSapkota2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sapkota, Keshav Bhakta (1 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/TUJ/article/view/24790">"Labour Market, Foreign Employment and Remittance in Nepal"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribhuvan_University_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribhuvan University Journal (page does not exist)">Tribhuvan University Journal</a></i>. <b>32</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">237–</span>250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3126%2Ftuj.v32i1.24790">10.3126/tuj.v32i1.24790</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2091-0916">2091-0916</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span> – via <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepal_Journals_Online&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nepal Journals Online (page does not exist)">Nepal Journals Online</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tribhuvan+University+Journal&rft.atitle=Labour+Market%2C+Foreign+Employment+and+Remittance+in+Nepal&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.date=2018-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3126%2Ftuj.v32i1.24790&rft.issn=2091-0916&rft.aulast=Sapkota&rft.aufirst=Keshav+Bhakta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepjol.info%2Findex.php%2FTUJ%2Farticle%2Fview%2F24790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/editorial/2019/06/05/making-sense-of-the-money">"Making sense of the money"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kathmandu_Post" title="The Kathmandu Post">The Kathmandu Post</a></i>. 5 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kathmandu+Post&rft.atitle=Making+sense+of+the+money&rft.date=2019-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Feditorial%2F2019%2F06%2F05%2Fmaking-sense-of-the-money&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharma2019" class="citation news cs1">Sharma, Rupak D (10 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/brain-drain-nepal-likely-to-grow-old-before-becoming-rich/">"Brain drain: Nepal likely to grow old before becoming rich"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Himalayan_Times" title="The Himalayan Times">The Himalayan Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610185711/https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/brain-drain-nepal-likely-to-grow-old-before-becoming-rich/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Himalayan+Times&rft.atitle=Brain+drain%3A+Nepal+likely+to+grow+old+before+becoming+rich&rft.date=2019-06-10&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Rupak+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2Fnepal%2Fbrain-drain-nepal-likely-to-grow-old-before-becoming-rich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nlfs17-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nlfs17_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nlfs17_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nlfs17_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShrestha2019" class="citation news cs1">Shrestha, Prithvi Man (2 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/02/only-22-percent-of-working-age-women-are-employed-in-nepal">"Only 22 percent of working-age women are employed in Nepal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kathmandu_Post" title="The Kathmandu Post">The Kathmandu Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kathmandu+Post&rft.atitle=Only+22+percent+of+working-age+women+are+employed+in+Nepal&rft.date=2019-05-02&rft.aulast=Shrestha&rft.aufirst=Prithvi+Man&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Fvalley%2F2019%2F05%2F02%2Fonly-22-percent-of-working-age-women-are-employed-in-nepal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ilo08-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ilo08_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilo08_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-kathmandu/documents/publication/wcms_543497.pdf">"Nepal labour market update"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/ILO" class="mw-redirect" title="ILO">ILO</a> country office for Nepal. January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712094117/http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-kathmandu/documents/publication/wcms_543497.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nepal+labour+market+update&rft.pub=ILO+country+office+for+Nepal&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fwcmsp5%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2F---asia%2F---ro-bangkok%2F---ilo-kathmandu%2Fdocuments%2Fpublication%2Fwcms_543497.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoshi2018" class="citation news cs1">Joshi, Arati (2 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/opinion/2018/08/02/women-in-agriculture">"Women in agriculture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kathmandu_Post" title="The Kathmandu Post">The Kathmandu Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kathmandu+Post&rft.atitle=Women+in+agriculture&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=Arati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Fopinion%2F2018%2F08%2F02%2Fwomen-in-agriculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_Nations_Children's_Fund-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-United_Nations_Children's_Fund_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/protection/South_Asia.pdf">"South Asia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025706/http://www.unicef.org/protection/South_Asia.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fprotection%2FSouth_Asia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoshi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Joshi, Sunil Kumar (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/IJOSH/article/view/10270">"Child Labor issues in Nepal"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Journal_of_Occupational_Safety_and_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health (page does not exist)">International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health</a></i>. <b>3</b> (2): 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3126%2Fijosh.v3i2.10270">10.3126/ijosh.v3i2.10270</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2091-0878">2091-0878</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603185025/https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/IJOSH/article/view/10270">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span> – via <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepal_Journals_Online&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nepal Journals Online (page does not exist)">Nepal Journals