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<span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-3GPP_standard_development_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3GPP_standard_development_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>3GPP standard development timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3GPP_standard_development_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carrier_adoption_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carrier_adoption_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Carrier adoption timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carrier_adoption_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LTE-TDD_and_LTE-FDD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LTE-TDD_and_LTE-FDD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-LTE-TDD_and_LTE-FDD-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-LTE-TDD_and_LTE-FDD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_LTE-TDD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_LTE-TDD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>History of LTE-TDD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_LTE-TDD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voice_calls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voice_calls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voice calls</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voice_calls-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Voice calls subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voice_calls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enhanced_voice_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enhanced_voice_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Enhanced voice quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enhanced_voice_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frequency_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequency_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Frequency bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequency_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Patents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">LTE (telecommunication)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%AF_(%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="تطور طويل الأمد (شبكات اتصالات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تطور طويل الأمد (شبكات اتصالات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%87" title="এলটিই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এলটিই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Term_Evolution" title="Long Term Evolution – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Long Term Evolution" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Term_Evolution" title="Long Term Evolution – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Long Term Evolution" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Term_Evolution" title="Long Term Evolution – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Long Term Evolution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(telecomunicaciones)" title="LTE (telecomunicaciones) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="LTE (telecomunicaciones)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(telekomunikado)" title="LTE (telekomunikado) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="LTE (telekomunikado)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AA" title="فرگشت بلندمدت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرگشت بلندمدت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(r%C3%A9seaux_mobiles)" title="LTE (réseaux mobiles) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="LTE (réseaux mobiles)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0)" title="LTE (전기통신) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="LTE (전기통신)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusi_Jangka_Panjang" title="Evolusi Jangka Panjang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Evolusi Jangka Panjang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(telefonia)" title="LTE (telefonia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="LTE (telefonia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Term_Evolution" title="Long Term Evolution – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Long Term Evolution" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%87_(%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86)" title="ಎಲ್‌ಟಿಇ (ದೂರಸಂಪರ್ಕ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಲ್‌ಟಿಇ (ದೂರಸಂಪರ್ಕ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="LTE (telecommunication)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(tora_%C3%AEnternet%C3%AA)" title="LTE (tora înternetê) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="LTE (tora înternetê)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution" title="3GPP Long Term Evolution – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="3GPP Long Term Evolution" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusi_Jangka_Panjang" title="Evolusi Jangka Panjang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Evolusi Jangka Panjang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%8D" title="LTE Сүлжээ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="LTE Сүлжээ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution" title="3GPP Long Term Evolution – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="3GPP Long Term Evolution" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Term_Evolution" title="Long Term Evolution – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Long Term Evolution" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Term_Evolution" title="Long Term Evolution – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Long Term Evolution" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Term_Evolution" title="Long Term Evolution – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Long Term Evolution" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="LTE (telecommunication)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(isgaarsiin)" title="LTE (isgaarsiin) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="LTE (isgaarsiin)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="நெடுங் காலப் படிவளர்ச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெடுங் காலப் படிவளர்ச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5" title="แอลทีอี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอลทีอี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE" title="LTE – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="LTE" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C_(%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%86)" title="ایل ٹی ای (ٹیلی کمیونیکشن) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایل ٹی ای (ٹیلی کمیونیکشن)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(vi%E1%BB%85n_th%C3%B4ng)" title="LTE (viễn thông) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="LTE (viễn thông)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%9C%9F%E6%BC%94%E8%BF%9B%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="长期演进技术 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="长期演进技术" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E6%BC%94%E9%80%B2%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="長期演進技術 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="長期演進技術" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q79703#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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For the biological concept, see <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._coli_long-term_evolution_experiment" title="E. coli long-term evolution experiment">E. coli long-term evolution experiment</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_telecommunications" title="Category:Mobile telecommunications">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wireless_network_technologies" title="List of wireless network technologies">Wireless network technologies</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Analog</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_AMPS" title="Digital AMPS">1.5G</a>)</li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Digital</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" title="General Packet Radio Service">2.5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Data_rates_for_GSM_Evolution" title="Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution"> 2.75G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CDMA2000_1x" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA2000 1x">2.9G</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> (<a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">3.5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolved_High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="Evolved High Speed Packet Access">3.75G</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">3.9G/3.95G</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> (<a href="/wiki/IMT_Advanced" title="IMT Advanced">4G/4.5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced" title="LTE Advanced">4.5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">4.9G</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband">5.25G</a>, <a href="/wiki/5G-Advanced" class="mw-redirect" title="5G-Advanced">5.5G</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/6G" title="6G">6G</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile telecommunications</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_mobile_phone_generations" title="Template:List of mobile phone generations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_mobile_phone_generations" title="Template talk:List of mobile phone generations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_mobile_phone_generations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of mobile phone generations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, <b>long-term evolution</b> (<b>LTE</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">standard</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wireless_broadband" title="Wireless broadband">wireless broadband</a> communication for <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a> and data terminals, based on the <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>/<a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution">EDGE</a> and <a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a>/<a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">HSPA</a> standards. It improves on those standards' capacity and speed by using a different radio interface and core network improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LTE is the upgrade path for carriers with both GSM/UMTS networks and <a href="/wiki/CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a> networks. Because <a href="/wiki/LTE_frequency_bands" title="LTE frequency bands">LTE frequencies and bands</a> differ from country to country, only multi-band phones can use LTE in all countries where it is supported. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LTE_(telecommunication)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard is developed by the <a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> (3rd Generation Partnership Project) and is specified in its Release 8 document series, with minor enhancements described in Release 9. LTE is also called <b>3.95G</b> and has been marketed as <b>4G LTE</b> and <b>Advanced 4G</b>;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but the original version did not meet the technical criteria of a <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> wireless service, as specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document series for <a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced" title="LTE Advanced">LTE Advanced</a>. The requirements were set forth by the <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a> organisation in the <a href="/wiki/IMT_Advanced" title="IMT Advanced">IMT Advanced</a> specification; but, because of market pressure and the significant advances that <a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolved_High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="Evolved High Speed Packet Access">Evolved High Speed Packet Access</a>, and LTE bring to the original 3G technologies, ITU-R later decided that LTE and the aforementioned technologies can be called 4G technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LTE Advanced standard formally satisfies the ITU-R requirements for being considered IMT-Advanced.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To differentiate LTE Advanced and <a href="/wiki/WiMAX-Advanced" class="mw-redirect" title="WiMAX-Advanced">WiMAX-Advanced</a> from current<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> 4G technologies, ITU has defined the latter as "True 4G".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LTE_(telecommunication)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_LTE_networks" title="List of LTE networks">List of LTE networks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antena_4G_LTE_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Antena_4G_LTE_.jpg/220px-Antena_4G_LTE_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Antena_4G_LTE_.jpg/330px-Antena_4G_LTE_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Antena_4G_LTE_.jpg/440px-Antena_4G_LTE_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>LTE tower in Argentina.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LTE-Logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/LTE-Logo.jpg/220px-LTE-Logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/LTE-Logo.jpg/330px-LTE-Logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/LTE-Logo.jpg/440px-LTE-Logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Unofficial logo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Android_LTE_signal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Android_LTE_signal.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="51" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="98" data-file-height="51" /></a><figcaption>An Android phone showing LTE connection</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsung_4G_LTE_modem-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Samsung_4G_LTE_modem-4.jpg/220px-Samsung_4G_LTE_modem-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Samsung_4G_LTE_modem-4.jpg/330px-Samsung_4G_LTE_modem-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Samsung_4G_LTE_modem-4.jpg/440px-Samsung_4G_LTE_modem-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1553" data-file-height="2601" /></a><figcaption>LTE modem</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg/220px-Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg/330px-Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg/440px-Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="3196" /></a><figcaption>4G+ modem</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VoLTE_and_LTE_logo_on_an_Samsung_Galaxy_S21%2B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/VoLTE_and_LTE_logo_on_an_Samsung_Galaxy_S21%2B.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="48" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="48" /></a><figcaption>LTE and VoLTE logos on an Samsung Galaxy S21+ running One UI 6.1</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HTC_Thunderbolt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/HTC_Thunderbolt.jpg/220px-HTC_Thunderbolt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/HTC_Thunderbolt.jpg/330px-HTC_Thunderbolt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/HTC_Thunderbolt.jpg/440px-HTC_Thunderbolt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HTC_ThunderBolt" title="HTC ThunderBolt">HTC ThunderBolt</a>, the second commercially available LTE smartphone</figcaption></figure> <p>LTE stands for Long-Term Evolution<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a registered trademark owned by <a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a> (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) for the wireless data communications technology and a development of the GSM/UMTS standards. However, other nations and companies do play an active role in the LTE project. The goal of LTE was to increase the capacity and speed of wireless data networks using new <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">DSP</a> (digital signal processing) techniques and modulations that were developed around the turn of the millennium. A further goal was the redesign and simplification of the <a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">network architecture</a> to an <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a>-based system with significantly reduced transfer <a href="/wiki/Network_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Network latency">latency</a> compared with the <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> architecture. The LTE wireless interface is incompatible with <a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a> and 3G networks, so that it must be operated on a separate <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">radio spectrum</a>. </p><p>The idea of LTE was first proposed in 1998, with the use of the <a href="/wiki/COFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="COFDM">COFDM</a> radio access technique to replace the <a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a> and studying its Terrestrial use in the L band at 1428 MHz (TE) In 2004 by Japan's <a href="/wiki/NTT_Docomo" title="NTT Docomo">NTT Docomo</a>, with studies on the standard officially commenced in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-rel8wp_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rel8wp-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2007, the LTE/<a href="/wiki/System_Architecture_Evolution" title="System Architecture Evolution">SAE</a> Trial Initiative (LSTI) alliance was founded as a global collaboration between vendors and operators with the goal of verifying and promoting the new standard in order to ensure the global introduction of the technology as quickly as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-lsti-3gpp_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lsti-3gpp-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The LTE standard was finalized in December 2008, and the first publicly available LTE service was launched by <a href="/wiki/TeliaSonera" class="mw-redirect" title="TeliaSonera">TeliaSonera</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> on December 14, 2009, as a data connection with a USB modem. The LTE services were launched by major North American carriers as well, with the Samsung SCH-r900 being the world's first LTE Mobile phone starting on September 21, 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Samsung Galaxy Indulge being the world's first LTE smartphone starting on February 10, 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both offered by <a href="/wiki/MetroPCS" class="mw-redirect" title="MetroPCS">MetroPCS</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/HTC_ThunderBolt" title="HTC ThunderBolt">HTC ThunderBolt</a> offered by Verizon starting on March 17 being the second LTE smartphone to be sold commercially.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada, <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Wireless" title="Rogers Wireless">Rogers Wireless</a> was the first to launch LTE network on July 7, 2011, offering the Sierra Wireless AirCard 313U USB mobile broadband modem, known as the "LTE Rocket stick" then followed closely by mobile devices from both HTC and Samsung.