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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lexicon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology_and_syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology_and_syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Morphology and syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology_and_syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology and syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology_and_syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adjectives_and_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives_and_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Adjectives and nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives_and_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indicative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indicative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Indicative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indicative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1.1</span> <span>Present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_perfect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_perfect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1.2</span> <span>Present perfect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_perfect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperfect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>Conditional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Present_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2.1</span> <span>Present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conjunctive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjunctive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.3</span> <span>Conjunctive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjunctive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperfect_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperfect_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.3.1</span> <span>Imperfect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperfect_2-sublist" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dialect of Italian spoken in Marino</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Marino dialect</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Dialettu de Marini</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Marino,_Lazio" title="Marino, Lazio">Marino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">30.000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Italo-Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central-Northern Latian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Dialects of the Roman Castles<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Marino dialect</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dialetti_italiani_centrali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dialetti_italiani_centrali.jpg/320px-Dialetti_italiani_centrali.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Dialetti_italiani_centrali.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>Marino dialect</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> belonging to the dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Castles" title="Roman Castles">Roman Castles</a> in the linguistic family of <a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> and, specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central-Northern Latian dialect</a>. It is spoken within the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Rome_Capital" title="Metropolitan City of Rome Capital">metropolitan city of Rome</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Marino,_Lazio" title="Marino, Lazio">Marino</a> and its territory in the <a href="/wiki/Alban_Hills" title="Alban Hills">Alban Hills</a>. </p><p>Marino is located south of the "Ancona-Rome Line," an ideal dividing line drawn by <a href="/wiki/Glottologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottologist">glottologists</a> to divide the northern <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscan</a> area of influence from the southern area, which remained tied to <a href="/wiki/Sabina_(region)" title="Sabina (region)">Sabine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latin</a> influence.<sup id="cite_ref-nota11_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its long oral tradition, Marinese seems to be losing ground in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Roman dialect</a>, reduced more to "parlance" and the use of characteristic expressions, a phenomenon similar to all the Castellan dialects and those of centers in the southern quadrant of the metropolitan city of Rome and the Lazio coast.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Marino dialect does not have <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">legal recognition</a> (Law No. 482 of December 15, 1999)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor is it regulated by a regulating body, but it was studied for the first time by the Marinese historian Girolamo Torquati in 1886,<sup id="cite_ref-torquati_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torquati-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the same time that a dictionary of the most frequently used words in the dialect was compiled. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Marino" title="History of Marino">History of Marino</a></div> <p>The first mention of the existence of the castle of <a href="/wiki/Marino,_Lazio" title="Marino, Lazio">Marino</a> would date back to 1090,<sup id="cite_ref-nota05_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota05-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or at the latest to 1114:<sup id="cite_ref-nota05_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota05-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the fief had most likely belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Tusculum" title="Counts of Tusculum">Counts of Tusculum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then with their decline had come into the possession of the <a href="/wiki/Frangipani_family" title="Frangipani family">Frangipane</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-nota04_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota04-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the extinction of the latter, the castle was purchased in 1266 by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Rosso_Orsini_(cardinal)" title="Matteo Rosso Orsini (cardinal)">Matteo Rubeo Orsini</a> and came into the orbit of the <a href="/wiki/Orsini_family" title="Orsini family">Orsini</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nota04_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota04-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nota06_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota06-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in whose possession Marino remained until 1379. In that year, due to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a>, a period of feudal anarchy began, which lasted until the election of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Pope Martin V</a> in 1417: in the same year, the pope's brother Giordano Colonna bought the castle of Marino, initiating the long period of <a href="/wiki/Colonna_family" title="Colonna family">Colonna</a> rule.<sup id="cite_ref-nota06_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota06-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marino's importance throughout the Middle Ages was linked to its strong position close to the <a href="/wiki/Ager_Romanus" title="Ager Romanus">Ager Romanus</a>, which made it a coveted first-class outpost on <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. However, with the glory also came peril: the castle was besieged in 1267<sup id="cite_ref-nota06_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota06-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1347,<sup id="cite_ref-nota06_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota06-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conquered in 1379,<sup id="cite_ref-nota06_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota06-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1385,<sup id="cite_ref-nota100_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota100-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1399,<sup id="cite_ref-nota100_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota100-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1405 (twice),<sup id="cite_ref-nota100_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota100-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1408<sup id="cite_ref-nota100_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota100-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1413 (twice),<sup id="cite_ref-nota100_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota100-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1482, razed to the ground in 1501,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nota110_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota110-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sacked in 1526<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nota111_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota111-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1599.