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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directorate_of_Science_&_Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Directorate of Science & Technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directorate_of_Science_&_Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directorate_of_Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directorate_of_Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Directorate of Support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directorate_of_Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directorate_of_Digital_Innovation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directorate_of_Digital_Innovation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Directorate of Digital Innovation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directorate_of_Digital_Innovation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Office_of_Congressional_Affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_of_Congressional_Affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Office of Congressional Affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Office_of_Congressional_Affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Budget </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_other_intelligence_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_other_intelligence_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Relationship with other intelligence agencies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_other_intelligence_agencies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relationship with other intelligence agencies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_other_intelligence_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_intelligence_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_intelligence_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Foreign intelligence services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_intelligence_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immediate_predecessors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_predecessors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Immediate predecessors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immediate_predecessors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Creation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Korean War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1953_Iranian_coup_d'état" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1953_Iranian_coup_d'état"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 1953 Iranian coup d'état </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1953_Iranian_coup_d'état-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1954_Guatemalan_coup_d'état" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1954_Guatemalan_coup_d'état"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1954_Guatemalan_coup_d'état-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Democratic Republic of the Congo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960_U-2_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960_U-2_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 1960 U-2 incident </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960_U-2_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominican_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominican_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Dominican Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominican_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bay_of_Pigs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bay_of_Pigs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.11 Bay of Pigs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bay_of_Pigs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba:_Terrorism_and_sabotage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba:_Terrorism_and_sabotage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.12 Cuba: Terrorism and sabotage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba:_Terrorism_and_sabotage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.13 Cold War operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.14 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indochina,_Tibet,_and_the_Vietnam_War_(1954–1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indochina,_Tibet,_and_the_Vietnam_War_(1954–1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.15 Indochina, Tibet, and the Vietnam War (1954–1975) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indochina,_Tibet,_and_the_Vietnam_War_(1954–1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Johnson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Johnson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.16 Johnson </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Johnson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nixon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nixon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.17 Nixon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nixon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressional_investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional_investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.18 Congressional investigations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congressional_investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.19 Chad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.20 Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicaragua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicaragua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.21 Nicaragua </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicaragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.22 Lebanon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.23 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India–Pakistan_geopolitical_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India–Pakistan_geopolitical_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.24 India–Pakistan geopolitical tensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India–Pakistan_geopolitical_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland,_1980–1989" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland,_1980–1989"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.25 Poland, 1980–1989 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland,_1980–1989-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Gladio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Gladio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.26 Operation Gladio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Gladio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Desert_Storm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Desert_Storm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.27 Operation Desert Storm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Desert_Storm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.28 Fall of the Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.29 Clinton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aldrich_Ames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aldrich_Ames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.29.1 Aldrich Ames </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aldrich_Ames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osama_bin_Laden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osama_bin_Laden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.30 Osama bin Laden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osama_bin_Laden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Al-Qaeda_and_the_Global_War_on_Terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Qaeda_and_the_Global_War_on_Terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.30.1 Al-Qaeda and the Global War on Terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Qaeda_and_the_Global_War_on_Terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-September_11_attacks_and_its_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September_11_attacks_and_its_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.30.2 September 11 attacks and its aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September_11_attacks_and_its_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failures_in_intelligence_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failures_in_intelligence_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.31 Failures in intelligence analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failures_in_intelligence_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuses_of_CIA_authority,_1970s–1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuses_of_CIA_authority,_1970s–1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.32 Abuses of CIA authority, 1970s–1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuses_of_CIA_authority,_1970s–1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yugoslav_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslav_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.33 Yugoslav wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugoslav_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.34 Iraq War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004,_DNI_takes_over_CIA_top-level_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004,_DNI_takes_over_CIA_top-level_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.35 2004, DNI takes over CIA top-level functions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004,_DNI_takes_over_CIA_top-level_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Neptune_Spear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Neptune_Spear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.36 Operation Neptune Spear </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Neptune_Spear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.37 Syrian Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reorganization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reorganization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.38 Reorganization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reorganization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.39 Drones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encryption_devices_sold_through_front_company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encryption_devices_sold_through_front_company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.40 Encryption devices sold through front company </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encryption_devices_sold_through_front_company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open-source_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open-source_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Open-source intelligence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open-source_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outsourcing_and_privatization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outsourcing_and_privatization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Outsourcing and privatization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outsourcing_and_privatization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" > 115 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وكالة المخابرات المركزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وكالة المخابرات المركزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achencia_Central_d%27Intelichencia" title="Achencia Central d'Intelichencia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Achencia Central d'Intelichencia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կեդրոնական Հետախուզական Վարչութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կեդրոնական Հետախուզական Վարչութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA" title="CIA – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="CIA" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axencia_Central_d%27Intelixencia" title="Axencia Central d'Intelixencia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Axencia Central d'Intelixencia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99rk%C9%99zi_K%C9%99%C5%9Ffiyyat_%C4%B0dar%C9%99si" title="Mərkəzi Kəşfiyyat İdarəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mərkəzi Kəşfiyyat İdarəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="مرکزی ایطلاعات تشکیلاتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مرکزی ایطلاعات تشکیلاتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="সেন্ট্রাল ইন্টেলিজেন্স এজেন্সি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সেন্ট্রাল ইন্টেলিজেন্স এজেন্সি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-iong_Ch%C3%AAng-p%C3%B2_Kio%CC%8Dk" title="Tiong-iong Chêng-pò Kio̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-iong Chêng-pò Kio̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%99%D3%99%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Үҙәк разведка идаралығы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Үҙәк разведка идаралығы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%9E%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Цэнтральнае разведвальнае ўпраўленне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цэнтральнае разведвальнае ўпраўленне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%9E%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Цэнтральная разьведвальная ўправа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цэнтральная разьведвальная ўправа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Централно разузнавателно управление – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Централно разузнавателно управление" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralna_obavje%C5%A1tajna_agencija" title="Centralna obavještajna agencija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Centralna obavještajna agencija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%C3%A8ncia_Central_d%27Intel%C2%B7lig%C3%A8ncia" title="Agència Central d'Intel·ligència – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Agència Central d'Intel·ligència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BF_%D0%B9%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BC%C4%95" title="Тĕп йĕрлев тытăмĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕп йĕрлев тытăмĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C5%99edn%C3%AD_zpravodajsk%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba" title="Ústřední zpravodajská služba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ústřední zpravodajská služba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA" title="CIA – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="CIA" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA" title="CIA – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="CIA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luure_Keskagentuur" title="Luure Keskagentuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Luure Keskagentuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA" title="CIA – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="CIA" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Central_de_Inteligencia" title="Agencia Central de Inteligencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agencia Central de Inteligencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA" title="CIA – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="CIA" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA" title="CIA – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="CIA" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA" title="CIA – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="CIA" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1rghn%C3%ADomhaireacht_Fhaisn%C3%A9ise" title="Lárghníomhaireacht Fhaisnéise – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lárghníomhaireacht Fhaisnéise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%80" title="સેન્ટ્રલ ઇન્ટેલિજન્સ એજન્સી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સેન્ટ્રલ ઇન્ટેલિજન્સ એજન્સી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4%EA%B5%AD" title="중앙정보국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중앙정보국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.I.A" title="C.I.A – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="C.I.A" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կենտրոնական հետախուզական վարչություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենտրոնական հետախուզական վարչություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="सेंट्रल इंटेलिजेंस एजेंसी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेंट्रल इंटेलिजेंस एजेंसी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA" title="CIA – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="CIA" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agenterio_di_Inteligenteso" title="Central Agenterio di Inteligenteso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Central Agenterio di Inteligenteso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Intelijen_Pusat" title="Badan Intelijen Pusat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Badan Intelijen Pusat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agentia_Central_de_Intelligentia" title="Agentia Central de Intelligentia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Agentia Central de Intelligentia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA" title="CIA – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="CIA" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA" title="CIA – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="CIA" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA" title="CIA – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="CIA" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86" title="ಕೇಂದ್ರೀಯ ಗುಪ್ತಚರ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೇಂದ್ರೀಯ ಗುಪ್ತಚರ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="ცენტრალური სადაზვერვო სააგენტო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცენტრალური სადაზვერვო სააგენტო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Орталық барлау басқармасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Орталық барлау басқармасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirika_la_Ujasusi_la_Marekani" title="Shirika la Ujasusi la Marekani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shirika la Ujasusi la Marekani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajansa_Navend%C3%AE_ya_Saloxgeriy%C3%AA" title="Ajansa Navendî ya Saloxgeriyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ajansa Navendî ya Saloxgeriyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Борбордук чалгындоо агенттиги – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Борбордук чалгындоо агенттиги" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedes_centralis_exploratoria" title="Sedes centralis exploratoria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sedes centralis exploratoria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centr%C4%81l%C4%81_izl%C5%ABko%C5%A1anas_p%C4%81rvalde" title="Centrālā izlūkošanas pārvalde – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Centrālā izlūkošanas pārvalde" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrin%C4%97_%C5%BEvalgybos_agent%C5%ABra" title="Centrinė žvalgybos agentūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Centrinė žvalgybos agentūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6zponti_H%C3%ADrszerz%C5%91_%C3%9Cgyn%C3%B6ks%C3%A9g" title="Központi Hírszerző Ügynökség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Központi Hírszerző Ügynökség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Централна разузнавачка агенција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Централна разузнавачка агенција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="സെൻട്രൽ ഇന്റലിജൻസ് ഏജൻസി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെൻട്രൽ ഇന്റലിജൻസ് ഏജൻസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="सेंट्रल इंटेलिजन्स एजन्सी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सेंट्रल इंटेलिजन्स एजन्सी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="ცენტრალური ოთოლორე სააგენტო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ცენტრალური ოთოლორე სააგენტო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وكالة المخابرات الأمريكية – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وكالة المخابرات الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agensi_Perisikan_Pusat" title="Agensi Perisikan Pusat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Agensi Perisikan Pusat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3-%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="АНУ-ын Тагнуулын төв газар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="АНУ-ын Тагнуулын төв газар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1" title="စီအိုင်အေ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စီအိုင်အေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="केन्द्रीय गुप्तचर संस्था – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="केन्द्रीय गुप्तचर संस्था" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%B1%80" title="中央情報局 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中央情報局" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%AE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Америкин Цхьаьнатоьхначу Штатийн Юккъера талламан урхалла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Америкин Цхьаьнатоьхначу Штатийн Юккъера талламан урхалла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markaziy_Razvedka_Boshqarmasi" title="Markaziy Razvedka Boshqarmasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Markaziy Razvedka Boshqarmasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੇਂਦ੍ਰੀ ਸੂਹੀਆ ਏਜੰਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੇਂਦ੍ਰੀ ਸੂਹੀਆ ਏਜੰਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سینٹرل انٹیلیجنس ایجنسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سینٹرل انٹیلیجنس ایجنسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_(CIA)" title="د مرکزي استخباراتو اداره (CIA) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د مرکزي استخباراتو اداره (CIA)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralna_Agencja_Wywiadowcza" title="Centralna Agencja Wywiadowcza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Centralna Agencja Wywiadowcza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Центральное разведывательное управление – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Центральное разведывательное управление" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дьону кэтиир киин салалта – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьону кэтиир киин салалта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agjencia_Qendrore_e_Inteligjenc%C3%ABs_(ShBA)" title="Agjencia Qendrore e Inteligjencës (ShBA) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Agjencia Qendrore e Inteligjencës (ShBA)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%92%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="මධ්‍යම බුද්ධි ඒජන්සිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මධ්‍යම බුද්ධි ඒජන්සිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralna_obve%C5%A1%C4%8Devalna_agencija" title="Centralna obveščevalna agencija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Centralna obveščevalna agencija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%B5%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="دەزگای ھەواڵگریی ناوەندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەزگای ھەواڵگریی ناوەندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Централна обавештајна агенција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Централна обавештајна агенција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA" title="CIA – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="CIA" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_keskustiedustelupalvelu" title="Yhdysvaltain keskustiedustelupalvelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain keskustiedustelupalvelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangunahing_Ahensiya_ng_Kaalaman" title="Pangunahing Ahensiya ng Kaalaman – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pangunahing Ahensiya ng Kaalaman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="நடுவண் ஒற்று முகமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நடுவண் ஒற்று முகமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B7%D3%99%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%B7%D0%BB%D3%99%D2%AF_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Үзәк күзләү идарәсе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үзәк күзләү идарәсе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%8F%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80" title="సెంట్రల్ ఇంటిలిజెన్స్ ఏజన్సీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సెంట్రల్ ఇంటిలిజెన్స్ ఏజన్సీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="สำนักข่าวกรองกลาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สำนักข่าวกรองกลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D3%A3" title="Идораи иттилооти марказӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Идораи иттилооти марказӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA" title="CIA – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="CIA" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Центральне розвідувальне управління – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Центральне розвідувальне управління" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="سی آئی اے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سی آئی اے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%83%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%89_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ئامېرىكا مەركىزى ئاخبارات ئىدارىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئامېرىكا مەركىزى ئاخبارات ئىدارىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%A1_quan_T%C3%ACnh_b%C3%A1o_Trung_%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_(Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3)" title="Cơ quan Tình báo Trung ương (Hoa Kỳ) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cơ quan Tình báo Trung ương (Hoa Kỳ)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%B1%80" title="中央情報局 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="中央情報局" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%83%85%E6%8A%A5%E5%B1%80" title="中央情报局 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中央情报局" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA" title="CIA – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="CIA" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%B1%80" title="中央情報局 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中央情報局" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"CIA" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/CIA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="CIA (disambiguation)">CIA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Central Intelligence Agency</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/300px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/400px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="510" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Seal of the Central Intelligence Agency</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_U.S._Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_the_U.S._Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_U.S._Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_the_U.S._Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_U.S._Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_the_U.S._Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_U.S._Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="240" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the Central Intelligence Agency</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency_headquarters,_Langley,_Virginia_-_Corrected_and_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Aerial_view_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency_headquarters%2C_Langley%2C_Virginia_-_Corrected_and_Cropped.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency_headquarters%2C_Langley%2C_Virginia_-_Corrected_and_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Aerial_view_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency_headquarters%2C_Langley%2C_Virginia_-_Corrected_and_Cropped.jpg/330px-Aerial_view_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency_headquarters%2C_Langley%2C_Virginia_-_Corrected_and_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Aerial_view_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency_headquarters%2C_Langley%2C_Virginia_-_Corrected_and_Cropped.jpg/440px-Aerial_view_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency_headquarters%2C_Langley%2C_Virginia_-_Corrected_and_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5523" data-file-height="2455" /></a> <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Center_for_Intelligence" title="George Bush Center for Intelligence">George Bush Center for Intelligence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Langley,_Virginia" title="Langley, Virginia">Langley, Virginia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">September 18, 1947; 77 years ago (1947-09-18)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent</a> (component of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Center_for_Intelligence" title="George Bush Center for Intelligence">George Bush Center for Intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langley,_Virginia" title="Langley, Virginia">Langley, Virginia</a>, U.S. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Central_Intelligence_Agency&params=38_57_07_N_77_08_46_W_type:landmark_region:US-VA">38°57′07″N 77°08′46″W / 38.95194°N 77.14611°W / 38.95194; -77.14611</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">(Official): The Work of a Nation. The Center of Intelligence. (Unofficial): And ye shall know the truth and <a href="/wiki/Veritas_vos_liberabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Veritas vos liberabit">the truth shall make you free</a>. (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#8:32" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 8:32</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">21,575 (estimate)<a href="#cite_note-wp20130829-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$15 billion (as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Intelligence_Agency&action=edit">[update]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-wp20130829-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Burns_(diplomat)" title="William J. Burns (diplomat)">William J. Burns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">Director</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Cohen_(attorney)" title="David S. Cohen (attorney)">David S. Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">Deputy Director</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kate_Heinzelman" title="Kate Heinzelman">Kate Heinzelman</a>, General Counsel</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent department</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Office of the President of the United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Director_of_National_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Director of National Intelligence">Office of the Director of National Intelligence</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Child agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Operations_(CIA)" title="Directorate of Operations (CIA)">Directorate of Operations</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency_Directorate_of_Science_%26_Technology" title="Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology">Directorate of Science and Technology</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Operations_Support_Branch" title="Operations Support Branch">Operations Support Branch</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cia.gov">cia.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌsiː.aɪˈeɪ/</a>), known informally as the Agency,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymously</a> as Langley<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and historically as the Company,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> is a civilian <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">foreign intelligence service</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government of the United States</a> tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> information from around the world, primarily through the use of <a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)">human intelligence</a> (HUMINT) and conducting <a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">covert action</a> through its <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Operations_(CIA)" title="Directorate of Operations (CIA)">Directorate of Operations</a>. The agency is headquartered in the <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Center_for_Intelligence" title="George Bush Center for Intelligence">George Bush Center for Intelligence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Langley,_Virginia" title="Langley, Virginia">Langley, Virginia</a>. As a principal member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">United States Intelligence Community</a> (IC), the CIA reports to the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">director of national intelligence</a> and is primarily focused on providing intelligence for the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a>. The agency's founding followed the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS) at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, who created the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Group" title="Central Intelligence Group">Central Intelligence Group</a> under the direction of a <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">director of central intelligence</a> by presidential directive on January 22, 1946.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The agency's creation was authorized by the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a>. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI), which is a domestic security service, the CIA has no law enforcement function and is mainly focused on intelligence gathering overseas, with only <a href="/wiki/National_Resources_Division" title="National Resources Division">limited domestic intelligence collection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The CIA serves as the national manager for HUMINT, coordinating activities across the IC. It also carries out <a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">covert action</a> at the behest of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The CIA exerts foreign political influence through its paramilitary operations units, including its <a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Center" title="Special Activities Center">Special Activities Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The CIA was instrumental in establishing intelligence services in many countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service" title="Federal Intelligence Service">Federal Intelligence Service</a>. It has also provided support to several foreign political groups and governments, including planning, coordinating, <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">training in torture</a>, and technical support. It was involved in many <a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">regime changes</a> and carrying out <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist attacks</a> and planned assassinations of foreign leaders.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-wp20130829-3">[3]</a> Since 2004, the CIA is organized under the Office of the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a> (ODNI). Despite having had some of its powers transferred to the DNI, the CIA has grown in size following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>. In 2013, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reported that in the <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> 2010, the CIA had the <a href="/wiki/United_States_intelligence_budget" title="United States intelligence budget">largest budget</a> of all intelligence community agencies, exceeding prior estimates.<a href="#cite_note-wp20130829-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The CIA's role has expanded since its creation, now including covert <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> operations.<a href="#cite_note-wp20130829-3">[3]</a> One of its largest divisions, the Information Operations Center (IOC), has shifted from <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">counterterrorism</a> to offensive <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberwarfare in the United States">cyber operations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The agency has been the subject of <a href="/wiki/List_of_CIA_controversies" title="List of CIA controversies">several controversies</a>, including its use of <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">torture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Mockingbird" title="Project Mockingbird">domestic wiretapping</a>, <a href="/wiki/CIA_influence_on_public_opinion" title="CIA influence on public opinion">propaganda</a>, and alleged <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_by_the_CIA" title="Human rights violations by the CIA">human rights violations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of CIA drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a>. In 2022, a CIA domestic <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> program was uncovered that had not been subject to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">congressional</a> oversight.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2></div> When the CIA was created, its purpose was to create a clearinghouse for foreign policy intelligence and analysis, collecting, analyzing, evaluating, and disseminating foreign intelligence, and carrying out covert operations.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> As of 2013, the CIA had five priorities:<a href="#cite_note-wp20130829-3">[3]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism">Counterterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonproliferation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonproliferation">Nonproliferation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li>Indications and warnings for senior policymakers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">Counterintelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberwarfare in the United States">Cyber intelligence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizational_structure">Organizational structure</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency">Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIA_Director_Burns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/CIA_Director_Burns.jpg/220px-CIA_Director_Burns.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/CIA_Director_Burns.jpg/330px-CIA_Director_Burns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/CIA_Director_Burns.jpg/440px-CIA_Director_Burns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_J._Burns_(diplomat)" title="William J. Burns (diplomat)">William J. Burns</a>, the current <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">Director of the Central Intelligence Agency</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIA_ORG_Structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/CIA_ORG_Structure.svg/220px-CIA_ORG_Structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/CIA_ORG_Structure.svg/330px-CIA_ORG_Structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/CIA_ORG_Structure.svg/440px-CIA_ORG_Structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>The organization of the Central Intelligence Agency</figcaption></figure> The CIA has an executive office and five major directorates: <ul><li>The Directorate of Digital Innovation</li> <li>The Directorate of Analysis</li> <li>The Directorate of Operations</li> <li>The Directorate of Support</li> <li>The Directorate of Science and Technology</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_Office">Executive Office</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">Director of the Central Intelligence Agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">director of the Central Intelligence Agency</a> (D/CIA) is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> with <a href="/wiki/Senate_confirmation" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate confirmation">Senate confirmation</a> and reports directly to the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">director of national intelligence</a> (DNI); in practice, the CIA director interfaces with the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">director of national intelligence</a> (DNI), <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">deputy director (DD/CIA)</a> is the internal executive of the CIA and the chief operating officer (COO/CIA), known as executive director until 2017, leads the day-to-day work<a href="#cite_note-about-cia_leadership-21">[21]</a> as the third-highest post of the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-Brennan,_Haines,_Park-22">[22]</a> The deputy director is formally appointed by the director without <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> confirmation,<a href="#cite_note-Brennan,_Haines,_Park-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haspel_appointment-23">[23]</a> but as the president's opinion plays a great role in the decision,<a href="#cite_note-Haspel_appointment-23">[23]</a> the deputy director is generally considered a political position, making the chief operating officer the most senior non-political position for CIA career officers.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The Executive Office also supports the <a href="/wiki/United_States_military" class="mw-redirect" title="United States military">U.S. military</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Intelligence_and_Security_Command" title="United States Army Intelligence and Security Command">U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command</a>, by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a> organizations, and cooperating with field activities. The associate deputy director of the CIA is in charge of the day-to-day operations of the agency. Each branch of the agency has its own director.<a href="#cite_note-about-cia_leadership-21">[21]</a> The Office of Military Affairs (OMA), subordinate to the associate deputy director, manages the relationship between the CIA and the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Combatant_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Combatant Command">Unified Combatant Commands</a>, who produce and deliver regional and operational intelligence and consume national intelligence produced by the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directorate_of_Analysis">Directorate of Analysis</h3></div> The Directorate of Analysis, through much of its history known as the Directorate of Intelligence (DI), is tasked with helping "the President and other policymakers make informed decisions about our country's national security" by looking "at all the available information on an issue and organiz[ing] it for policymakers".<a href="#cite_note-history-26">[26]</a> The directorate has four regional analytic groups, six groups for transnational issues, and three that focus on policy, collection, and staff support.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-DI-ORG-27">[27]</a> There are regional analytical offices covering the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and Europe; and the <a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directorate_of_Operations">Directorate of Operations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Operations_(CIA)" title="Directorate of Operations (CIA)">Directorate of Operations (CIA)</a></div> The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence (mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources), and for covert action. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities between other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their HUMINT operations. This directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy, and budget between the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> (DOD) and the CIA. In spite of this, the Department of Defense announced in 2012 its intention to organize its own global clandestine intelligence service, the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Clandestine_Service" title="Defense Clandestine Service">Defense Clandestine Service</a> (DCS),<a href="#cite_note-GWUEBB46-28">[28]</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a> (DIA). Contrary to some public and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media</a> misunderstanding, DCS is not a "new" <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agency</a> but rather a consolidation, expansion and realignment of existing Defense <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_HUMINT" class="mw-redirect" title="Clandestine HUMINT">HUMINT</a> activities, which have been carried out by DIA for decades under various names, most recently as the Defense Human Intelligence Service.