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, CDMA operators planned to upgrade to rival standards called <a href="/wiki/Ultra_Mobile_Broadband" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra Mobile Broadband">UMB</a> and <a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a>, but major CDMA operators (such as <a href="/wiki/Verizon_Wireless" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Wireless">Verizon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sprint_Corporation" title="Sprint Corporation">Sprint</a> and <a href="/wiki/MetroPCS" class="mw-redirect" title="MetroPCS">MetroPCS</a> in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Mobility" title="Bell Mobility">Bell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telus_Mobility" title="Telus Mobility">Telus</a> in Canada, <a href="/wiki/Au_(mobile_phone_company)" title="Au (mobile phone company)">au by KDDI</a> in Japan, <a href="/wiki/SK_Telecom" title="SK Telecom">SK Telecom</a> in South Korea and <a href="/wiki/China_Telecom" title="China Telecom">China Telecom</a>/<a href="/wiki/China_Unicom" title="China Unicom">China Unicom</a> in China) have announced instead they intend to migrate to LTE. The next version of LTE is <a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced" title="LTE Advanced">LTE Advanced</a>, which was standardized in March 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-LTE_End-to-End_System_Description_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTE_End-to-End_System_Description-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Services commenced in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional evolution known as <a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">LTE Advanced Pro</a> have been approved in year 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of 300 Mbit/s, uplink peak rates of 75 Mbit/s and <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">QoS</a> provisions permitting a transfer <a href="/wiki/Network_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Network latency">latency</a> of less than 5 <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">ms</a> in the <a href="/wiki/E-UTRA" title="E-UTRA">radio access network</a>. LTE has the ability to manage fast-moving mobiles and supports multi-cast and broadcast streams. LTE supports scalable carrier <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidths</a>, from 1.4 <a href="/wiki/MHz" class="mw-redirect" title="MHz">MHz</a> to 20 MHz and supports both <a href="/wiki/Frequency_division_duplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency division duplexing">frequency division duplexing</a> (FDD) and <a href="/wiki/Time-division_duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-division duplex">time-division duplexing</a> (TDD). The IP-based network architecture, called the <a href="/wiki/Evolved_Packet_Core" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved Packet Core">Evolved Packet Core</a> (EPC) designed to replace the <a href="/wiki/GPRS_Core_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="GPRS Core Network">GPRS Core Network</a>, supports seamless <a href="/wiki/Handover" title="Handover">handovers</a> for both voice and data to cell towers with older network technology such as <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>, <a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a> and <a href="/wiki/CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EricssonWhitePaper_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EricssonWhitePaper-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The simpler architecture results in lower operating costs (for example, each <a href="/wiki/E-UTRA" title="E-UTRA">E-UTRA</a> cell will support up to four times the data and voice capacity supported by HSPA<sup id="cite_ref-Motorola_White_Paper:_Long_Term_Evolution_(LTE)_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motorola_White_Paper:_Long_Term_Evolution_(LTE)-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LTE_(telecommunication)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3GPP_standard_development_timeline">3GPP standard development timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LTE_(telecommunication)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 3GPP standard development timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg/220px-Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg/330px-Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg/440px-Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Cellular network standards and generation timeline</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In 2004, <a href="/wiki/NTT_Docomo" title="NTT Docomo">NTT Docomo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> proposes LTE as the international standard.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In September 2006, Siemens Networks (today <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Networks" title="Nokia Networks">Nokia Networks</a>) showed in collaboration with Nomor Research the first live emulation of an LTE network to the media and investors. As live applications two users streaming an <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a> video in the downlink and playing an interactive game in the uplink have been demonstrated.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In February 2007, <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> demonstrated for the first time in the world, LTE with bit rates up to 144 Mbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In September 2007, <a href="/wiki/NTT_Docomo" title="NTT Docomo">NTT Docomo</a> demonstrated LTE data rates of 200 Mbit/s with power level below 100 mW during the test.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In November 2007, <a href="/wiki/Infineon" class="mw-redirect" title="Infineon">Infineon</a> presented the world's first RF transceiver named SMARTi LTE supporting LTE functionality in a single-chip RF silicon processed in CMOS<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In early 2008, LTE test equipment began shipping from several vendors and, at the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_World_Congress" title="Mobile World Congress">Mobile World Congress</a> 2008 in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> demonstrated the world's first end-to-end mobile call enabled by LTE on a small handheld device.<sup id="cite_ref-ericsson.com_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ericsson.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> demonstrated an LTE RAN standard compliant <a href="/wiki/ENodeB" title="ENodeB">eNodeB</a> and LTE <a href="/wiki/Chipset" title="Chipset">chipset</a> at the same event.</li> <li>RAN stands for Radio Access Network.</li> <li>At the February 2008 <a href="/wiki/Mobile_World_Congress" title="Mobile World Congress">Mobile World Congress</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> demonstrated how LTE can accelerate the delivery of personal media experience with HD video demo streaming, HD video blogging, Online gaming and VoIP over LTE running a RAN standard compliant LTE network & LTE chipset.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> EMP (later <a href="/wiki/ST-Ericsson" title="ST-Ericsson">ST-Ericsson</a>) demonstrated the world's first end-to-end LTE call on handheld<sup id="cite_ref-ericsson.com_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ericsson.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ericsson demonstrated LTE FDD and TDD mode on the same base station platform.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductor" title="Freescale Semiconductor">Freescale Semiconductor</a> demonstrated streaming HD video with peak data rates of 96 Mbit/s downlink and 86 Mbit/s uplink.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors" title="NXP Semiconductors">NXP Semiconductors</a> (later part of <a href="/wiki/ST-Ericsson" title="ST-Ericsson">ST-Ericsson</a>) demonstrated a multi-mode LTE modem as the basis for a <a href="/wiki/Software-defined_radio" title="Software-defined radio">software-defined radio</a> system for use in cellphones.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PicoChip" title="PicoChip">picoChip</a> and Mimoon demonstrated a base station reference design. This runs on a common hardware platform (multi-mode / <a href="/wiki/Software-defined_radio" title="Software-defined radio">software-defined radio</a>) with their WiMAX architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>In April 2008, Motorola demonstrated the first EV-DO to LTE hand-off –  handing over a streaming video from LTE to a commercial EV-DO network and back to LTE.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In April 2008, <a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG Electronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel">Nortel</a> demonstrated LTE data rates of 50 Mbit/s while travelling at 110 km/h (68 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In November 2008, <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> demonstrated industry first over-the-air LTE session in 700 MHz spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Researchers at <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Siemens_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Siemens Networks">Nokia Siemens Networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Heinrich Hertz Institut</a> have demonstrated LTE with 100 Mbit/s Uplink transfer speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>At the February 2009 <a href="/wiki/Mobile_World_Congress" title="Mobile World Congress">Mobile World Congress</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infineon" class="mw-redirect" title="Infineon">Infineon</a> demonstrated a single-chip 65 nm <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> RF transceiver providing 2G/3G/LTE functionality<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Launch of ng Connect program, a multi-industry consortium founded by <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a> to identify and develop wireless broadband applications.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> provided LTE drive tour on the streets of Barcelona to demonstrate LTE system performance in a real-life metropolitan RF environment<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>In July 2009, Nujira demonstrated efficiencies of more than 60% for an 880 MHz LTE Power Amplifier<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In August 2009, <a href="/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel">Nortel</a> and <a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG Electronics</a> demonstrated the first successful handoff between CDMA and LTE networks in a standards-compliant manner<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In August 2009, <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a> receives FCC certification for LTE base stations for the 700 MHz spectrum band.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In September 2009, <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Siemens_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Siemens Networks">Nokia Siemens Networks</a> demonstrated world's first LTE call on standards-compliant commercial software.