Online</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Occupational+Safety+and+Health&rft.atitle=Child+Labor+issues+in+Nepal&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3126%2Fijosh.v3i2.10270&rft.issn=2091-0878&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=Sunil+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepjol.info%2Findex.php%2FIJOSH%2Farticle%2Fview%2F10270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShrestha2017" class="citation news cs1">Shrestha, Anita (12 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/brick-kilns-still-hub-child-labour-study/">"Brick Kilns still a hub of child labour: Study"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Himalayan_Times" title="The Himalayan Times">The Himalayan Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Himalayan+Times&rft.atitle=Brick+Kilns+still+a+hub+of+child+labour%3A+Study&rft.date=2017-06-12&rft.aulast=Shrestha&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2Fkathmandu%2Fbrick-kilns-still-hub-child-labour-study%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thtkiln-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thtkiln_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thtkiln_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/govt-brick-kiln-owners-agree-to-end-child-labour/">"Govt, brick kiln owners agree to end child labour"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Himalayan_Times" title="The Himalayan Times">The Himalayan Times</a></i>. 31 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Himalayan+Times&rft.atitle=Govt%2C+brick+kiln+owners+agree+to+end+child+labour&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fgovt-brick-kiln-owners-agree-to-end-child-labour%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ilobond-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ilobond_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilobond_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilobond_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/features/WCMS_218496/lang--en/index.htm">"Fighting bonded labour in Nepal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ILO" class="mw-redirect" title="ILO">ILO</a>. 2 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150914033013/http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/features/WCMS_218496/lang--en/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fighting+bonded+labour+in+Nepal&rft.pub=ILO&rft.date=2013-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fglobal%2Fabout-the-ilo%2Fnewsroom%2Ffeatures%2FWCMS_218496%2Flang--en%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tkpkam-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tkpkam_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tkpkam_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tkpkam_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanthi2014" class="citation news cs1">Panthi, Kamal (5 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com.np/news/2014-05-05/ex-kamaiyas-returning-to-landlords.html">"Ex-Kamaiyas returning to landlords"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kathmandu_Post" title="The Kathmandu Post">The Kathmandu Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kathmandu+Post&rft.atitle=Ex-Kamaiyas+returning+to+landlords&rft.date=2014-05-05&rft.aulast=Panthi&rft.aufirst=Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.ekantipur.com.np%2Fnews%2F2014-05-05%2Fex-kamaiyas-returning-to-landlords.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thtsla-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thtsla_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thtsla_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShrestha2008" class="citation news cs1">Shrestha, Tej (23 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/opinion/topics-ending-slavery-in-nepal/">"TOPICS : Ending slavery in Nepal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Himalayan_Times" title="The Himalayan Times">The Himalayan Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313060053/http://thehimalayantimes.com/opinion/topics-ending-slavery-in-nepal/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Himalayan+Times&rft.atitle=TOPICS+%3A+Ending+slavery+in+Nepal&rft.date=2008-08-23&rft.aulast=Shrestha&rft.aufirst=Tej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2Fopinion%2Ftopics-ending-slavery-in-nepal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223061143/http://www.nepalnews.com/index.php/sports-archive/19-news/general/7655-freed-kamaiyas-still-live-difficult-lives-a-decade-after-being-liberated">"Freed Kamaiyas still live difficult lives a decade after being liberated"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepal_news&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nepal news (page does not exist)">Nepal news</a></i>. 18 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nepalnews.com/index.php/sports-archive/19-news/general/7655-freed-kamaiyas-still-live-difficult-lives-a-decade-after-being-liberated">the original</a> on 23 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nepal+news&rft.atitle=Freed+Kamaiyas+still+live+difficult+lives+a+decade+after+being+liberated&rft.date=2010-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepalnews.com%2Findex.php%2Fsports-archive%2F19-news%2Fgeneral%2F7655-freed-kamaiyas-still-live-difficult-lives-a-decade-after-being-liberated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gu-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gu_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gu_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHodal2017" class="citation news cs1">Hodal, Kate (18 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/oct/18/i-lived-in-fear-nepalese-official-sold-as-a-slave-at-10-years-old-domestic-worker">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'My dream is coming true': the Nepalese woman who rose from slavery to politics | Kate Hodal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902045308/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/oct/18/i-lived-in-fear-nepalese-official-sold-as-a-slave-at-10-years-old-domestic-worker">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27My+dream+is+coming+true%27%3A+the+Nepalese+woman+who+rose+from+slavery+to+politics+%7C+Kate+Hodal&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Hodal&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2017%2Foct%2F18%2Fi-lived-in-fear-nepalese-official-sold-as-a-slave-at-10-years-old-domestic-worker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeuba2015" class="citation news cs1">Deuba, Tekendra (28 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/despite-abolition-of-kamlari-culture-slavery-still-continues-in-kailali/">"Despite abolition of Kamlari system, slavery still continues in Kailali"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Himalayan_Times" title="The Himalayan Times">The Himalayan Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202031509/https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/despite-abolition-of-kamlari-culture-slavery-still-continues-in-kailali/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Himalayan+Times&rft.atitle=Despite+abolition+of+Kamlari+system%2C+slavery+still+continues+in+Kailali&rft.date=2015-06-28&rft.aulast=Deuba&rft.aufirst=Tekendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2Fnepal%2Fdespite-abolition-of-kamlari-culture-slavery-still-continues-in-kailali%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/freed-haliyas-gradually-return-to-bondage-as-govt-fails-to-resettle/">"Freed Haliyas gradually return to bondage as govt fails to resettle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Himalayan_Times" title="The Himalayan Times">The Himalayan Times</a></i>. 