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> This Directorate is known to be organized by geographic regions and issues, but its precise organization is classified.<a href="#cite_note-NSAEBB-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directorate_of_Science_&_Technology">Directorate of Science & Technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency_Directorate_of_Science_%26_Technology" title="Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology">Directorate of Science & Technology</a></div> The Directorate of Science & Technology was established to research, create, and manage technical collection disciplines and equipment. Many of its innovations were transferred to other intelligence organizations, or, as they became more overt, to the military services. The development of the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2</a> high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft, for instance, was done in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>. The U-2's original mission was clandestine <a href="/wiki/IMINT" class="mw-redirect" title="IMINT">imagery intelligence</a> over denied areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pocock,_Chris_page_404-31">[31]</a> It was subsequently provided with <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Measurement_and_Signature_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Measurement and Signature Intelligence">measurement and signature intelligence</a> capabilities and is now operated by the Air Force. A DS&T organization analyzed imagery intelligence collected by the U-2 and reconnaissance satellites called the National Photointerpretation Center (NPIC), which had analysts from both the CIA and the military services. Subsequently, NPIC was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a> (NGA).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directorate_of_Support">Directorate of Support</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency#Directorate_of_Support" title="Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency">Directorate of Support</a></div> The Directorate of Support has organizational and administrative functions to significant units including: <ul><li>The Office of Security</li> <li>The Office of Communications</li> <li>The Office of Information Technology</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directorate_of_Digital_Innovation">Directorate of Digital Innovation</h3></div> The Directorate of Digital Innovation (DDI) focuses on accelerating innovation across the Agency's mission activities. It is the Agency's newest directorate. The <a href="/wiki/Langley,_Virginia" title="Langley, Virginia">Langley, Virginia</a>-based office's mission is to streamline and integrate digital and cybersecurity capabilities into the CIA's espionage, counterintelligence, all-source analysis, open-source intelligence collection, and covert action operations.<a href="#cite_note-fedscoop.com-32">[32]</a> It provides operations personnel with tools and techniques to use in cyber operations. It works with <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> infrastructure and practices cyber <a href="/wiki/Tradecraft" title="Tradecraft">tradecraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> This means retrofitting the CIA for <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">cyberwarfare</a>. DDI officers help accelerate the integration of innovative methods and tools to enhance the CIA's cyber and digital capabilities on a global scale and ultimately help safeguard the United States. They also apply technical expertise to exploit clandestine and publicly available information (also known as <a href="/wiki/Open-source_intelligence" title="Open-source intelligence">open-source data</a>) using specialized methodologies and digital tools to plan, initiate and support the technical and human-based operations of the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Before the establishment of the new digital directorate, offensive cyber operations were undertaken by the CIA's Information Operations Center.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Little is known about how the office specifically functions or if it deploys offensive cyber capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-fedscoop.com-32">[32]</a> The directorate had been covertly operating since approximately March 2015 but formally began operations on October 1, 2015.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> According to classified budget documents, the CIA's computer network operations budget for fiscal year 2013 was $685.4 million. The NSA's budget was roughly $1 billion at the time.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Rep. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Schiff" title="Adam Schiff">Adam Schiff</a>, the California Democrat who served as the ranking member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">House Intelligence Committee</a>, endorsed the reorganization. "The director has challenged his workforce, the rest of the intelligence community, and the nation to consider how we conduct the business of intelligence in a world that is profoundly different from 1947 when the CIA was founded," Schiff said.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Office_of_Congressional_Affairs">Office of Congressional Affairs</h3></div> The Office of Congressional Affairs (OCA) serves as the liaison between the CIA and the <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">US Congress</a>. The OCA states that it aims to ensures that Congress is fully and currently informed of intelligence activities.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The office is the CIA's primary interface with <a href="/wiki/Congressional_oversight" title="Congressional oversight">Congressional oversight</a> committees, leadership, and members. It is responsible for all matters pertaining to congressional interaction and oversight of US intelligence activities. It claims that it aims to:<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <ul><li>ensure that Congress is kept informed of intelligence issues and activities by providing timely briefings and notifications</li> <li>facilitate prompt and complete responses to congressional requests for information and inquiries</li> <li>maintaining a record of the Agency's interaction with Congress</li> <li>track legislation that could affect the Agency</li> <li>educate Agency personnel about their responsibility to keep Congress fully and currently informed</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/CIA_University" title="CIA University">CIA University</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_University" title="National Intelligence University">National Intelligence University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warrenton_Training_Center" title="Warrenton Training Center">Warrenton Training Center</a></div> The CIA established its first training facility, the Office of Training and Education, in 1950. Following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the CIA's training budget was slashed, which had a negative effect on <a href="/wiki/Employee_retention" title="Employee retention">employee retention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-campus-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-npr-42">[42]</a> In response, Director of Central Intelligence <a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a> established <a href="/wiki/CIA_University" title="CIA University">CIA University</a> in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-campus-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-history-26">[26]</a> CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year, training both new hires and experienced intelligence officers, as well as CIA support staff.<a href="#cite_note-campus-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-npr-42">[42]</a> The facility works in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_University" title="National Intelligence University">National Intelligence University</a>, and includes the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Kent_School_for_Intelligence_Analysis" title="Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis">Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis</a>, the Directorate of Analysis' component of the university.<a href="#cite_note-history-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-learning-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-training-44">[44]</a> For later stage training of student operations officers, there is at least one classified training area at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Peary" title="Camp Peary">Camp Peary</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a>. Students are selected, and their progress evaluated, in ways derived from the OSS, published as the book Assessment of Men, Selection of Personnel for the Office of Strategic Services.<a href="#cite_note-AOM-45">[45]</a> Additional mission training is conducted at <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Point">Harvey Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt88-46">[46]</a> The primary training facility for the Office of Communications is <a href="/wiki/Warrenton_Training_Center" title="Warrenton Training Center">Warrenton Training Center</a>, located near <a href="/wiki/Warrenton,_Virginia" title="Warrenton, Virginia">Warrenton, Virginia</a>. The facility was established in 1951 and has been used by the CIA since at least 1955.<a href="#cite_note-fasB-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Budget">Budget</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_intelligence_budget" title="United States intelligence budget">United States intelligence budget</a></div> Details of the overall United States intelligence budget are classified.<a href="#cite_note-wp20130829-3">[3]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency_Act" title="Central Intelligence Agency Act">Central Intelligence Agency Act</a> of 1949, the Director of Central Intelligence is the only federal government employee who can spend <a href="/wiki/Black_budget" title="Black budget">"un-vouchered" government money</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia1992-49">[49]</a> The government showed its 1997 budget was $26.6 billion for the fiscal year.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The government has disclosed a total figure for all non-military intelligence spending since 2007; the fiscal 2013 figure is $52.6 billion. According to the <a href="/wiki/2013_mass_surveillance_disclosures" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 mass surveillance disclosures">2013 mass surveillance disclosures</a>, the CIA's fiscal 2013 budget is $14.7 billion, 28% of the total and almost 50% more than the budget of the National Security Agency. CIA's <a href="/wiki/HUMINT" class="mw-redirect" title="HUMINT">HUMINT</a> budget is $2.3 billion, the <a href="/wiki/SIGINT" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGINT">SIGINT</a> budget is $1.7 billion, and spending for security and logistics of CIA missions is $2.5 billion. "Covert action programs," including a variety of activities such as the CIA's <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned combat aerial vehicle">drone</a> fleet and anti-<a href="/wiki/Iranian_nuclear_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian nuclear program">Iranian nuclear program</a> activities, accounts for $2.6 billion.<a href="#cite_note-wp20130829-3">[3]</a> There were numerous previous attempts to obtain general information about the budget.<a href="#cite_note-Aftergood2002budget-51">[51]</a> As a result, reports revealed that CIA's annual budget in Fiscal Year 1963 was $550 million (inflation-adjusted US$ 5.5 billion in 2024),<a href="#cite_note-CIA_CostReductionProgram-52">[52]</a> and the overall intelligence budget in FY 1997 was US$26.6 billion (inflation-adjusted US$ 50.5 billion in 2024).<a href="#cite_note-Press_Release_03/20/98_No._03-98-53">[53]</a> There have been accidental disclosures; for instance, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Margaret_Graham" title="Mary Margaret Graham">Mary Margaret Graham</a>, a former CIA official and deputy director of national intelligence for collection in 2005, said that the annual intelligence budget was $44 billion,<a href="#cite_note-NYT2005-11-08-54">[54]</a> and in 1994 Congress accidentally published a budget of $43.4 billion (in 2012 dollars) in 1994 for the non-military National Intelligence Program, including $4.8 billion for the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-wp20130829-3">[3]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> was approved, appropriating $13.7 billion over five years, 5% of those funds or $685 million were secretly made available to the CIA. A portion of the enormous M-fund, established by the U.S. government during the post-war period for reconstruction of Japan, was secretly steered to the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_other_intelligence_agencies">Relationship with other intelligence agencies</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_intelligence_services">Foreign intelligence services</h3></div> The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service" title="Federal Intelligence Service">Federal Intelligence Service</a> (BND) in <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Australian Secret Intelligence Service">Australian Secret Intelligence Service</a> (ASIS) in <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">Directorate-General for External Security</a> (DGSE) in <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">Foreign Intelligence Service</a> in <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Russia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">Ministry of State Security</a> (MSS) in <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing</a> (RAW) in <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> (ISI) in <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Service_(Egypt)" title="General Intelligence Service (Egypt)">General Intelligence Service</a> in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Israel" title="Cabinet of Israel">Israel</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(South_Korea)" title="National Intelligence Service (South Korea)">National Intelligence Service</a> (NIS) in <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Korea" title="Government of South Korea">South Korea</a>. The CIA was instrumental in the establishment of intelligence services in several U.S. allied countries, including Germany's BND and Greece's <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a> (then known as KYP).<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The closest links of the U.S. intelligence community to other foreign intelligence agencies are to Anglophone countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Special communications signals that intelligence-related messages can be shared with these four countries.<a href="#cite_note-DMS1999-03-19-57">[57]</a> An indication of the United States' close operational cooperation is the creation of a new message distribution label within the main U.S. military communications network. Previously, the marking of NOFORN (i.e., No Foreign Nationals) required the originator to specify which, if any, non-U.S. countries could receive the information. A new handling caveat, USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL <a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a>, used primarily on intelligence messages, gives an easier way to indicate that the material can be shared with Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, and New Zealand. The task of the division called "Verbindungsstelle 61" of the German <a href="/wiki/Bundesnachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesnachrichtendienst">Bundesnachrichtendienst</a> is keeping contact to the CIA office in <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="History of the Central Intelligence Agency">History of the Central Intelligence Agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_by_country" title="CIA activities by country">CIA activities by country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immediate_predecessors">Immediate predecessors</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIA_Memorial_Wall_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/CIA_Memorial_Wall_2023.jpg/220px-CIA_Memorial_Wall_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/CIA_Memorial_Wall_2023.jpg/330px-CIA_Memorial_Wall_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/CIA_Memorial_Wall_2023.jpg/440px-CIA_Memorial_Wall_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The 140 stars on the <a href="/wiki/CIA_Memorial_Wall" title="CIA Memorial Wall">CIA Memorial Wall</a> in the CIA headquarters, each representing a CIA officer killed in action</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allen_Dulles-TIME-1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Allen_Dulles-TIME-1953.jpg/220px-Allen_Dulles-TIME-1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Allen_Dulles-TIME-1953.jpg/330px-Allen_Dulles-TIME-1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Allen_Dulles-TIME-1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>CIA director <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a> on the cover of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine in 1953</figcaption></figure> The success of the <a href="/wiki/British_Commandos" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commandos">British Commandos</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> prompted U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the British <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a> (MI6), and <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a>. This led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS) by a Presidential military order issued by President Roosevelt on June 13, 1942. The idea for a centralized intelligence organization was first proposed by General William J. Donovan, who envisioned an intelligence service that could operate globally to counter communist threats and provide crucial intelligence directly to the President.<a href="#cite_note-:3-59">[59]</a> Donovan proposed the idea to President Roosevelt in 1944, suggesting the creation of a "Central Intelligence Service" that would continue peacetime operations similar to those of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), which he led during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-:3-59">[59]</a> Upon President Roosevelt's death, the new president Harry Truman inherited a presidency largely uninformed about key wartime projects and global intelligence activities. Truman's initial view of the proposed central intelligence agency was that of a simple information gathering entity that would function more as a global news service rather than a spy network. His vision starkly contrasted with Donovan's, which focused on avoiding the creation of an American version of the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> On September 20, 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, Truman signed an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">executive order</a> dissolving the OSS. By October 1945 its functions had been divided between the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Departments of State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Department_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of War">War</a>. The division lasted only a few months. The first public mention of the "Central Intelligence Agency" appeared on a command-restructuring proposal presented by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Forrestal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Forrestal">Jim Forrestal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Radford" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Radford">Arthur Radford</a> to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> Military Affairs Committee at the end of 1945.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Army Intelligence agent Colonel <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Mashbir" title="Sidney Mashbir">Sidney Mashbir</a> and Commander Ellis Zacharias worked together for four months at the direction of <a href="/wiki/Ernest_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest King">Fleet Admiral Joseph Ernest King</a>, and prepared the first draft and implementing directives for the creation of what would become the Central Intelligence Agency.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Despite opposition from the military establishment, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI),<a href="#cite_note-CIAfact-65">[65]</a> Truman established the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Authority_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Authority (United States)">National Intelligence Authority</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> in January 1946. Its operational extension was known as the Central Intelligence Group (CIG),<a href="#cite_note-FAS-ciahist-67">[67]</a> which was the direct predecessor of the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3></div> The Central Intelligence Agency was created on July 26, 1947, when President Truman signed the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act</a> into law. A major impetus for the creation of the agency was growing tensions with the USSR following the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Lawrence Houston, head counsel of the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Services_Unit" title="Strategic Services Unit">SSU</a>, CIG, and, later CIA, was principal draftsman of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-ciacounselhist-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> which dissolved the NIA and the CIG, and established both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> and the Central Intelligence Agency.<a href="#cite_note-FAS-ciahist-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In 1949, Houston helped to draft the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency_Act" title="Central Intelligence Agency Act">Central Intelligence Agency Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/81/110">81–110</a>), which authorized the agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures, and exempted it from most limitations on the use of federal funds. The act also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its "organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed," and created the program "PL-110" to handle defectors and other "essential aliens" who fell outside normal immigration procedures.<a href="#cite_note-GEORGE-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-statehdoc-75">[75]</a> At the outset of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, the CIA still only had a few thousand employees, around one thousand of whom worked in analysis. Intelligence primarily came from the Office of Reports and Estimates, which drew its reports from a daily take of State Department telegrams, military dispatches, and other public documents. The CIA still lacked its intelligence-gathering abilities.<a href="#cite_note-ciakorea-76">[76]</a> On August 21, 1950, shortly after, Truman announced <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Walter Bedell Smith</a> as the new Director of the CIA. The change in leadership took place shortly after the start of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, as the lack of a clear warning to the President and NSC about the imminent North Korean invasion was seen as a grave failure of intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-ciakorea-76">[76]</a> The CIA had different demands placed on it by the various bodies overseeing it. Truman wanted a centralized group to organize the information that reached him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200714-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-100days-78">[78]</a> The Department of Defense wanted military intelligence and covert action, and the State Department wanted to create global political change favorable to the US. Thus the two areas of responsibility for the CIA were covert action and covert intelligence. One of the main targets for intelligence gathering was the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Soviet Union</a>, which had also been a priority of the CIA's predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200714-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-100days-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-souerslookback-79">[79]</a> U.S. Air Force General <a href="/wiki/Hoyt_Vandenberg" title="Hoyt Vandenberg">Hoyt Vandenberg</a>, the CIG's second director, created the Office of Special Operations (OSO) and the Office of Reports and Estimates (ORE).<a href="#cite_note-100days-78">[78]</a> Initially, the OSO was tasked with spying and subversion overseas with a budget of $15 million (equivalent to $190 million in 2023),<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-80">[80]</a> the largesse of a small number of patrons in Congress. Vandenberg's goals were much like the ones set out by his predecessor: finding out "everything about the Soviet forces in Eastern and Central Europe – their movements, their capabilities, and their intentions."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200717-81">[81]</a> On June 18, 1948, the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Council">National Security Council</a> issued Directive 10/2<a href="#cite_note-NSC10/2-82">[82]</a> calling for covert action against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200729-83">[83]</a> and granting the authority to carry out covert operations against "hostile foreign states or groups" that could, if needed, be denied by the U.S. government. To this end, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Policy_Coordination" title="Office of Policy Coordination">Office of Policy Coordination</a> (OPC) was created inside the new CIA. The OPC was unique; <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wisner" title="Frank Wisner">Frank Wisner</a>, the head of the OPC, answered not to the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">CIA Director</a>, but to the secretaries of defense, state, and the NSC. The OPC's actions were a secret even from the head of the CIA. Most CIA stations had two station chiefs, one working for the OSO, and one working for the OPC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200733-84">[84]</a> With the agency unable to provide sufficient intelligence about the Soviet takeovers of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Soviet blockade of Berlin</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet atomic bomb project</a>. In particular, the agency failed to predict the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War#China_intervenes_(October–December_1950)" title="Korean War">Chinese entry into the Korean War</a> with 300,000 troops.<a href="#cite_note-mistakes-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The famous double agent <a href="/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Kim Philby</a> was the British liaison to American Central Intelligence. Through him, the CIA coordinated hundreds of airdrops inside the iron curtain, all compromised by Philby. <a href="/wiki/Arlington_Hall" title="Arlington Hall">Arlington Hall</a>, the nerve center of CIA cryptanalysis, was compromised by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Weisband" title="Bill Weisband">Bill Weisband</a>, a Russian translator and Soviet spy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200751-87">[87]</a> However, the CIA was successful in influencing the <a href="/wiki/1948_Italian_general_election" title="1948 Italian general election">1948 Italian election</a> in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The $200 million <a href="/wiki/Exchange_Stabilization_Fund" title="Exchange Stabilization Fund">Exchange Stabilization Fund</a> (equivalent to $2.5 billion in 2023),<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-80">[80]</a> earmarked for the reconstruction of Europe, was used to pay wealthy Americans of Italian heritage. Cash was then distributed to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican's</a> political arm, and directly to Italian politicians. This tactic of using its large fund to purchase elections was frequently repeated in the subsequent years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200727-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency#Korean_War" title="History of the Central Intelligence Agency">History of the Central Intelligence Agency § Korean War</a></div> At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, CIA officer Hans Tofte claimed to have turned a thousand <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korean</a> expatriates into a guerrilla force tasked with infiltration, guerrilla warfare, and pilot rescue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200756-90">[90]</a> In 1952 the CIA sent 1,500 more expatriate agents north. <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> station chief Albert Haney would openly celebrate the capabilities of those agents and the information they sent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200756-90">[90]</a> In September 1952 Haney was replaced by John Limond Hart, a Europe veteran with a vivid memory for bitter experiences of misinformation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200756-90">[90]</a> Hart was suspicious of the parade of successes reported by Tofte and Haney and launched an investigation which determined that the entirety of the information supplied by the Korean sources was false or misleading.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200757-91">[91]</a> After the war, internal reviews by the CIA would corroborate Hart's findings. The CIA's station in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> had 200 officers, but not a single speaker of <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200757-91">[91]</a> Hart reported to Washington that Seoul station was hopeless, and could not be salvaged. Loftus Becker, deputy director of intelligence, was sent personally to tell Hart that the CIA had to keep the station open to save face. Becker returned to Washington, D.C., pronouncing the situation to be "hopeless," and that, after touring the CIA's Far East operations, the CIA's ability to gather intelligence in the far east was "almost negligible".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200757-91">[91]</a> He then resigned. Air Force Colonel James Kallis stated that CIA director <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a> continued to praise the CIA's Korean force, despite knowing that they were under enemy control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200758-92">[92]</a> When China entered the war in 1950, the CIA attempted a number of subversive operations in the country, all of which failed due to the presence of double agents. Millions of dollars were spent in these efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200758–61-93">[93]</a> These included a team of young CIA officers airdropped into China who were ambushed, and CIA funds being used to set up a global heroin empire in Burma's <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle</a> following a betrayal by another double agent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200758–61-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1953_Iranian_coup_d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad_Mosaddegh_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Mohammad_Mosaddegh_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="292" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>The CIA aided the British in overthrowing <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iran" title="Prime Minister of Iran">Iranian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a> in 1953</figcaption></figure> In 1951, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a>, was elected Iranian prime-minister.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> As prime minister, he nationalized the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a> which his predecessor had supported. The nationalization of the British-funded Iranian oil industry, including the largest oil refinery in the world, was disastrous for Mosaddegh. A British naval embargo closed the British oil facilities, which Iran had no skilled workers to operate. In 1952, Mosaddegh resisted the royal refusal to approve his Minister of War and resigned in protest. The National Front took to the streets in protest. Fearing a loss of control, the military pulled its troops back five days later, and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> gave in to Mosaddegh's demands. Mosaddegh quickly replaced military leaders loyal to the Shah with those loyal to him, giving him personal control over the military. Given six months of emergency powers, Mosaddegh unilaterally passed legislation. When that six months expired, his powers were extended for another year. In 1953, Mossadegh <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_parliamentary_dissolution_referendum" title="1953 Iranian parliamentary dissolution referendum">dismissed parliament</a> and assumed dictatorial powers. This power grab triggered the Shah to exercise his constitutional right to dismiss Mosaddegh. Mosaddegh launched a military <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a>, and the Shah fled the country. Under CIA Director <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a>, <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">Operation Ajax</a> was put into motion. Its goal was to overthrow Mossadegh with military support from General <a href="/wiki/Fazlollah_Zahedi" title="Fazlollah Zahedi">Fazlollah Zahedi</a> and install a pro-western regime headed by the Shah of Iran. Kermit Roosevelt Jr. oversaw the operation in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> On August 16, a CIA paid mob led by Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> would spark what a U.S. embassy officer called "an almost spontaneous revolution"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200790-96">[96]</a> but Mosaddegh was protected by his new inner military circle, and the CIA had been unable to gain influence within the Iranian military. Their chosen man, former General Fazlollah Zahedi, had no troops to call on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200787-97">[97]</a> After the failure of the first coup, Roosevelt paid demonstrators to pose as communists and deface public symbols associated with the Shah. This August 19 incident helped foster public support of the Shah and led gangs of citizens on a spree of violence intent on destroying Mossadegh.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> An attack on his house would force Mossadegh to flee. He surrendered the next day, and his coup came to an end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200791-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1954_Guatemalan_coup_d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacobo_Arbenz_Guzman_(oficial).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jacobo_Arbenz_Guzman_%28oficial%29.jpg/220px-Jacobo_Arbenz_Guzman_%28oficial%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jacobo_Arbenz_Guzman_%28oficial%29.jpg/330px-Jacobo_Arbenz_Guzman_%28oficial%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jacobo_Arbenz_Guzman_%28oficial%29.jpg/440px-Jacobo_Arbenz_Guzman_%28oficial%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>When democratically elected President <a href="/wiki/Jacobo_%C3%81rbenz" title="Jacobo Árbenz">Jacobo Árbenz</a> attempted a modest <a href="/wiki/Decree_900" title="Decree 900">redistribution of land</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, he was overthrown in the <a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a>.</figcaption></figure> The return of the Shah to power, and the impression, cultivated by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a>, that an effective CIA had been able to guide that nation to friendly and stable relations with the West triggered planning for Operation PBSuccess, a plan to overthrow <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemalan</a> President <a href="/wiki/Jacobo_Arbenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobo Arbenz">Jacobo Arbenz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200793-100">[100]</a> The plan was exposed in major newspapers before it happened after a CIA agent left plans for the coup in his <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a> hotel room.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200795-101">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Revolution" title="Guatemalan Revolution">Guatemalan Revolution</a> of 1944–54 overthrew the U.S. backed dictator <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ubico" title="Jorge Ubico">Jorge Ubico</a> and brought a democratically elected government to power. The government began an ambitious <a href="/wiki/Decree_900" title="Decree 900">agrarian reform</a> program which sought to grant land to millions of landless peasants. The program threatened the land holdings of the <a href="/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" title="United Fruit Company">United Fruit Company</a>, who lobbied for a coup by portraying these reforms as communist.<a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> On June 18, 1954, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Carlos Castillo Armas</a> led 480 CIA-trained men across the border from <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> into Guatemala. The weapons had also come from the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImmerman1982161–170-106">[106]</a> The CIA mounted a psychological campaign to convince the Guatemalan people and government that Armas's victory was a fait accompli. Its largest aspect was a radio broadcast entitled "The Voice of Liberation" which announced that Guatemalan exiles led by Castillo Armas were shortly about to liberate the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImmerman1982161–170-106">[106]</a> On June 25, a CIA plane bombed Guatemala City, destroying the government's main oil reserves. Árbenz ordered the army to distribute weapons to local peasants and workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImmerman1982173–178-107">[107]</a> The army refused, forcing Jacobo Árbenz's resignation on June 27, 1954. Árbenz handed over power to Colonel <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Enrique_Diaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Enrique Diaz">Carlos Enrique Diaz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImmerman1982173–178-107">[107]</a> The CIA then orchestrated a series of power transfers that ended with the confirmation of Castillo Armas as president in July 1954.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImmerman1982173–178-107">[107]</a> Armas was the first in a series of military dictators that would rule the country, leading to the brutal <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a> from 1960 to 1996, in which some 200,000 people were killed, mostly by the U.S.-backed military.<a href="#cite_note-pbsucc-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Syria" title="CIA activities in Syria">CIA activities in Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allen_Dulles_appointed_DCI,_26_February_1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Allen_Dulles_appointed_DCI%2C_26_February_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> presenting the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Medal" title="National Security Medal">National Security Medal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a> on November 28, 1961</figcaption></figure> In 1949, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Adib_Shishakli" title="Adib Shishakli">Adib Shishakli</a> rose to power in Syria in a CIA-backed coup. Four years later, he would be overthrown by the military, <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'ath">Ba'athists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communists</a>. The CIA and MI6 started funding right-wing members of the military but suffered a huge setback in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>. CIA Agent Rocky Stone, who had played a minor role in the 1953 Iranian coup d'état, was working at the <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> embassy as a diplomat but was the station chief. Syrian officers on the CIA dole quickly appeared on television stating that they had received money from "corrupt and sinister Americans" "in an attempt to overthrow the legitimate government of Syria."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007139-113">[113]</a> Syrian forces surrounded the embassy and rousted Agent Stone, who confessed and subsequently made history as the first American diplomat expelled from an Arab nation. This strengthened ties between Syria and Egypt, helping establish the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a>, and poisoning the well for the US for the foreseeable future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007139-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Indonesia" title="CIA activities in Indonesia">CIA activities in Indonesia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</a></div> The charismatic leader of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> was President <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>. His declaration of neutrality in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> put the suspicions of the CIA on him. After Sukarno hosted <a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a>, promoting the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, the Eisenhower White House responded with NSC 5518 authorizing "all feasible covert means" to move Indonesia into the Western sphere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007143-114">[114]</a> The U.S. had no clear policy on Indonesia. Eisenhower sent his special assistant for security operations, F. M. Dearborn Jr., to Jakarta. His report that there was high instability, and that the US lacked stable allies, reinforced the domino theory. Indonesia suffered from what he described as "subversion by democracy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007145-115">[115]</a> The CIA decided to attempt another military coup in Indonesia, where the Indonesian military was trained by the US, had a strong professional relationship with the US military, had a pro-American officer corps that strongly supported their government, and a strong belief in civilian control of the military, instilled partly by its close association with the US military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007146-116">[116]</a> On September 25, 1957, Eisenhower ordered the CIA to start a revolution in Indonesia with the goal of regime change. Three days later, Blitz, a Soviet-controlled weekly in India,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvf9ZJx8WkjQCqblitzpgPA148_170]-117">[117]</a> reported that the US was plotting to overthrow Sukarno. The story was picked up by the media in Indonesia. One of the first parts of the operation was an 11,500-ton US Navy <a href="/wiki/USS_Thomaston_(LSD-28)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Thomaston (LSD-28)">ship</a> landing at <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, delivering weapons for as many as 8,000 potential revolutionaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvf9ZJx8WkjQCpgPA148_148]-118">[118]</a> In support of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia" title="Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia">Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia</a>-<a href="/wiki/Permesta" title="Permesta">Permesta</a> Movement, formed by dissident military commanders in Central Sumatera and North Sulawesi with the aim of overthrowing the Sukarno regime, a <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-26_Invader" title="Douglas A-26 Invader">B-26</a> piloted by CIA agent <a href="/wiki/Allen_Lawrence_Pope" title="Allen Lawrence Pope">Allen Lawrence Pope</a> attacked Indonesian military targets in April and May 1958.