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In October 2009, <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> demonstrated interoperability between the first ever commercial LTE device and the live network in Stockholm, Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In October 2009, <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a>'s Bell Labs, Deutsche <a href="/wiki/Telekom_Innovation_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Telekom Innovation Laboratories">Telekom Innovation Laboratories</a>, the Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz Institut and antenna supplier Kathrein conducted live field tests of a technology called Coordinated Multipoint Transmission (CoMP) aimed at increasing the data transmission speeds of LTE and 3G networks.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In November 2009, <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a> completed first live LTE call using 800 MHz spectrum band set aside as part of the European <a href="/wiki/Digital_dividend_after_digital_television_transition" title="Digital dividend after digital television transition">Digital Dividend</a> (EDD).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In November 2009, <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Siemens_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Siemens Networks">Nokia Siemens Networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a> completed first end-to-end interoperability testing of LTE.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On December 14, 2009, the first commercial LTE deployment was in the Scandinavian capitals <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> by the Swedish-Finnish network operator <a href="/wiki/TeliaSonera" class="mw-redirect" title="TeliaSonera">TeliaSonera</a> and its Norwegian brandname <a href="/wiki/NetCom_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="NetCom (Norway)">NetCom (Norway)</a>. TeliaSonera incorrectly branded the network "4G". The modem devices on offer were manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> (dongle GT-B3710), and the network infrastructure with <a href="/wiki/Huawei_SingleRAN" title="Huawei SingleRAN">SingleRAN</a> technology created by <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> (in Oslo)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> (in Stockholm). TeliaSonera plans to roll out nationwide LTE across Sweden, Norway and Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TeliaSonera used spectral bandwidth of 10 MHz (out of the maximum 20 MHz), and <a href="/wiki/Single-Input_and_Single-Output" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-Input and Single-Output">Single-Input and Single-Output</a> transmission. The deployment should have provided a physical layer <a href="/wiki/Net_bit_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Net bit rate">net bit rates</a> of up to 50 Mbit/s downlink and 25 Mbit/s in the uplink. Introductory tests showed a <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> <a href="/wiki/Goodput" title="Goodput">goodput</a> of 42.8 Mbit/s downlink and 5.3 Mbit/s uplink in Stockholm.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In December 2009, <a href="/wiki/ST-Ericsson" title="ST-Ericsson">ST-Ericsson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> first to achieve LTE and HSPA mobility with a multimode device.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In January 2010, <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a> and <a href="/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a> complete a live handoff of an end-to-end data call between LTE and CDMA networks.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In February 2010, <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Siemens_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Siemens Networks">Nokia Siemens Networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Movistar" title="Movistar">Movistar</a> test the LTE in <a href="/wiki/Mobile_World_Congress" title="Mobile World Congress">Mobile World Congress</a> 2010 in Barcelona, Spain, with both indoor and outdoor demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In May 2010, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_TeleSystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile TeleSystems">Mobile TeleSystems</a> (MTS) and <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> showed an indoor LTE network at "Sviaz-Expocomm 2010" in Moscow, Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MTS expects to start a trial LTE service in Moscow by the beginning of 2011. Earlier, MTS has received a license to build an LTE network in Uzbekistan, and intends to commence a test LTE network in Ukraine in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a>.</li> <li>At the Shanghai <a href="/wiki/Expo_2010" title="Expo 2010">Expo 2010</a> in May 2010, <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> demonstrated a live LTE in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/China_Mobile" title="China Mobile">China Mobile</a>. This included video streams and a drive test system using TD-LTE.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As of 12/10/2010, <a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a> has teamed up with Verizon Wireless for a test of high-speed LTE wireless technology in a few homes in Pennsylvania, designed to deliver an integrated Internet and TV bundle. Verizon Wireless said it launched LTE wireless services (for data, no voice) in 38 markets where more than 110 million Americans live on Sunday, Dec. 5.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On May 6, 2011, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Telecom_Mobitel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Telecom Mobitel">Sri Lanka Telecom Mobitel</a> demonstrated <a href="/wiki/4G_LTE" class="mw-redirect" title="4G LTE">4G LTE</a> for the first time in South Asia, achieving a data rate of 96 Mbit/s in Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carrier_adoption_timeline">Carrier adoption timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LTE_(telecommunication)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Carrier adoption timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_LTE_networks" title="List of LTE networks">List of LTE networks</a></div> <p>Most carriers supporting GSM or HSUPA networks can be expected to upgrade their networks to LTE at some stage. A complete list of commercial contracts can be found at:<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>August 2009: <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;">Telefónica</span></span> selected six countries to field-test LTE in the succeeding months: Spain, the United Kingdom, Germany and the Czech Republic in Europe, and Brazil and Argentina in Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On November 24, 2009: <a href="/wiki/Telecom_Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecom Italia">Telecom Italia</a> announced the first outdoor pre-commercial experimentation in the world, deployed in <a href="/wiki/Torino" class="mw-redirect" title="Torino">Torino</a> and totally integrated into the 2G/3G network currently in service.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On December 14, 2009, the world's first publicly available LTE service was opened by <a href="/wiki/TeliaSonera" class="mw-redirect" title="TeliaSonera">TeliaSonera</a> in the two Scandinavian capitals <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>.</li> <li>On May 28, 2010, Russian operator Scartel announced the launch of an LTE network in <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a> by the end of 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On October 6, 2010, Canadian provider <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Communications" title="Rogers Communications">Rogers Communications Inc</a> announced that Ottawa, Canada's national capital, will be the site of LTE trials. Rogers said it will expand on this testing and move to a comprehensive technical trial of LTE on both low- and high-band frequencies across the Ottawa area.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On May 6, 2011, Sri Lanka Telecom Mobitel successfully demonstrated 4G LTE for the first time in South Asia, achieving a data rate of 96 Mbit/s in Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-Mobitel.lk_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mobitel.lk-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On May 7, 2011, Sri Lankan Mobile Operator <a href="/wiki/Dialog_Axiata_PLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialog Axiata PLC">Dialog Axiata PLC</a> switched on the first pilot 4G LTE Network in South Asia with vendor partner <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> and demonstrated a download data speed up to 127 Mbit/s.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On February 9, 2012, <a href="/wiki/Telus_Mobility" title="Telus Mobility">Telus Mobility</a> launched their LTE service initial in metropolitan areas include Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area, Kitchener, Waterloo, Hamilton, Guelph, Belleville, Ottawa, Montreal, Québec City, Halifax and <a href="/wiki/Yellowknife" title="Yellowknife">Yellowknife</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telus_Mobility" title="Telus Mobility">Telus Mobility</a> has announced that it will adopt LTE as its 4G wireless standard.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox_Communications" title="Cox Communications">Cox Communications</a> has its first tower for wireless LTE network build-out.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wireless services launched in late 2009.</li> <li>In March 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Global_Mobile_Suppliers_Association" title="Global Mobile Suppliers Association">Global Mobile Suppliers Association</a> reported that there were now 717 operators with commercially launched LTE networks (broadband fixed wireless access and or mobile).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The following is a list of top 10 countries/territories by 4G LTE coverage as measured by OpenSignal.com in February/March 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: center; width: 15%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Country/Territory</th> <th>Penetration </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td style="text-align: left"><span data-sort-value="South Korea"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></span></td> <td>97.