<sup id="cite_ref-nota789_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota789-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only at the end of this long period of local wars that ravaged <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> that the Colonna family was able to devote itself to governing the fiefdom, carrying out during the seventeenth century important urban works and public works such as the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Colonna_(Marino)" title="Palazzo Colonna (Marino)">Colonna palace</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nota78hjgfds_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota78hjgfds-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nota4567_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota4567-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Barnaba" title="Basilica of San Barnaba">basilica of San Barnaba</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the fountain of the Four Moors,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Corso Trieste.<sup id="cite_ref-notayu78_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notayu78-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1606 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Pope Paul V</a> elevated the fief to a duchy.<sup id="cite_ref-nota789_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota789-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early eighteenth century Marino had about 4,000 inhabitants, and was thus one of the most populous and wealthiest centers in the <a href="/wiki/Alban_Hills" title="Alban Hills">Alban Hills</a>. </p><p>Immigration to Marino was fostered as early as the sixteenth century: <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_Colonna" title="Marcantonio Colonna">Marcantonio II Colonna</a>, the papal admiral who won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a> in 1571, issued a decree on December 26, 1574, exempting any foreigner who wished to settle in his fief of Marino from paying any kind of tax for four years, provided that he swore an oath of allegiance.<sup id="cite_ref-nota789_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota789-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1656, the <a href="/wiki/Naples_Plague_(1656)" title="Naples Plague (1656)">terrible plague epidemic</a> that struck Rome and central-southern Italy decimated the population of Marino to such an extent that only seventeen families were left in the fiefdom:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duke Cardinal Girolamo Colonna incentivized repopulation by encouraging immigration from less economically vibrant areas of his domains, such as the <a href="/wiki/Marsica" title="Marsica">Marsica</a> fiefdom of <a href="/wiki/Tagliacozzo" title="Tagliacozzo">Tagliacozzo</a> or some of the <a href="/wiki/Campagna_e_Marittima_Province" title="Campagna e Marittima Province">Campagna and Marittima</a> fiefdoms. An immigration from these areas and from other parts of <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a> and the eastern quadrant of the present <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Rome" title="Province of Rome">province of Rome</a> continued throughout the eighteenth century, but still in the early twentieth century there existed throughout the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Castles" title="Roman Castles">Roman Castles</a> a seasonal immigration of peasant laborers employed for work in the vineyards, for a long time poorly paid and excluded from the conquests progressively obtained by local laborers.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these seasonal migrants settled permanently in Marino and the other Castellan centers, especially after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>: this phenomenon, together with the increasingly disproportionate growth of Rome, the attraction of the Urbe or the factories of the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_Marshes" title="Pontine Marshes">Pontine Marshes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have determined a frenetic development that has occurred in the last thirty years of new urban expansions in the historic centers and the birth of new centers. </p><p>Marino has had to deal with the birth of <a href="/wiki/Ciampino" title="Ciampino">Ciampino</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">garden city</a>" founded in 1919 for veterans of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made autonomous from the municipality in 1974, and with the birth of the hamlets of Santa Maria delle Mole, Frattocchie, and Due Santi, whose autonomy drive was curbed by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_court" title="Constitutional court">constitutional court</a> in 1995 after the experience of the autonomous municipality of Boville.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the "new Marinese" is varied: people from <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, Basso Lazio, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, alongside Romans who fled the metropolis. Since the mid-1990s, the flow of foreign immigrants began: in 2007 there were 2331 foreign citizens living in Marino,<sup id="cite_ref-nota400_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota400-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the largest <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albanian</a> community in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Castles" title="Roman Castles">Roman Castles</a> (300 people)<sup id="cite_ref-nota400_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota400-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and over 600 <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nota400_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota400-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_development">Origins and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Marino dialect was formed along with the castle and its growing population: the most intense wave of immigration that might have affected the dialect the most was the one following the <a href="/wiki/Naples_Plague_(1656)" title="Naples Plague (1656)">plague of 1656</a>. </p><p>There are no written records in the Marinese dialect prior to the twentieth century: however, the first scholar to deal with the Marinese dialect was the historian Girolamo Torquati in his publication "<i>Origine della lingua italiana: dall'attuale dialetto del volgo laziale al dialetto del popolo romano nel secolo XIII e da quest'ultimo dialetto a quello della plebe latina nell'età della Repubblica e dell'Impero. Investigazioni filologiche del cavalier Girolamo Torquati</i>,"<sup id="cite_ref-torquati_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torquati-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a four-hundred-page work printed in Rome in 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-nota19_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota19-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of the book, which was written, according to the author, "as a relief from more serious studies,"<sup id="cite_ref-nota19_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota19-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is to demonstrate that "the apparently strange diction of the Marinese dialect is indigenous, and urban, and has no flavor of foreignness,"<sup id="cite_ref-nota20_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota20-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consequently "that the Marinese dialect, which was already the Roman dialect of the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, is formally the vernacular language of the ancient Romans."<sup id="cite_ref-nota20_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota20-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Torquati demonstrates this by first providing an extensive explanation of the strangest morphological, phonological and grammatical forms of the Marinese dialect (Chapter I), then expounding a dictionary of particular Marinese words by juxtaposing them with the corresponding Italian words (Chapter II), then comparing these to the words used in the "Chronicle" of the Roman Anonymous, thus to the Roman dialect of the early fourteenth century: and from there he arrives at the conclusion as to what the original <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> language was like. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As far as the work in Marino dialect is concerned, it consists mainly of plays, written beginning with the opening after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> of Marino's first theater, the "Auditorium Monsignor Guglielmo Grassi" (so named in 1954, after the death of the abbot-parish priest who ordered its opening, Guglielmo Grassi) located in the premises of the former Coroncina Oratory under the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Barnaba" title="Basilica of San Barnaba">basilica of St. Barnabas</a>. Among the most prominent writers in the Marino dialect are Roberto Di Sante, with some very successful musical comedies such as "<i>E tira a campà</i>" (written with Mario Galbani in 1982), "<i>Cariolacciu</i>", "<i>Bonu 'spidale</i>" and "<i>C'era 'na vorta a guera</i>", Peppe De Filippis ("<i>Incontru de do' compari</i>"), Castro Meneri ("<i>In Pretura</i>") and Remo ("<i>U viaggiu de i do' combari</i>"). On the occasion of the <a href="/wiki/Marino_Wine_Festival" title="Marino Wine Festival">Marino Wine Festival</a> there are also exhibitions in the Marino dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the characteristic words of the Marinese dialect come directly from the Latin language, a fact that led Girolamo Torquati to argue for a continuity between the "language of the ancient Romans" and the Marinese dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonetics">Phonetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Replacement of the "l" by the "r"</b></li></ul> <p>In the Marino dialect, it is worth noting a phenomenon that is also very characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Roman dialect</a>, namely the substitution of the consonant "l" for the consonant "r" in pronunciation, so that instead of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Italian">standard Italian</a> forms "<i>splendente</i>", "<i>coltello</i>", "<i>plebe</i>" and "<i>moltiplicare</i>", one says "<i>sprendente</i>", "<i>cortello</i>", "<i>prebe</i>", "<i>mortipricare</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-nota08_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota08-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phenomenon is very old and contradicts the practice of some writers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Sienese</a> novelist Pietro Fortini,<sup id="cite_ref-nota08_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota08-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of substituting the "r" for the "l". This substitution also occurs in proper nouns: "<i>Gloria</i>" becomes "<i>Groria</i>", "<i>Clemente</i>" becomes "<i>Cremente</i>", and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-nota08_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota08-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Dropping the "l" in the middle of words</b></li></ul> <p>Another Marinese phenomenon is the dropping of the "l" in the middle of a word when it is followed by "z," "s," "i," or "c": so that there will be the dialectal pronunciation "<i>cazone</i>" (instead of "<i>calzone</i>"), "<i>cazetta</i>" (instead of "<i>calzetta</i>"), "<i>coto</i>" (instead of "<i>colto</i>"), "<i>atro</i>" (instead of "<i>altro</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-nota09_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota09-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, this usage already appears in the "Chronicle" of the Roman Anonymous dating from the early fourteenth century: in this case, however, the "l" is replaced by an often silent "i" (e.g., "<i>voize</i>," "<i>toize</i>," "<i>aitro</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-nota09_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota09-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, a different outcome of the dropping of the "l" may be the substitution with the "vi" group, and in Marinese one has "<i>cavicio</i>" ("<i>calcio</i>"), "<i>sevice</i>" ("<i>selce</i>"), "<i>scavizo</i>" ("<i>scalzo</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-nota09_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota09-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Assimilation of the consonantal group "nd"</b></li></ul> <p>In the presence of the consonantal group "nd" ("<i>bando</i>," "<i>ghirlanna</i>," "<i>risponde</i>") the Marinese, but also the Romans and a large part of the Castellan population, underwent an unconscious process of <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">assimilation</a> from "nd" to "nn": hence one would have "<i>banno</i>," "<i>ghirlanna</i>," "<i>risponne</i>," a fact already attested in the aforementioned "Chronicle" of the Roman Anonymous.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology_and_syntax">Morphology and syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Morphology and syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives_and_nouns">Adjectives and nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Adjectives and nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Ending in "-u"</b> </p><p>The most important phenomenon in the formation of <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> in the Marinese dialect is the presence of the termination "-u" instead of "-o," a phenomenon equally present in other dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Castles" title="Roman Castles">Roman Castles</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Rocca_di_Papa" title="Rocca di Papa">Rocca di Papa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genzano_di_Roma" title="Genzano di Roma">Genzano di Roma</a>. This is a phenomenon typical of the southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, of the "Sabine" area south of the aforementioned "<a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>" demarcation line.<sup id="cite_ref-nota11_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Girolamo Torquati asserts<sup id="cite_ref-nota12_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota12-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the termination in "-u" by truncation of the "s" and "m" ending already existed in the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> language, bringing numerous examples, from <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Marcus Fabius Quintilianus</a> ("<i>serenu' fuit et dignu' loco</i>") to <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Marcus Tullius Cicero</a> ("<i>egregie cordatus homo Catus Eliu' Sextus</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence he goes on to infer that the Roman people nipped the final consonant "s" or "m"<sup id="cite_ref-nota12_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota12-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from this they obtained most of the vernacular and later Italian words ("<i>focus</i>" > "<i>focu</i>" > "<i>fuoco</i>," "<i>vinum</i>" > "<i>vinu</i>" > "<i>vino</i>"):<sup id="cite_ref-nota12_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota12-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Marinese dialect would thus preserve the words without the transformation of "u" into "o" that occurred in the early centuries of Italian literature.<sup id="cite_ref-nota12_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota12-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Mutation of the "i" to an "e"</b> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Proparoxytone" title="Proparoxytone">proparoxytone</a> words (i.e., with an accent on the third last syllable) with the ending "-ile," the Marinese dialect changes the "i" to "e": for example, "<i>orribile</i>" becomes "<i>orribele</i>," "<i>nobile</i>" becomes "<i>nobele</i>," "<i>terribile</i>" becomes "<i>terribele</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known why this is the case, although there are parallel forms in Italian literature. This transformation is also possible in words such as "<i>principe</i>" (which becomes "<i>prencipe</i>") and "<i>lingua</i>" (which becomes "<i>lengua</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the transformation of "i" into "e" also appears in the first syllable of some words, especially beginning with "ri," including "<i>ringrazia</i>" (which becomes "<i>rengrazia</i>"), "<i>rimedio</i>" (which becomes "<i>remedio</i>"), "<i>rifugio</i>" (which becomes "<i>refugio</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Apheresis of "i"</b> </p><p>In Marinese there is also the <a href="/wiki/Apheresis_(linguistics)" title="Apheresis (linguistics)">apheresis</a> of the letter "i" when it is found at the beginning of a word and is followed by "m," "n," or "l": e.g. "<i>mperatore</i>" for "<i>imperatore</i>," "<i>nganno</i>" for "<i>inganno</i>," "<i>n tra noa</i>" for "<i>in tra noi</i>," "<i>nnanzi</i>" for "<i>innanzi</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Replacement of "o" by "u"</b> </p><p>Very frequent is the substitution of the vowel "o" for the vowel "u": e.g. "<i>onto</i>" for "<i>unto</i>," "<i>ogna</i>" for "<i>ugna</i>," "<i>onguento</i>" for "<i>unguento</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Exchange of "b" - "v"</b> </p><p>Exchange between "b" and "v" is also possible, which is also characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Italian dialects">southern Italian dialects</a>: e.g. "<i>bivo</i>" or "<i>vivo</i>," "<i>brace</i>" or "<i>vrace</i>," "<i>votte</i>" or "<i>botte</i>," "<i>vocca</i>" or "<i>bocca</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>"Dissolution" of "c"</b> </p><p>The consonant "c," when found before a vowel or in other particular positions, "dissolves" into the consonantal group "sc": for example, "<i>bascio</i>" for "<i>bacio</i>," "<i>cascio</i>" for "<i>cacio</i>," "<i>camiscia</i>" for "<i>camicia</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Replacement of the "t" by the "d"</b> </p><p>It is not unusual to find a swap between