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The CIA described the airstrikes to the President as attacks by "dissident planes." Pope's B-26 was shot down over Ambon, Indonesia on May 18, 1958, and he bailed out. When he was captured, the Indonesian military found his personnel records, after-action reports, and his membership card for the officer's club at <a href="/wiki/Clark_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Clark Field">Clark Field</a>. On March 9, <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Foster Dulles</a>, the Secretary of State, and brother of <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">DCI</a> <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a> made a public statement calling for a revolt against communist despotism under Sukarno. Three days later, the CIA reported to the White House that the Indonesian Army's actions against the CIA-supported revolution were suppressing communism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007153-120">[120]</a> After Indonesia, Eisenhower displayed mistrust of both the CIA and its director, Allen Dulles. Dulles too displayed mistrust of the CIA itself. Abbot Smith, a CIA analyst who later became chief of the Office of National Estimates, said, "We had constructed for ourselves a picture of the USSR, and whatever happened had to be made to fit into this picture. Intelligence estimators can hardly commit a more abominable sin." On December 16, Eisenhower received a report from his intelligence board of consultants that said the agency was "incapable of making objective appraisals of its own intelligence information as well as its own operations."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007154-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="CIA activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">CIA activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> In the election of <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a> as prime minister, and his acceptance of Soviet support during the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a>, the CIA saw another possible Cuba. This view swayed the White House. Eisenhower ordered that Lumumba be "eliminated." In September 1960, President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a> ordered the dismissal of Lumumba and his cabinet. The CIA delivered a quarter of a million dollars to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mobutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Mobutu">Joseph Mobutu</a> in October, their favored Congolese political figure. Lumumba was imprisoned by Mobutu in December and then handed over to <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katangan</a> authorities who, with the aid of Belgium, executed him by firing squad in January 1961.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007163-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960_U-2_incident">1960 U-2 incident</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Headquarters_Building_Atrium_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/New_Headquarters_Building_Atrium_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg/220px-New_Headquarters_Building_Atrium_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/New_Headquarters_Building_Atrium_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg/330px-New_Headquarters_Building_Atrium_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/New_Headquarters_Building_Atrium_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg/440px-New_Headquarters_Building_Atrium_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6510" data-file-height="4888" /></a><figcaption>Suspended from the ceiling of the glass-enclosed atrium: three models of the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/A-12_Oxcart" class="mw-redirect" title="A-12 Oxcart">Lockheed A-12</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_D-21" title="Lockheed D-21">D-21</a> <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned combat aerial vehicle">drone</a>. These models are exact replicas at one-sixth scale of the real planes. All three had photographic capabilities. The U-2 was one of the first espionage planes developed by the CIA. The A-12 set unheralded flight records. The D-21 drone was one of the first crewless aircraft ever built. <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> donated all three models to the CIA.</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Bomber_gap" title="Bomber gap">bomber gap</a> came the <a href="/wiki/Missile_gap" title="Missile gap">missile gap</a>. Eisenhower wanted to use the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2</a> to disprove the Missile Gap, but he had banned U-2 overflights of the USSR after meeting Secretary <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a> at <a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a>. Another reason the President objected to the use of the U-2 was that, in the nuclear age, the intelligence he needed most was on their intentions, without which, the US would face a paralysis of intelligence. He was particularly worried that U-2 flights could be seen as preparations for first-strike attacks. He had high hopes for an upcoming meeting with Khrushchev in Paris. Eisenhower finally gave in to CIA pressure to authorize a 16-day window for flights, which was extended an additional six days because of poor weather. On May 1, 1960, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a> shot down a U-2 flying over Soviet territory. To Eisenhower, the ensuing coverup destroyed his perceived honesty and his hope of leaving a legacy of thawing relations with Khrushchev. Eisenhower later said that the U-2 coverup was the greatest regret of his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-Ashes-123">[123]</a>: 160  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominican_Republic">Dominican Republic</h3></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, the human rights abuses of Generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Rafael Trujillo</a> lasted more than three decades before the United States severed diplomatic relations with the nation in August 1960. The CIA's Special Group armed Dominicans to assassinate Trujillo, but Kennedy paused the plan when he became president. Kennedy allowed the distribution of four additional machine guns, and Trujillo died from gunshot wounds two weeks later, on May 30, 1961. In the aftermath, Robert Kennedy wrote that the CIA had succeeded where it had failed many times in the past, but in the face of that success, it was caught flatfooted, having failed to plan what to do next.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007172-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bay_of_Pigs">Bay of Pigs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Pigs invasion">Bay of Pigs invasion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/CIA_assassination_attempts_on_Fidel_Castro" title="CIA assassination attempts on Fidel Castro">CIA assassination attempts on Fidel Castro</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency#Cuba" title="History of the Central Intelligence Agency">History of the Central Intelligence Agency § Cuba</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Giancana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sam_Giancana.jpg/176px-Sam_Giancana.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sam_Giancana.jpg/264px-Sam_Giancana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sam_Giancana.jpg/352px-Sam_Giancana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sam_Giancana" title="Sam Giancana">Sam Giancana</a> (pictured), <a href="/wiki/Santo_Trafficante_Jr." title="Santo Trafficante Jr.">Santo Trafficante</a>, and others, who were recruited by the CIA to assassinate <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></figcaption></figure> The CIA welcomed <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> on his visit to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and gave him a face-to-face briefing. The CIA hoped that Castro would bring about a friendly democratic government and planned to support his government with money and guns. By December 11, 1959, however, a memo reached the DCI's desk recommending Castro's "elimination." Dulles replaced the word "elimination" with "removal," and set the scheme into action. By mid-August 1960, <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Bissell_Jr." title="Richard M. Bissell Jr.">Dick Bissell</a> sought, with the full backing of the CIA, to hire the <a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">Mafia</a> to assassinate Castro.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007161-126">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> was a failed military invasion of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> undertaken by the CIA-sponsored paramilitary group <a href="/wiki/Brigade_2506" title="Brigade 2506">Brigade 2506</a> on April 17, 1961. A counter-revolutionary military, trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Democratic_Revolutionary_Front" title="Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front">Democratic Revolutionary Front</a> (DRF) and intended to overthrow Castro's <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cuba" title="Politics of Cuba">increasingly communist government</a>. Launched from <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, the invading force was defeated within three days by the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces</a>, under Castro's direct command. US President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> was concerned at the direction Castro's government was taking, and in March 1960, Eisenhower allocated $13.1 million to the CIA to plan his overthrow. The CIA proceeded to organize the operation with the aid of various Cuban counter-revolutionary forces, training Brigade 2506 in Guatemala. Over 1,400 paramilitaries set out for Cuba by boat on April 13 for a <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">marine invasion</a>. Two days later on April 15, eight CIA-supplied <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-26_Invader" title="Douglas A-26 Invader">B-26</a> bombers attacked Cuban airfields. On the night of April 16, the land invasion began in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs" title="Bay of Pigs">Bay of Pigs</a>, but by April 20, the invaders finally surrendered. The failed invasion strengthened the position of Castro's leadership as well as his ties with the USSR. This led eventually to the events of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> of 1962. The invasion was a major embarrassment for <a href="/wiki/US_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="US foreign policy">US foreign policy</a>. The Taylor Board was commissioned to determine what went wrong in Cuba. The Board came to the same conclusion that the Jan '61 President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities had concluded, and many other reviews prior, and to come, that Covert Action had to be completely isolated from intelligence and analysis. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency_Office_of_Inspector_General" title="Central Intelligence Agency Office of Inspector General">Inspector General of the CIA</a> investigated the Bay of Pigs. He concluded that there was a need to improve the organization and management of the CIA drastically. <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba:_Terrorism_and_sabotage">Cuba: Terrorism and sabotage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">Operation Mongoose</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_40" title="Operation 40">Operation 40</a></div> After the failure of the attempted invasion at the Bay of Pigs, the CIA proposed a program of <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist attacks</a> against civilian and military targets in Cuba, with the stated intent to bring down the Cuban administration and institute a new government. It was authorized by <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">President Kennedy</a> in November 1961.<a href="#cite_note-Jorge00-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schou11-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSArchive19-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FRUS63volX-130">[130]</a> The operation saw the CIA engage in an extensive campaign of terrorist attacks against civilians and economic targets, killing significant numbers of civilians, and carry out covert operations against the Cuban government.<a href="#cite_note-Schou11-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Franklin16-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Erlich16-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-BrennerNSA-133">[133]</a> The CIA established a base for the operation, with the cryptonym <a href="/wiki/JMWAVE" title="JMWAVE">JMWAVE</a>, at a disused <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Richmond" title="Naval Air Station Richmond">naval facility</a> on the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a> campus. The operation was so extensive that it housed the largest number of CIA officers outside of Langley, eventually numbering some four hundred. It was a major employer in Florida, with several thousand agents in clandestine pay of the agency.<a href="#cite_note-Stepick02-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bohning05-135">[135]</a> The terrorist activities carried out by agents armed, organized and funded by the CIA were a further source of tension between the U.S. and Cuban governments. They were a major factor contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> decision to place missiles in Cuba, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller02-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brenner90-137">[137]</a> The attacks continued through 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Brenner90-137">[137]</a> Though the level of terrorist activity directed by the CIA lessened in the second half of the 1960s, in 1969 the CIA was directed to intensify its operations against Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-Garthoff11-138">[138]</a> Exile terrorists were still in the employ of the CIA in the mid-1970s, including <a href="/wiki/Luis_Posada_Carriles" title="Luis Posada Carriles">Luis Posada Carriles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC05-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTPosada05-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSArchive06-141">[141]</a> He remained on the CIA's payroll until mid-1976,<a href="#cite_note-BBC05-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSArchive06-141">[141]</a> and is widely believed to be responsible for the October 1976 <a href="/wiki/Cubana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n_Flight_455" title="Cubana de Aviación Flight 455">Cubana 455 flight bombing</a>, killing 73 people – the deadliest instance of airline terrorism in the western hemisphere prior to the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">attacks of September 2001</a> in New York.<a href="#cite_note-BBC05-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTPosada05-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSArchive06-141">[141]</a> Despite the damage done and civilians killed in the CIA's terrorist attacks, by the measure of its stated objective the project was a complete failure.<a href="#cite_note-Franklin16-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Erlich16-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War_operations">Cold War operations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usaf.u2.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Usaf.u2.750pix.jpg/220px-Usaf.u2.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Usaf.u2.750pix.jpg/330px-Usaf.u2.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Usaf.u2.750pix.jpg/440px-Usaf.u2.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>"Dragon Lady", a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">Lockheed U-2</a>, the first generation of near-space reconnaissance aircraft</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kh-4b_corona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Kh-4b_corona.jpg/220px-Kh-4b_corona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Kh-4b_corona.jpg/330px-Kh-4b_corona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Kh-4b_corona.jpg/440px-Kh-4b_corona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Early CORONA/KH-4B imagery <a href="/wiki/IMINT" class="mw-redirect" title="IMINT">IMINT</a> satellite</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird.jpg/220px-Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird.jpg/330px-Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird.jpg/440px-Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="3996" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird" title="Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird">SR-71 Blackbird</a>, developed from the CIA's <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_A-12" title="Lockheed A-12">A-12</a> OXCART</figcaption></figure> The CIA was involved in anti-Communist activities in <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic">Democratic Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Operations in Laos continued well into the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> There have been suggestions that the Soviet attempt to put missiles into Cuba came, indirectly, when they realized how badly they had been compromised by a US–UK defector in place, <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Penkovsky" title="Oleg Penkovsky">Oleg Penkovsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saved-144">[144]</a> One of the most significant operations ever undertaken by the CIA was directed at <a href="/wiki/Za%C3%AFre" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaïre">Zaïre</a> in support of general-turned-dictator <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></div> The CIA and the United States government were involved in the <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a>. The coup occurred from March 31 to April 1, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Brazilian Armed Forces</a> ousting President <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">João Goulart</a>. The United States saw Goulart as a left-wing threat in Latin America. Secret cables written by the US Ambassador to Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Gordon" title="Lincoln Gordon">Lincoln Gordon</a>, confirmed that the CIA was involved in covert action in Brazil. The CIA encouraged "pro-democracy street rallies" in Brazil, for instance, to create dissent against Goulart.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indochina,_Tibet,_and_the_Vietnam_War_(1954–1975)">Indochina, Tibet, and the Vietnam War (1954–1975)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/CIA_Tibetan_program" title="CIA Tibetan program">CIA Tibetan program</a>, <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Vietnam" title="CIA activities in Vietnam">CIA activities in Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Program" title="Phoenix Program">Phoenix Program</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barrel_Roll" title="Operation Barrel Roll">Operation Barrel Roll</a>, <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Laos" title="CIA activities in Laos">CIA activities in Laos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></div> The OSS Patti mission arrived in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> near the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and had significant interaction with the leaders of many Vietnamese factions, including <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Patti-147">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/CIA_Tibetan_program" title="CIA Tibetan program">CIA Tibetan program</a> consisted of political plots, <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> distribution, <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> operations, and intelligence gathering based on U.S. commitments made to the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> in 1951 and 1956.<a href="#cite_note-officiehis-148">[148]</a> During the period of U.S. combat involvement in the Vietnam War, there was considerable argument about progress among the Department of Defense under <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a>, the CIA, and, to some extent, the intelligence staff of <a href="/wiki/Military_Assistance_Command,_Vietnam" title="Military Assistance Command, Vietnam">Military Assistance Command Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adams1998-149">[149]</a> Sometime between 1959 and 1961, the CIA started Project Tiger, a program of dropping <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> agents into <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> to gather intelligence. These were failures; the Deputy Chief for Project Tiger, Captain Do Van Tien, admitted that he was an agent for <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007213-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johnson">Johnson</h3></div> In the face of the failure of Project Tiger, <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> wanted CIA paramilitary forces to participate in their Op Plan 64A. This resulted in the CIA's foreign paramilitaries being put under the command of the DOD, a move seen as a slippery slope inside the CIA, a slide from covert action towards militarization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007237-151">[151]</a> The antiwar movement rapidly expanded across the United States during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson presidency</a>. Johnson wanted CIA Director Richard Helms to substantiate Johnson's hunch that Moscow and Beijing were financing and influencing the American antiwar movement. Thus, in the fall of 1967, the CIA launched a domestic surveillance program code-named <a href="/wiki/Operation_CHAOS" title="Operation CHAOS">Chaos</a> that would linger for a total of seven years. Police departments across the country cooperated in tandem with the agency, amassing a "computer index of 300,000 names of American people and organizations, and extensive files on 7,200 citizens." Helms hatched a "Special Operations Group" in which "[eleven] CIA officers grew long hair, learned the jargon of the New Left, and went off to infiltrate peace groups in the United States and Europe."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007285-152">[152]</a> A CIA analyst's assessment of Vietnam was that the U.S. was "becoming progressively divorced from reality... [and] proceeding with far more courage than wisdom".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007248-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nixon">Nixon</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency#Nixon" title="History of the Central Intelligence Agency">History of the Central Intelligence Agency § Nixon</a></div> In 1971, the NSA and CIA were engaged in domestic spying; the DOD was eavesdropping on <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>. The White House and Camp David were wired for sound. Nixon and Kissinger were eavesdropping on their aides, as well as reporters. Famously, Nixon's <a href="/wiki/White_House_Plumbers" title="White House Plumbers">Plumbers</a> had in their number many former CIA officers, including <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Hunt">Howard Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_W._McCord_Jr." title="James W. McCord Jr.">Jim McCord</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Martinez" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenio Martinez">Eugenio Martinez</a>. On July 7, 1971, <a href="/wiki/John_Ehrlichman" title="John Ehrlichman">John Ehrlichman</a>, Nixon's domestic policy chief, told DCI Cushman, Nixon's hatchet-man in the CIA, to let Cushman "know that [Hunt] was, in fact, doing some things for the President... you should consider he has pretty much carte blanche"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007319-154">[154]</a> On June 17, Nixon's Plumbers were caught burglarizing the DNC offices in the Watergate. On June 23, DCI Helms was ordered by the White House to wave the FBI off using national security as a pretext. The new DCI, Walters, another Nixon hack, called the acting director of the FBI and told him to drop the investigation as ordered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007321-155">[155]</a> On June 26, Nixon's counsel <a href="/wiki/John_Dean" title="John Dean">John Dean</a> ordered DCI Walters to pay the plumbers untraceable hush money. The CIA was the only part of the government that had the power to make off the book payments, but it could only be done on the orders of the CI, or, if he was out of the country, the DCI. The acting director of the FBI started breaking ranks. He demanded the CIA produce a signed document attesting to the national security threat of the investigation. McCord's lawyer contacted the CIA informing them that McCord had been offered a Presidential pardon if he fingered the CIA, testifying that the break-in had been an operation of the CIA. Nixon had long been frustrated by what he saw as a liberal infection inside the CIA and had been trying for years to tear the CIA out by its roots. McCord wrote, "If [DCI] Helms goes (takes the fall) and the Watergate operation is laid at the CIA's feet, where it does not belong, every tree in the forest will fall. It will be a scorched desert."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007322-156">[156]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Condor_participants.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Operation_Condor_participants.svg/220px-Operation_Condor_participants.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Operation_Condor_participants.svg/330px-Operation_Condor_participants.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Operation_Condor_participants.svg/440px-Operation_Condor_participants.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a> participants. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  active members</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  collaborators (United States)</div></figcaption></figure> On November 13, after Nixon's landslide re-election, Nixon told Kissinger "[I intend] to ruin the Foreign Service. I mean ruin it – the old Foreign Service – and to build a new one." He had similar designs for the CIA and intended to replace Helms with <a href="/wiki/James_Schlesinger" class="mw-redirect" title="James Schlesinger">James Schlesinger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007322-156">[156]</a> Nixon had told Helms that he was on the way out, and promised that Helms could stay on until his 60th birthday, the mandatory retirement age. On February 2, Nixon broke that promise, carrying through with his intention to "remove the deadwood" from the CIA. "Get rid of the clowns" was his order to the incoming CI. Kissinger had been running the CIA since the beginning of Nixon's presidency, but Nixon impressed on Schlesinger that he must appear to Congress to be in charge, averting their suspicion of Kissinger's involvement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007323-157">[157]</a> Nixon also hoped that Schlesinger could push through broader changes in the intelligence community that he had been working towards for years, the creation of a Director of National Intelligence, and spinning off the covert action part of the CIA into a separate organ. Before Helms would leave office, he would destroy every tape he had secretly made of meetings in his office, and many of the papers on <a href="/wiki/Project_MKUltra" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MKUltra">Project MKUltra</a>. In Schlesinger's 17-week tenure, in his assertion to President Nixon that it was "imperative to cut back on 'the prominence of CIA operations' around the world," the director fired more than 1,500 employees.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> As Watergate threw the spotlight on the CIA, Schlesinger, who had been kept in the dark about the CIA's involvement, decided he needed to know what skeletons were in the closet. This became the <a href="/wiki/Family_Jewels_(CIA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family Jewels (CIA)">Family Jewels</a>. It included information linking the CIA to the assassination of foreign leaders, the illegal surveillance of some 7,000 U.S. citizens involved in the antiwar movement (<a href="/wiki/Operation_CHAOS" title="Operation CHAOS">Operation CHAOS</a>), its <a href="/wiki/Project_MKUltra" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MKUltra">experiments on U.S. and Canadian citizens without their knowledge</a>, secretly giving them <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a> (among other things) and observing the results.<a href="#cite_note-'70s_49-159">[159]</a> This prompted Congress to create the <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a> in the Senate, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">Pike Committee</a> in the House. President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> created the <a href="/wiki/United_States_President%27s_Commission_on_CIA_activities_within_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States">Rockefeller Commission</a>,<a href="#cite_note-'70s_49-159">[159]</a> and issued an executive order prohibiting the assassination of foreign leaders. DCI Colby leaked the papers to the press, later he stated that he believed that providing Congress with this information was the correct thing to do, and ultimately in the CIA's interests.<a href="#cite_note-TMNK-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congressional_investigations">Congressional investigations</h3></div> Acting Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Silberman" title="Laurence Silberman">Laurence Silberman</a> learned of the existence of the Family Jewels and issued a subpoena for them, prompting eight congressional investigations on the domestic spying activities of the CIA. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Colby" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Colby">Bill Colby</a>'s short tenure as DCI would end with the <a href="/wiki/Halloween_Massacre_(Ford_administration)" title="Halloween Massacre (Ford administration)">Halloween Massacre</a>. His replacement was <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="George Herbert Walker Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>. At the time, the DOD had control of 80% of the intelligence budget.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007347-161">[161]</a> Communication and coordination between the CIA and the DOD would suffer greatly under Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld. The CIA's budget for hiring clandestine officers had been squeezed out by the paramilitary operations in Southeast Asia, and the government's poor popularity further strained hiring. This left the agency bloated with middle management, and anemic in younger officers. With employee training taking five years, the agency's only hope would be on the trickle of new officers coming to fruition years in the future. The CIA would see another setback as communists would take Angola. <a href="/wiki/William_J._Casey" title="William J. Casey">William J. Casey</a>, a member of Ford's Intelligence Advisory Board, obtained Bush's approval to allow a team from outside the CIA to produce Soviet military estimates as a "Team B". The "B" team was composed of hawks. Their estimates were the highest that could be justified, and they painted a picture of a growing Soviet military when the Soviet military was indeed shrinking. Many of their reports found their way to the press. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chad">Chad</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Chad" title="CIA activities in Chad">CIA activities in Chad</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad's</a> neighbor <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> was a major source of weaponry to communist rebel forces. The CIA seized the opportunity to arm and finance Chad's Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré">Hissène Habré</a>, after he created a breakaway government in western <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> even giving him <a href="/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger" title="FIM-92 Stinger">Stinger</a> missiles.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Afghanistan" title="CIA activities in Afghanistan">CIA activities in Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden">Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg/220px-WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg/330px-WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg/440px-WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Critics assert that funding the Afghan <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a> played a role in causing the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, the CIA funneled several billion dollars' worth of weapons,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> including <a href="/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger" title="FIM-92 Stinger">FIM-92 Stinger</a> <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface-to-air missiles">surface-to-air missiles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistani</a> <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> (ISI)—which funneled them to tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a> resistance fighters in order to fight the Soviets and the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet-Afghan War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In total, the CIA sent approximately 2,300 Stingers to Afghanistan, creating a substantial <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> for the weapons throughout the Middle East, Central Asia, and even parts of Africa that persisted well into the 1990s. Perhaps 100 Stingers were acquired by Iran. The CIA later operated a program to recover the Stingers through cash buybacks.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency#Iran/Contra" title="History of the Central Intelligence Agency">History of the Central Intelligence Agency § Iran/Contra</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></div> Under President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, the CIA was conducting covertly funded support for the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> in their war against the <a href="/wiki/Sandinistas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinistas">Sandinistas</a>. In March 1981, Reagan told <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> that the CIA would protect <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> by preventing the Sandinistas from shipping arms to communist rebels in El Salvador. The CIA also began arming and training the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> in hopes that they could depose the Sandinistas in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007380-170">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">DCI</a> <a href="/wiki/William_J._Casey" title="William J. Casey">William J. Casey</a> formed the Central American Task Force, staffed with yes men from Covert Action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007380-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h3></div> The CIA's prime source in Lebanon was <a href="/wiki/Bashir_Gemayel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashir Gemayel">Bashir Gemayel</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Maronite" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Maronite">Christian Maronite</a> sect. The uprising against the Maronite minority blindsided the CIA. <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">invaded Lebanon</a>, and, along with the CIA, propped up Gemayel. This secured Gemayel's assurance that Americans would be protected in Lebanon. Thirteen days later he was assassinated. <a href="/wiki/Imad_Mughniyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad Mughniyah">Imad Mughniyah</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> assassin, targeted Americans in retaliation for the Israeli invasion, the <a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a>, and the US Marines of the <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon" title="Multinational Force in Lebanon">Multi-National Force</a> for their role in opposing the <a href="/wiki/PLO" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO">PLO</a> in Lebanon. On April 18, 1983, a 2,000 lb car bomb <a href="/wiki/1984_US_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" title="1984 US embassy bombing in Beirut">exploded in the lobby of the American embassy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, killing 63 people, including 17 Americans and 7 CIA officers, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ames_(CIA_official)" title="Robert Ames (CIA official)">Robert Ames</a>, one of the CIA's Middle East experts. America's fortunes in Lebanon suffered more as America's poorly directed retaliation for the bombing was interpreted by many as support for the Maronite minority. On October 23, 1983, two bombs (<a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombing">1983 Beirut Bombing</a>) were set off in Beirut, including a 10-ton bomb at a US military barracks that killed 242 people. The embassy bombing killed Ken Haas, the CIA's Station Chief in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Buckley" title="William Francis Buckley">Bill Buckley</a> was sent in to replace him. Eighteen days after the US Marines left Lebanon, Buckley was kidnapped. On March 7, 1984, Jeremy Levin, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>'s Bureau Chief in Beirut, was kidnapped. Twelve more Americans were captured in Beirut during the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Administration">Reagan Administration</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manucher_Ghorbanifar" title="Manucher Ghorbanifar">Manucher Ghorbanifar</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Savak" class="mw-redirect" title="Savak">Savak</a> agent, was an information seller, and was discredited over his record of misinformation. He reached out to the agency offering a <a href="/wiki/Back_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Back channel">back channel</a> to Iran, suggesting a trade of missiles that would be lucrative to the intermediaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007397-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Pakistan" title="CIA activities in Pakistan">CIA activities in Pakistan</a></div> It has been alleged by such authors as <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Rashid" title="Ahmed Rashid">Ahmed Rashid</a> that the CIA and <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">ISI</a> have been waging a clandestine war. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India–Pakistan_geopolitical_tensions">India–Pakistan geopolitical tensions</h3></div> On May 11, 1998, CIA Director George Tenet and his agency were taken aback by India's <a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">second nuclear test</a>. The test prompted concerns from its nuclear-capable adversary, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and, "remade the balance of power in the world." The nuclear test was <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>'s calculated response to Pakistan previously testing new missiles in its expanding arsenal. This series of events subsequently revealed the CIA's "failure of espionage, a failure to read photographs, a failure to comprehend reports, a failure to think, and a failure to see."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007468-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland,_1980–1989">Poland, 1980–1989</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Poland–United States relations">Poland–United States relations</a></div> Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter administration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a> supported the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> movement in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, and – based on CIA intelligence – waged a public relations campaign to deter what the Carter administration felt was "an imminent move by large Soviet military forces into Poland." Colonel Ryszard Kukliński, a senior officer on the Polish General Staff, was secretly sending reports to the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The CIA transferred around $2 million yearly in cash to Solidarity, which suggests that $10 million total is a reasonable estimate for the five-year total. There were no direct links between the CIA and Solidarność, and all money was channeled through third parties.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> CIA officers were barred from meeting Solidarity leaders, and the CIA's contacts with Solidarność activists were weaker than those of the <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a>, which raised 300 thousand dollars from its members, which were used to provide material and cash directly to Solidarity, with no control of Solidarity's use of it. The U.S. Congress authorized the National Endowment for Democracy to promote democracy, and the NED allocated $10 million to Solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> When the Polish government launched a crackdown in December 1981, Solidarity was not alerted. Explanations for this vary; some believe the CIA was caught off guard, while others suggest that American policymakers viewed an internal crackdown as preferable to an "inevitable Soviet intervention."<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> CIA support for Solidarity included money, equipment and training, which was coordinated by Special Operations CIA division.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyde" title="Henry Hyde">Henry Hyde</a>, U.S. House intelligence committee member, said that the U.S. provided "supplies and technical assistance in terms of clandestine newspapers, broadcasting, propaganda, money, organizational help and advice".<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Michael Reisman of Yale Law School named operations in Poland as one of the CIA's <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> covert operations.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Initial funds for covert actions by the CIA were $2 million, but authorization was soon increased and by 1985 the CIA had successfully infiltrated Poland.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Rainer Thiel, in Nested Games of External Democracy Promotion: The United States and the Polish Liberalization 1980–1989, mentions how covert operations by the CIA, and spy games, among others, allowed the U.S. to proceed with successful regime change.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Gladio">Operation Gladio</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the CIA and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> were involved in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> As part of Operation Gladio, the CIA supported the Italian government, and allegedly supported <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">neo-fascist organizations</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> such as National Vanguard, New Order and the <a href="/wiki/Nuclei_Armati_Rivoluzionari" title="Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari">Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead in Italy</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, Gladio was called <a href="/wiki/Counter-Guerrilla" title="Counter-Guerrilla">Counter-Guerrilla</a>. CIA efforts strengthened the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkist</a> movement through the founding member of the Counter-Guerrilla; <a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Alparslan Türkeş</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> individuals employed by the CIA as part of Counter-Guerilla included <a href="/wiki/Ruzi_Nazar" title="Ruzi Nazar">Ruzi Nazar</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> officer and Pan-Turkist.<a href="#cite_note-variant-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Desert_Storm">Operation Desert Storm</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, the CIA had backed both sides. The CIA had maintained a network of spies in Iran, but in 1989 a CIA mistake compromised every agent they had in there, and the CIA had no agents in Iraq. In the weeks before the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Iraqi invasion of Kuwait</a>, the CIA downplayed the military buildup. During the war, CIA estimates of Iraqi abilities and intentions flip-flopped and were rarely accurate. In one particular case, the DOD had asked the CIA to identify military targets to bomb. One target the CIA identified was an underground shelter. The CIA did not know that it was a civilian bomb shelter. In a rare instance, the CIA correctly determined that the coalition forces efforts were coming up short in their efforts to destroy SCUD missiles. Congress took away the CIA's role in interpreting spy-satellite photos, putting the CIA's satellite intelligence operations under the auspices of the military. The CIA created its office of military affairs, which operated as "second-echelon support for the Pentagon. .. answering ... questions from military men [like] 'how wide is this road?'