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td style="text-align: left"><span data-sort-value="Japan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></span></td> <td>96.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td style="text-align: left"><span data-sort-value="Norway"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></span></td> <td>95.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td style="text-align: left"><span data-sort-value="Hong Kong"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></td> <td>94.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td style="text-align: left"><span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></td> <td>93.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td style="text-align: left"><span data-sort-value="Netherlands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></span></td> <td>92.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td style="text-align: left"><span data-sort-value="Taiwan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></span></td> <td>92.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td style="text-align: left"><span data-sort-value="Hungary"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></span></td> <td>91.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td style="text-align: left"><span data-sort-value="Sweden"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></span></td> <td>91.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td style="text-align: left"><span data-sort-value="India"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></span></td> <td>90.9% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>For the complete list of all the countries/territories, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_4G_LTE_penetration" title="List of countries by 4G LTE penetration">list of countries by 4G LTE penetration</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="LTE-TDD_and_LTE-FDD">LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LTE_(telecommunication)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Long-Term Evolution Time-Division Duplex</b> (<b>LTE-TDD</b>), also referred to as <b>TDD LTE</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> telecommunications technology and standard co-developed by an international coalition of companies, including <a href="/wiki/China_Mobile" title="China Mobile">China Mobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datang_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Datang Telecom">Datang Telecom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Solutions_and_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Solutions and Networks">Nokia Solutions and Networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ST-Ericsson" title="ST-Ericsson">ST-Ericsson</a>. It is one of the two mobile data transmission technologies of the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) technology standard, the other being <b>Long-Term Evolution Frequency-Division Duplex</b> (<b>LTE-FDD</b>). While some companies refer to LTE-TDD as "TD-LTE" for familiarity with <a href="/wiki/TD_SCDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD SCDMA">TD-SCDMA</a>, there is no reference to that abbreviation anywhere in the 3GPP specifications.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaDaily13_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaDaily13-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kan11_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kan11-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Qing11_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qing11-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two major differences between LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD: how data is uploaded and downloaded, and what frequency spectra the networks are deployed in. While LTE-FDD uses paired frequencies to upload and download data,<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer13_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer13-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LTE-TDD uses a single frequency, alternating between uploading and downloading data through time.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones12_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones12-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kim13_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim13-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ratio between uploads and downloads on a LTE-TDD network can be changed dynamically, depending on whether more data needs to be sent or received.<sup id="cite_ref-RadioElectronicsA_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RadioElectronicsA-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD also operate on different frequency bands,<sup id="cite_ref-OSullivan10_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSullivan10-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with LTE-TDD working better at higher frequencies, and LTE-FDD working better at lower frequencies.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor12_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor12-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequencies used for LTE-TDD range from 1850 MHz to 3800 MHz, with several different bands being used.<sup id="cite_ref-RadioElectronicsB_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RadioElectronicsB-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LTE-TDD spectrum is generally cheaper to access, and has less traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-OSullivan10_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSullivan10-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, the bands for LTE-TDD overlap with those used for <a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a>, which can easily be upgraded to support LTE-TDD.<sup id="cite_ref-OSullivan10_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSullivan10-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the differences in how the two types of LTE handle data transmission, LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD share 90 percent of their core technology, making it possible for the same chipsets and networks to use both versions of LTE.<sup id="cite_ref-OSullivan10_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSullivan10-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wireless13_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wireless13-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of companies produce dual-mode chips or mobile devices, including <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Costello13_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costello13-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Digit13_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digit13-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while operators <a href="/wiki/CMHK" title="CMHK">CMHK</a> and Hi3G Access have developed dual-mode networks in Hong Kong and Sweden, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-TTMag12_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TTMag12-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_LTE-TDD">History of LTE-TDD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LTE_(telecommunication)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History of LTE-TDD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The creation of LTE-TDD involved a coalition of international companies that worked to develop and test the technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Min13_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Min13-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/China_Mobile" title="China Mobile">China Mobile</a> was an early proponent of LTE-TDD,<sup id="cite_ref-OSullivan10_79-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSullivan10-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Curtis12_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis12-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with other companies like <a href="/wiki/Datang_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Datang Telecom">Datang Telecom</a><sup id="cite_ref-Min13_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Min13-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a>, which worked to deploy LTE-TDD networks, and later developed technology allowing LTE-TDD equipment to operate in <a href="/wiki/White_spaces_(radio)" title="White spaces (radio)">white spaces</a>—frequency spectra between broadcast TV stations.<sup id="cite_ref-Kan11_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kan11-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wood11_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood11-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> also participated in the development, setting up a LTE-TDD interoperability lab with Huawei in China,<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalTelecoms12_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalTelecoms12-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/ST-Ericsson" title="ST-Ericsson">ST-Ericsson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-OSullivan10_79-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSullivan10-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nokia,<sup id="cite_ref-OSullivan10_79-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSullivan10-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Nokia Siemens (now <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Solutions_and_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Solutions and Networks">Nokia Solutions and Networks</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Kan11_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kan11-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which developed LTE-TDD base stations that increased capacity by 80 percent and coverage by 40 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-Sakr11_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sakr11-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a> also participated, developing the world's first multi-mode chip, combining both LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD, along with HSPA and EV-DO.