the consonant "t" and the consonant "d," as for example in "<i>patre</i>" for "<i>padre</i>," "<i>patrone</i>" for "<i>padrone</i>," "<i>latrone</i>" for "<i>ladrone</i>," "<i>matre</i>" for "<i>madre</i>":<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Marinese, this exchange is more reminiscent of the original <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> words, such as "<i>patronus</i>", "<i>pater</i>" and "<i>mater</i>". </p><p><b>Conditioned diphthong "io"</b> </p><p>This diphthong is characteristic of southern <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, especially of <a href="/wiki/Velletri" title="Velletri">Velletri</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Castles" title="Roman Castles">Roman Castles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Valle_Latina" title="Valle Latina">Latin Valley</a>, and reappears in the Lazio localities that were longer subject to the domination of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nota17_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota17-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the immediate vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco dialect</a>, closer to the <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan dialect</a> than to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Italian dialects">southern Italian dialects</a>, is erasing this peculiarity as well as many others, which nonetheless still existed at the end of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-nota17_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota17-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the conditioned diphthong consists of inserting it in the last syllable of words ending in "no" and "ro," so that as a result we have "<i>monasterio</i> " from "<i>monastero</i>" and "<i>capitanio</i>" from "<i>capitano</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Italian <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a> exist in the Marinese dialect, but the use of the article "lo" in place of the article "il" is more frequent:<sup id="cite_ref-nota13_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota13-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example "<i>lo brodo</i>" instead of "<i>il brodo</i>," "<i>lo vino</i>" instead of "<i>il vino</i>," in the manner of many ancient authors such as <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>. Conversely, very often "<i>lo</i>" becomes "<i>lu</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-nota13_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota13-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div align="center"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:40em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Personal pronouns </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>io <i>(I)</i> </td> <td>noa <i>(We)</i><br />noatri <i>(The rest of us)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>tu <i>(You)</i> </td> <td>voa <i>(You)</i><br />voatri <i>(The rest of you)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>illu / issu <i>(He)</i><br />illa / issa <i>(She)</i> </td> <td>illi / issi <i>(They, feminine)</i><br />ille / isse <i>(They, masculine)</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronoun</a> with <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> function can be attached to the adjective it is going to specify, in a very peculiar usage also characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Italian dialects">southern Italian dialects</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Roman dialect</a>. Hence we have “<i>patrimu</i>,” “<i>fratimu</i>,” “<i>suorima</i>,” “<i>matrima</i>,” “<i>mogliema</i>,” and “<i>maritimu</i>,” to say “my father,” “my brother,” “my sister,” “my mother,” “my wife,” and “my husband,” respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As already mentioned, this usage is not exclusive to the Marinese dialect, but also appears in several classical authors such as <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bembo" title="Pietro Bembo">Pietro Bembo</a> (“<i>patremo</i>,” “<i>matrema</i>”),<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacopone_da_Todi" title="Jacopone da Todi">Iacopone da Todi</a> (“<i>maritoto</i>”)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a> (“<i>mogliema</i>”).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another feature of personal pronouns attributed to the Marinese dialect, but also to the neighbouring north-central Lazio dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Frosinone" title="Province of Frosinone">province of Frosinone</a>, is the addition of an "n" to the pronoun itself:<sup id="cite_ref-nota15_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota15-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. "<i>mene</i>" for "to me" or simply "I", "<i>tene</i>" for "to you" or simply "you". In fact, this, perhaps added in ancient times for <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">metrical</a> reasons in the composition of folk songs, can also accompany verbs ("<i>fane</i>" for "does", "<i>saline</i>" for "goes up").<sup id="cite_ref-nota15_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota15-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indicative">Indicative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Indicative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">Indicative mood</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Present">Present</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ending of the first person plural of the <a href="/wiki/Present_indicative" class="mw-redirect" title="Present indicative">present indicative</a> ends in “-emo,” unlike the common form in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a>, which is “-iamo”: e.g., “<i>ponemo</i>,” “<i>avemo</i>,” “<i>dicemo</i>,” “<i>facemo</i>,” instead of the forms “<i>poniamo</i>,” “<i>abbiamo</i>,” “<i>diciamo</i>,” “<i>facciamo</i>.”<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The form in "-emo" is closer to the original <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> derivation: "<i>ponemo</i>" > "<i>ponemus</i>", "<i>avemo</i>" > "<i>habemus</i>", "<i>dicemo</i>" > "<i>dicemus</i>", "<i>facemo</i>" > "<i>facemus</i>", while the corresponding Italian form shows a greater morphological elaboration that has occurred over the centuries, as several Italian authors from the first centuries of vernacular use attest to the "-emo" form, from <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_of_San_Concordio" title="Bartholomew of San Concordio">Bartholomew of San Concordio</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pulci" title="Luigi Pulci">Luigi Pulci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second person plural of the present indicative has a '-cete' ending that differs from the '-te' ending in Italian: e.g. '<i>benedicete</i>', '<i>dicete</i>', '<i>facete</i>' instead of '<i>benedite</i>', '<i>dite</i>', '<i>fate</i>'.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case, too, the dialect form "-cete" is kept closer to the Latin original ("<i>benedicéte</i>" > "<i>benedícite</i>", "<i>dicéte</i>" > "<i>dicíte</i>", "<i>facéte</i>" > "<i>facíte</i>") and, moreover, it seems to be already rooted in the literature of the first centuries of the vernacular, since it also appears in the "<a href="/wiki/Canticle_of_the_Sun" title="Canticle of the Sun">Canticle of Creatures</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">St. Francis of Assisi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Present_perfect">Present perfect</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Present perfect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Present_perfect" title="Present perfect">present perfect</a>, the peculiarity of the Marinese dialect, inexplicable in the words of Girolamo Torquati himself,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is that the <a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">apocope</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Past_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Past participle">past participle</a> enters into the composition with the auxiliary "to have": for example, "<i>ho beto</i>" for "<i>ho bevuto</i>", "<i>ho trovo</i>" or "<i>ho troto</i>" for "<i>ho trovato</i>", "<i>ho cerco</i>" for "<i>ho cercato</i>". Another peculiarity is that the auxiliary "to be" and the auxiliary "to have" are interchangeable, i.e. it is possible to say "<i>so beto</i>" ("I have drunk") or "<i>so magnato</i>" ("I have eaten"), which is impossible in Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-nota07_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota07-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar usage can only be found in the work of Feo Belcari, a 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a> religious poet.