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007428-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union">Fall of the Soviet Union</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency#Fall_of_the_USSR" title="History of the Central Intelligence Agency">History of the Central Intelligence Agency § Fall of the USSR</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s announcement of the unilateral reduction of 500,000 Soviet troops took the CIA by surprise. Moreover, Doug MacEachin, the CIA's Chief of Soviet analysis, said that even if the CIA had told the President, the NSC, and Congress about the cuts beforehand, it would have been ignored. "We never would have been able to publish it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007429-190">[190]</a> All the CIA numbers on the Soviet Union's economy were wrong. Too often the CIA relied on inexperienced people supposedly deemed experts. Bob Gates had preceded Doug MacEachin as Chief of Soviet analysis, and he had never visited the Soviet Union. Few officers, even those stationed in the country, spoke the language of the people on whom they spied. And the CIA could not send agents to respond to developing situations. The CIA analysis of Russia during the Cold War was either driven by ideology, or by politics. <a href="/wiki/William_J._Crowe" title="William J. Crowe">William J. Crowe</a>, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, noted that the CIA "talked about the Soviet Union as if they weren't reading the newspapers, much less developed clandestine intelligence."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007430-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clinton">Clinton</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade</a></div> On January 25, 1993, <a href="/wiki/Mir_Qazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Qazi">Mir Qazi</a> <a href="/wiki/1993_shootings_at_CIA_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 shootings at CIA Headquarters">opened fire at the CIA headquarters</a> in Langley, Virginia, killing two officers and wounding three others. On February 26, Al-Qaeda terrorists led by <a href="/wiki/Ramzi_Yousef" title="Ramzi Yousef">Ramzi Yousef</a> <a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">bombed the parking garage</a> below the North Tower of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973-2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="World Trade Center (1973-2001)">World Trade Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, killing six people and injuring 1,402 others. During the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>, the CIA ignored signs within and without[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] of the <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a>. On July 13, 1995, when the press report about the massacre came out, the CIA received pictures from spy satellite of prisoners guarded by men with guns in Srebrenica.<a href="#cite_note-:1-192">[192]</a> The CIA had no agents on the ground to verify the report. Two weeks after news reports of the slaughter, the CIA sent a U-2 to photograph it. A week later the CIA completed its report on the matter. The final report came to the Oval Office on August 4, 1995. In short, it took three weeks for the agency to confirm that one of the largest mass murders in Europe since the Second World War had occurred.<a href="#cite_note-:1-192">[192]</a> Another CIA mistake which occurred in the Balkans during the Clinton presidency was the NATO bombing of Serbia. To force <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> to withdraw his troops from Kosovo, the CIA had been invited to provide military targets for bombings, wherein the agency's analysts used tourist maps to determine the location.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> However, the agency incorrectly provided the coordinates of the Chinese Embassy as a target resulting in its bombing. The CIA had misread the target as Slobodan Milosevic's military depot.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, the CIA produced the Murphy Memo, based on audio recordings made by <a href="/wiki/Covert_listening_device" title="Covert listening device">covert listening devices</a> planted by Guatemalan intelligence in the bedroom of Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_McAfee" title="Marilyn McAfee">Marilyn McAfee</a>. In the recording, Ambassador McAfee verbally entreated "Murphy." The CIA circulated a memo in the highest Washington circles accusing Ambassador McAfee of having an extramarital lesbian affair with her secretary, Carol Murphy. There was no affair. Ambassador McAfee was calling to Murphy, her <a href="/wiki/Poodle" title="Poodle">poodle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007459-195">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_James_Nicholson" title="Harold James Nicholson">Harold James Nicholson</a> would burn[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] several serving officers and three years of trainees before he was caught spying for Russia. In 1997 the House would pen another report, which said that CIA officers know little about the language or politics of the people they spy on; the conclusion was that the CIA lacked the "depth, breadth, and expertise to monitor political, military, and economic developments worldwide."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007465-196">[196]</a> Russ Travers said in the CIA in-house journal that in five years "intelligence failure is inevitable".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007466-197">[197]</a> In 1997 the CIA's new director <a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a> would promise a new working agency by 2002. The CIA's surprise at India's detonation of an atom bomb was a failure at almost every level. After the <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">1998 embassy bombings</a> by <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a>, the CIA offered two targets to be <a href="/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach" title="Operation Infinite Reach">hit in retaliation</a>. One of them was the <a href="/wiki/Al-Shifa_pharmaceutical_factory" title="Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory">Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory</a>, where traces of chemical weapon precursors had been detected. In the aftermath, it was concluded that "the decision to target al Shifa continues a tradition of operating on inadequate intelligence about Sudan." It triggered the CIA to make "substantial and sweeping changes" to prevent "a catastrophic systemic intelligence failure."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007470-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aldrich_Ames">Aldrich Ames</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aldrich_Ames" title="Aldrich Ames">Aldrich Ames</a></div> Between 1985 and 1986, the CIA lost every spy it had in Eastern Europe. The details of the investigation into the cause were obscured from the new Director, and the investigation had little success and has been widely criticized. On February 21, 1994, FBI agents pulled <a href="/wiki/Aldrich_Ames" title="Aldrich Ames">Aldrich Ames</a> out of his Jaguar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007448-199">[199]</a> In the investigation that ensued, the CIA <a href="/wiki/1995_CIA_disinformation_controversy" title="1995 CIA disinformation controversy">discovered</a> that many of the sources for its most important analyses of the USSR were based on Soviet disinformation fed to the CIA by controlled agents. On top of that, it was discovered that, in some cases, the CIA suspected at the time that the sources were compromised, but the information was sent up the chain as genuine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007450-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osama_bin_Laden">Osama bin Laden</h3></div> Agency files show that it is believed <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> was funding the Afghan rebels against the USSR in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007460-202">[202]</a> In 1991, bin Laden returned to his native <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> protesting the presence of troops, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a>. He was expelled from the country. In 1996, the CIA created a team to hunt bin Laden. They were trading information with the Sudanese until, on the word of a source that would later be found to be a fabricator, the CIA closed its Sudan station later that year. In 1998, bin Laden would declare war on America, and, on August 7, <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">strike in Tanzania and Nairobi</a>. On October 12, 2000, Al Qaeda <a href="/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing" title="USS Cole bombing">bombed the USS Cole</a>. In the first days of George W. Bush's presidency, Al Qaeda threats were ubiquitous in daily presidential CIA briefings, but it may have become a case of false alarm. The agency's predictions were dire but carried little weight, and the focus of the president and his defense staff were elsewhere. The CIA arranged the arrests of suspected Al Qaeda members through cooperation with foreign agencies, but the CIA could not definitively say what effect these arrests have had, and it could not gain hard intelligence from those captured. The President had asked the CIA if Al Qaeda could plan attacks in the US. On August 6, Bush received a daily briefing with the headline, not based on current, solid intelligence, "Al Qaeda determined to strike inside the US." The US had been hunting bin Laden since 1996 and had had several opportunities, but neither Clinton, nor Bush had wanted to risk taking an active role in a murky assassination plot, and the perfect opportunity had never materialized for a DCI that would have given him the reassurances he needed to take the plunge. That day, <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Clarke" title="Richard A. Clarke">Richard A. Clarke</a> sent <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a> <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> warning of the risks, and decrying the inaction of the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007480-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Al-Qaeda_and_the_Global_War_on_Terrorism">Al-Qaeda and the Global War on Terrorism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/CIA_transnational_anti-terrorism_activities" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA transnational anti-terrorism activities">CIA transnational anti-terrorism activities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_by_the_CIA" title="Human rights violations by the CIA">Human rights violations by the CIA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Senate_Intelligence_Committee_report_on_CIA_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture">Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bounty_leaflect_prepared_by_the_USA_for_use_in_Afghanistan_(front)_-a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/A_bounty_leaflect_prepared_by_the_USA_for_use_in_Afghanistan_%28front%29_-a.jpg/220px-A_bounty_leaflect_prepared_by_the_USA_for_use_in_Afghanistan_%28front%29_-a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/A_bounty_leaflect_prepared_by_the_USA_for_use_in_Afghanistan_%28front%29_-a.jpg/330px-A_bounty_leaflect_prepared_by_the_USA_for_use_in_Afghanistan_%28front%29_-a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/A_bounty_leaflect_prepared_by_the_USA_for_use_in_Afghanistan_%28front%29_-a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="166" /></a><figcaption>The CIA prepared a series of leaflets announcing bounties for those who turned in or denounced individuals suspected of association with the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> or <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>.</figcaption></figure>In January 1996, the CIA created an experimental "virtual station," the <a href="/wiki/Bin_Laden_Issue_Station" title="Bin Laden Issue Station">Bin Laden Issue Station</a>, under the Counterterrorist Center, to track bin Laden's developing activities. Al-Fadl, who defected to the CIA in spring 1996, began to provide the Station with a new image of the Al Qaeda leader: he was not only a terrorist financier but a terrorist organizer as well. FBI Special Agent Dan Coleman (who together with his partner Jack Cloonan had been "seconded" to the bin Laden Station) called him Qaeda's "<a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a>".<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> In 1999, CIA chief George Tenet launched a plan to deal with al-Qaeda. The Counterterrorist Center, its new chief, <a href="/wiki/Cofer_Black" title="Cofer Black">Cofer Black</a>, and the center's <a href="/wiki/Bin_Laden_Issue_Station" title="Bin Laden Issue Station">bin Laden unit</a> were the plan's developers and executors. Once it was prepared, Tenet assigned CIA intelligence chief <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Allen" title="Charles E. Allen">Charles E. Allen</a> to set up a "Qaeda cell" to oversee its tactical execution.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> In 2000, the CIA and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> jointly ran a series of flights over Afghanistan with a small remote-controlled reconnaissance drone, the <a href="/wiki/MQ-1_Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="MQ-1 Predator">Predator</a>; they obtained probable photos of bin Laden. Cofer Black and others became advocates of arming the Predator with missiles to try to assassinate bin Laden and other al-Qaeda leaders. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="September_11_attacks_and_its_aftermath">September 11 attacks and its aftermath</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cia-mi17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cia-mi17.jpg/220px-Cia-mi17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cia-mi17.jpg/330px-Cia-mi17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cia-mi17.jpg/440px-Cia-mi17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>US special forces helping Northern Alliance troops away from a CIA-operated MI-17 Hip helicopter at <a href="/wiki/Bagram_Airfield" title="Bagram Airfield">Bagram Airbase</a>, 2002</figcaption></figure> On <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hijackers_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Hijackers in the September 11 attacks">19 Al-Qaeda members</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">hijacked</a> four passenger jets within the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a> in a series of coordinated terrorist attacks. Two planes crashed into the Twin Towers of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973-2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="World Trade Center (1973-2001)">World Trade Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, the third into <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a>, and the fourth inadvertently into a field near <a href="/wiki/Shanksville,_Pennsylvania" title="Shanksville, Pennsylvania">Shanksville, Pennsylvania</a>. The attacks cost the <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Casualties of the September 11 attacks">lives of 2,996 people (including the 19 hijackers)</a>, caused the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center" title="Collapse of the World Trade Center">destruction of the Twin Towers</a>, and damaged the western side of the Pentagon. Soon after 9/11, The New York Times released a story stating that the CIA's New York field office was destroyed in the wake of the attacks. According to unnamed CIA sources, while <a href="/wiki/First_responder" title="First responder">first responders</a>, military personnel and <a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">volunteers</a> were conducting rescue efforts at the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">World Trade Center site</a>, a special CIA team was searching the rubble for both digital and paper copies of classified documents. This was done according to well-rehearsed document recovery procedures put in place after the Iranian takeover of the United States Embassy in Tehran in 1979. While the CIA insists that those who conducted the attacks on 9/11 were not aware that the agency was operating at 7 World Trade Center under the guise of another (unidentified) federal agency, this center was the headquarters for many notable criminal terrorism investigations. Though the New York field offices' main responsibilities were to monitor and recruit foreign officials stationed at the United Nations, the field office also handled the investigations of the August 1998 bombings of United States Embassies in East Africa and the October 2000 bombing of the USS Cole.<a href="#cite_note-Risen-206">[206]</a> Despite the fact that the 9/11 attacks may have damaged the CIA's New York branch, and they had to loan office space from the US Mission to the United Nations and other federal agencies, there was an upside for the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-Risen-206">[206]</a> In the months immediately following 9/11, there was a huge increase in the number of applications for CIA positions. According to CIA representatives that spoke with The New York Times, pre-9/11 the agency received approximately 500 to 600 applications a week, in the months following 9/11 the agency received that number daily.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The intelligence community as a whole, and especially the CIA, were involved in presidential planning immediately after the 9/11 attacks. In his address to the nation at 8:30pm on September 11, 2001, George W. Bush mentioned the intelligence community: "The search is underway for those who are behind these evil acts, I've directed the full resource of our intelligence and law enforcement communities to find those responsible and bring them to justice."<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> The involvement of the CIA in the newly coined "War on Terror" was further increased on September 15, 2001. During a meeting at Camp David George W. Bush agreed to adopt a plan proposed by CIA director George Tenet. This plan consisted of conducting a covert war in which CIA paramilitary officers would cooperate with anti-Taliban guerrillas inside Afghanistan. They would later be joined by small special operations forces teams which would call in precision airstrikes on Taliban and Al Qaeda fighters. This plan was codified on September 16, 2001, with Bush's signature of an official Memorandum of Notification that allowed the plan to proceed.<a href="#cite_note-Public_Broadcasting_Service-209">[209]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_Gates_and_Russian_Minister_of_Defense_Sergey_Ivanov_reach_across_the_conference_table.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_Gates_and_Russian_Minister_of_Defense_Sergey_Ivanov_reach_across_the_conference_table.jpg/220px-Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_Gates_and_Russian_Minister_of_Defense_Sergey_Ivanov_reach_across_the_conference_table.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_Gates_and_Russian_Minister_of_Defense_Sergey_Ivanov_reach_across_the_conference_table.jpg/330px-Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_Gates_and_Russian_Minister_of_Defense_Sergey_Ivanov_reach_across_the_conference_table.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_Gates_and_Russian_Minister_of_Defense_Sergey_Ivanov_reach_across_the_conference_table.jpg/440px-Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_Gates_and_Russian_Minister_of_Defense_Sergey_Ivanov_reach_across_the_conference_table.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2412" data-file-height="1596" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">US Secretary of Defense</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> meeting with Russian Minister of Defense and ex-KGB officer <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Ivanov" title="Sergei Ivanov">Sergei Ivanov</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure> On November 25–27, 2001, Taliban prisoners revolted at the Qala Jangi prison west of Mazar-e-Sharif. Though several days of struggle occurred between the Taliban prisoners and the Northern Alliance members present, the prisoners gained the upper hand and obtained North Alliance weapons. At some point during this period Johnny "Mike" Spann, a CIA officer sent to question the prisoners, was beaten to death. He became the first American to die in combat in the war in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-Public_Broadcasting_Service-209">[209]</a> After 9/11, the CIA came under criticism for not having done enough to prevent the attacks. Tenet rejected the criticism, citing the agency's planning efforts especially over the preceding two years. He also considered that the CIA's efforts had put the agency in a position to respond rapidly and effectively to the attacks, both in the "Afghan sanctuary" and in "ninety-two countries around the world".<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> The new strategy was called the "Worldwide Attack Matrix".<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Americans" title="Yemeni Americans">Yemeni American</a> U.S. citizen and al-Qaeda member, was killed on September 30, 2011, by an airstrike conducted by the Joint Special Operations Command. After several days of surveillance of Awlaki by the Central Intelligence Agency, armed drones took off from a new, secret American base in the Arabian Peninsula, crossed into northern Yemen, and fired several <a href="/wiki/Hellfire_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellfire missile">Hellfire missiles</a> at al-Awlaki's vehicle. <a href="/wiki/Samir_Khan" title="Samir Khan">Samir Khan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani American</a> al-Qaeda member and editor of the jihadist <a href="/wiki/Inspire_(magazine)" title="Inspire (magazine)">Inspire</a> magazine, also reportedly died in the attack. The combined CIA/JSOC drone strike was the first in Yemen since 2002 – there have been others by the military's Special Operations forces – and was part of an effort by the spy agency to duplicate in Yemen the covert war which has been running in Afghanistan and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failures_in_intelligence_analysis">Failures in intelligence analysis</h3></div> A major criticism is a failure to forestall the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>. The <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report" title="9/11 Commission Report">9/11 Commission Report</a> identified failures in the IC as a whole. One problem, for example, was the FBI failing to "connect the dots" by sharing information among its decentralized field offices. The report concluded that former DCI <a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a> failed to adequately prepare the agency to deal with the danger posed by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> prior to the attacks of September 11, 2001.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> The report was finished in June 2005 and was partially released to the public in an agreement with Congress, over the objections of current DCI General <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hayden_(general)" title="Michael Hayden (general)">Michael Hayden</a>. Hayden said its publication would "consume time and attention revisiting ground that is already well plowed."<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> Tenet disagreed with the report's conclusions, citing his planning efforts vis-à-vis al-Qaeda, particularly from 1999.<a href="#cite_note-BBC2007-08022-217">[217]</a> Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence, <a href="/wiki/Carl_W._Ford_Jr." title="Carl W. Ford Jr.">Carl W. Ford Jr.</a> remarked, "As long as we rate intelligence more for its volume than its quality, we will continue to turn out the $40 billion pile of crap we have become famous for." He further stated, "[The CIA is] broken. It's so broken that nobody wants to believe it."<a href="#cite_note-:0-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuses_of_CIA_authority,_1970s–1990s">Abuses of CIA authority, 1970s–1990s</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="465" data-mwtitle="Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman_"Smoking_Gun"_Conversation_June_23,_1972.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman_%22Smoking_Gun%22_Conversation_June_23,_1972.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman_%22Smoking_Gun%22_Conversation_June_23%2C_1972.wav/Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman_%22Smoking_Gun%22_Conversation_June_23%2C_1972.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman_%22Smoking_Gun%22_Conversation_June_23%2C_1972.wav/Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman_%22Smoking_Gun%22_Conversation_June_23%2C_1972.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman_%22Smoking_Gun%22_Conversation_June_23%2C_1972.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Nixon Oval Office meeting with H.R. Haldeman "Smoking Gun" Conversation, June 23, 1972 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729063732/https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/watergate/trial/exhibit_01.pdf">full transcript</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ford_meets_with_CIA_Director-designate_George_Bush_-_NARA_-_7141445.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/President_Ford_meets_with_CIA_Director-designate_George_Bush_-_NARA_-_7141445.jpg/220px-President_Ford_meets_with_CIA_Director-designate_George_Bush_-_NARA_-_7141445.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/President_Ford_meets_with_CIA_Director-designate_George_Bush_-_NARA_-_7141445.jpg/330px-President_Ford_meets_with_CIA_Director-designate_George_Bush_-_NARA_-_7141445.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/President_Ford_meets_with_CIA_Director-designate_George_Bush_-_NARA_-_7141445.jpg/440px-President_Ford_meets_with_CIA_Director-designate_George_Bush_-_NARA_-_7141445.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3838" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> meeting with CIA Director–designate <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, December 17, 1975</figcaption></figure> Conditions worsened in the mid-1970s, around the time of <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate</a>. A dominant feature of political life during that period were the attempts of Congress to assert oversight of the U.S. presidency and the executive branch of the U.S. government. Revelations about past CIA activities, such as assassinations and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_by_the_CIA#Assassination_and_targeted_killing" title="Human rights violations by the CIA">attempted assassinations of foreign leaders</a> (most notably Fidel Castro and Rafael Trujillo) and illegal domestic spying on U.S. citizens, provided the opportunities to increase Congressional oversight of U.S. intelligence operations.<a href="#cite_note-'70s_49-159">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/CIA_involvement_in_Contra_cocaine_trafficking" title="CIA involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking">CIA involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaragua</a><a href="#cite_note-AP,_1986-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Delaval,_2000-220">[220]</a> and complicity in the actions of the <a href="/wiki/Death_squads" class="mw-redirect" title="Death squads">death squads</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">El Salvador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battalion_3-16_(Honduras)" title="Battalion 3-16 (Honduras)">Honduras</a> also came to light.<a href="#cite_note-Cohn,_1995-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lakhani_(2015)-222">[222]</a> Hastening the CIA's fall from grace was the burglary of the Watergate headquarters of the Democratic Party by former CIA officers, and President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s subsequent attempt to use the CIA to impede the FBI's investigation of the burglary. In the famous "smoking gun" recording that led to President Nixon's resignation, Nixon ordered his chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/H._R._Haldeman" title="H. R. Haldeman">H. R. Haldeman</a>, to tell the CIA that further investigation of Watergate would "open the whole can of worms about the Bay of Pigs".<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt1976-224">[224]</a> In this way Nixon and Haldeman ensured that the CIA's No. 1 and No. 2 ranking officials, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Richard Helms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vernon_A._Walters" title="Vernon A. Walters">Vernon Walters</a>, communicated to FBI Director <a href="/wiki/L._Patrick_Gray" title="L. Patrick Gray">L. Patrick Gray</a> that the FBI should not follow the money trail from the burglars to the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Re-elect_the_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee to Re-elect the President">Committee to Re-elect the President</a>, as it would uncover CIA informants in Mexico. The FBI initially agreed to this due to a long-standing agreement between the FBI and CIA not to uncover each other's sources of information, though within a couple of weeks the FBI demanded this request in writing, and when no such formal request came, the FBI resumed its investigation into the money trail. Nonetheless, when the smoking gun tapes were made public, damage to the public's perception of CIA's top officials, and thus to the CIA as a whole, could not be avoided.<a href="#cite_note-Gray_III-225">[225]</a> Repercussions from the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a> arms smuggling scandal included the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Authorization_Act" title="Intelligence Authorization Act">Intelligence Authorization Act</a> in 1991. It defined covert operations as secret missions in geopolitical areas where the U.S. is neither openly nor engaged. This also required an authorizing chain of command, including an official, <a href="/wiki/Presidential_finding" title="Presidential finding">presidential finding</a> report and the informing of the House and Senate Intelligence Committees, which, in emergencies, requires only "timely notification." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yugoslav_wars">Yugoslav wars</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></div> In 1989; Yugoslavia officially dissolved into six republics, with borders drawn along ethnic and historical lines: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a>. This quickly dissolved into ethnic tensions between <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkan</a> ethnicities. In 1991, the CIA predicted that tension in the region would evolve into a full blown Civil war.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> In 1992, the U.S. embargoed the trafficking of weapons into both Bosnia and Serbia in order to not prolong the war and the destruction of impacted communities. In May 1994, the CIA reported that the embargo had been ignored by countries such as Malaysia and Iran who moved weapons into Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq_War">Iraq War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iraq" title="CIA activities in Iraq">CIA activities in Iraq</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Plame_affair" title="Plame affair">Plame affair</a></div> Seventy-two days after the 9/11 attacks, President Bush told Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a> to update the US <a href="/wiki/Military_operation_plan" title="Military operation plan">plan</a> for an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, but not to tell anyone. Rumsfeld asked Bush if he could bring DCI Tenet into the loop, to which Bush agreed.<a href="#cite_note-Attack,_Bob_Woodward_2004-228">[228]</a> The CIA had put out feelers to Iraq in the form of eight of their best officers in Kurdish territory in Northern Iraq. These officers hit a goldmine, unprecedented in the famously closed Hussein government. By December 2002, the CIA had close to a dozen functional networks in Iraq<a href="#cite_note-Attack,_Bob_Woodward_2004-228">[228]</a>: 242  and would penetrate Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Special_Security_Organization" title="Iraqi Special Security Organization">SSO</a>, tap the encrypted communications of the Deputy Prime Minister, and recruit the bodyguard of Hussein's son[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] as an agent. As time passed, the CIA would become more and more frantic about the possibility of their networks being compromised. To the CIA, the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion</a> had to occur before the end of February 2003 if their sources inside Hussein's government were to survive. The rollup would happen as predicted; 37 CIA sources recognized by their Thuraya satellite telephones provided for them by the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-Attack,_Bob_Woodward_2004-228">[228]</a>: 337  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIA_Michael_Morell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/CIA_Michael_Morell.jpg/220px-CIA_Michael_Morell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/CIA_Michael_Morell.jpg/330px-CIA_Michael_Morell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/CIA_Michael_Morell.jpg/440px-CIA_Michael_Morell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Former CIA deputy director <a href="/wiki/Michael_Morell" title="Michael Morell">Michael Morell</a> apologized to Colin Powell for the CIA's erroneous assessments of <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Iraq's WMD programs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a></figcaption></figure> The case <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> presented before the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (purportedly proving an Iraqi WMD program) was inaccurate. DDCI <a href="/wiki/John_E._McLaughlin" title="John E. McLaughlin">John E. McLaughlin</a> was part of a long discussion in the CIA about equivocation. McLaughlin, who would make, among others, the "slam dunk" presentation to the President, "felt that they had to dare to be wrong to be clearer in their judgments".<a href="#cite_note-Attack,_Bob_Woodward_2004-228">[228]</a>: 197  The Al Qaeda connection, for instance, was from a single source, extracted through torture, and was later denied. The sole source for the <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_Iraqi_mobile_weapons_laboratories" title="Allegations of Iraqi mobile weapons laboratories">allegations of Iraqi mobile weapons laboratories</a>, code-named <a href="/wiki/Curveball_(informant)" title="Curveball (informant)">Curveball</a>, was a known liar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007491-230">[230]</a> A postmortem of the intelligence failures in the lead up to Iraq led by former DDCI Richard Kerr would conclude that the CIA had been a casualty of the Cold War, wiped out in a way "analogous to the effect of the meteor strikes on the dinosaurs."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007496-231">[231]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Senate_Report_on_CIA_Detention_Interrogation_Program.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/US_Senate_Report_on_CIA_Detention_Interrogation_Program.pdf/page1-220px-US_Senate_Report_on_CIA_Detention_Interrogation_Program.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/US_Senate_Report_on_CIA_Detention_Interrogation_Program.pdf/page1-330px-US_Senate_Report_on_CIA_Detention_Interrogation_Program.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/US_Senate_Report_on_CIA_Detention_Interrogation_Program.pdf/page1-440px-US_Senate_Report_on_CIA_Detention_Interrogation_Program.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1641" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Senate_Intelligence_Committee_report_on_CIA_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture">Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture</a> that details the use of torture during CIA detention and interrogation</figcaption></figure> The opening days of the invasion of Iraq would see successes and defeats for the CIA. With its Iraq networks compromised, and its strategic and tactical information shallow, and often wrong, the intelligence side of the invasion itself would be a black eye for the agency. The CIA would see some success with its "Scorpion" paramilitary teams composed of CIA <a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Activities Division">Special Activities Division</a> paramilitary officers, along with friendly Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisans</a>. CIA SAD officers would also help the US <a href="/wiki/10th_Special_Forces_Group_(United_States)" title="10th Special Forces Group (United States)">10th Special Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Attack,_Bob_Woodward_2004-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> The occupation of Iraq would be a low point in the history of the CIA. At the largest CIA station in the world, officers would rotate through 1–3-month tours. In Iraq, almost 500 transient officers would be trapped inside the <a href="/wiki/Green_Zone" title="Green Zone">Green Zone</a> while Iraq station chiefs would rotate with only a little less frequency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007493-234">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004,_DNI_takes_over_CIA_top-level_functions">2004, DNI takes over CIA top-level functions</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Reform_and_Terrorism_Prevention_Act_of_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004">Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004</a> created the office of the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a> (DNI), who took over some of the government and intelligence community (IC)-wide functions that had previously been the CIA's. The DNI manages the United States Intelligence Community and in so doing it manages the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_cycle_management" title="Intelligence cycle management">intelligence cycle</a>. Among the functions that moved to the DNI were the preparation of estimates reflecting the consolidated opinion of the 16 IC agencies, and preparation of briefings for the president. On July 30, 2008, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">President Bush</a> issued <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13470" title="Executive Order 13470">Executive Order 13470</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> amending <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12333" title="Executive Order 12333">Executive Order 12333</a> to strengthen the role of the DNI.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Previously, the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) oversaw the Intelligence Community, serving as the president's principal intelligence advisor, additionally serving as head of the CIA. The DCI's title now is "Director of the Central Intelligence Agency" (D/CIA), serving as head of the CIA. Currently, the CIA reports to the Director of National Intelligence. Before the establishment of the DNI, the CIA reported to the President, with informational briefings to congressional committees. The <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a> is a permanent member of the National Security Council, responsible for briefing the President with pertinent information collected by all U.S. intelligence agencies, including the National Security Agency, the Drug Enforcement Administration, etc. All 16 Intelligence Community agencies are under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Neptune_Spear">Operation Neptune Spear</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">Death of Osama bin Laden</a></div> On May 1, 2011, President Barack Obama announced that <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> was killed earlier that day by "a small team of Americans" operating in <a href="/wiki/Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a>, Pakistan, during a CIA operation.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> The raid was executed from a CIA forward base in Afghanistan by elements of the U.S. Navy's <a href="/wiki/Naval_Special_Warfare_Development_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Special Warfare Development Group">Naval Special Warfare Development Group</a> and CIA paramilitary operatives.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> The operation was a result of years of intelligence work that included the CIA's capture and <a href="/wiki/Interrogational_torture" title="Interrogational torture">interrogation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">Khalid Sheik Mohammad</a>, which led to the identity of a courier of bin Laden's,<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> the tracking of the courier to the compound by <a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Activities Division">Special Activities Division</a> paramilitary operatives and the establishing of a CIA safe house to provide critical tactical intelligence for the operation.<a href="#cite_note-cia_spied_obl_safehouse_waspo-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> The CIA ran a fake vaccination clinic in an attempt to locate <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>. This was revealed after bin Laden's death and may have negatively affected the campaign against polio in Pakistan and Afghanistan. In some rural areas, vaccination workers were banned by the Taliban or chased away by locals.<a href="#cite_note-:2-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> There have been many deadly attacks by militants against vaccination workers in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Efforts to eradicate polio have furthermore been disrupted by <a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">American drone strikes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-246">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_Civil_War">Syrian Civil War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Syria" title="CIA activities in Syria">CIA activities in Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/President_Obama_and_King_Salman_Deliver_Statements_to_the_Press.webm/220px--President_Obama_and_King_Salman_Deliver_Statements_to_the_Press.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="364" data-mwtitle="President_Obama_and_King_Salman_Deliver_Statements_to_the_Press.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:President_Obama_and_King_Salman_Deliver_Statements_to_the_Press.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/President_Obama_and_King_Salman_Deliver_Statements_to_the_Press.webm/President_Obama_and_King_Salman_Deliver_Statements_to_the_Press.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/President_Obama_and_King_Salman_Deliver_Statements_to_the_Press.webm/President_Obama_and_King_Salman_Deliver_Statements_to_the_Press.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/President_Obama_and_King_Salman_Deliver_Statements_to_the_Press.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/President_Obama_and_King_Salman_Deliver_Statements_to_the_Press.webm/President_Obama_and_King_Salman_Deliver_Statements_to_the_Press.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/President_Obama_and_King_Salman_Deliver_Statements_to_the_Press.webm/President_Obama_and_King_Salman_Deliver_Statements_to_the_Press.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/President_Obama_and_King_Salman_Deliver_Statements_to_the_Press.webm/President_Obama_and_King_Salman_Deliver_Statements_to_the_Press.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/President_Obama_and_King_Salman_Deliver_Statements_to_the_Press.webm/President_Obama_and_King_Salman_Deliver_Statements_to_the_Press.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APresident_Obama_and_King_Salman_Deliver_Statements_to_the_Press.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and CIA Director <a href="/wiki/John_Brennan_(CIA_officer)" title="John Brennan (CIA officer)">John Brennan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a>-U.S. Summit in Riyadh in April 2016. <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> was involved in the CIA-led <a href="/wiki/Timber_Sycamore" title="Timber Sycamore">Timber Sycamore</a> covert operation.