<sup id="cite_ref-Digit13_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digit13-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accelleran, a Belgian company, has also worked to build small cells for LTE-TDD networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitchard13b_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitchard13b-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trials of LTE-TDD technology began as early as 2010, with <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance Industries</a> and Ericsson India conducting field tests of LTE-TDD in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, achieving 80 megabit-per second download speeds and 20 megabit-per-second upload speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-IndianExpress10_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndianExpress10-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2011, China Mobile began trials of the technology in six cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Kan11_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kan11-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although initially seen as a technology utilized by only a few countries, including China and India,<sup id="cite_ref-Nokia10_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nokia10-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by 2011 international interest in LTE-TDD had expanded, especially in Asia, in part due to LTE-TDD's lower cost of deployment compared to LTE-FDD.<sup id="cite_ref-Kan11_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kan11-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the middle of that year, 26 networks around the world were conducting trials of the technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Qing11_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qing11-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Global LTve (GTI) was also started in 2011, with founding partners China Mobile, <a href="/wiki/Bharti_Airtel" title="Bharti Airtel">Bharti Airtel</a>, <a href="/wiki/SoftBank_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="SoftBank Mobile">SoftBank Mobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clearwire" title="Clearwire">Clearwire</a>, Aero2 and <a href="/wiki/E-Plus" title="E-Plus">E-Plus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Telecoms_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telecoms-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2011, Huawei announced it would partner with Polish mobile provider Aero2 to develop a combined LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD network in Poland,<sup id="cite_ref-ComputerNews_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ComputerNews-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by April 2012, <a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE Corporation</a> had worked to deploy trial or commercial LTE-TDD networks for 33 operators in 19 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-TTMag12_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TTMag12-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2012, Qualcomm worked extensively to deploy a commercial LTE-TDD network in India, and partnered with Bharti Airtel and Huawei to develop the first multi-mode LTE-TDD smartphone for India.<sup id="cite_ref-Digit13_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digit13-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, SoftBank Mobile launched LTE-TDD services in February 2012 under the name <b>Advanced eXtended Global Platform</b> (AXGP), and marketed as SoftBank 4G (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftBank_4G" class="extiw" title="ja:SoftBank 4G">ja</a>). The AXGP band was previously used for <a href="/wiki/Willcom" class="mw-redirect" title="Willcom">Willcom</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Personal_Handy-phone_System" title="Personal Handy-phone System">PHS</a> service, and after PHS was discontinued in 2010 the PHS band was re-purposed for AXGP service.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the U.S., Clearwire planned to implement LTE-TDD, with chip-maker Qualcomm agreeing to support Clearwire's frequencies on its multi-mode LTE chipsets.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein12_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein12-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/Sprint_Corporation" title="Sprint Corporation">Sprint's</a> acquisition of Clearwire in 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer13_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer13-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-King13_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King13-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the carrier began using these frequencies for LTE service on networks built by <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitchard13a_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitchard13a-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reedy13_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reedy13-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of March 2013, 156 commercial 4G LTE networks existed, including 142 LTE-FDD networks and 14 LTE-TDD networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Min13_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Min13-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of November 2013, the South Korean government planned to allow a fourth wireless carrier in 2014, which would provide LTE-TDD services,<sup id="cite_ref-Kim13_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim13-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in December 2013, LTE-TDD licenses were granted to China's three mobile operators, allowing commercial deployment of 4G LTE services.<sup id="cite_ref-Lai13_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lai13-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2014, Nokia Solutions and Networks indicated that it had completed a series of tests of <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Voice_calls">voice over LTE (</a> </p><p><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Voice_calls">VoLTE)</a> calls on China Mobile's TD-LTE network.<sup id="cite_ref-Munson14_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munson14-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next month, Nokia Solutions and Networks and Sprint announced that they had demonstrated throughput speeds of 2.6 gigabits per second using a LTE-TDD network, surpassing the previous record of 1.6 gigabits per second.<sup id="cite_ref-TelecomTiger14_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TelecomTiger14-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LTE_(telecommunication)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/E-UTRA" title="E-UTRA">E-UTRA</a></div> <p>Much of the LTE standard addresses the upgrading of 3G UMTS to what will eventually be <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> mobile communications technology. A large amount of the work is aimed at simplifying the architecture of the system, as it transitions from the existing UMTS <a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a> + <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> combined network, to an all-IP flat architecture system. <a href="/wiki/E-UTRA" title="E-UTRA">E-UTRA</a> is the air interface of LTE. Its main features are: </p> <ul><li>Peak download rates up to 299.6 Mbit/s and upload rates up to 75.4 Mbit/s depending on the <a href="/wiki/E-UTRA#User_Equipment_(UE)_categories" title="E-UTRA">user equipment category</a> (with 4×4 antennas using 20 MHz of spectrum). Five different terminal classes have been defined from a voice-centric class up to a high-end terminal that supports the peak data rates. All terminals will be able to process 20 MHz bandwidth.</li> <li>Low data transfer latencies (sub-5 ms <a href="/wiki/Network_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Network latency">latency</a> for small IP packets in optimal conditions), lower latencies for <a href="/wiki/Handover" title="Handover">handover</a> and connection setup time than with previous <a href="/wiki/Radio_access_network" title="Radio access network">radio access technologies</a>.</li> <li>Improved support for mobility exemplified by support for terminals moving at up to 350 km/h (220 mph) or 500 km/h (310 mph) depending on the frequency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access">Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access</a> for the downlink, <a href="/wiki/Single-carrier_FDMA" title="Single-carrier FDMA">Single-carrier FDMA</a> for the uplink to conserve power.</li> <li>Support for both <a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency-division duplex">FDD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time-division_duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-division duplex">TDD</a> communication systems as well as half-duplex FDD with the same radio access technology.</li> <li>Support for all <a href="/wiki/LTE_frequency_bands" title="LTE frequency bands">frequency bands</a> currently used by <a href="/wiki/IMT-2000" title="IMT-2000">IMT</a> systems by <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a>.</li> <li>Increased spectrum flexibility: 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz wide cells are standardized. (<a href="/wiki/W-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="W-CDMA">W-CDMA</a> has no option for other than 5 MHz slices, leading to some problems rolling-out in countries where 5 MHz is a commonly allocated width of spectrum so would frequently already be in use with legacy standards such as <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">2G GSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/IS-95" class="mw-redirect" title="IS-95">cdmaOne</a>.)</li> <li>Support for cell sizes from tens of metres radius (<a href="/wiki/Femtocell" title="Femtocell">femto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Picocell" title="Picocell">picocells</a>) up to 100 km (62 miles) radius <a href="/wiki/Macrocell" title="Macrocell">macrocells</a>. In the lower frequency bands to be used in rural areas, 5 km (3.1 miles) is the optimal cell size, 30 km (19 miles) having reasonable performance, and up to 100 km cell sizes supported with acceptable performance. In the city and urban areas, higher frequency bands (such as 2.6 GHz in EU) are used to support high-speed mobile broadband. In this case, cell sizes may be 1 km (0.62 miles) or even less.</li> <li>Support of at least 200 active data clients (connected users) in every 5 MHz cell.