<sup id="cite_ref-nota07_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota07-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Imperfect">Imperfect</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Imperfect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For verbs of the first conjugation (ending in "-are"), in the third person singular of the <a href="/wiki/Imperfect" title="Imperfect">indicative imperfect</a>, the ending is "-eva" instead of "-ava", which is the case in Italian:<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hence we have "<i>ameva</i>" and "<i>gusteva</i>" instead of "<i>amava</i>" and "<i>gustava</i>": in this case it is the Marinese dialect that deviates from the original <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, since Italian is more closely related to "<i>amabat</i>" and "<i>gustabat</i>". The "-eva" form is not only local, as it also appears frequently in <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Preterite">Preterite</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Preterite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the third person singular of the <a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a> there is a special form ending with "-one" instead of "-ò", with an "n" added to the final "e":<sup id="cite_ref-nota02_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota02-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<i>digiunone</i>" instead of "<i>digiunò</i>", "<i>magnone</i>" instead of "<i>magnò</i>", "<i>andoone</i>" instead of "<i>andò</i>", and so on. This form is an extension of the "-òe" form already attested in the "Florentine Lenten" of <a href="/wiki/Jordan_of_Pisa" title="Jordan of Pisa">Jordan of Pisa</a> ("<i>digiunòe</i>", "<i>commandòe</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-nota02_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota02-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three particular phenomena occur in the third person plural of the indicative past tense: <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonology)" title="Syncope (phonology)">syncope</a> (which was already present in Latin in several persons, see for example "<i>laudere</i>" > "<i>lauderis</i>"),<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the transformation of the vowel of the penultimate syllable, and the mutation of the consonant of the last syllable.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the Marinese dialect we have "<i>arrivorno</i>" instead of "<i>arrivarno</i>", which in turn replaces "<i>arrivarono</i>", "<i>bussorno</i>" instead of "<i>bussarno</i>", which is the contraction of "<i>bussarono</i>", "<i>cercorno</i>" for "<i>cercarno</i>" instead of "<i>cercarono</i>", or more simply "<i>miseno</i>", which is the simple variant of "<i>misero</i>", and "<i>strinseno</i>" for "<i>strinsero</i>". Similar syncopated and mutated forms are also used by several classical authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pulci" title="Luigi Pulci">Luigi Pulci</a> ("<i>arrivorno</i>"),<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Villani" title="Giovanni Villani">Giovanni Villani</a> (“<i>posono</i>”)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a> (“<i>feciono</i>”).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Simple_future">Simple future</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Simple future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first person singular of the <a href="/wiki/Simple_future" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple future">simple future</a>, two forms are possible: 'òe' ('<i>faròe</i>', '<i>diròe</i>')<sup id="cite_ref-nota03_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota03-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and '-ggio' ('<i>faraggio</i>', '<i>avraggio</i>'),<sup id="cite_ref-nota03_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota03-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter closely related to the '-jo' form ('<i>avrajo</i>', '<i>farajo</i>'),<sup id="cite_ref-nota03_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota03-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is currently the most common in the Marinese dialect. The result of the intervocalic "j" (or "i") in "gg" is also known and evident in several Latin words that have entered Italian, such as "<i>maior</i>" ("greater"), "<i>peior</i>" ("worse"), "<i>maius</i>" ("may"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conditional">Conditional</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Conditional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">Conditional mood</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Present_2">Present</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Present_conditional" class="mw-redirect" title="Present conditional">present conditional</a>, the first person singular in Italian should take the ending "-ei" ("<i>andrei</i>", "<i>canterei</i>", "<i>suonerei</i>"), but the Marinese dialect sets the ending to "-ia" ("<i>andria</i>", "<i>canteria</i>", "<i>suoneria</i>"),<sup id="cite_ref-nota04b_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota04b-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it appears in many authors of the first centuries of Italian literature, from <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a> ("<i>saria</i>")<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Jacopone_da_Todi" title="Jacopone da Todi">Iacopone da Todi</a> (”<i>vorria</i>"). </p><p>In the third person singular and plural of the same present conditional, a similar divergence occurs: instead of the Italian endings "-ebbe" for the singular and "-ebbero" for the plural, the Marinese say "-ia" and "-ieno" ("<i>sarebbe</i>" becomes "<i>saria</i>" and "<i>sarebbero</i>" becomes "<i>sarieno</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-nota04_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota04-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conjunctive">Conjunctive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Conjunctive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">Subjunctive mood</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Imperfect_2">Imperfect</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Imperfect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another peculiarity appears in the third person plural of the imperfect subjunctive in the Marinese dialect (the endings '-ino' and '-ono' are still used, which are archaic for Italian, which adopts '-ero': e.g. '<i>vivessino</i>' instead of '<i>vivessero</i>', '<i>fussino</i>' instead of '<i>fossero</i>').<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infinitive">Infinitive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Infinitive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Present_3">Present</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the present infinitive of a verb is combined with a third-person singular pronominal particle ("lo", "la"), the Marinese dialect omits the final "e" in the same way as Italian, but, unlike Italian, it also changes the preceding "r" to "l": for example, "<i>fare la</i>" becomes "<i>falla</i>" (> "<i>farla</i>"), "<i>avere la</i>" becomes "<i>avella</i>" (> "<i>averla</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, in the spoken dialect it is very common for the infinitive to lose the last syllable "re" by <a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">apocope</a>, even without entering into composition with anything: we have "<i>bisogna fa</i>'", "<i>bisogna di</i>'", "<i>va a magna</i>'",<sup id="cite_ref-nota10_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota10-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all forms which are also characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Roman dialect</a> and which have now entered into common usage in other parts of Italy. The origin of this truncation, which can be found in some <a href="/wiki/Sabina_(region)" title="Sabina (region)">Sabine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roman</a> folk songs, is probably <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">metrical</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nota10_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota10-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_verb_“to_be”"><span id="The_verb_.E2.80.9Cto_be.E2.80.9D"></span>The verb “to be”</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The verb “to be”"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div align="center"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:40em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Present indicative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>So'<sup id="cite_ref-nota07_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota07-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>(I am)</i> </td> <td>Essimo <i>(We are)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>Si' <i>(You are)</i> </td> <td>Sete <i>(You are)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>So'<sup id="cite_ref-nota07_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota07-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>(He/She is)</i> </td> <td>Enno<sup id="cite_ref-nota07_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota07-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>(They are)</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>Other special forms of the verb "to be" include the variants "<i>enno</i>" for the first person singular of the present indicative ("<i>sono</i>") and "<i>ene</i>" or "<i>ee</i>" for the third person singular of the same tense ("<i>è</i>"),<sup id="cite_ref-nota07_62-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota07-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<i>essimo</i>" for "<i>eravamo</i>" in the first person plural of the imperfect indicative,<sup id="cite_ref-nota07_62-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota07-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<i>si</i>'" for "<i>sia</i>" in the second person singular of the <a href="/wiki/Present_subjunctive" class="mw-redirect" title="Present subjunctive">present subjunctive</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nota07_62-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota07-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<i>seravo</i>" or "<i>saravo</i>" for the third person plural of the simple future ("<i>saranno</i>"),<sup id="cite_ref-nota07_62-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota07-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<i>fussi</i>" for "<i>fossi</i>", "<i>fussino</i>" for "<i>fossino</i>" and "<i>fussimo</i>" for "<i>fossimo</i>" in the <a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a> and present subjunctive.