</figcaption></figure> Under the aegis of operation <a href="/wiki/Timber_Sycamore" title="Timber Sycamore">Timber Sycamore</a> and other clandestine activities, <a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Center" title="Special Activities Center">CIA operatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_special_operations_forces" title="United States special operations forces">U.S. special operations troops</a> have trained and armed nearly 10,000 rebel fighters at a cost of $1 billion a year.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> The CIA has been sending weapons to anti-government rebels in Syria since at least 2012.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> These weapons have been reportedly falling into hands of extremists, such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Around February 2017, the CIA was instructed to halt military aid to Syrian rebels (Free Syrian Army or FSA), which also included training, ammunition, guided missiles, and salaries. Sources state that the hold on aid was not related to the transitions from Obama's administration to Trump's, but rather due to issues faced by the FSA. Based on responses by rebel officials, they believe that the aid freeze is related to concerns that weapons and funds will fall into the hands of ISIL. Based on information obtained by Reuters, five FSA groups have confirmed that they received funding and military support from a source called "MOM operations room."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] On April 6, 2017, Al-Jazeera reported that funding to the FSA was partially restored. Based on the information provided by two FSA sources, the new military operation room will receive its funds from the coalition "Friends of Syria." The coalition consists of members from the U.S., Turkey, Western Europe, and Gulf states, which previously supported the military operation known as MOM.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> It was reported in July 2017 that President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> had ordered a "phasing out" of the CIA's support for anti-<a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Assad</a> rebels.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reorganization">Reorganization</h3></div> On March 6, 2015, the office of the D/CIA issued an unclassified edition of a statement by the director, titled "Our Agency's Blueprint for the Future", as a press release for public consumption. The press release announced sweeping plans for the reorganization and reform of the CIA, which the director believes will bring the CIA more in line with the agency doctrine called the 'Strategic Direction.' Among the key changes disclosed include the establishment of a new directorate, the Directorate of Digital Innovation, which is responsible for designing and crafting the digital technology to be used by the agency, to keep the CIA always ahead of its enemies. The Directorate of Digital Innovation will also train CIA staff in the use of this technology, to prepare the CIA for the future, and it will also use the technological revolution to deal with cyber-terrorism and other perceived threats. The new directorate will be the chief cyber-espionage arm of the agency going forward.<a href="#cite_note-PR2015-03-06-256">[256]</a> Other changes which were announced include the formation of a Talent Development Center of Excellence, the enhancement and expansion of the CIA University and the creation of the office of the Chancellor to head the CIA University to consolidate and unify recruitment and training efforts. The office of the executive director will be empowered and expanded, and the secretarial offices serving the executive director will be streamlined. The restructuring of the entire Agency is to be revamped according to a new model whereby governance is modeled after the structure and hierarchy of corporations, said to increase the efficiency of workflow and to enable the executive director to manage day-to-day activity significantly. As well, another stated intention was to establish 'Mission Centers', each one to deal with a specific geographic region of the world, which will bring the full collaboration and joint efforts of the five Directorates together under one roof. While the Directorate heads will still retain ultimate authority over their respective Directorate, the Mission Centers will be led by an assistant director who will work with the capabilities and talents of all five Directorates on mission-specific goals for the parts of the world which they are given responsibility for.<a href="#cite_note-PR2015-03-06-256">[256]</a> The unclassified version of the document ends with the announcement that the National Clandestine Service (NCS) will be reverting to its original Directorate name, the Directorate of Operations. The Directorate of Intelligence is also being renamed. It will now be the Directorate of Analysis.<a href="#cite_note-PR2015-03-06-256">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drones">Drones</h3></div> A new policy introduced by President Barack Obama removed the authority of the CIA to launch drone attacks and allowed these attacks only under <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> command. This change was reversed by President Donald Trump, who authorized CIA drone strikes on suspected terrorists.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encryption_devices_sold_through_front_company">Encryption devices sold through front company</h3></div> For decades until 2018, the CIA secretly owned <a href="/wiki/Crypto_AG" title="Crypto AG">Crypto AG</a>, a small Swiss company that made encryption devices, in association with West German intelligence. The company sold compromised encryption devices to over 120 countries, allowing Western intelligence to eavesdrop on communications that the users believed to be secure.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open-source_intelligence">Open-source intelligence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Broadcast_Information_Service" title="Foreign Broadcast Information Service">Foreign Broadcast Information Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Center">Open Source Center</a></div> Until the 2004 reorganization of the intelligence community, one of the "services of common concern" that the CIA provided was <a href="/wiki/Open-source_intelligence" title="Open-source intelligence">open-source intelligence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Broadcast_Information_Service" title="Foreign Broadcast Information Service">Foreign Broadcast Information Service</a> (FBIS).<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> FBIS, which had absorbed the Joint Publication Research Service, a military organization that translated documents,<a href="#cite_note-JPRSharvard-261">[261]</a> moved into the <a href="/wiki/National_Open_Source_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="National Open Source Enterprise">National Open Source Enterprise</a> under the Director of National Intelligence. During the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a>, Michael Sekora (assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">DIA</a>), worked with agencies across the intelligence community, including the CIA, to develop and deploy a technology-based competitive strategy system called <a href="/wiki/Project_Socrates" title="Project Socrates">Project Socrates</a>. Project Socrates was designed to utilize open-source intelligence gathering almost exclusively. The technology-focused Socrates system supported such programs as the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a> in addition to private sector projects.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> Increasingly, the CIA is a major consumer of social media intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> CIA launched a <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> account in June 2014.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> CIA also launched its own <a href="/wiki/.onion" title=".onion">.onion</a> website to collect anonymous feedback.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outsourcing_and_privatization">Outsourcing and privatization</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Outsourcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Outsourcing">Intelligence Outsourcing</a></div> Many of the duties and functions of Intelligence Community activities, not the CIA alone, are being outsourced and privatized. <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_McConnell" class="mw-redirect" title="John Michael McConnell">Mike McConnell</a>, former Director of National Intelligence, was about to publicize an investigation report of outsourcing by U.S. intelligence agencies, as required by Congress.<a href="#cite_note-IntAuth2008-267">[267]</a> However, this report was then classified.<a href="#cite_note-Hillhouse2007-10-09-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> Hillhouse speculates that this report includes requirements for the CIA to report:<a href="#cite_note-Hillhouse2007-10-09-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hillhouse2007-12-18-270">[270]</a> <ul><li>different standards for government employees and contractors;</li> <li>contractors providing similar services to government workers;</li> <li>analysis of costs of contractors vs. employees;</li> <li>an assessment of the appropriateness of outsourced activities;</li> <li>an estimate of the number of contracts and contractors;</li> <li>comparison of compensation for contractors and government employees;</li> <li>attrition analysis of government employees;</li> <li>descriptions of positions to be converted back to the employee model;</li> <li>an evaluation of accountability mechanisms;</li> <li>an evaluation of procedures for "conducting oversight of contractors to ensure identification and prosecution of criminal violations, financial waste, fraud, or other abuses committed by contractors or contract personnel"; and</li> <li>an "identification of best practices of accountability mechanisms within service contracts."</li></ul> According to investigative journalist <a href="/wiki/Tim_Shorrock" title="Tim Shorrock">Tim Shorrock</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">...what we have today with the intelligence business is something far more systemic: senior officials leaving their national security and counterterrorism jobs for positions where they essentially perform the same jobs they once held at the CIA, the NSA, and other agencies – but for double or triple the salary and profit. It's a privatization of the highest order, in which our collective memory and experience in intelligence – our crown jewels of spying, so to speak – are owned by corporate America. There is essentially no government oversight of this private sector at the heart of our intelligence empire. And the lines between public and private have become so blurred as to be nonexistent.<a href="#cite_note-spies_for_hire-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-business_of_intelligence-272">[272]</a></blockquote> Congress had required an outsourcing report by March 30, 2008:<a href="#cite_note-Hillhouse2007-12-18-270">[270]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Director of National Intelligence has been granted the authority to increase the number of positions (FTEs) on elements in the Intelligence Community by up to 10% should there be a determination that activities performed by a contractor should be done by a U.S. government employee."<a href="#cite_note-Hillhouse2007-12-18-270">[270]</a></blockquote> The problem is two-fold. Part of the problem, according to Author Tim Weiner, is that political appointees designated by recent presidential administrations have sometimes been under-qualified or over-zealous politically. Large scale purges have taken place in the upper echelons of the CIA, and when those talented individuals are pushed out the door, they have frequently gone on to found new independent intelligence companies which can suck up CIA talent.<a href="#cite_note-Ashes-123">[123]</a> Another part of the contracting problem comes from Congressional restrictions on the number of employees within the IC. According to Hillhouse, this resulted in 70% of the de facto workforce of the CIA's National Clandestine Service being made up of contractors. "After years of contributing to the increasing reliance upon contractors, Congress is now providing a framework for the conversion of contractors into federal government employees – more or less."<a href="#cite_note-Hillhouse2007-12-18-270">[270]</a> The number of independent contractors hired by the Federal government across the intelligence community has skyrocketed. So, not only does the CIA have trouble hiring, but those hires will frequently leave their permanent employ for shorter term contract gigs which have much higher pay and allow for more career mobility.<a href="#cite_note-Ashes-123">[123]</a> As with most government agencies, building equipment often is contracted. The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), responsible for the development and operation of airborne and spaceborne sensors, long was a joint operation of the CIA and the United States Department of Defense. The NRO had been significantly involved in the design of such sensors, but the NRO, then under DCI authority, contracted more of the design that had been their tradition, and to a contractor without extensive reconnaissance experience, <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>. The next-generation satellite <a href="/wiki/Future_Imagery_Architecture" title="Future Imagery Architecture">Future Imagery Architecture</a> project "how does heaven look," which missed objectives after $4 billion in cost overruns, was the result of this contract.<a href="#cite_note-AWST2005-03-20-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-274">[274]</a> Some of the cost problems associated with intelligence come from one agency, or even a group within an agency, not accepting the compartmented security practices for individual projects, requiring expensive duplication.<a href="#cite_note-BenRich-275">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_CIA_controversies" title="List of CIA controversies">List of CIA controversies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_by_the_CIA" title="Human rights violations by the CIA">Human rights violations by the CIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of CIA drug trafficking">Allegations of CIA drug trafficking</a>, <a href="/wiki/CIA_influence_on_public_opinion" title="CIA influence on public opinion">CIA influence on public opinion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Mockingbird" title="Project Mockingbird">Project Mockingbird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">Extraordinary rendition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Orlando_Letelier" title="Assassination of Orlando Letelier">Assassination of Orlando Letelier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n_Flight_455" title="Cubana de Aviación Flight 455">Cubana de Aviación Flight 455</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></div> Throughout its history, the CIA has been the subject of numerous controversies, both at home and abroad. The agency ran an operation code-named "Chaos" that ran from 1967 to 1974 where they routinely performed surveillance on Americans who were a part of various peace groups protesting the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. The operation was authorized by order of President Lyndon B. Johnson in October 1967 as the CIA gathered the information of 300,000 American people and organizations and extensive files on 7,200 citizens. The program was exposed by the <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a> in 1975 as a part of the investigation into the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> The CIA was also linked to the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran-Contra Affair</a> wherein missiles were sold to the Iranian government as an exchange for the release of hostages and the profits the agency made from selling the weapons at a marked-up price went towards assisting the contras in Nicaragua. Another source of controversy has been the CIA's role in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a>, which was a United States-backed campaign of repression and state terrorism involving intelligence operations, CIA-backed coup d'états and assassinations against leaders in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> from 1968 to 1989. By the Operation's end in 1989, up to 80,000 people had been killed.<a href="#cite_note-Bevins2020-277">[277]</a> An additional controversy surrounds the Bush Administration's claim that <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Iraq had "weapons of mass destruction"</a> in 2002, and again in 2003 as justification for invading the Middle Eastern country. The CIA went along with the claim despite contradicting the president in testimony to the Senate Intelligence Committee in 2002. They produced a national intelligence estimate titled "Iraq's Continuing Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction". The estimate claimed that if the Iraqi government was able to acquire "sufficient fissile material from abroad, it could make nuclear weapons within a year".<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_case" title="Abu Omar case">Abu Omar case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_sky_memo" title="Blue sky memo">Blue sky memo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA%27s_relationship_with_the_United_States_Military" title="CIA's relationship with the United States Military">CIA's relationship with the United States Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_the_United_States" title="Classified information in the United States">Classified information in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">Enhanced interrogation techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellipedia" title="Intellipedia">Intellipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryptos" title="Kryptos">Kryptos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Board" title="National Intelligence Board">National Intelligence Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">Operation Peter Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_32_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_and_CIA_interrogation_manuals" title="U.S. Army and CIA interrogation manuals">U.S. Army and CIA interrogation manuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">United States and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade</a>, target chosen by CIA, claimed by accident</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">United States Intelligence Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_7" title="Vault 7">Vault 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>, published by the CIA</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013215504/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/dia-to-send-hundreds-more-spies-overseas/2012/12/01/97463e4e-399b-11e2-b01f-5f55b193f58f_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=DIA+to+send+hundreds+more+spies+overseas&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fnational-security%2Fdia-to-send-hundreds-more-spies-overseas%2F2012%2F12%2F01%2F97463e4e-399b-11e2-b01f-5f55b193f58f_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Eric Schmitt (April 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/world/asia/defense-department-plans-new-spy-service.html">"Defense Department Plans New Intelligence Gathering Service"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117014605/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/world/asia/defense-department-plans-new-spy-service.html">Archived</a> January 17, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-NSAEBB-30"><a href="#cite_ref-NSAEBB_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlantonEvansMartin2000" class="citation book cs1">Blanton, Thomas S.; Evans, Michael L.; Martin, Kate (July 17, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB34/13-01.htm">"Defense HUMINT Service Organizational Chart"</a>. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217012056/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/04/opinion/04schlesinger.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ghosts+of+Guatemala%27s+Past&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F06%2F04%2Fopinion%2F04schlesinger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2009" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Allan D. 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(1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7vcGTI4Q22YC&pg=PA2">Doing Business with the Dictators: A Political History of United Fruit in Guatemala, 1899–1944</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-84202-590-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-84202-590-4"><bdi>978-0-84202-590-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414103453/https://books.google.com/books?id=7vcGTI4Q22YC&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2021. 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Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-215-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-215-5"><bdi>978-0-89680-215-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603092610/https://books.google.com/books?id=h17R_A0n-1MC">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2016. 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New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-79315-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-79315-2"><bdi>978-0-333-79315-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Policy+towards+Indonesia+in+the+Truman+and+Eisenhower+Years&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-79315-2&rft.aulast=Roadnight&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007153-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007153_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner2007">Weiner 2007</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007154-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007154_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner2007">Weiner 2007</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007163-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007163_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner2007">Weiner 2007</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashes-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashes_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashes_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashes_123-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ashes" class="citation book cs1">Weiner, Tim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/legacyofasheshis00wein">Legacy of ashes: The history of the CIA</a> (1st ed.). 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Retrieved April 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=CIA+Plot+to+Kill+Castro+Detailed&rft.date=2007-06-27&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F06%2F27%2FAR2007062700190.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007161-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007161_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner2007">Weiner 2007</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jorge00-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Jorge00_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomínguez2000" class="citation journal cs1">Domínguez, Jorge I. (April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wcfia.harvard.edu/files/wcfia/files/jd_missile_crisis.pdf">"The @#$%& Missile Crisis"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_History_(journal)" title="Diplomatic History (journal)">Diplomatic History</a>. 24 (2). Oxford/Malden: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Blackwell Publishers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 305–316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0145-2096.00214">10.1111/0145-2096.00214</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200907103502/https://wcfia.harvard.edu/files/wcfia/files/jd_missile_crisis.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 7, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2019. <q>On the afternoon of 16 October... Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy convened in his office a meeting on Operation Mongoose, the code name for a U.S. policy of sabotage and related covert operation aimed at Cuba... The Kennedy administration returned to its policy of sponsoring terrorism against Cuba as the confrontation with the Soviet Union lessened... Only once in these nearly thousand pages of documentation did a U.S. official raise something that resembled a faint moral objection to U.S.-government sponsored terrorism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=The+%40%23%24%25%26+Missile+Crisis&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=305-316&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0145-2096.00214&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft.aulast=Dom%C3%ADnguez&rft.aufirst=Jorge+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwcfia.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fwcfia%2Ffiles%2Fjd_missile_crisis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schou11-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schou11_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schou11_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoultz2009" class="citation book cs1">Schoultz, Lars (2009). "State Sponsored Terrorism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uncpress.org/book/9780807871898/that-infernal-little-cuban-republic/">That infernal little Cuban republic: the United States and the Cuban Revolution</a>. Chapel Hill: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. pp. 170–211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807888605" title="Special:BookSources/9780807888605"><bdi>9780807888605</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815081724/https://uncpress.org/book/9780807871898/that-infernal-little-cuban-republic/">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2020. <q>What more could be done? How about a program of sabotage focused on blowing up "such targets as refineries, power plants, micro wave stations, radio and TV installations, strategic highway bridges and railroad facilities, military and naval installations and equipment, certain industrial plants and sugar refineries." The CIA proposed just that approach a month after the Bay of Pigs, and the State Department endorsed the proposal... In early November, six months after the Bay of Pigs, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="John F. Kennedy">JFK</abbr></a> authorized the CIA's "Program of Covert Action", now dubbed Operation Mongoose, and named <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lansdale" title="Edward Lansdale">Lansdale</a> its chief of operations. A few days later, President Kennedy told a Seattle audience, "We cannot, as a free nation, compete with our adversaries in tactics of terror, assassination, false promises, counterfeit mobs and crises." Perhaps – but the Mongoose decision indicated that he was willing to try.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+Sponsored+Terrorism&rft.btitle=That+infernal+little+Cuban+republic%3A+the+United+States+and+the+Cuban+Revolution&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=170-211&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780807888605&rft.aulast=Schoultz&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funcpress.org%2Fbook%2F9780807871898%2Fthat-infernal-little-cuban-republic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSArchive19-129"><a href="#cite_ref-NSArchive19_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradosJimenez-Bacardi2019" class="citation report cs1">Prados, John; Jimenez-Bacardi, Arturo, eds. (October 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuba/2019-10-03/kennedy-cuba-operation-mongoose">Kennedy and Cuba: Operation Mongoose</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_George_Washington_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The George Washington University">The George Washington University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102010542/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuba/2019-10-03/kennedy-cuba-operation-mongoose">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2020. <q>The Kennedy administration had been quick to set up a Cuba Task Force—with strong representation from CIA's Directorate of Plans—and on August 31 that unit decided to adopt a public posture of ignoring Castro while attacking civilian targets inside Cuba: 'our covert activities would now be directed toward the destruction of targets important to the [Cuban] economy' (Document 4)...While acting through Cuban revolutionary groups with potential for real resistance to Castro, the task force 'will do all we can to identify and suggest targets whose destruction will have the maximum economic impact.' The memorandum showed no concern for international law or the unspoken nature of these operations as terrorist attacks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Kennedy+and+Cuba%3A+Operation+Mongoose&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=The+George+Washington+University&rft.date=2019-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fbriefing-book%2Fcuba%2F2019-10-03%2Fkennedy-cuba-operation-mongoose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRUS63volX-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FRUS63volX_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLansdale1962" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lansdale" title="Edward Lansdale">Lansdale, Edward</a> (January 18, 1962). Smith, Louis J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d291">Program Review by the Chief of Operations, Operation Mongoose</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_the_United_States_(book_series)" title="Foreign Relations of the United States (book series)">Foreign Relations of the United States</a> (Report). 1961–1963. Vol. X, Cuba. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012094731/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d291">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Program+Review+by+the+Chief+of+Operations%2C+Operation+Mongoose&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=1961%E2%80%931963&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1962-01-18&rft.aulast=Lansdale&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1961-63v10%2Fd291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franklin16-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin16_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin16_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin2016" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Jane (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyupress.org/9781583676059/cuba-and-the-u-s-empire/">Cuba and the U.S. empire: a chronological history</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. pp. 45–63, 388–392, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases_(E)#et_passim" title="List of Latin phrases (E)">et passim</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781583676059" title="Special:BookSources/9781583676059"><bdi>9781583676059</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019142815/https://nyupress.org/9781583676059/cuba-and-the-u-s-empire/">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba+and+the+U.S.+empire%3A+a+chronological+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=45-63%2C+388-392%2C+%27%27List+of+Latin+phrases+%28E%29%23et+passim%7Cet+passim%27%27&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781583676059&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyupress.org%2F9781583676059%2Fcuba-and-the-u-s-empire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erlich16-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erlich16_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erlich16_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlich2008" class="citation book cs1">Erlich, Reese (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Dateline-Havana-The-Real-Story-of-Us-Policy-and-the-Future-of-Cuba-1st/Erlich-Kinzer/p/book/9780981576978">Dateline Havana: the real story of U.S. policy and the future of Cuba</a>. Abingdon/New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 26–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317261605" title="Special:BookSources/9781317261605"><bdi>9781317261605</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020185840/https://www.routledge.com/Dateline-Havana-The-Real-Story-of-Us-Policy-and-the-Future-of-Cuba-1st/Erlich-Kinzer/p/book/9780981576978">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020. <q>Officially, the United States favored only peaceful means to pressure Cuba. In reality, U.S. leaders also used violent, terrorist tactics... Operation Mongoose began in November 1961... U.S. operatives attacked civilian targets, including sugar refineries, saw mills, and molasses storage tanks. Some 400 CIA officers worked on the project in Washington and Miami... Operation Mongoose and various other terrorist operations caused property damage and injured and killed Cubans. But they failed to achieve their goal of regime change.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dateline+Havana%3A+the+real+story+of+U.S.+policy+and+the+future+of+Cuba&rft.place=Abingdon%2FNew+York&rft.pages=26-29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781317261605&rft.aulast=Erlich&rft.aufirst=Reese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FDateline-Havana-The-Real-Story-of-Us-Policy-and-the-Future-of-Cuba-1st%2FErlich-Kinzer%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780981576978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrennerNSA-133"><a href="#cite_ref-BrennerNSA_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner2002" class="citation web cs1">Brenner, Philip (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/brenner.htm">"Turning History on its Head"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_George_Washington_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The George Washington University">The George Washington University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824225125/http://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/brenner.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2020. <q>..in October 1962 the United States was waging a war against Cuba that involved several assassination attempts against the Cuban leader, terrorist acts against Cuban civilians, and sabotage of Cuban factories.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Security+Archive&rft.atitle=Turning+History+on+its+Head&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2Fnsa%2Fcuba_mis_cri%2Fbrenner.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stepick02-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Stepick02_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStepickStepick2002" class="citation book cs1">Stepick, Alex; Stepick, Carol Dutton (2002). "Power and Identity". In Suárez-Orozco, Marcelo M.; Páez, Mariela M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520258273/latinos">Latinos: Remaking America</a>. Berkeley/London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Rockefeller_Center_for_Latin_American_Studies" title="David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies">Harvard University Center for Latin American Studies</a>. pp. 75–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520258273" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520258273"><bdi>978-0520258273</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609053206/https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520258273/latinos">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020. <q>Through the 1960s, the private University of Miami had the largest Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) station in the world, outside of the organization's headquarters in Virginia. With perhaps as many as twelve thousand Cubans in Miami on its payroll at one point in the early 1960s, the CIA was one of the largest employers in the state of Florida. It supported what was described as the third largest navy in the world and over fifty front businesses: CIA boat shops, gun shops, travel agencies, detective agencies, and real estate agencies</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Power+and+Identity&rft.btitle=Latinos%3A+Remaking+America&rft.place=Berkeley%2FLondon&rft.pages=75-81&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press%2C+Harvard+University+Center+for+Latin+American+Studies&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0520258273&rft.aulast=Stepick&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Stepick%2C+Carol+Dutton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fbook%2F9780520258273%2Flatinos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bohning05-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Bohning05_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohning2005" class="citation book cs1">Bohning, Don (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/potomac/9781574886757/">The Castro obsession: U.S. covert operations against Cuba, 1959-1965</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press/Potomac Books</a>. pp. 1, 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781574886757" title="Special:BookSources/9781574886757"><bdi>9781574886757</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201025064302/https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/potomac/9781574886757/">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020. <q>By the end of 1962 the CIA station at an abandoned Navy air facility south of Miami had become the largest in the world outside its Langley, Virginia headquarters... Eventually some four hundred clandestine service officers toiled there... Additional CIA officers worked the Cuba account at Langley and elsewhere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Castro+obsession%3A+U.S.+covert+operations+against+Cuba%2C+1959-1965&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=1%2C+84&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press%2FPotomac+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781574886757&rft.aulast=Bohning&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nebraskapress.unl.edu%2Fpotomac%2F9781574886757%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller02-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller02_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2002" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Nicola (2002). "The Real Gap in the Cuban Missile Crisis: The Post-Cold-War Historiography and Continued Omission of Cuba". In Carter, Dale; Clifton, Robin (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9780333919408">War and Cold War in American foreign policy, 1942–62</a>. Basingstoke: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 211–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781403913852">10.1057/9781403913852</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403913852" title="Special:BookSources/9781403913852"><bdi>9781403913852</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829155529/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781403913852">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Real+Gap+in+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+The+Post-Cold-War+Historiography+and+Continued+Omission+of+Cuba&rft.btitle=War+and+Cold+War+in+American+foreign+policy%2C+1942%E2%80%9362&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=211-237&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781403913852&rft.isbn=9781403913852&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palgrave.com%2Fgp%2Fbook%2F9780333919408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brenner90-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brenner90_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brenner90_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner1990" class="citation journal cs1">Brenner, Philip (March 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231965249">"Cuba and the Missile Crisis"</a>. Journal of Latin American Studies. 22 (1–2). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 115–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022216X00015133">10.1017/S0022216X00015133</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145075193">145075193</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200907122348/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Philip_Brenner3/publication/231965249_Cuba_and_the_Missile_Crisis/links/55bbb84f08aed621de0dc269.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 7, 2020. Retrieved September 2, 2019. <q>While Operation Mongoose was discontinued early in 1963, terrorist actions were reauthorised by the president. In October 1963, 13 major CIA actions against Cuba were approved for the next two months alone, including the sabotage of an electric power plant, a sugar mill and an oil refinery. Authorised CIA raids continued at least until 1965.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Latin+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Cuba+and+the+Missile+Crisis&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=115-142&rft.date=1990-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022216X00015133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145075193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F231965249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garthoff11-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Garthoff11_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarthoff2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_L._Garthoff" title="Raymond L. Garthoff">Garthoff, Raymond</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/book/reflections-on-the-cuban-missile-crisis/">Reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Brookings_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brookings Institution">The Brookings Institution</a>. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815717393" title="Special:BookSources/9780815717393"><bdi>9780815717393</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808063522/https://www.brookings.edu/book/reflections-on-the-cuban-missile-crisis/">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020. <q>One of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>'s first acts in office in 1969 was to direct the CIA to intensify covert operations against Cuba</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=The+Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780815717393&rft.aulast=Garthoff&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fbook%2Freflections-on-the-cuban-missile-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC05-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC05_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC05_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC05_139-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4535661.stm">"Cuba 'plane bomber' was CIA agent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. London: BBC. May 11, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060222025803/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4535661.stm">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2006. Retrieved September 7, 2020. <q>The documents, released by George Washington University's National Security Archive, show that Mr Posada, now in his 70s, was on the CIA payroll from the 1960s until mid-1976.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Cuba+%27plane+bomber%27+was+CIA+agent&rft.date=2005-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F4535661.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTPosada05-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTPosada05_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTPosada05_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner2005" class="citation news cs1">Weiner, Tim (May 9, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/09/us/cuban-exile-could-test-us-definition-of-terrorist.html">"Cuban Exile Could Test U.S. Definition of Terrorist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715044307/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/09/us/cuban-exile-could-test-us-definition-of-terrorist.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved September 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cuban+Exile+Could+Test+U.S.