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Simplified architecture: The network side of <a href="/wiki/E-UTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="E-UTRAN">E-UTRAN</a> is composed only of <a href="/wiki/ENode_B" class="mw-redirect" title="ENode B">eNode Bs</a>.</li> <li>Support for inter-operation and co-existence with legacy standards (e.g., <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>/<a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution">EDGE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System">UMTS</a> and <a href="/wiki/CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a>). Users can start a call or transfer of data in an area using an LTE standard, and, should coverage be unavailable, continue the operation without any action on their part using GSM/<a href="/wiki/GPRS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPRS">GPRS</a> or W-CDMA-based UMTS or even <a href="/wiki/3GPP2" class="mw-redirect" title="3GPP2">3GPP2</a> networks such as <a href="/wiki/CdmaOne" title="CdmaOne">cdmaOne</a> or CDMA2000.</li> <li>Uplink and downlink <a href="/wiki/Carrier_aggregation" title="Carrier aggregation">Carrier aggregation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">Packet-switched</a> radio interface.</li> <li>Support for MBSFN (<a href="/wiki/Multicast-broadcast_single-frequency_network" title="Multicast-broadcast single-frequency network">multicast-broadcast single-frequency network</a>). This feature can deliver services such as Mobile TV using the LTE infrastructure, and is a competitor for <a href="/wiki/DVB-H" title="DVB-H">DVB-H</a>-based TV broadcast only LTE compatible devices receives LTE signal.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voice_calls">Voice calls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LTE_(telecommunication)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Voice calls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LTE-CSFB-E-UTRAN-UTRAN-GERAN-Interfaces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/af/LTE-CSFB-E-UTRAN-UTRAN-GERAN-Interfaces.svg/480px-LTE-CSFB-E-UTRAN-UTRAN-GERAN-Interfaces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/af/LTE-CSFB-E-UTRAN-UTRAN-GERAN-Interfaces.svg/720px-LTE-CSFB-E-UTRAN-UTRAN-GERAN-Interfaces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/af/LTE-CSFB-E-UTRAN-UTRAN-GERAN-Interfaces.svg/960px-LTE-CSFB-E-UTRAN-UTRAN-GERAN-Interfaces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="135" /></a><figcaption>cs domLTE CSFB to GSM/UMTS network interconnects</figcaption></figure> <p>The LTE standard supports only <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> with its all-IP network. Voice calls in GSM, UMTS and CDMA2000 are <a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit switched</a>, so with the adoption of LTE, carriers will have to re-engineer their voice call network.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four different approaches sprang up: </p> <dl><dt>Voice over LTE (VoLTE)</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_LTE" title="Voice over LTE">Voice over LTE</a></div></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Circuit-switched fallback (CSFB)</dt> <dd>In this approach, LTE just provides data services, and when a voice call is to be initiated or received, it will fall back to the circuit-switched domain. When using this solution, operators just need to upgrade the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Switching_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Switching Centre">MSC</a> instead of deploying the <a href="/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem" title="IP Multimedia Subsystem">IMS</a>, and therefore, can provide services quickly. However, the disadvantage is longer call setup delay.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Simultaneous voice and LTE (SVLTE)</dt> <dd>In this approach, the handset works simultaneously in the LTE and circuit switched modes, with the LTE mode providing data services and the circuit switched mode providing the voice service. This is a solution solely based on the handset, which does not have special requirements on the network and does not require the deployment of <a href="/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem" title="IP Multimedia Subsystem">IMS</a> either. The disadvantage of this solution is that the phone can become expensive with high power consumption.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC)</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SRVCC" title="SRVCC">SRVCC</a></div></dd></dl> <p>One additional approach which is not initiated by operators is the usage of <a href="/wiki/Over-the-top_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-top content">over-the-top content</a> (OTT) services, using applications like <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google_Talk" title="Google Talk">Google Talk</a> to provide LTE voice service.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most major backers of LTE preferred and promoted VoLTE from the beginning. The lack of software support in initial LTE devices, as well as core network devices, however led to a number of carriers promoting <a href="/wiki/VoLGA" class="mw-redirect" title="VoLGA">VoLGA</a> (Voice over LTE Generic Access) as an interim solution.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea was to use the same principles as <a href="/wiki/Generic_Access_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic Access Network">GAN</a> (Generic Access Network, also known as UMA or Unlicensed Mobile Access), which defines the protocols through which a mobile handset can perform voice calls over a customer's private Internet connection, usually over wireless LAN. VoLGA however never gained much support, because VoLTE (<a href="/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem" title="IP Multimedia Subsystem">IMS</a>) promises much more flexible services, albeit at the cost of having to upgrade the entire voice call infrastructure. VoLTE may require Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) in order to be able to smoothly perform a handover to a 2G or 3G network in case of poor LTE signal quality.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the industry has standardized on VoLTE, early LTE deployments required carriers to introduce circuit-switched fallback as a stopgap measure. When placing or receiving a voice call on a non-VoLTE-enabled network or device, LTE handsets will fall back to old 2G or 3G networks for the duration of the call. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enhanced_voice_quality">Enhanced voice quality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LTE_(telecommunication)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Enhanced voice quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To ensure compatibility, 3GPP demands at least AMR-NB codec (narrow band), but the recommended speech codec for VoLTE is <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_Wideband" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband">Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/HD_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="HD Voice">HD Voice</a>. This codec is mandated in 3GPP networks that support 16 kHz sampling.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer IIS</a> has proposed and demonstrated "Full-HD Voice", an implementation of the <a href="/wiki/AAC-LD" title="AAC-LD">AAC-ELD</a> (Advanced Audio Coding – Enhanced Low Delay) codec for LTE handsets.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where previous cell phone voice codecs only supported frequencies up to 3.5 kHz and upcoming <a href="/wiki/Wideband_audio" title="Wideband audio">wideband audio</a> services branded as <i>HD Voice</i> up to 7 kHz, Full-HD Voice supports the entire bandwidth range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. For end-to-end Full-HD Voice calls to succeed, however, both the caller and recipient's handsets, as well as networks, have to support the feature.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frequency_bands">Frequency bands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LTE_(telecommunication)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Frequency bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LTE_frequency_bands" title="LTE frequency bands">LTE frequency bands</a></div> <p>The LTE standard covers a range of many different bands, each of which is designated by both a frequency and a band number: </p> <ul><li>North America –  600, 700, 850, 1700, 1900, 2300, 2500, 2600, 3500, 5000 MHz (bands 2, 4, 5, 7, 12, 13, 14, 17, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 48, 66, 71)</li> <li>Central America, South America and the Caribbean –  600, 700, 800, 850, 900, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2300, 2500, 2600, 3500, 5000 MHz (bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 17, 20, 25, 26, 28, 29, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 48, 66, 71)</li> <li>Europe –  450, 700, 800, 900, 1500, 1800, 2100, 2300, 2600, 3500, 3700 MHz (bands 1, 3, 7, 8, 20, 22, 28, 31, 32, 38, 40, 42, 43)<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Asia –  450, 700, 800, 850, 900, 1500, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2300, 2500, 2600, 3500 MHz (bands 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 18, 19, 20, 21, 26, 28, 31, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42)<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Africa –  700, 800, 850, 900, 1800, 2100, 2500, 2600 MHz (bands 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 20, 28, 41)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Oceania (incl. Australia<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and New Zealand<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) –  700, 850, 900, 1800, 2100, 2300, 2600 MHz (bands 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 28, 40)</li></ul> <p>As a result, phones from one country may not work in other countries. Users will need a multi-band capable phone for roaming internationally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patents">Patents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LTE_(telecommunication)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute" title="European Telecommunications Standards Institute">European Telecommunications Standards Institute</a>'s (ETSI) <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights (IPR) database, about 50 companies have declared, as of March 2012, holding <a href="/wiki/Essential_patent" title="Essential patent">essential patents</a> covering the LTE standard.