17 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617163403/http://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/freed-haliyas-gradually-return-to-bondage-as-govt-fails-to-resettle/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Himalayan+Times&rft.atitle=Freed+Haliyas+gradually+return+to+bondage+as+govt+fails+to+resettle&rft.date=2015-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2Fnepal%2Ffreed-haliyas-gradually-return-to-bondage-as-govt-fails-to-resettle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/work-permit-must-for-indian-nationals/">"Work permit must for Indian nationals"</a>. <i>The Himalayan Times</i>. 6 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Himalayan+Times&rft.atitle=Work+permit+must+for+Indian+nationals&rft.date=2019-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fwork-permit-must-for-indian-nationals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mea.gov.in-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mea.gov.in_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mea.gov.in/images/attach/NRIs-and-PIOs_1.pdf">"Population of Overseas Indians"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of External Affairs (India)">Ministry of External Affairs (India)</a>. 31 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+Overseas+Indians&rft.pub=Ministry+of+External+Affairs+%28India%29&rft.date=2018-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmea.gov.in%2Fimages%2Fattach%2FNRIs-and-PIOs_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2019/10/803843">"नेपालमा अमेरिकादेखि उत्तरकोरियासम्मका कामदार"</a>. <i>Online Khabar</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Khabar&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlinekhabar.com%2F2019%2F10%2F803843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoudel2018" class="citation news cs1">Poudel, Umesh (10 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/minimum-monthly-wage-for-workers-set-at-rs-13450/">"Minimum monthly wage for workers set at Rs 13,450"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Himalayan_Times" title="The Himalayan Times">The Himalayan Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720232927/https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/minimum-monthly-wage-for-workers-set-at-rs-13450/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Himalayan+Times&rft.atitle=Minimum+monthly+wage+for+workers+set+at+Rs+13%2C450&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft.aulast=Poudel&rft.aufirst=Umesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fminimum-monthly-wage-for-workers-set-at-rs-13450%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pl-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pl_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pl_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pl_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pradhanlaw.com/client-briefing/implementation-of-labor-rules-2075-2018">"Implementation of Labor Rules 2075 (2018)"</a>. Pradhan & Associates. June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510074615/http://pradhanlaw.com/client-briefing/implementation-of-labor-rules-2075-2018">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Implementation+of+Labor+Rules+2075+%282018%29&rft.pub=Pradhan+%26+Associates&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pradhanlaw.com%2Fclient-briefing%2Fimplementation-of-labor-rules-2075-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbsm.com.np/detail/122/nepal-labour-act-2074-2017-highlights-of-changes-brought-by-new-labour-law">"Nepal Labour Act 2074 (2017) - Highlights of Changes brought by New Labour Law"</a>. NBSM & Associates. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524112400/http://www.nbsm.com.np/detail/122/nepal-labour-act-2074-2017-highlights-of-changes-brought-by-new-labour-law">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nepal+Labour+Act+2074+%282017%29+-+Highlights+of+Changes+brought+by+New+Labour+Law&rft.pub=NBSM+%26+Associates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbsm.com.np%2Fdetail%2F122%2Fnepal-labour-act-2074-2017-highlights-of-changes-brought-by-new-labour-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=105434">"Nepal - Labour Act, 2074 (2017)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ILO" class="mw-redirect" title="ILO">ILO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506015024/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=105434">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nepal+-+Labour+Act%2C+2074+%282017%29.&rft.pub=ILO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fdyn%2Fnatlex%2Fnatlex4.detail%3Fp_lang%3Den%26p_isn%3D105434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gefont.org/history-of-nepali-trade-union-movement.html">"History of Nepali Trade Union Movement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GEFONT" class="mw-redirect" title="GEFONT">GEFONT</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603140241/https://www.gefont.org/history-of-nepali-trade-union-movement.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Nepali+Trade+Union+Movement&rft.pub=GEFONT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gefont.org%2Fhistory-of-nepali-trade-union-movement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPradhan2019" class="citation news cs1">Pradhan, Tika R (13 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2019/01/13/ncps-struggle-to-finalise-unification-deal-far-from-over">"Nepal Communist Party still struggles to finalise unification deal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kathmandu_Post" title="The Kathmandu Post">The Kathmandu Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kathmandu+Post&rft.atitle=Nepal+Communist+Party+still+struggles+to+finalise+unification+deal&rft.date=2019-01-13&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=Tika+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Fmiscellaneous%2F2019%2F01%2F13%2Fncps-struggle-to-finalise-unification-deal-far-from-over&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilo.org/kathmandu/areasofwork/workers-and-employers-organizations/lang--en/index.htm">"Workers and Employers Organizations in Nepal (ILO in Nepal)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ILO" class="mw-redirect" title="ILO">ILO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421002224/http://www.ilo.org/kathmandu/areasofwork/workers-and-employers-organizations/lang--en/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Workers+and+Employers+Organizations+in+Nepal+%28ILO+in+Nepal%29&rft.pub=ILO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fkathmandu%2Fareasofwork%2Fworkers-and-employers-organizations%2Flang--en%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAcharyaBhattarai2012" class="citation journal cs1">Acharya, G.; Bhattarai, R. (17 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/AMR/article/view/7238">"Insights on Issues of Trade Unions and Industrial Relations: A Perceptual Survey of Opinion Leaders"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administration_and_Management_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Administration and Management Review (page does not exist)">Administration and Management Review</a></i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">140–</span>161. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511194408/https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/AMR/article/view/7238">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span> – via <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepal_Journals_Online&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nepal Journals Online (page does not exist)">Nepal Journals Online</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Administration+and+Management+Review&rft.atitle=Insights+on+Issues+of+Trade+Unions+and+Industrial+Relations%3A+A+Perceptual+Survey+of+Opinion+Leaders&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E140-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.date=2012-12-17&rft.aulast=Acharya&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Bhattarai%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepjol.info%2Findex.php%2FAMR%2Farticle%2Fview%2F7238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_study">Further study</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tulachan, B.P. (2019), "Change, no change or big change? The discontinuous development of trade unions in Nepal", Employee Relations, Vol. 41 No. 6, pp. 1364-1378. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-02-2018-0041">https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-02-2018-0041</a></li> <li>Tulachan, B. P., & Felver, T. B. (2019). The evolution of industrial relations in Nepal: a biological evolutionary perspective. Labor History, 60(2), 126–143.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2019.1537030">https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2019.1537030</a></li> <li>Tulachan, B.P. (2020), "Why is the Nepalese labor force so strong in a global context of decline? Shedding light on the unexplored characteristics of Nepalese labor relations", Employee Relations, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-02-2020-0068">https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-02-2020-0068</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nepalimmigration.gov.np/public/upload/e66443e81e8cc9c4fa5c099a1fb1bb87/files/labour-act-2048.pdf">Labour Act, 2048 (1993)</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Labour_in_Asia405" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Labour_in_Asia405" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Labour in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Bangladesh (page does not exist)">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in China (page does not exist)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_India" title="Labour in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Iran (page does not exist)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Malaysia (page does not exist)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Pakistan" title="Labour in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in the Philippines (page does not exist)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Timor-Leste (page does not exist)">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Turkey (page does not exist)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nepal_articles628" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nepal_topics" title="Template:Nepal topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nepal_topics" title="Template talk:Nepal topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nepal_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nepal topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nepal_articles628" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrabahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrabahu">Bhadrabahu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_Buddha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (mother of Buddha)">Maya (mother of Buddha)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kirata kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalamber">Yalamber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">Lichchhavi rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manadeva" title="Manadeva">Manadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amshuverma" title="Amshuverma">Amshuverma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrikuti" title="Bhrikuti">Bhrikuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araniko" title="Araniko">Araniko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Medieval<br />and<br />modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arimalla" title="Arimalla">Arimalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa kingdom">Khasa kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baise_Rajya" title="Baise Rajya">Baise Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaubisi_Rajya" title="Chaubisi Rajya">Chaubisi Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Mandala" title="Nepal Mandala"> Newa kingdoms</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Early Shah rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Pande" title="Kalu Pande">Kalu Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Nepal" title="List of monarchs of Nepal">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kot_massacre" title="Kot massacre">Kot massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Jung Bahadur Rana">Jung Bahadur Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Tibetan War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamjang_and_Kaski" title="Lamjang and Kaski">Lamjang and Kaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_of_Nepal" title="Tribhuvan of Nepal">Tribhuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Britain_Treaty_of_1923" title="Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923">Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Rana and <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nepalese_revolution" title="1951 Nepalese revolution">1951 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Village_National_Campaign" title="Back to the Village National Campaign">Back to the Village campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Multi-party democracy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">Jana Andolan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Royal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nepal_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Nepal coup d'état">2005 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">Jana Andolan II</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 earthquake - <a href="/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="April 2015 Nepal earthquake">April</a> - <a href="/wiki/May_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="May 2015 Nepal earthquake">May</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal" title="Geography of Nepal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Nepal" title="List of mountains in Nepal">Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kanchenjunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalu" title="Makalu">Makalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaslu" title="Manaslu">Manaslu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna" title="Annapurna">Annapurna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal" title="List of cities in Nepal">Cities of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Terai_Valleys_of_Nepal" title="Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal">Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Chicken's Neck)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Nepal" title="List of rivers of Nepal">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arun_River,_China-Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arun River, China-Nepal">Arun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Karnali <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Ghaghara)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Koshi River">Koshi <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Kosi)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Narayani <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Gandaki)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Rapti_River" title="West Rapti River">West Rapti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Nepal" title="Environmental issues in Nepal">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nepal" title="Climate change in Nepal">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Nepal" title="Deforestation in Nepal">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Nepal" title="List of protected areas of Nepal">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Nepal" title="Wildlife of Nepal">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" title="Politics of Nepal">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nepal" title="Elections in Nepal">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nepal" title="Foreign relations of Nepal">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Armed_Forces" title="Nepalese Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(Nepal)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (Nepal)">Chief of the Army Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Nepal" title="Federal Parliament of Nepal">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Assembly (Nepal)">Provincial assemblies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nepal" title="List of political parties in Nepal">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Nepal" title="List of heads of state of Nepal">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nepal" title="President of Nepal">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Nepal" title="Vice President of Nepal">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Nepal" title="List of prime ministers of Nepal"><span style="font-size: 85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Nepal" title="Council of Ministers of Nepal">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nepal" title="Supreme Court of Nepal">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Nepal" title="Chief Justice of Nepal">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nepal" title="Administrative divisions of Nepal">Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Nepal" title="List of districts of Nepal">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Provinces of Nepal">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nepal" title="Municipalities of Nepal">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunpalika" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaunpalika">Rural Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal" title="List of cities in Nepal">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatpur,_Nepal" title="Bharatpur, Nepal">Bharatpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biratnagar" title="Biratnagar">Biratnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgunj" title="Birgunj">Birgunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damak" class="mw-redirect" title="Damak">Damak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetauda" title="Hetauda">Hetauda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itahari" title="Itahari">Itahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janakpurdham" class="mw-redirect" title="Janakpurdham">Janakpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu <span style="font-size: 85%;">(capital)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitpur,_Nepal" title="Lalitpur, Nepal">Lalitpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalgunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nepal" title="Agriculture in Nepal">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nepal" title="Energy in Nepal">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Nepal" title="Child labour in Nepal">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Nepal" title="List of companies of Nepal">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Free_Trade_Area" title="South Asian Free Trade Area">South Asian Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rupee" title="Nepalese rupee">Rupee <span style="font-size: 85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Nepal" title="Squatting in Nepal">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nepal" title="Telecommunications in Nepal">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nepal" title="Tourism in Nepal">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nepal" title="Transport in Nepal">Transport</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Workforce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nepal" title="Culture of