+Definition+of+Terrorist&rft.date=2005-05-09&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F05%2F09%2Fus%2Fcuban-exile-could-test-us-definition-of-terrorist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSArchive06-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSArchive06_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSArchive06_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSArchive06_141-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornbluhWhite2006" class="citation report cs1">Kornbluh, Peter; White, Yvette, eds. (October 5, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB202/index.htm">Bombing of Cuban Jetliner 30 Years Later</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_George_Washington_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The George Washington University">The George Washington University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824225444/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB202/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2020. <q>Among the documents posted is an annotated list of four volumes of still-secret records on Posada's career with the CIA, his acts of violence, and his suspected involvement in the bombing of Cubana flight 455 on October 6, 1976, which took the lives of all 73 people on board, many of them teenagers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Bombing+of+Cuban+Jetliner+30+Years+Later&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=The+George+Washington+University&rft.date=2006-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB202%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> "The Role of Intelligence" (1965). Congress and the Nation. p. 306 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeary2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_M._Leary" title="William M. Leary">Leary, William M.</a> (April 14, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711145555/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art7.html">"CIA Air Operations in Laos, 1955-1974: Supporting the 'Secret War'"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art7.html">the original</a> on July 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+Air+Operations+in+Laos%2C+1955-1974%3A+Supporting+the+%27Secret+War%27&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2007-04-14&rft.aulast=Leary&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fcsi-studies%2Fstudies%2Fwinter99-00%2Fart7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saved-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Saved_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchecterDeriabinPenkovskij1992" class="citation book cs1">Schecter, Jerrold L; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Deriabin" title="Peter Deriabin">Deriabin, Peter S</a>; <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Penkovsky" title="Oleg Penkovsky">Penkovskij, Oleg Vladimirovic</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spywhosavedworld00jerr">The Spy Who Saved the World: How a Soviet Colonel Changed the Course of the Cold War</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-19068-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-19068-6"><bdi>978-0-684-19068-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/909016158">909016158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spy+Who+Saved+the+World%3A+How+a+Soviet+Colonel+Changed+the+Course+of+the+Cold+War&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F909016158&rft.isbn=978-0-684-19068-6&rft.aulast=Schecter&rft.aufirst=Jerrold+L&rft.au=Deriabin%2C+Peter+S&rft.au=Penkovskij%2C+Oleg+Vladimirovic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspywhosavedworld00jerr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-684-19068-6">"Nonfiction Book Review: The Spy Who Saved the World: How a Soviet Colonel Changed the Course of the Cold War by Jerrold L. Schecter, Author, Peter S. Deriabin, With Scribner Book Company $25 (0p) ISBN 978-0-684-19068-6"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a>. March 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523001115/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-684-19068-6">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=Nonfiction+Book+Review%3A+The+Spy+Who+Saved+the+World%3A+How+a+Soviet+Colonel+Changed+the+Course+of+the+Cold+War+by+Jerrold+L.+Schecter%2C+Author%2C+Peter+S.+Deriabin%2C+With+Scribner+Book+Company+%2425+%280p%29+ISBN+978-0-684-19068-6&rft.date=1992-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2F978-0-684-19068-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs1995" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbs, David N. (1995). "Let Us Forget Unpleasant Memories: The US State Department's Analysis of the Congo Crisis". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Modern_African_Studies" title="Journal of Modern African Studies">Journal of Modern African Studies</a>. 33 (1): 175–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022278x0002098x">10.1017/s0022278x0002098x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/161559">161559</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154887256">154887256</a>. <q>There seems little doubt that the Congo was targeted by one of the most extensive covert operations in the history of the CIA, and its significance has been noted repeatedly by former officers, as well as by scholars. Americans in both the CIA station and the embassy directly intervened in Congolese affairs, bribing parliamentarians, setting up select units of the military, and promoting the career of General Mobutu. In addition to any assassination plots, it is well documented that the United States played an essential role in two efforts to overthrow Lumumba, both in September 1960....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Let+Us+Forget+Unpleasant+Memories%3A+The+US+State+Department%27s+Analysis+of+the+Congo+Crisis&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=175-180&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154887256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F161559%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022278x0002098x&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1964" class="citation web cs1">Gordon, Lincoln (March 27, 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//NSAEBB/NSAEBB118/bz02.pdf">"Top Secret Cable from Rio de Janeiro"</a> (PDF). NSA Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322213045/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB118/bz02.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NSA+Archives&rft.atitle=Top+Secret+Cable+from+Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.date=1964-03-27&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Lincoln&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2F%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB118%2Fbz02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patti-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Patti_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatti1980" class="citation book cs1">Patti, Archimedes L. A. (1980). Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's albatross. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04156-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-04156-9"><bdi>0-520-04156-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Viet+Nam%3F%3A+Prelude+to+America%27s+albatross&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-520-04156-9&rft.aulast=Patti&rft.aufirst=Archimedes+L.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-officiehis-148"><a href="#cite_ref-officiehis_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v30/d342">"Status Report on Tibetan Operations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a>. January 26, 1968. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235323/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v30/d342">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+Report+on+Tibetan+Operations&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Historian&rft.date=1968-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1964-68v30%2Fd342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams1998-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Adams1998_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1994" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Sam (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warofnumbersinte00adam">War of Numbers: An Intelligence Memoir</a>. Steerforth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-883642-23-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-883642-23-X"><bdi>1-883642-23-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+of+Numbers%3A+An+Intelligence+Memoir&rft.pub=Steerforth+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-883642-23-X&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarofnumbersinte00adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007213-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007213_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner2007">Weiner 2007</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007237-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007237_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner2007">Weiner 2007</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007285-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007285_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner2007">Weiner 2007</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007248-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007248_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner2007">Weiner 2007</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007319-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007319_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner2007">Weiner 2007</a>, p. 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007321-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007321_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner2007">Weiner 2007</a>, p. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007322-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007322_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007322_156-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner2007">Weiner 2007</a>, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007323-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007323_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner2007">Weiner 2007</a>, p. 323. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Weiner Tim 2007A Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA New York Doubleday p. 339 </li> <li id="cite_note-'70s_49-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-'70s_49_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-'70s_49_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-'70s_49_159-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrum2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum, David</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/49">How We Got Here: The '70s</a>. New York: Basic Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/49">49–51</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7"><bdi>0-465-04195-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Got+Here%3A+The+%2770s&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=49-51&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-465-04195-7&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwegothere70sd00frum%2Fpage%2F49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TMNK-160"><a href="#cite_ref-TMNK_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="September_15,_2011" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Carl Colby (director) (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firstrunfeatures.com/themannobodyknew/">The Man Nobody Knew: In Search of My Father, CIA Spymaster William Colby</a> (Motion picture). New York City: Act 4 Entertainment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190409090233/http://firstrunfeatures.com/themannobodyknew/">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Man+Nobody+Knew%3A+In+Search+of+My+Father%2C+CIA+Spymaster+William+Colby&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Act+4+Entertainment&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffirstrunfeatures.com%2Fthemannobodyknew%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007347-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007347_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner2007">Weiner 2007</a>, p. 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronner2014" class="citation web cs1">Bronner, Michael (December 11, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/01/24/our-man-in-africa/">"Our Man in Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416001821/http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/01/24/our-man-in-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2017. Retrieved March 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Our+Man+in+Africa&rft.date=2014-12-11&rft.aulast=Bronner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2014%2F01%2F24%2Four-man-in-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronner2013" class="citation news cs1">Bronner, Michael (July 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/chad-hissene-habre-charged">"Former Chad leader Hissène Habré charged with crimes against humanity"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305013708/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/chad-hissene-habre-charged">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2017. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bt.com.bn/analysis/2008/12/17/story_of_us_cia_and_taliban">the original</a> on December 5, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brunei+Times&rft.atitle=Story+of+US%2C+CIA+and+Taliban&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bt.com.bn%2Fanalysis%2F2008%2F12%2F17%2Fstory_of_us_cia_and_taliban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2001" class="citation news cs1">West, Julian (September 23, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/1341405/Pakistans-godfathers-of-the-Taliban-hold-the-key-to-hunt-for-bin-Laden.html">"Pakistan's 'godfathers of the Taliban' hold the key to hunt for bin Laden"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/1341405/Pakistans-godfathers-of-the-Taliban-hold-the-key-to-hunt-for-bin-Laden.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved April 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+%27godfathers+of+the+Taliban%27+hold+the+key+to+hunt+for+bin+Laden&rft.date=2001-09-23&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fpakistan%2F1341405%2FPakistans-godfathers-of-the-Taliban-hold-the-key-to-hunt-for-bin-Laden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColl2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Coll, Steve</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Wars" title="Ghost Wars">Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>. pp. 233, 337–338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594200076" title="Special:BookSources/9781594200076"><bdi>9781594200076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Wars%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+CIA%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+Bin+Laden%2C+from+the+Soviet+Invasion+to+September+10%2C+2001&rft.pages=233%2C+337-338&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781594200076&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007380-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007380_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007380_170-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner2007">Weiner 2007</a>, p. 380. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007397-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007397_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner2007">Weiner 2007</a>, p. 397. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007468-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007468_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner2007">Weiner 2007</a>, p. 468. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2004" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Richard T. (2004). "The CIA and the Polish Crisis of 1980–1981". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Cold_War_Studies" title="Journal of Cold War Studies">Journal of Cold War Studies</a>. 6 (3): 120–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F1520397041447346">10.1162/1520397041447346</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57563775">57563775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=The+CIA+and+the+Polish+Crisis+of+1980%E2%80%931981&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=120-123&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F1520397041447346&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57563775%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomber2008" class="citation book cs1">Domber, Gregory F. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Grtub61ScTgC&pg=PA199">Supporting the Revolution: America, Democracy, and the End of the Cold War in Poland, 1981–1989</a>. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780549385165" title="Special:BookSources/9780549385165"><bdi>9780549385165</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119162557/https://books.google.com/books?id=Grtub61ScTgC&pg=PA199">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2016. 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New York: HarperCollins. pp. 119–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-114778-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-114778-4"><bdi>978-0-06-114778-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71163669">71163669</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414103424/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2nSTwbFAh0C&pg=PA119">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2021. 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Site in New York Was Destroyed on Sept. 11"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220165525/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/04/us/nation-challenged-intelligence-agency-secret-cia-site-new-york-was-destroyed.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2013. 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New York: HarperCollins. pp. 121–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-114778-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-114778-4"><bdi>978-0-06-114778-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71163669">71163669</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727190146/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2nSTwbFAh0C&pg=PA121&q=%22Afghan%20sanctuary%22">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2020. 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Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061147784" title="Special:BookSources/9780061147784"><bdi>9780061147784</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906111609/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2nSTwbFAh0C&pg=PA177">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2015. 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Retrieved August 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Foreign+network+at+front+of+CIA%27s+terror+fight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna10091295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/8799295/Same-US-military-unit-that-got-Osama-bin-laden-killed-Anwar-al-Awlaki.html">"Same US military unit that got Osama bin Laden killed Anwar al-Awlaki"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. September 30, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/8799295/Same-US-military-unit-that-got-Osama-bin-laden-killed-Anwar-al-Awlaki.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved February 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Same+US+military+unit+that+got+Osama+bin+Laden+killed+Anwar+al-Awlaki&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fal-qaeda%2F8799295%2FSame-US-military-unit-that-got-Osama-bin-laden-killed-Anwar-al-Awlaki.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzettiSchmittWorth2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazzetti" title="Mark Mazzetti">Mazzetti, Mark</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eric_P._Schmitt" title="Eric P. Schmitt">Schmitt, Eric</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Worth" title="Robert F. Worth">Worth, Robert F.</a> (September 30, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/01/world/middleeast/anwar-al-awlaki-is-killed-in-yemen.html">"Two-Year Manhunt Led to Killing of Awlaki in Yemen"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930151446/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/01/world/middleeast/anwar-al-awlaki-is-killed-in-yemen.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2011. 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Unprepared for Qaeda Threat, Report Says"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015319/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/washington/21cnd-cia.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2009. 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New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/planofattackdefi00bobw/page/467">467</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/074325547X" title="Special:BookSources/074325547X"><bdi>074325547X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plan+of+Attack&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=467&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=074325547X&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplanofattackdefi00bobw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/michael-morell-apologizes-colin-powell-about-cia-pre-iraq-war-wmd-evidence/">"Morell 'wanted to apologize' to Powell about WMD evidence"</a>. CBS News. May 11, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130232647/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/michael-morell-apologizes-colin-powell-about-cia-pre-iraq-war-wmd-evidence/">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2016. 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Retrieved January 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+CIA+Will+Use+its+New+Dark+Web+Site+to+Collect+Anonymous+Tips&rft.pub=Vice&rft.date=2019-05-07&rft.aulast=Makuch&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fxwnyew%2Fthe-cia-will-use-its-new-dark-web-site-to-collect-anonymous-tips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IntAuth2008-267"><a href="#cite_ref-IntAuth2008_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/congress/2007_rpt/hrpt110-478.pdf">"Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, Conference Committee Report"</a> (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. December 6, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307212806/http://fas.org/irp/congress/2007_rpt/hrpt110-478.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft.atitle=Intelligence+Authorization+Act+for+Fiscal+Year+2008%2C+Conference+Committee+Report&rft.date=2007-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fcongress%2F2007_rpt%2Fhrpt110-478.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillhouse2007-10-09-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillhouse2007-10-09_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillhouse2007-10-09_268-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillhouse2007" class="citation news cs1">Hillhouse, R. J. (July 8, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/06/AR2007070601993_pf.html">"Who Runs the CIA? Outsiders for Hire"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100305004252/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/06/AR2007070601993_pf.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2010. Retrieved July 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Who+Runs+the+CIA%3F+Outsiders+for+Hire&rft.date=2007-07-08&rft.aulast=Hillhouse&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F07%2F06%2FAR2007070601993_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeefe2007" class="citation news cs1">Keefe, Patrick Radden (June 25, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E6D91731F936A15755C0A9619C8B63">"Don't Privatize Our Spies"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012221219/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E6D91731F936A15755C0A9619C8B63">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved July 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Privatize+Our+Spies&rft.date=2007-06-25&rft.aulast=Keefe&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Radden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9E06E6D91731F936A15755C0A9619C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillhouse2007-12-18-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillhouse2007-12-18_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillhouse2007-12-18_270-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillhouse2007-12-18_270-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillhouse2007-12-18_270-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillhouse2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raelynn_Hillhouse" title="Raelynn Hillhouse">Hillhouse, R. J.</a> (December 18, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thespywhobilledme.com/the_spy_who_billed_me/2007/12/cia-contractors.html">"CIA Contractors: Double or Nothin'"</a>. thespywhobilledme.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826234958/http://www.thespywhobilledme.com/the_spy_who_billed_me/2007/12/cia-contractors.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thespywhobilledme.com&rft.atitle=CIA+Contractors%3A+Double+or+Nothin%27&rft.date=2007-12-18&rft.aulast=Hillhouse&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespywhobilledme.com%2Fthe_spy_who_billed_me%2F2007%2F12%2Fcia-contractors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spies_for_hire-271"><a href="#cite_ref-spies_for_hire_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShorrock2008" class="citation web cs1">Shorrock, Tim (May 29, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602013315/http://www.salon.com/news/excerpt/2008/05/29/spies_for_hire/print.html">"Former high-ranking Bush officials enjoy war profits"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/news/excerpt/2008/05/29/spies_for_hire/print.html">the original</a> on June 2, 2008. Retrieved June 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=Former+high-ranking+Bush+officials+enjoy+war+profits&rft.date=2008-05-29&rft.aulast=Shorrock&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fnews%2Fexcerpt%2F2008%2F05%2F29%2Fspies_for_hire%2Fprint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-business_of_intelligence-272"><a href="#cite_ref-business_of_intelligence_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurt_III2008" class="citation news cs1">Hurt III, Harry (June 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/15/business/15shelf.html">"The Business of Intelligence Gathering"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105032536/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/15/business/15shelf.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Business+of+Intelligence+Gathering&rft.date=2008-06-15&rft.aulast=Hurt+III&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F15%2Fbusiness%2F15shelf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AWST2005-03-20-273"><a href="#cite_ref-AWST2005-03-20_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2005" class="citation journal cs1">Butler, Amy (March 20, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2F03215p02.xml">"SBIRS High in the Red Again"</a>. Aviation Week. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429022651/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2F03215p02.xml">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week&rft.atitle=SBIRS+High+in+the+Red+Again&rft.date=2005-03-20&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviationweek.com%2Faw%2Fgeneric%2Fstory_generic.jsp%3Fchannel%3Dawst%26id%3Dnews%252F03215p02.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-274"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaubman2007" class="citation news cs1">Taubman, Philip (November 11, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/11/washington/11satellite.html">"In Death of Spy Satellite Program, Lofty Plans and Unrealistic Bids"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408013929/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/11/washington/11satellite.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Death+of+Spy+Satellite+Program%2C+Lofty+Plans+and+Unrealistic+Bids&rft.date=2007-11-11&rft.aulast=Taubman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F11%2F11%2Fwashington%2F11satellite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BenRich-275"><a href="#cite_ref-BenRich_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich1996" class="citation book cs1">Rich, Ben R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/skunkworks00benr">Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years of Lockheed</a>. Back Bay Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-74330-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-74330-5"><bdi>0-316-74330-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skunk+Works%3A+A+Personal+Memoir+of+My+Years+of+Lockheed&rft.pub=Back+Bay+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-316-74330-5&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Ben+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fskunkworks00benr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90-01208R000100170047-4.pdf">"'Operation Chaos': Files on 7,200"</a> (PDF). 'Operation Chaos': Files on 7,200. Washington Post. June 11, 1975. Retrieved May 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%27Operation+Chaos%27%3A+Files+on+7%2C200&rft.atitle=%27Operation+Chaos%27%3A+Files+on+7%2C200&rft.date=1975-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FCIA-RDP90-01208R000100170047-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bevins2020-277"><a href="#cite_ref-Bevins2020_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevins2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bevins" title="Vincent Bevins">Bevins, Vincent</a> (2020). <a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Method" title="The Jakarta Method">The Jakarta Method</a>: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World. <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. pp. 266–267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5417-4240-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5417-4240-6"><bdi>978-1-5417-4240-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jakarta+Method%3A+Washington%27s+Anticommunist+Crusade+and+the+Mass+Murder+Program+that+Shaped+Our+World&rft.pages=266-267&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5417-4240-6&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0001327062.pdf">"(Est Pub Date) Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs"</a> (PDF). CIA Reading Room: Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs. November 19, 2009. Retrieved May 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+Reading+Room%3A+Iraq%27s+Weapons+of+Mass+Destruction+Programs&rft.atitle=%28Est+Pub+Date%29+Iraq%27s+Weapons+of+Mass+Destruction+Programs&rft.date=2009-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FDOC_0001327062.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Central Intelligence Agency <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Central+Intelligence+Agency">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Central+Intelligence+Agency&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImmerman1982" class="citation book cs1">Immerman, Richard H. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=erAkfz6c9HoC">The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention</a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71083-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71083-2"><bdi>978-0-292-71083-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CIA+in+Guatemala%3A+The+Foreign+Policy+of+Intervention&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-292-71083-2&rft.aulast=Immerman&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DerAkfz6c9HoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner2007" class="citation book cs1">Weiner, Tim (2007). <a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Ashes:_The_History_of_the_CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA">Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA</a>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51445-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51445-3"><bdi>978-0-385-51445-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/82367780">82367780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy+of+Ashes%3A+The+History+of+the+CIA&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F82367780&rft.isbn=978-0-385-51445-3&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Intelligence+Agency" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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href="/wiki/Template:Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Template:Central Intelligence Agency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Template talk:Central Intelligence Agency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Intelligence Agency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_Intelligence_Agency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Intelligence Agency</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">United States Intelligence Community</a> (CIA Headquarters: <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Center_for_Intelligence" title="George Bush Center for Intelligence">George Bush Center for Intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langley,_Virginia" title="Langley, Virginia">Langley, Virginia</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="History of the Central Intelligence Agency">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency#Directorate_of_Analysis" title="Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency">Directorate of Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency_Directorate_of_Science_%26_Technology" title="Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology">Directorate of Science & Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Operations_(CIA)" title="Directorate of Operations (CIA)">Directorate of Operations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Center" title="Special Activities Center">Special Activities Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Resources_Division" title="National Resources Division">National Resources Division</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency#Directorate_of_Support" title="Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency">Directorate of Support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Support_Branch" title="Operations Support Branch">Operations Support Branch</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="510" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CIA_activities_in_the_Americas" title="Template:CIA activities in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CIA_activities_in_Russia_and_Europe" title="Template:CIA activities in Russia and Europe">Russia and Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CIA_activities_in_Africa" title="Template:CIA activities in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CIA_activities_in_Asia" title="Template:CIA activities in Asia">Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transnational activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of CIA drug trafficking">Alleged drug trafficking</a> (<a href="/wiki/CIA_involvement_in_Contra_cocaine_trafficking" title="CIA involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking">Involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_transnational_activities_in_counterproliferation" title="CIA transnational activities in counterproliferation">Arms control, WMD, and proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">Black sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_CIA_controversies" title="List of CIA controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_counter-terrorism_activities_of_the_CIA" title="International counter-terrorism activities of the CIA">Counterterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_transnational_anti-crime_and_anti-drug_activities" title="CIA transnational anti-crime and anti-drug activities">Crime and illicit drug trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_transnational_health_and_economic_activities" title="CIA transnational health and economic activities">Health and economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_by_the_CIA" title="Human rights violations by the CIA">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_influence_on_public_opinion" title="CIA influence on public opinion">Influence on public opinion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Donovan" title="William J. Donovan">William J. Donovan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">OSS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Souers" title="Sidney Souers">Sidney Souers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoyt_Vandenberg" title="Hoyt Vandenberg">Hoyt Vandenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_H._Hillenkoetter" title="Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter">Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Walter Bedell Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McCone" title="John A. McCone">John A. McCone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Raborn" title="William Raborn">William Raborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Richard Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Colby" title="William Colby">William Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stansfield_Turner" title="Stansfield Turner">Stansfield Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Casey" title="William J. Casey">William J. Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Webster" title="William H. Webster">William H. Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._James_Woolsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="R. James Woolsey Jr.">R. James Woolsey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Deutch" title="John M. Deutch">John M. Deutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_Goss" title="Porter Goss">Porter Goss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hayden_(general)" title="Michael Hayden (general)">Michael Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brennan_(CIA_officer)" title="John Brennan (CIA officer)">John Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Haspel" title="Gina Haspel">Gina Haspel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Burns_(diplomat)" title="William J. Burns (diplomat)">William J. Burns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major international operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">Operation Ajax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">Operation PBSuccess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Secret War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">Operation Mongoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Program" title="Phoenix Program">Phoenix Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rubicon" title="Operation Rubicon">Operation Rubicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_intervention_in_Chile" title="United States intervention in Chile">United States intervention in Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone strikes in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Operation Neptune Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Sycamore" title="Timber Sycamore">Timber Sycamore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Government" title="The Invisible Government">The Invisible Government</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_Shah%27s_Men" title="All the Shah's Men">All the Shah's Men</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Wars" title="Ghost Wars">Ghost Wars</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_(book)" title="Overthrow (book)">Overthrow</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Ashes_(book)" title="Legacy of Ashes (book)">Legacy of Ashes</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unexpected_Spy" title="The Unexpected Spy">The Unexpected Spy</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CIA activities by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Afghanistan" title="CIA activities in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Angola" title="CIA activities in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Cambodia" title="CIA activities in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Canada" title="CIA activities in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Chad" title="CIA activities in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_intervention_in_Chile" title="United States intervention in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_China" title="American espionage in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Colombia" title="CIA activities in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="CIA activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_France" title="CIA activities in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_Germany" title="American espionage in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Guatemala" title="CIA activities in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Honduras" title="CIA activities in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Hungary" title="CIA activities in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_India" title="CIA activities in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Indonesia" title="CIA activities in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iran" title="CIA activities in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iraq" title="CIA activities in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Italy" title="CIA activities in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Japan" title="CIA activities in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Laos" title="CIA activities in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Libya" title="CIA activities in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Myanmar" title="CIA activities in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Nicaragua" title="CIA activities in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_North_Korea" title="CIA activities in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Pakistan" title="CIA activities in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Peru" title="CIA activities in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_Philippines" title="CIA activities in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Somalia" title="CIA activities in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="CIA activities in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Sudan" title="CIA activities in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Syria" title="CIA activities in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Turkey" title="CIA activities in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="CIA activities in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_United_States" title="CIA activities in the United States">USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Vietnam" title="CIA activities in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Yemen" title="Drone strikes in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_reports_by_the_U.S._Government_on_the_CIA" title="Official reports by the U.S. Government on the CIA">Official reports by the U.S. Government on the CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_MKUltra" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MKUltra">Project MKUltra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Intelligence_Community" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:United States intelligence agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_intelligence_agencies" title="Template talk:United States intelligence agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_intelligence_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States intelligence agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Intelligence_Community" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">United States Intelligence Community</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Clandestine_Service" title="Defense Clandestine Service">Defense Clandestine Service</a></li> <li>Defense Debriefing Service</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Attach%C3%A9_System" title="Defense Attaché System">Defense Attaché System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_University" title="National Intelligence University">National Intelligence University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_and_Space_Intelligence_Center" title="Missile and Space Intelligence Center">Missile and Space Intelligence Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Medical_Intelligence" title="National Center for Medical