<sup id="cite_ref-nota07_62-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota07-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these forms can also be found in classical authors of <a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Italian literature</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Jacopone_da_Todi" title="Jacopone da Todi">Iacopone da Todi</a> ("<i>so</i>'"), <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">St Francis of Assisi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canticle_of_the_Sun" title="Canticle of the Sun">Canticle of the Creatures</a> ("<i>si</i>'"), in the Florentine Lenten of <a href="/wiki/Jordan_of_Pisa" title="Jordan of Pisa">Jordan of Pisa</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nota07_62-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nota07-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marino,_Lazio" title="Marino, Lazio">Marino, Lazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Castles" title="Roman Castles">Roman Castles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recognising the arbitrariness of definitions, the term ‘language’ is used in the nomenclature of entries according to ISO 639-1, 639-2 or 639-3. In other cases, the term ‘dialect’ is used.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota11-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nota11_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota11_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ugo Vignuzzi, <i>I dialetti del Lazio</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Touring_Club_Italiano" title="Touring Club Italiano">Touring Club Italiano</a>, <i>Guide rosse - Lazio</i>, pp. 83-84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ugo Vignuzzi, <i>I dialetti del Lazio</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Touring_Club_Italiano" title="Touring Club Italiano">Touring Club Italiano</a>, <i>Guide rosse - Lazio</i>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090530150120/http://web.uniud.it/cip/min_legge486_1999.htm">"CIP - Legge 15 dicembre 1999, n° 482 "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.uniud.it/cip/min_legge486_1999.htm">the original</a> on 30 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIP+-+Legge+15+dicembre+1999%2C+n%C2%B0+482+%22Norme+in+materia+di+tutela+delle+minoranze+linguistiche+storiche%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.uniud.it%2Fcip%2Fmin_legge486_1999.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarino+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-torquati-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-torquati_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-torquati_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirolamo_Torquati1886" class="citation book cs1">Girolamo Torquati (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/b/OL20557191M/Origine-della-lingua-italiana%3A-dall%27attuale-dialetto-del-volgo-laziale-al-dialetto-del-popolo-..."><i>Origine della lingua italiana: dall'attuale dialetto del volgo laziale al dialetto del popolo</i></a>. Open Library. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL20557191M">20557191M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origine+della+lingua+italiana%3A+dall%27attuale+dialetto+del+volgo+laziale+al+dialetto+del+popolo&rft.pub=Open+Library&rft.date=1886&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL20557191M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=Girolamo+Torquati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fb%2FOL20557191M%2FOrigine-della-lingua-italiana%253A-dall%2527attuale-dialetto-del-volgo-laziale-al-dialetto-del-popolo-...&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarino+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota05-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nota05_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota05_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tomassetti">Giuseppe Tomassetti (1910</a>, vol. IV p. 190).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Devoti">Luigi Devoti (1999</a>, p. 13).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota04-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nota04_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota04_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota04_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Devoti">Luigi Devoti (1999</a>, p. 21).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota06-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nota06_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota06_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota06_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota06_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota06_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tomassetti">Giuseppe Tomassetti (1910</a>, vol. IV pp. 191-195).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gregorovius">Ferdinand Gregorovius (1894</a>, lib. VIII p. 256).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonimo_Romano" class="citation web cs1">Anonimo Romano. <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Cronica">"Cronica, cap. XVIII - "Delli granni fatti li quali fece Cola de Rienzi, lo quale fu tribuno de Roma augusto"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cronica%2C+cap.+XVIII+-+%22Delli+granni+fatti+li+quali+fece+Cola+de+Rienzi%2C+lo+quale+fu+tribuno+de+Roma+augusto%22&rft.au=Anonimo+Romano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FCronica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarino+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gregorovius">Ferdinand Gregorovius (1894</a>, lib. X p. 156).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gregorovius">Ferdinand Gregorovius (1894</a>, lib. X p. 347).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota100-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nota100_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota100_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota100_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota100_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota100_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tomassetti">Giuseppe Tomassetti (1910</a>, vol. IV pp. 195-206).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gregorovius">Ferdinand Gregorovius (1894</a>, libro XIII cap. V p. 488).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota110-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nota110_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tomassetti">Giuseppe Tomassetti (1910</a>, vol. IV pp. 206-212).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gregorovius">Ferdinand Gregorovius (1894</a>, libro XIV cap. VI p. 488).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota111-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nota111_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tomassetti">Giuseppe Tomassetti (1910</a>, vol. IV pp. 212-216).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota789-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nota789_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota789_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota789_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tomassetti">Giuseppe Tomassetti (1910</a>, vol. IV pp. 219-221).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota78hjgfds-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nota78hjgfds_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vittorio Rufo, <i>L'abitato storico - Palazzo Colonna</i>, in AA.VV., <i>Marino - Immagini di una città</i>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota4567-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nota4567_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mara Montagnani, <i>Il Palazzo Colonna di Marino</i>, in <i>Castelli Romani</i> anno XL n° 2, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Onorati">Ugo Onorati (2004</a>, pp. 14–16).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Devoti">Luigi Devoti (1999</a>, pp. 36–38).