Nepal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nepal_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nepal" title="Demographics of Nepal">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas/Gorkhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Nepal" title="International rankings of Nepal">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Nepal">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy" title="Nepal Academy">Nepal Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Nepal Academy of Fine Arts">Nepal Academy of Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis" title="Nepalis">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Nepal" title="Ethnic groups in Nepal">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nepal" title="Public holidays in Nepal">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Nepal" title="Sports in Nepal">Sport</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Nepal" title="List of festivals in Nepal">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashain" title="Dashain">Dashain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihar_(festival)" title="Tihar (festival)">Tihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohani" title="Mohani">Mohani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanti_(festival)" title="Swanti (festival)"> Swonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipankha_Yatra" title="Dipankha Yatra">Dipankha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim holidays">Eid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yomari_punhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yomari punhi">Yomari Punhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadhimai_festival" title="Gadhimai festival">Gadhimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_Jayanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Jayanti">Buddha Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhauli" title="Udhauli">Udhauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubhauli" title="Ubhauli">Ubhauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalpo_Lhosar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyalpo Lhosar">Gyalpo Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamu_Lhosar" title="Tamu Lhosar">Tamu Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonam_Lhosar" title="Sonam Lhosar">Sonam Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasok_Tangnam" title="Chasok Tangnam">Chasok Tangnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhechu" title="Chhechu">Chhechu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatra (Nepal)">Jatra</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Celebrations12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Celebrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nwaran" title="Nwaran">Nwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasni_(celebration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasni (celebration)">Pasni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Bratabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihi" title="Ihi">Ihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahra_ceremony" title="Bahra ceremony"> Bahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha" title="Śrāddha">Shraddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nepal" title="Abortion in Nepal">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-hunts_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunts in Nepal">Witch-hunts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nepal" title="Capital punishment in Nepal">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nepal" title="Health in Nepal">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nepal" title="Human rights in Nepal">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Nepal" title="Intersex rights in Nepal">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nepal">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Nepal" title="Women's rights in Nepal">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nepal" title="Human trafficking in Nepal">Human trafficking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Nepal" title="Bibliography of Nepal">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nepal" title="Category:Nepal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/40px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/19px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/29px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/38px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour">Organized Labour</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&oldid=1262559472">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&oldid=1262559472</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Labour_in_Nepal" title="Category:Labour in Nepal">Labour in Nepal</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2019">Use dmy dates from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_December_2020" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from December 2020">Use Oxford spelling from December 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 December 2024, at 00:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labour_in_Nepal&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Labour in Nepal</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>Add languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-n8px7","wgBackendResponseTime":152,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.742","walltime":"0.904","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16387,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":187027,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":29611,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":30,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":138820,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 771.807 1 -total"," 30.66% 236.608 8 Template:Navbox"," 30.50% 235.373 1 Template:Reflist"," 27.94% 215.662 1 Template:Asia_topic"," 16.08% 124.070 1 Template:Nepal_topics"," 15.72% 121.346 1 Template:Country_topics"," 14.94% 115.330 12 Template:Cite_web"," 14.83% 114.491 56 Template:Iso2country"," 9.58% 73.960 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.34% 64.392 16 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.388","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6151974,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5fb7f6487f-929gq","timestamp":"20250327192204","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Labour in Nepal","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_in_Nepal","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q85775473","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q85775473","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2019-11-18T16:03:34Z","dateModified":"2024-12-12T00:55:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9c\/2006labour.PNG"}</script> </body> </html>