Intelligence">National Center for Medical Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Functional_Component_Command_for_Intelligence,_Surveillance_and_Reconnaissance" title="Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance">Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Security_Service" title="Central Security Service">Central Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Collection_Service" title="Special Collection Service">Special Collection Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Armed_Forces" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence and Security Command">Army Intelligence and Security Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Intelligence" title="Marine Corps Intelligence">Marine Corps Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">Office of Naval Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Air_Force" title="Sixteenth Air Force">Air Force Intelligence</a></li> <li>Space Force Intelligence (<a href="/wiki/Space_Delta_7" title="Space Delta 7">Space Delta 7</a> / <a href="/wiki/Space_Delta_18" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Delta 18">Space Delta 18</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Intelligence" title="Coast Guard Intelligence">Coast Guard Intelligence</a> (Homeland Security)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Intelligence_and_Research" title="Bureau of Intelligence and Research">Bureau of Intelligence and Research</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Intelligence Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Operations_(CIA)" title="Directorate of Operations (CIA)">Directorate of Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Center" title="Special Activities Center">Special Activities Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Center">Open Source Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency_Directorate_of_Science_%26_Technology" title="Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology">Directorate of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_University" title="CIA University">CIA University</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEA_Office_of_National_Security_Intelligence" title="DEA Office of National Security Intelligence">DEA Office of National Security Intelligence</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Intelligence_Branch" title="FBI Intelligence Branch">FBI Intelligence Branch</a> (Justice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHS_Office_of_Intelligence_and_Analysis" title="DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis">Office of Intelligence and Analysis</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Homeland Security</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Intelligence_and_Analysis_(Treasury_Department)" title="Office of Intelligence and Analysis (Treasury Department)">Office of Intelligence and Analysis</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Intelligence_and_Counterintelligence" title="Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence">Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Energy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Counterterrorism_Center" title="National Counterterrorism Center">National Counterterrorism Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Counterproliferation_Center" title="National Counterproliferation Center">National Counterproliferation Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_National_Counterintelligence_Executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive">National Counterintelligence and Security Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Threat_Intelligence_Integration_Center" title="Cyber Threat Intelligence Integration Center">Cyber Threat Intelligence Integration Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Council" title="National Intelligence Council">National Intelligence Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Advanced_Research_Projects_Activity" title="Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity">Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Joint_Intelligence_Community_Council" title="United States Joint Intelligence Community Council">Joint Intelligence Community Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Director_of_National_Intelligence_and_Chief_Information_Officer" title="Associate Director of National Intelligence and Chief Information Officer">Chief Information Officer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Office of the President">Executive Office of the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Intelligence_Advisory_Board" title="President's Intelligence Advisory Board">President's Intelligence Advisory Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Homeland_Security_Council" title="United States Homeland Security Council">Homeland Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Advisor" title="Homeland Security Advisor">Homeland Security Advisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Daily_Brief" title="President's Daily Brief">President's Daily Brief</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence">Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Counterintelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency">Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_National_Security_Division" title="United States Department of Justice National Security Division">National Security Division (Justice)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Support_Activity" title="Intelligence Support Activity">Army Intelligence Support Activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Worldwide_Intelligence_Communications_System" title="Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System">Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellipedia" title="Intellipedia">Intellipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Intelligence_and_Special_Operations" title="National Museum of Intelligence and Special Operations">National Museum of Intelligence and Special Operations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community_Oversight" title="United States Intelligence Community Oversight">Oversight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">Senate Intelligence Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">House Intelligence Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_and_Civil_Liberties_Oversight_Board" title="Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board">Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Security_Oversight_Office" title="Information Security Oversight Office">Information Security Oversight Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Intelligence_Advisory_Board" title="President's Intelligence Advisory Board">Intelligence Oversight Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_Fund_for_Foreign_Intercourse" title="Contingency Fund for Foreign Intercourse">Contingency Fund for Foreign Intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_Field_Activity" title="Counterintelligence Field Activity">Counterintelligence Field Activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Information_Division_(United_States)" title="Military Information Division (United States)">Military Information Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Division_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Intelligence Division (United States Army)">Military Intelligence Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Service_(United_States)" title="Military Intelligence Service (United States)">Military Intelligence Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Special_Plans" title="Office of Special Plans">Office of Special Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Boys" title="Ritchie Boys">Ritchie Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Support_Branch" title="Strategic Support Branch">Strategic Support Branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_intelligence_agencies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:National intelligence agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template talk:National intelligence agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National intelligence agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_intelligence_agencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Afghanistan: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Intelligence" title="General Directorate of Intelligence">GDI</a></li> <li>Albania: <a href="/wiki/SHISH" title="SHISH">SHISH</a></li> <li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_du_Renseignement_et_de_la_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité">DRS</a></li> <li>Angola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servi%C3%A7o_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_Externa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviço de Inteligência Externa (page does not exist)">SIE</a></li> <li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Intelligence" title="Secretariat of Intelligence">SIDE</a></li> <li>Armenia: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">NSS</a></li> <li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_and_Intelligence_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security and Intelligence Directorate">DSN</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Australian Secret Intelligence Service">ASIS</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Azerbaijan)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Azerbaijan)">XKX</a></li> <li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Bahrain)" title="National Security Agency (Bahrain)">NSA</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Intelligence" title="National Security Intelligence">NSI</a></li> <li>Belarus: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">KGB RB</a></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_General_Information_and_Security_Service" title="Belgian General Information and Security Service">ADIV/SGRS</a></li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence-Security_Agency_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Intelligence-Security Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina">OSA-OBA</a></li> <li>Botswana: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Intelligence and Security">DIS</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Intelligence_Agency" title="Brazilian Intelligence Agency">ABIN</a></li> <li>Brunei: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunei_Research_Department_(International)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brunei Research Department (International) (page does not exist)">BRD</a></li> <li>Bulgaria: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Agency_(Bulgaria)" title="State Intelligence Agency (Bulgaria)">DAR</a></li> <li>Cameroon: <a href="/wiki/Brigade_Mixte_Mobile" title="Brigade Mixte Mobile">BMM</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></li> <li>Chad: <a href="/wiki/Agence_nationale_de_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" title="Agence nationale de sécurité">ANS</a></li> <li>Chile: <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Nacional_de_Inteligencia" title="Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia">ANI</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">MSS</a></li> <li>Congo (Democratic Republic of): <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Agency (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">ANR</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Security and Intelligence Agency">SOA</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia" title="Dirección de Inteligencia">DI</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Foreign_Relations_and_Information" title="Office for Foreign Relations and Information">ÚZSI</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Defence Intelligence Service">FE</a></li> <li>Djibouti: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brigade_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Recherche_de_la_Gendarmerie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brigade Spéciale de Recherche de la Gendarmerie (page does not exist)">BSRG</a></li> <li>Ecuador: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Secretariat_(Ecuador)" title="National Intelligence Secretariat (Ecuador)">SENAIN</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Egypt)">Mukhabarat</a></li> <li>Estonia: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Foreign_Intelligence_Service" title="Estonian Foreign Intelligence Service">EFIS</a></li> <li>Ethiopia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="National Intelligence and Security Service">NISS</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a></li> <li>Gambia: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Services_(The_Gambia)" title="State Intelligence Services (The Gambia)">SIS</a></li> <li>Georgia: <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Intelligence_Service" title="Georgian Intelligence Service">GIS</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service" title="Federal Intelligence Service">BND</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_National_Investigations" title="Bureau of National Investigations">BNI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Unit" title="Border Guard Unit">BGU</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Department_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Department Unit (page does not exist)">RDU</a></li> <li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Inform%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_Hivatal" title="Információs Hivatal">IH</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">RAW</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_State_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian State Intelligence Agency">BIN</a></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">VAJA</a></li> <li>Iraq: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Intelligence_Service" title="Iraqi National Intelligence Service">INIS</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Ireland)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)">G2</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Informazioni_e_Sicurezza_Esterna" title="Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Esterna">AISE</a></li> <li>Ivory Coast: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Security_Council_(Ivory_Coast)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Security Council (Ivory Coast) (page does not exist)">NSC</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Intelligence_and_Research_Office" title="Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office">CIRO</a></li> <li>Jordan: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Jordan)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Jordan)">GID</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Kazakhstan)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Kazakhstan)">Syrbar</a></li> <li>Kenya: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Kenya)" title="National Intelligence Service (Kenya)">NIS</a></li> <li>Kyrgyzstan: <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_National_Security_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz National Security Service">UKMK</a></li> <li>Kuwait: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait_State_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuwait State Security (page does not exist)">KSS</a></li> <li>Latvia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Satversmes_aizsardz%C4%ABbas_birojs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satversmes aizsardzības birojs (page does not exist)">SAB</a></li> <li>Liberia: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Liberia)" title="National Security Agency (Liberia)">NSA</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Department_of_Lithuania" title="State Security Department of Lithuania">VSD</a></li> <li>Lebanon: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_General_Security" title="General Directorate of General Security">GDGS</a></li> <li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/Mukhabarat_el-Jamahiriya" title="Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya">MJ</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Research_Division_of_the_Prime_Minister%27s_Department" title="Research Division of the Prime Minister's Department">MEIO</a></li> <li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Investigaci%C3%B3n_y_Seguridad_Nacional_(M%C3%A9xico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional (México)">CISEN</a></li> <li>Moldova: <a href="/wiki/Information_and_Security_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Security Service of the Republic of Moldova">SIS</a></li> <li>Mongolia: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Agency_of_Mongolia" title="General Intelligence Agency of Mongolia">GIA</a></li> <li>Montenegro: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Montenegro)" title="National Security Agency (Montenegro)">ANB</a></li> <li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_surveillance_du_territoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction générale de la surveillance du territoire">DGST</a></li> <li>Mozambique: <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Security_and_Intelligence_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Security and Intelligence Service (page does not exist)">SISE</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="General Intelligence and Security Service">AIVD</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></li> <li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Nigeria)" title="National Intelligence Agency (Nigeria)">NIA</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Administration_for_Security_and_Counterintelligence" title="Administration for Security and Counterintelligence">UBK</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Intelligence_Service" title="Norwegian Intelligence Service">E-tjenesten</a></li> <li>Oman: <a href="/wiki/Palace_Office_(Oman)" title="Palace Office (Oman)">Palace Office</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">ISI</a></li> <li>Papua New Guinea: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="National Intelligence Organization (Papua New Guinea)">NIO</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NICA</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Estrat%C3%A9gicas_de_Defesa" title="Serviço de Informações Estratégicas de Defesa">SIED</a></li> <li>Qatar: <a href="/wiki/Qatar_State_Security" title="Qatar State Security">QSS</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Romania)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Romania)">SIE</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">SVR</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Presidency" title="General Intelligence Presidency">GIP</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Security Intelligence Agency">BIA</a></li> <li>Sierra Leone: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Intelligence_and_Security_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Intelligence and Security Unit (page does not exist)">CISU</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Division" title="Security and Intelligence Division">SID</a></li> <li>Slovakia: <a href="/wiki/Slovensk%C3%A1_informa%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba" title="Slovenská informačná služba">SIS</a></li> <li>Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="Slovenian Intelligence and Security Agency">SOVA</a></li> <li>Somalia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="National Intelligence and Security Agency">NISA</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Agency_(South_Africa)" title="State Security Agency (South Africa)">SSA</a></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(South_Korea)" title="National Intelligence Service (South Korea)">NIS</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Centre_(Spain)" title="National Intelligence Centre (Spain)">CNI</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">SIS</a></li> <li>Sudan: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Service_(Sudan)" title="General Intelligence Service (Sudan)">GIS</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Kontoret_f%C3%B6r_s%C3%A4rskild_inh%C3%A4mtning" title="Kontoret för särskild inhämtning">KSI</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/General_Security_Directorate_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Security Directorate (Syria)">GSD</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Bureau_(Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Bureau (Republic of China)">NSB</a></li> <li>Tajikistan: <a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_National_Security_(Tajikistan)" title="State Committee for National Security (Tajikistan)">GKNB</a></li> <li>Tanzania: <a href="/wiki/Tanzania_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Tanzania Intelligence and Security Service">TISS</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Thailand)" title="National Intelligence Agency (Thailand)">NIA</a></li> <li>Togo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Intelligence_Agency_(Togo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Intelligence Agency (Togo) (page does not exist)">NIA</a></li> <li>Tunisia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_Intelligence_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunisian Intelligence Agency (page does not exist)">TIA</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">MİT</a></li> <li>Turkmenistan: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_National_Security_(Turkmenistan)" title="Ministry for National Security (Turkmenistan)">MNS</a></li> <li>Uganda: <a href="/wiki/External_Security_Organisation" title="External Security Organisation">ESO</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine">SZRU</a></li> <li>United Arab Emirates: <a href="/wiki/Signals_Intelligence_Agency" title="Signals Intelligence Agency">SIA</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">SIS (MI6)</a></li> <li>United States: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">CIA</a></li> <li>Uzbekistan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Uzbekistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Service (Uzbekistan)">SSS</a></li> <li>Vietnam: <a href="/wiki/General_Department_of_Military_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="General Department of Military Intelligence">TC2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_du_Renseignement_et_de_la_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité">CSS</a></li> <li>Angola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servi%C3%A7o_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_e_Seguran%C3%A7a_de_Estado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviço de Inteligência e Segurança de Estado (page does not exist)">SINSE</a></li> <li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Intelligence" title="Secretariat of Intelligence">SIDE</a></li> <li>Armenia: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">NSS</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Security Intelligence Organisation">ASIO</a></li> <li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_and_Intelligence_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security and Intelligence Directorate">DSN</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Azerbaijan)" title="State Security Service (Azerbaijan)">DTX</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Bangladesh)" title="Special Branch (Bangladesh)">SB</a></li> <li>Belarus: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">KGB RB</a></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Belgium)" title="State Security Service (Belgium)">VS/SE</a></li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="/wiki/State_Investigation_and_Protection_Agency" title="State Investigation and Protection Agency">SIPA</a></li> <li>Botswana: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Intelligence and Security">DIS</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_of_Brazil" title="Federal Police of Brazil">PF</a></li> <li>Brunei: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Department_(Brunei)" title="Internal Security Department (Brunei)">IRD</a></li> <li>Bulgaria: <a href="/wiki/State_Agency_for_National_Security" title="State Agency for National Security">DANS</a></li> <li>Burundi: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Burundi)" title="National Intelligence Service (Burundi)">SNR</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></li> <li>Chile: <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Nacional_de_Inteligencia" title="Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia">ANI</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">MSS</a></li> <li>Colombia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Directorate_(Colombia)" title="National Intelligence Directorate (Colombia)">DNI</a></li> <li>Congo (Democratic Republic of): <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Agency (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">ANR</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Security and Intelligence Agency">SOA</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Security_Information_Service" title="Security Information Service">BIS</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Security_and_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Security and Intelligence Service">PET</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security (Egypt)">EHS</a></li> <li>Estonia: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Internal_Security_Service" title="Estonian Internal Security Service">KAPO</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Security_and_Intelligence_Service" title="Finnish Security and Intelligence Service">SUPO</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_for_Internal_Security" title="General Directorate for Internal Security">DGSI</a></li> <li>Georgia: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_of_Georgia" title="State Security Service of Georgia">SSSG</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">BfV</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="State Office for the Protection of the Constitution">LfV</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Police_Service" title="Ghana Police Service">GPS</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Investigative_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminal Investigative Department (page does not exist)">CID</a></li> <li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a></li> <li>Hong Kong: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Department" title="National Security Department">NSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security_of_the_CPG_in_the_HKSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR">CPGNSO</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Protection_Office" title="Constitution Protection Office">AH</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">IB</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police#Central_Executive_Agencies" title="Indonesian National Police">Baintelkam Polri</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Intelijen_dan_Keamanan_Kepolisian_Negara_Republik_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="id:Badan Intelijen dan Keamanan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia">id</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_State_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian State Intelligence Agency">BIN</a></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">VAJA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Organization_of_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Organization of Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution">IRGC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Security_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Security Police">PAVA</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Garda_Crime_and_Security_Branch" title="Garda Crime and Security Branch">CSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Detective_Unit" title="Special Detective Unit">SDU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garda_National_Surveillance_Unit" title="Garda National Surveillance Unit">NSU</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shin Bet</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Informazioni_e_Sicurezza_Interna" title="Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Interna">AISI</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_Security_Bureau" title="National Police Agency Security Bureau">NPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department_Public_Security_Bureau" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Public Security Bureau">TMPD PSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Public Security Intelligence Agency">PSIA</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li> <li>Kenya: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Kenya)" title="National Intelligence Service (Kenya)">NIS</a></li> <li>Kosovo: <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Intelligence_Agency" title="Kosovo Intelligence Agency">AKI</a></li> <li>Latvia: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Latvia)" title="State Security Service (Latvia)">VDD</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/Special_Investigation_Service" title="Special Investigation Service">STT</a></li> <li>Lebanon: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Forces" title="Internal Security Forces">ISF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_State_Security" title="Lebanese State Security">LSS</a></li> <li>Luxembourg: <a href="/wiki/Service_de_Renseignement_de_l%27%C3%89tat" title="Service de Renseignement de l'État">SREL</a></li> <li>Macau: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pol%C3%ADcia_Judici%C3%A1ria_(Macau)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polícia Judiciária (Macau) (page does not exist)">DS</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Special_Branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Special Branch">SB</a></li> <li>Moldova: <a href="/wiki/Information_and_Security_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Security Service of the Republic of Moldova">SIS</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/National_Coordinator_for_Security_and_Counterterrorism" title="National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism">NCTV</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></li> <li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Nigeria)" title="State Security Service (Nigeria)">SSS</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of State Security (North Korea)">SSD</a></li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Agency_of_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Agency of Republic of Macedonia">IA</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Security_Service" title="Norwegian Police Security Service">PST</a></li> <li>Oman: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Service" title="Internal Security Service">ISS</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(Pakistan)" title="Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)">IB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Investigation_Agency" title="Federal Investigation Agency">FIA</a></li> <li>Palestine: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Preventive_Security" title="Palestinian Preventive Security">PSS</a></li> <li>Paraguay: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretar%C3%ADa_Nacional_de_Inteligencia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretaría Nacional de Inteligencia (page does not exist)">SNI</a></li> <li>Peru: <a href="/wiki/National_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Peru)" title="National Directorate of Intelligence (Peru)">DINI</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Philippines)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)">NBI</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NICA</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Wewn%C4%99trznego" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego">ABW</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Ochrony_Pa%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Ochrony Państwa">SOP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stra%C5%BC_Marsza%C5%82kowska" class="mw-redirect" title="Straż Marszałkowska">SM</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_Seguran%C3%A7a" title="Serviço de Informações de Segurança">SIS</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Intelligence_Service" title="Romanian Intelligence Service">SRI</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">FSB</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Mabahith" title="Mabahith">Mabahith</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Security Intelligence Agency">BIA</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Department_(Singapore)" title="Internal Security Department (Singapore)">ISD</a></li> <li>Somalia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="National Intelligence and Security Agency">NISA</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Security_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Security (South Africa)">SSA</a></li> <li>South Korea: Intelligence Bureau, <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(South_Korea)" title="National Police Agency (South Korea)">KNPA</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Center_for_Counter-Terrorism_and_Organized_Crime" title="Intelligence Center for Counter-Terrorism and Organized Crime">CITCO</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">SIS</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Security_Service" title="Swedish Security Service">SÄPO</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/General_Security_Directorate_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Security Directorate (Syria)">GSD</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_Investigation_Bureau" title="Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau">MJIB</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Operations_Command" title="Internal Security Operations Command">ISOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_Bureau" title="Special Branch Bureau">SB</a></li> <li>Togo: <a href="/wiki/Agence_nationale_des_renseignements_(Togo)" title="Agence nationale des renseignements (Togo)">ANR</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">MİT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Presidency_of_General_Directorate_of_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Presidency of General Directorate of Security (page does not exist)">İB</a></li> <li>Uganda: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Organisation" title="Internal Security Organisation">ISO</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">SBU</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">Security Service (MI5)</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Domestic_Extremism_and_Disorder_Intelligence_Unit" title="National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit">NDEDIU</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Ballistics_Intelligence_Service" title="National Ballistics Intelligence Service">NBIS</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/DHS_Office_of_Intelligence_and_Analysis" title="DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis">I&A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li>Uzbekistan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Uzbekistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Service (Uzbekistan)">SNB</a></li> <li>Venezuela: <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Intelligence Service">SEBIN</a></li> <li>Vietnam: <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Department_of_Public_Security_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Department of Public Security Intelligence (page does not exist)">TC5</a> (<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_c%E1%BB%A5c_T%C3%ACnh_b%C3%A1o,_B%E1%BB%99_C%C3%B4ng_an_(Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam)" class="extiw" title="vi:Tổng cục Tình báo, Bộ Công an (Việt Nam)">vi</a>)</li> <li>Zimbabwe: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Central Intelligence Organisation">CIO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Direction_centrale_de_la_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direction centrale de la sécurité de l'armée (page does not exist)">DCSA</a></li> <li>Angola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servi%C3%A7o_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_Militar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviço de Inteligência Militar (page does not exist)">SIM</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Defence Intelligence Organisation">DIO</a></li> <li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/Heeresnachrichtenamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Heeresnachrichtenamt">HNaA</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Forces_Intelligence" title="Directorate General of Forces Intelligence">DGFI</a></li> <li>Belarus: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Main Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Belarus (page does not exist)">GRU MO RB</a></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_General_Information_and_Security_Service" title="Belgian General Information and Security Service">ADIV/SGRS</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Departamento_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_Estrat%C3%A9gica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Departamento de Inteligência Estratégica (page does not exist)">DIE</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Intelligence_Command" title="Canadian Forces Intelligence Command">CFINTCOM</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_of_the_Joint_Staff_Department" title="Intelligence Bureau of the Joint Staff Department">CMC JSD Intelligence Bureau</a></li> <li>Congo (Democratic Republic of): <a href="/wiki/DEMIAP" title="DEMIAP">DEMIAP</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Security and Intelligence Agency">VSOA</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Military_Counterintelligence_Directorate" title="Military Counterintelligence Directorate">DCIM</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Czech_Republic)" title="Military Intelligence (Czech Republic)">VZ</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Defence Intelligence Service">FE</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence_and_reconnaissance_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intelligence and reconnaissance (Egypt)">DMISR</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Division_(Finland)" title="Intelligence Division (Finland)">PE TIEDOS</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Direction_du_renseignement_militaire" title="Direction du renseignement militaire">DRM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Military_Counterintelligence_Service_(Germany)" title="Military Counterintelligence Service (Germany)">MAD</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Intelligence_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Intelligence Unit (page does not exist)">MIU</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katonai_Nemzetbiztons%C3%A1gi_Szolg%C3%A1lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katonai Nemzetbiztonsági Szolgálat (page does not exist)">KNBSZ</a></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran (page does not exist)">General Staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Islamic Republic of Iran Army">SAHEFAJA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution">SAHEFASA</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Ministry_of_Defence_and_Armed_Forces_Logistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics (page does not exist)">SAHEFAVEDJA</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(India)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)">DMI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(India)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (India)">DIA</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Strategic_Intelligence_Agency" title="Indonesian Strategic Intelligence Agency">BAIS TNI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Army_Intelligence_Centre" title="Indonesian Army Intelligence Centre">Pusintelad</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Ireland)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)">G2</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Israel)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)">Aman</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Centro_Intelligence_Interforze" title="Centro Intelligence Interforze">CII</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Headquarters" title="Defense Intelligence Headquarters">DIH</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/Second_Investigation_Department" title="Second Investigation Department">AOTD</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Defence_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Malaysian Defence Intelligence Organisation">DIO</a></li> <li>Maldives: <a href="/wiki/Maldives_National_Defence_Force" title="Maldives National Defence Force">MNDF</a></li> <li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_%C3%A9tudes_et_de_la_documentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction générale des études et de la documentation">DGED</a></li> <li>Myanmar: <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intelligence of Myanmar">Sa Ya Pa</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Dutch Military Intelligence and Security Service">MIVD</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Defence_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Defence Intelligence and Security">DDIS</a></li> <li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(Nigeria)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (Nigeria)">DIA</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Service_for_Security_and_Intelligence" title="Military Service for Security and Intelligence">MSSI</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Intelligence_Service" title="Norwegian Intelligence Service">E-tjenesten</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Military Intelligence (Pakistan)">MI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Naval Intelligence (Pakistan)">NI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Air Intelligence (Pakistan)">AI</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines#AFP-wide_service_support_and_separate_units" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">ISAFP</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Kontrwywiadu_Wojskowego" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego">SKW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/CISMIL" class="mw-redirect" title="CISMIL">CISMIL</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Direc%C5%A3ia_General%C4%83_de_Informa%C5%A3ii_a_Ap%C4%83r%C4%83rii" class="mw-redirect" title="Direcţia Generală de Informaţii a Apărării">DGIA</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">GRU</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Armed_Forces_Intelligence_and_Security_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Armed Forces Intelligence and Security Commission (page does not exist)">AFISC</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Security_Agency" title="Military Security Agency">VBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Agency" title="Military Intelligence Agency">VOA</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Intelligence Organisation">MIO</a></li> <li>Slovakia: <a href="/wiki/Vojensk%C3%A9_spravodajstvo" title="Vojenské spravodajstvo">VS</a></li> <li>Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Service_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_(Slovenia)" title="Intelligence and Security Service of the Ministry of Defence (Slovenia)">OVS</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Division_(SANDF)" title="Defence Intelligence Division (SANDF)">SANDF-ID</a></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency_(South_Korea)" title="Defense Intelligence Agency (South Korea)">DIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defense_Counterintelligence_Command" title="Defense Counterintelligence Command">DCC</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces_Intelligence_Center" title="Spanish Armed Forces Intelligence Center">CIFAS</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Sri Lanka)">DMI</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service">MUST</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rischer_Nachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Militärischer Nachrichtendienst">MND</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffennachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Luftwaffennachrichtendienst">LWND</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">MI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Intelligence_Directorate" title="Air Force Intelligence Directorate">AFID</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Military Intelligence Bureau">MIB</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_Security_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armed Forces Security Center (page does not exist)">AFSC</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Genelkurmay_%C4%B0stihbarat_Daire_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Genelkurmay İstihbarat Daire Başkanlığı">GENKUR İ.D.B.