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-notayu78-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-notayu78_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mara Montagnani, <i>Il Palazzo Colonna di Marino</i>, in <i>Castelli Romani</i> anno XL n° 2, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Il Marinese</i>, anno II n° 37 (12 dicembre 1954), p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mancini">Ugo Mancini (2009</a>, pp. 50–54).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090222001305/http://80.205.162.233/piazze/1206/Profilo%20socioeconomico/INFO.htm">"Profilo socio-economico di Ariccia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://80.205.162.233/piazze/1206/Profilo%20socioeconomico/INFO.htm">the original</a> on 22 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profilo+socio-economico+di+Ariccia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F80.205.162.233%2Fpiazze%2F1206%2FProfilo%2520socioeconomico%2FINFO.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarino+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mancini">Ugo Mancini (2009</a>, p. 117).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101000000/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1993/ottobre/29/regione_Boville_comune_autonomo_co_10_9310294164.shtml">"Boville è comune autonomo"</a>. Corriere della Sera. 29 October 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1993/ottobre/29/regione_Boville_comune_autonomo_co_10_9310294164.shtml">the original</a> on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boville+%C3%A8+comune+autonomo&rft.pub=Corriere+della+Sera&rft.date=1993-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiviostorico.corriere.it%2F1993%2Fottobre%2F29%2Fregione_Boville_comune_autonomo_co_10_9310294164.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarino+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060512173315/http://www.issirfa.cnr.it/1562,1457.html">"Sentenza della Corte Costituzionale n° 43 - 10 febbraio 2003"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.issirfa.cnr.it/1562,1457.html">the original</a> on 12 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sentenza+della+Corte+Costituzionale+n%C2%B0+43+-+10+febbraio+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.issirfa.cnr.it%2F1562%2C1457.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarino+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota400-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nota400_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota400_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota400_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6Ha5RjC24?url=http://demo.istat.it/str2007/index.html">"Dati ISTAT sulla popolazione straniera residente per sesso e cittadinanza (31-12-2007)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demo.istat.it/str2007/index.html">the original</a> on 23 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dati+ISTAT+sulla+popolazione+straniera+residente+per+sesso+e+cittadinanza+%2831-12-2007%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemo.istat.it%2Fstr2007%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarino+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota19-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nota19_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota19_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, p. I).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota20-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nota20_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota20_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. II p. 43).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poetidelparco.it/63-marino/">"63 - MARINO"</a>. <i>Poeti del Parco</i> (in Italian). 2018-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poeti+del+Parco&rft.atitle=63+-+MARINO&rft.date=2018-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoetidelparco.it%2F63-marino%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarino+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. III pp. 117-118).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota08-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nota08_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota08_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota08_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. I art. XII pp. 21-22).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota09-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nota09_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota09_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota09_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. I art. XIII p. 23).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. I art. XIV p. 24).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota12-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nota12_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota12_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota12_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota12_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. II art. II pp. 33-35).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_oratore" class="mw-redirect" title="De oratore">De oratore</a></i>, XIV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. II art. IV p. 35).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. II art. XIV p. 41).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. II art. V pp. 35-36).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. II art. VI pp. 36-37).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. II art. VII p. 36).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. II art. VIII pp. 36-37).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. II art. IX p. 37).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. II art. X p. 37).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota17-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nota17_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota17_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ugo Vignuzzi, <i>I dialetti del Lazio</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Touring_Club_Italiano" title="Touring Club Italiano">Touring Club Italiano</a>, <i>Guide rosse - Lazio</i>, pp. 85-86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. II art. XV p. 41).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota13-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nota13_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota13_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. II art. III p. 35).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. II art. XI p. 39).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bembo" title="Pietro Bembo">Pietro Bembo</a>, <i>Prose nelle quali si ragiona della volgar lingua</i>, II 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Iacopone_da_Todi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iacopone da Todi">Iacopone da Todi</a>, <i>Laudi di Jacopone da Todi</i>, I 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Decameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Decameron">Decameron</a></i>, novella 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota15-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nota15_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota15_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. II art. XIII pp. 39-40).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. I art. I p. 10).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_da_San_Concordio" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomeo da San Concordio">Bartolomeo da San Concordio</a>, <i>Ammaestramenti degli antichi</i>, I 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pulci" title="Luigi Pulci">Luigi Pulci</a>, <i>Morgante</i>, I 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. I art. II p. 11).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. I art. X pp. 19-20).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota07-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nota07_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota07_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota07_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota07_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota07_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota07_62-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota07_62-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota07_62-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota07_62-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota07_62-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota07_62-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. I art. XI p. 21).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefania_Tufi" class="citation web cs1">Stefania Tufi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010121120100/http://www.uni-duisburg.de/FB3/SILFI/SILFI2000/abstracts/papers/Tufi_co056.html">"Gli ausiliari nei dialetti dei Castelli Romani"</a>. Liverpool John Moores University School of Modern Languages. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-duisburg.de/FB3/SILFI/SILFI2000/abstracts/papers/Tufi_co056.html">the original</a> on 21 January 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gli+ausiliari+nei+dialetti+dei+Castelli+Romani&rft.pub=Liverpool+John+Moores+University+School+of+Modern+Languages&rft.au=Stefania+Tufi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-duisburg.de%2FFB3%2FSILFI%2FSILFI2000%2Fabstracts%2Fpapers%2FTufi_co056.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarino+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. I art. III p. 11).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Divina_Commedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Divina Commedia">Divina Commedia</a></i>, Inf. XXXIII v. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Divina_Commedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Divina Commedia">Divina Commedia</a></i>, Inf. XXXIII v. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Divina_Commedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Divina Commedia">Divina Commedia</a></i>, Par. XXVII v. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota02-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nota02_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota02_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. I art. V p. 15).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Laelius_de_amicitia" class="mw-redirect" title="Laelius de amicitia">Laelius de amicitia</a></i>, 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. I art. IV pp. 12-14).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pulci" title="Luigi Pulci">Luigi Pulci</a>, <i>Morgante</i>, I 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Villani" title="Giovanni Villani">Giovanni Villani</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nuova_Cronica" title="Nuova Cronica">Nuova Cronica</a></i>, VI 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Decameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Decameron">Decameron</a></i>, VI giornata - novella 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota03-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nota03_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota03_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota03_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. I art. VI pp. 15-17).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota04b-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nota04b_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. I art. VII pp. 17-18).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Decameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Decameron">Decameron</a></i>, I giornata - novella 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. I art. VIII p. 18).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. I art.IX p. 19).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nota10-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nota10_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nota10_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Torquati86">Girolamo Torquati (1886</a>, cap. I art.XV pp. 25-26).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Decameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Decameron">Decameron</a></i>, Introduzione.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_dialect&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Torquati86" class="citation book cs1">Torquati, Girolamo (1886). <i>Origine della lingua italiana: dall'attuale dialetto del volgo laziale al dialetto del popolo romano nel secolo XIII e da quest'ultimo dialetto a quello della plebe latina nell'età della Repubblica e dell'Impero. 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Rome: Mario Armanni.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origine+della+lingua+italiana%3A+dall%27attuale+dialetto+del+volgo+laziale+al+dialetto+del+popolo+romano+nel+secolo+XIII+e+da+quest%27ultimo+dialetto+a+quello+della+plebe+latina+nell%27et%C3%A0+della+Repubblica+e+dell%27Impero.+Investigazioni+filologiche+del+cav.+Girolamo+Torquati&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Mario+Armanni&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Torquati&rft.aufirst=Girolamo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarino+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzetti1988" class="citation book cs1">Lorenzetti, Luca (1988). <i>I dialetti dei Castelli Romani: ipotesi sull'origine delle differenze, in Documenta Albana, 10</i>. pp. 84–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+dialetti+dei+Castelli+Romani%3A+ipotesi+sull%27origine+delle+differenze%2C+in+Documenta+Albana%2C+10&rft.pages=84-96&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Lorenzetti&rft.aufirst=Luca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarino+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzetti1993" class="citation book cs1">Lorenzetti, Luca (1993). <i>Evoluzione dialettale e variabilità linguistica nei Castelli Romani, in Contributi di filologia dell'Italia mediana, 7</i>. pp. 171–191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evoluzione+dialettale+e+variabilit%C3%A0+linguistica+nei+Castelli+Romani%2C+in+Contributi+di+filologia+dell%27Italia+mediana%2C+7&rft.pages=171-191&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Lorenzetti&rft.aufirst=Luca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarino+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzetti1995" class="citation book cs1">Lorenzetti, Luca (1995). <i>Aspetti morfologici e sintattici dei dialetti dei Castelli Romani</i>. 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Emmebi Edizioni Firenze.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+del+Novecento&rft.pub=Emmebi+Edizioni+Firenze&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Mancini&rft.aufirst=Ugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarino+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Onorati" class="citation book cs1">Onorati, Ugo (2004). <i>San Barnaba Apostolo nella storia e nelle tradizioni di Marino</i>. 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title="Arbëresh language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Franco-Provençal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of German speakers">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central-Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchigiano_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Marchigiano dialect">Marchigiano</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Beneventano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Cosentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central-Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other Italo-Dalmatian<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sardinian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidanese dialect">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cellese (page does not exist)">Cellese</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western Lombard</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö dialects</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco and Legnanese</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Legnanese_dialect" title="Legnanese dialect">Legnanese</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco-Lecchese dialects</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern Lombard</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spasell" title="Spasell">Spasell</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard dialect">Eastern Lombard</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol_linguistic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian–Romagnol linguistic group">Emilian–Romagnol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol dialects">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other Gallo-Italic<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Venetian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rhaeto-Romance" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arbëresh_language" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vaccarizzo_Albanian" title="Vaccarizzo Albanian">Vaccarizzo Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brda_dialect" title="Brda dialect">Brda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Valley_dialect" title="Gail Valley dialect">Gail Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Carniolan_dialect" title="Inner Carniolan dialect">Inner Carniolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_dialect" title="Istrian dialect">Istrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_dialect" title="Karst dialect">Karst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natisone_Valley_dialect" title="Natisone Valley dialect">Natisone Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Valley_dialect" title="Torre Valley dialect">Torre Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Italy#Triestine_Serbs" title="Serbs in Italy">Triestine Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Italiot_Greek" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Calabrian Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Griko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other German dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian Hebrew</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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