</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Ukraine)" title="Main Directorate of Intelligence (Ukraine)">HUR MO</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence" title="Defence Intelligence">DI</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">DIA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">ONI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Corps_(United_States_Army)" title="Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army)">MIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Air Force Intelligence">USAFI</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela: <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_General_de_Contrainteligencia_Militar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirección General de Contrainteligencia Militar">DGCIM</a></li> <li>Vietnam: <a href="/wiki/General_Department_of_Military_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="General Department of Military Intelligence">TC2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Signals_Directorate" title="Australian Signals Directorate">ASD</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunication_Monitoring_Centre" title="National Telecommunication Monitoring Centre">NTMC</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Subchefia_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_do_Estado-Maior_de_Defesa" title="Subchefia de Inteligência do Estado-Maior de Defesa">2ª Sch/EMD</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishment" title="Communications Security Establishment">CSE</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission">SIGINT</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Operational_Technology_Centre_for_the_Surveillance_of_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational Technology Centre for the Surveillance of Telecommunications">OTC</a></li> <li>Ethiopia: <a href="/wiki/Information_Network_Security_Agency" title="Information Network Security Agency">INSA</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Intelligence_Agency" title="Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency">PVTIEDL</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/DRSD" title="DRSD">DRSD</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service" title="Federal Intelligence Service">BND</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Department_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Department Unit (page does not exist)">RDU</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Cipher_Bureau" title="Joint Cipher Bureau">JCB</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Technical_Research_Organisation" title="National Technical Research Organisation">NTRO</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/National_Cyber_And_Crypto_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cyber And Crypto Agency">BSSN</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Siber_dan_Sandi_Negara" class="extiw" title="id:Badan Siber dan Sandi Negara">id</a>)</li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Communications_and_Information_Services_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications and Information Services Corps">CIS</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Unit_8200" title="Unit 8200">8200</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Headquarters" title="Defense Intelligence Headquarters">DIH</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Nationale_SIGINT_Organisatie" title="Nationale SIGINT Organisatie">NSO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_Sigint_Cyber_Unit" title="Joint Sigint Cyber Unit">JSCU</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Security_Bureau" title="Government Communications Security Bureau">GCSB</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Authority_(Norway)" title="National Security Authority (Norway)">NSM</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">JSIB</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Wewn%C4%99trznego" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego">ABW</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Kontrwywiadu_Wojskowego" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego">SKW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narodowe_Centrum_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Cyberprzestrzeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narodowe Centrum Bezpieczeństwa Cyberprzestrzeni (page does not exist)">NCBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Ship_Flotilla#Sub-Units" title="3rd Ship Flotilla">gOR 3.FO</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Radioelectronic_Combat_Reconnaissance_and_Support_%E2%80%B3Lieutenant_Colonel_Jan_Kowalewski%E2%80%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre for Radioelectronic Combat Reconnaissance and Support ″Lieutenant Colonel Jan Kowalewski″ (page does not exist)">CRiWWRE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Przasnysz_Radioelectronic_Reconnaissance_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Przasnysz Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment (page does not exist)">2.ORel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Oliwa_Radioelectronic_Reconnaissance_Regiment_%E2%80%B3Admiral_Arendt_Dickman%E2%80%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Oliwa Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment ″Admiral Arendt Dickman″ (page does not exist)">6.ORel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Unit_NIL_%22Brigadier_General_August_Emil_Fieldorf_%C2%ABNil%C2%BB%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Unit NIL "Brigadier General August Emil Fieldorf «Nil»" (page does not exist)">JW NIL</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Serviciul_de_Telecomunica%C8%9Bii_Speciale" title="Serviciul de Telecomunicații Speciale">STS</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Special_Communications_Service_of_Russia" title="Special Communications Service of Russia">Spetssvyaz</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_State_Security" title="Presidency of State Security">PSS</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Security_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Security (South Africa)">SSA</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/National_Cryptologic_Center" title="National Cryptologic Center">CCN</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Radio_Establishment" title="National Defence Radio Establishment">FRA</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">MI</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Sinyal_%C4%B0stihbarat%C4%B1_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinyal İstihbaratı Başkanlığı">MİT-SİB</a></li> <li>UAE: <a href="/wiki/Signals_Intelligence_Agency" title="Signals Intelligence Agency">SIA</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Derzhspetszviazok" class="mw-redirect" title="Derzhspetszviazok">Derzhspetszviazok</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">GCHQ</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">Imagery intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Geospatial-Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation">AGO</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Intelligence_Agency" title="Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency">PVTIEDL</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Air_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Air Intelligence">DAI</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Badan_Informasi_Geospasial" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Informasi Geospasial">BIG</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_Group" title="Air Intelligence Group">Air Intelligence Group</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Centre_for_Geospatial_Data_Infrastructure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malaysian Centre for Geospatial Data Infrastructure (page does not exist)">MaCGDI</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_intelligence_agencies#Other_organisations" title="New Zealand intelligence agencies">GEOINT NZ</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_IMINT_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish IMINT Centre (page does not exist)">ORO</a>, <a href="/wiki/12th_Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicles_Base" title="12th Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Base">12.BBSP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Unit_NIL_%22Brigadier_General_August_Emil_Fieldorf_%C2%ABNil%C2%BB%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Unit NIL "Brigadier General August Emil Fieldorf «Nil»" (page does not exist)">JW NIL</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Air Intelligence (Pakistan)">Air Intelligence</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency#NMARSC" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NMARSC</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Geoespacial_do_Ex%C3%A9rcito" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro de Informação Geoespacial do Exército">CIGeoE</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">TsVTI GRU</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Fusion_Centre" title="Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre">DGIFC</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">NGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Financial_intelligence" title="Financial intelligence">Financial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Unidad_de_Inteligencia_Financiera_(Argentina)" title="Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera (Argentina)">UIF</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Transaction_Reports_and_Analysis_Centre" title="Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre">AUSTRAC</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Monitoring_Service_(Azerbaijan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Monitoring Service (Azerbaijan)">MMX</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Financial_Intelligence_Unit" title="Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit">FIU</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Financial_Activities_Control" title="Council for Financial Activities Control">COAF</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Transactions_and_Reports_Analysis_Centre_of_Canada" title="Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada">FINTRAC</a></li> <li>Fiji: <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Financial_Intelligence_Unit" title="Fiji Financial Intelligence Unit">FIU</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Tracfin" title="Tracfin">Tracfin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direction_Nationale_du_Renseignement_et_des_Enqu%C3%AAtes_Douani%C3%A8res" title="Direction Nationale du Renseignement et des Enquêtes Douanières">DNRED</a></li> <li>Iceland: <a href="/wiki/Skattranns%C3%B3knarstj%C3%B3ri_R%C3%ADkisins" class="mw-redirect" title="Skattrannsóknarstjóri Ríkisins">SR</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Central_Economic_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Central Economic Intelligence Bureau">CEIB</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Financial_Transaction_Reports_and_Analysis_Center" title="Indonesian Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center">PPATK</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Garda_National_Economic_Crime_Bureau" title="Garda National Economic Crime Bureau">GNECB</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit%C3%A0_di_Informazione_Finanziaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unità di Informazione Finanziaria (page does not exist)">UIF</a></li> <li>Lithuania (<a href="/wiki/Financial_Crime_Investigation_Service" title="Financial Crime Investigation Service">FNTT</a>)</li> <li>Malta: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Intelligence_Analysis_Unit" title="Financial Intelligence Analysis Unit">FIAU</a></li> <li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Unidad_de_Inteligencia_Financiera_(Mexico)" title="Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera (Mexico)">UIF</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_Information_and_Investigation_Service" title="Fiscal Information and Investigation Service">FIOD</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Financial_Information_Inspector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Financial Information Inspector (page does not exist)">GIIF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_and_Customs_Service_(Poland)" title="Tax and Customs Service (Poland)">SCS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Anticorruption_Bureau" title="Central Anticorruption Bureau">CBA</a></li> <li>Qatar: <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Financial_Information_Unit" title="Qatar Financial Information Unit">FIU</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Rosfinmonitoring" title="Rosfinmonitoring">Rosfinmonitoring</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Directorate_of_Financial_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Directorate of Financial Intelligence (page does not exist)">GDOFI</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Customs_Surveillance_Service" title="Customs Surveillance Service">SVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/SEPBLAC" title="SEPBLAC">SEPBLAC</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Investigation_Board_(Turkey)" title="Financial Crimes Investigation Board (Turkey)">MASAK</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Terrorism_and_Financial_Intelligence" title="Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence">TFI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">FinCEN</a></li> <li>Vatican: <a href="/wiki/Supervisory_and_Financial_Information_Authority_(Vatican_City)" title="Supervisory and Financial Information Authority (Vatican City)">ASIF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_intelligence" title="Criminal intelligence">Criminal intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Inteligencia_Criminal" title="Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia Criminal">DNIC</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Criminal_Intelligence_Commission" title="Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission">ACIC</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Bangladesh)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Bangladesh)">CID</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Intelligence_Service_Canada" title="Criminal Intelligence Service Canada">CISC</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Finland)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Finland)">NBI</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">CBI</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police#Central_Executive_Agencies" title="Indonesian National Police">Baintelkam Polri</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Intelijen_dan_Keamanan_Kepolisian_Negara_Republik_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="id:Badan Intelijen dan Keamanan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia">id</a>)</li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Direzione_Investigativa_Antimafia" title="Direzione Investigativa Antimafia">DIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divisione_Investigazioni_Generali_e_Operazioni_Speciali" title="Divisione Investigazioni Generali e Operazioni Speciali">DIGOS</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Philippines)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)">NBI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police#Operational_units" title="Philippine National Police">PNP-IG</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Headquarters_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Police Headquarters (Poland)">BWiIK KGP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centralne_Biuro_%C5%9Aledcze_Policji" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralne Biuro Śledcze Policji">CBŚP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_(Poland)" title="Border Guard (Poland)">ZOŚ KGSG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Gendarmerie_(Poland)" title="Military Gendarmerie (Poland)">ZK KGŻW</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Direc%C8%9Bia_General%C4%83_de_Protec%C8%9Bie_Intern%C4%83" title="Direcția Generală de Protecție Internă"> DGPI</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Crime_Intelligence_Division" title="Crime Intelligence Division">Crime Intelligence Division</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/General_Commissariat_of_Information" title="General Commissariat of Information">CGI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_Information_Service" title="Civil Guard Information Service">SIGC</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Commissariat_of_Judiciary_Police" title="General Commissariat of Judiciary Police">CGPJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Operative_Unit" title="Central Operative Unit">UCO</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intelligence community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_intelligence_community" title="Bangladeshi intelligence community">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_security_and_intelligence_system" title="Croatian security and intelligence system">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_intelligence_agencies_of_France" title="List of intelligence agencies of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Intelligence_Community" title="Israeli Intelligence Community">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_intelligence_agencies" title="New Zealand intelligence agencies">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_community" title="Pakistani Intelligence community">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_intelligence_agencies" title="British intelligence agencies">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intelligence alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Berne" title="Club de Berne">Club de Berne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximator_(intelligence_alliance)" title="Maximator (intelligence alliance)">Maximator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egmont_Group_of_Financial_Intelligence_Units" title="Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units">Egmont Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Special_Higher_Police" title="Special Higher Police">Tokko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Embroidered_Uniform_Guard" title="Embroidered Uniform Guard">Embroidered Uniform Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_Service_(Yugoslavia)" title="Counterintelligence Service (Yugoslavia)">KOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_intelligence_agencies" title="List of intelligence agencies">List of intelligence agencies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_leak" title="News leak">Leaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">Diplomatic cable leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">NSA leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_7" title="Vault 7">CIA leaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Firewall of China">Great Firewall of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">Mass surveillance in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_agency" title="Security agency">Security agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_detail_record" title="Call detail record">Call detail record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore_(software)" title="Carnivore (software)">Carnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishfire" title="Dishfire">Dishfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECHELON" title="ECHELON">ECHELON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISM_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="PRISM (surveillance program)">PRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Ghost" title="Stone Ghost">Stone Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbulence_(NSA)" title="Turbulence (NSA)">Turbulence (NSA programme)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_issues_in_smart_cities" title="Surveillance issues in smart cities">Surveillance issues in smart cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Border_protection_agencies" title="Template:Border protection agencies">Border guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Coast_guards" title="Template:Coast guards">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Customs_services" title="Template:Customs services">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Police" title="Template:Police">Law enforcement agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_law_enforcement_agencies" title="Template:Types of law enforcement agencies">Types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:National intelligence agencies">Intelligence agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Five_Eyes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Eyes" title="Template:Five Eyes"><abbr title="View this 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Organisation">ASIO</a></li> <li>Foreign: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Australian Secret Intelligence Service">ASIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">Geospatial</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Geospatial-Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation">AGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military</a>: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Defence Intelligence Organisation">DIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Signals_Directorate" title="Australian Signals Directorate">ASD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Domestic: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></li> <li>Foreign: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">Geospatial</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Intelligence_Command" title="Canadian Forces Intelligence Command">CFINTCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Intelligence_Command" title="Canadian Forces Intelligence Command">CFINTCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals</a>: <a href="/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishment" title="Communications Security Establishment">CSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Domestic: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></li> <li>Foreign: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">Geospatial</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_intelligence_agencies" title="New Zealand intelligence agencies">GEOINT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military</a>: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Defence_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Defence Intelligence and Security">DDIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals</a>: <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Security_Bureau" title="Government Communications Security Bureau">GCSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Domestic: <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li>Foreign: <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">Geospatial</a>: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Fusion_Centre" title="Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre">DGIFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military</a>: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence" title="Defence Intelligence">DI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals</a>: <a href="/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ">GCHQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Domestic: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li>Foreign: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">Geospatial</a>: <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">NGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military</a>: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">DIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals</a>: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation Masterdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation Blacklist Forty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Harry_S._Truman" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Harry_S._Truman" title="Template:Harry S. Truman"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Harry_S._Truman" title="Template talk:Harry S. Truman"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harry_S._Truman" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Harry S. Truman"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Harry_S._Truman" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">33rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">34th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States senators from Missouri">U.S. Senator from Missouri</a> (1935–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Timeline</a></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="First inauguration of Harry S. Truman">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman">second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman">Assassination attempt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Puerto_Rican_constitutional_referendum" title="1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum">1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1946 State of the Union Address">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1947 State of the Union Address">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1948 State of the Union Address">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1949 State of the Union Address">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1950 State of the Union Address">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1951 State of the Union Address">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1952 State of the Union Address">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_1953_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="January 1953 State of the Union Address">1953</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Harry_S._Truman" title="List of federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Harry S. Truman Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination">Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman#Administration_and_cabinet" title="Harry S. Truman">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Balcony" title="Truman Balcony">Truman Balcony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_passing#"The_buck_stops_here"" title="Buck passing">"The buck stops here"</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Harry_S._Truman/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Harry S. Truman/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Harry_S._Truman/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Harry S. Truman/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidential transition of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower transition</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> <ul><li>1945; <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Agreement on Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Declaration to Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Brides_Act" title="War Brides Act">War Brides Act</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Fianc%C3%A9es_and_Fianc%C3%A9s_Act" title="Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act">Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce%E2%80%93Celler_Act" title="Luce–Celler Act">Luce–Celler Act</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9835" title="Executive Order 9835">Executive Order 9835</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Commission" title="Hoover Commission">Hoover Commission</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Resources_Board" title="National Security Resources Board">National Security Resources Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Department of the Air Force">Department</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displaced_Persons_Act" title="Displaced Persons Act">Displaced Persons Act</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_West_Agreement" title="Key West Agreement">Key West Agreement</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Joint Long Range Proving Grounds</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a> <ul><li>1949; <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Admirals" title="Revolt of the Admirals">Revolt of the Admirals</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> <ul><li>1950–1953; <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_82" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 82">U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82,</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_83" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Production_Act_of_1950" title="Defense Production Act of 1950">Defense Production Act of 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Douglas_MacArthur" title="Relief of Douglas MacArthur">Relief of Douglas MacArthur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Defense_Mobilization" title="Office of Defense Mobilization">Office of Defense Mobilization</a> <ul><li>1950; <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Science_Advisory_Committee" title="President's Science Advisory Committee">Science Advisory Committee</a>, 1951</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fair_Deal" title="Fair Deal">Fair Deal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Freedom_(1945)" title="Medal of Freedom (1945)">Medal of Freedom</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1945" title="Revenue Act of 1945">Revenue Act of 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mental_Health_Act" title="National Mental Health Act">National Mental Health Act</a> <ul><li>1946; <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1946">Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">U.S. Atomic Energy Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_Act_of_1946" title="Employment Act of 1946">Employment Act of 1946</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act" title="Flood Control Act">Flood Control Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1946" title="Flood Control Act of 1946">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1948" title="Flood Control Act of 1948">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1950" title="Flood Control Act of 1950">1950</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Program</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill%E2%80%93Burton_Act" title="Hill–Burton Act">Hill–Burton Act</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Reorganization_Act_of_1946" title="Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946">Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Regulation_of_Lobbying_Act_of_1946" title="Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946">Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Tort_Claims_Act" title="Federal Tort Claims Act">Federal Tort Claims Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Legislative Reference Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Act" title="National School Lunch Act">National School Lunch Act</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Committee_on_Civil_Rights" title="President's Committee on Civil Rights">President's Committee on Civil Rights</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act" title="Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act">Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Home_Finance_Agency" title="Housing and Home Finance Agency">Housing and Home Finance Agency</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act" title="Presidential Succession Act">Presidential Succession Act of 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act" title="Taft–Hartley Act">Taft–Hartley Act</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Act_of_1948" title="Agricultural Act of 1948">Agricultural Act of 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1948" title="Revenue Act of 1948">Revenue Act of 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Act_of_1949" title="Agricultural Act of 1949">Agricultural Act of 1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_Act_of_1949" title="Housing Act of 1949">Housing Act of 1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingell%E2%80%93Johnson_Act" title="Dingell–Johnson Act">Dingell–Johnson Act</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1950" title="Revenue Act of 1950">Revenue Act of 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Excess_profits_tax" title="Excess profits tax">Excess profits tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrelated_Business_Income_Tax" title="Unrelated Business Income Tax">Unrelated Business Income Tax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1951" title="Revenue Act of 1951">Revenue Act of 1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1952" title="Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952">Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_steel_strike" title="1952 steel strike">1952 steel strike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman#Early_life_and_career" title="Harry S. Truman">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman_Office_and_Courtroom" title="Harry S Truman Office and Courtroom">Missouri Office and Courtroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Committee" title="Truman Committee">Truman Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman_Birthplace_State_Historic_Site" title="Harry S Truman Birthplace State Historic Site">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Farm_Home" title="Harry S. Truman Farm Home">Harry S. Truman Farm Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_National_Historic_Site" title="Harry S. Truman National Historic Site">Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Historic_District" title="Harry S. Truman Historic District">Historic District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_House" title="Blair House">Blair House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Little_White_House" title="Harry S. Truman Little White House">Truman Little White House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Electoral history of Harry S. Truman">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1934_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri" title="1934 United States Senate election in Missouri">United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri" title="1940 United States Senate election in Missouri">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_1948_presidential_campaign" title="Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dewey_Defeats_Truman" title="Dewey Defeats Truman">Dewey Defeats Truman</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Just_Wild_About_Harry" title="I'm Just Wild About Harry">campaign song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Bibliography of Harry S. Truman">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Day" title="Truman Day">Truman Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman_Building" title="Harry S Truman Building">Harry S Truman Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Reservoir" title="Truman Reservoir">Truman Dam and Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Scholarship" title="Harry S. Truman Scholarship">Harry S. Truman Scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Sports_Complex" title="Truman Sports Complex">Truman Sports Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Statue of Harry S. Truman">Statue of Harry S. Truman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Give_%27em_Hell,_Harry!" title="Give 'em Hell, Harry!">Give 'em Hell, Harry!</a> (1975 play and film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman_(song)" title="Harry Truman (song)">Harry Truman</a> (1975 song by <a href="/wiki/Chicago_(band)" title="Chicago (band)">Chicago</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collision_Course:_Truman_vs._MacArthur" title="Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur">Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur</a> (1976 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_(1977_film)" title="MacArthur (1977 film)">MacArthur</a> (1977 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House">Backstairs at the White House</a> (1979 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_(1995_film)" title="Truman (1995 film)">Truman</a> (1995 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_(1997_film)" title="Truman (1997 film)">Truman</a> (1997 documentary film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)">The First Lady</a> (2022 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_(film)" title="Oppenheimer (film)">Oppenheimer</a> (2023 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bess_Truman" title="Bess Truman">Bess Wallace Truman</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Truman" title="Margaret Truman">Margaret Truman</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Ellen_Young_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha Ellen Young Truman">Martha Ellen Young Truman</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Truman_Daniel" title="Clifton Truman Daniel">Clifton Truman Daniel</a> (grandson)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">← Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">← Henry A. Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Harry_S._Truman" title="Category:Harry S. Truman">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_on_terror" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_on_terror" title="Template:War on terror"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_on_terror" title="Template talk:War on terror"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_on_terror" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War on terror"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_on_terror" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011) (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_of_terrorism" title="Symbolism of terrorism">Symbolism of terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">ISAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden" title="Hamza bin Laden">Hamza bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Haqqani" title="Anas Haqqani">Anas Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Haqqani" title="Khalil Haqqani">Khalil Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Saeed" title="Hafiz Saeed">Hafiz Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mohamed_Ahmed_Bahaziq" title="Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq">Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Jihad_al-Islami" title="Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami">Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan" title="Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan">Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Philippines" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines">OEF – Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Train_and_Equip_Program" title="Georgia Train and Equip Program">Georgia Train and Equip Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Sustainment_and_Stability_Operations_Program" title="Georgia Sustainment and Stability Operations Program">Georgia Sustainment and Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Juniper_Shield" title="Operation Juniper Shield">OEF – Trans Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone strikes in Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Active_Endeavour" title="Operation Active Endeavour">Operation Active Endeavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Operation Linda Nchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">2007 Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_Memos" title="Torture Memos">Torture Memos</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2009" title="Military Commissions Act of 2009">Military Commissions Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Surveillance_Program" title="President's Surveillance Program">President's Surveillance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protect_America_Act_of_2007" title="Protect America Act of 2007">Protect America Act of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Surveillance_Program" title="Terrorist Surveillance Program">Terrorist Surveillance Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Status_Review_Tribunal" title="Combatant Status Review Tribunal">Combatant Status Review Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">Criticism of the war on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">CIA black sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">Enhanced interrogation techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_prisoners_of_the_United_States" title="Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States">Extrajudicial prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">Extraordinary rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Noble_Eagle" title="Operation Noble Eagle">Operation Noble Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Assist" title="Operation Eagle Assist">Operation Eagle Assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)">Situation Room photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsors of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposition_Matrix" title="Disposition Matrix">Targeted killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killing_in_International_Law" title="Targeted Killing in International Law">Targeted Killing in International Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killings" title="Targeted Killings">Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage_(organisation)" title="Cage (organisation)">CAGE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_on_terror" title="Category:War on terror">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror" class="extiw" title="commons:War on terror">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37230#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37230#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37230#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121701744">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000410746789">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404317734">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140094734">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/536259/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1021698-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79099301">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118839832">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118839832">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628139">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV102418">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35564157">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20021205002&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX111625">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/445415">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1483343308629">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000229318&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000080684&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000079506">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=277219">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000035377">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202011131">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8b8d2g2j6n3q7">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810637756105606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269263705171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000038829">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512728906706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00696277?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td 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