<sup id="cite_ref-ipeg-6-03-2012_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipeg-6-03-2012-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ETSI has made no investigation on the correctness of the declarations however,<sup id="cite_ref-ipeg-6-03-2012_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipeg-6-03-2012-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that "any analysis of essential LTE patents should take into account more than ETSI declarations."<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent studies have found that about 3.3 to 5 percent of all revenues from handset manufacturers are spent on standard-essential patents. This is less than the combined published rates, due to reduced-rate licensing agreements, such as cross-licensing.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LTE_(telecommunication)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4G-LTE_filter" title="4G-LTE filter">4G-LTE filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_wireless_data_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of wireless data standards">Comparison of wireless data standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-UTRA" title="E-UTRA">E-UTRA</a> – the radio access network used in LTE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolved_High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="Evolved High Speed Packet Access">HSPA+</a> – an enhancement of the 3GPP <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">HSPA</a> standard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_IP" title="Flat IP">Flat IP</a> – flat IP architectures in mobile networks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced" title="LTE Advanced">LTE-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">LTE-A Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_in_unlicensed_spectrum" title="LTE in unlicensed spectrum">LTE-U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NarrowBand_IOT" class="mw-redirect" title="NarrowBand IOT">NarrowBand IoT</a> (NB-IoT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_simulation" title="Network simulation">Simulation of LTE Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QoS_Class_Identifier" title="QoS Class Identifier">QoS Class Identifier</a> (QCI) –  the mechanism used in LTE networks to allocate proper Quality of Service to bearer traffic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Architecture_Evolution" title="System Architecture Evolution">System Architecture Evolution</a> – the re-architecturing of core networks in LTE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_LTE" title="Voice over LTE">VoLTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> – a competitor to LTE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G NR</a> – the successor to LTE</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LTE_(telecommunication)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span 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Dahlman, H. Ekström, A. Furuskär, Y. Jading, J. Karlsson, M. Lundevall, and S. Parkvall, "The 3G Long-Term Evolution – Radio Interface Concepts and Performance Evaluation", IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC) 2006 Spring, Melbourne, Australia, May 2006</li> <li>Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Sköld, Per Beming, <i>3G Evolution – HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband</i>, 2nd edition, Academic Press, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374538-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374538-5">978-0-12-374538-5</a></li> <li>Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Sköld, <i>4G – LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband</i>, Academic Press, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-385489-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-385489-6">978-0-12-385489-6</a></li> <li>Sajal K. Das, John Wiley & Sons (April 2010): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AylGzU3yOE4C">Mobile Handset Design</a></i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-82467-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-82467-2">978-0-470-82467-2</a>.</li> <li>Sajal K. Das, John Wiley & Sons (April 2016): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V7clDQAAQBAJ">Mobile Terminal Receiver Design: LTE and LTE-Advanced</a></i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1191-0730-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1191-0730-9">978-1-1191-0730-9</a> .</li> <li>H. Ekström, A. Furuskär, J. Karlsson, M. Meyer, S. Parkvall, J. Torsner, and M. Wahlqvist, "Technical Solutions for the 3G Long-Term Evolution", <i>IEEE Commun. Mag.</i>, vol. 44, no. 3, March 2006, pp. 38–45</li> <li>Mustafa Ergen, <i>Mobile Broadband: Including WiMAX and LTE</i>, Springer, NY, 2009</li> <li>K. Fazel and S. Kaiser, <i>Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC-CDMA to LTE and WiMAX</i>, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99821-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99821-2">978-0-470-99821-2</a></li> <li>Dan Forsberg, Günther Horn, Wolf-Dietrich Moeller, Valtteri Niemi, <i>LTE Security</i>, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-35558-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-35558-9">978-1-118-35558-9</a></li> <li>Borko Furht, Syed A. Ahson, <i>Long Term Evolution: 3GPP LTE Radio and Cellular Technology</i>, CRC Press, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-7210-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-7210-5">978-1-4200-7210-5</a></li> <li>Chris Johnson, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lte-bullets.com">LTE in BULLETS</a></i>, CreateSpace, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4528-3464-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4528-3464-1">978-1-4528-3464-1</a></li> <li>F. Khan, <i>LTE for 4G Mobile Broadband – Air Interface Technologies and Performance</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guowang_Miao" title="Guowang Miao">Guowang Miao</a>, Jens Zander, Ki Won Sung, and Ben Slimane, <i>Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1107143217" title="Special:BookSources/1107143217">1107143217</a></li> <li>Stefania Sesia, Issam Toufik, and Matthew Baker, <i>LTE – The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice</i>, Second Edition including Release 10 for LTE-Advanced, John Wiley & Sons, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-66025-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-66025-6">978-0-470-66025-6</a></li> <li>Gautam Siwach, Amir Esmailpour, "LTE Security Potential Vulnerability and Algorithm Enhancements", IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (IEEE CCECE), Toronto, Canada, May 2014</li> <li>SeungJune Yi, SungDuck Chun, YoungDae lee, SungJun Park, SungHoon Jung, <i>Radio Protocols for LTE and LTE-Advanced</i>, Wiley, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-18853-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-18853-8">978-1-118-18853-8</a></li> <li>Y. Zhou, Z. Lei and S. H. Wong, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283523975_Evaluation_of_Mobility_Performance_in_3GPP_Heterogeneous_Networks/citations">Evaluation of Mobility Performance in 3GPP Heterogeneous Networks</a> 2014 IEEE 79th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Seoul, 2014, pp. 1–5.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LTE_(telecommunication)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>LTE</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:LTE" class="extiw" title="c:Category:LTE">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79703" class="extiw" title="d:Q79703">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207052302/http://www.3gpp.org/article/lte">LTE homepage</a> from the 3GPP website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lteworld.org/faq">LTE Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425225500/http://www.vjw1.com/dir-docs/vjw-docs-lte-web.htm">A Simple Introduction to the LTE Downlink</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lte-3gpp.info/">LTE-3GPP.info: online LTE messages decoder fully supporting Rel.14</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cellular_network_standards" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cellular_network_standards" title="Template:Cellular network standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cellular_network_standards" title="Template talk:Cellular network standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cellular_network_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cellular network standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cellular_network_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a> standards</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_phone_generations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile phone generations">List of mobile phone generations</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">radio telephones</a> (1946)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Telephone_Service" title="Mobile Telephone Service">MTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improved_Mobile_Telephone_Service" title="Improved Mobile Telephone Service">IMTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_(mobile_telephone_system)" title="Altai (mobile telephone system)">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLT_(mobile_network)" title="OLT (mobile network)">OLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTD_(mobile_network)" title="MTD (mobile network)">MTA - MTB - MTC - MTD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">Mobile TeleSeratout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Telephone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Telephone System">AMTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autotel" title="Autotel">Autotel (PALM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoradiopuhelin" title="Autoradiopuhelin">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-Netz" title="B-Netz">B-Netz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMR_radiotelephone_network_(Czechoslovakia)" title="AMR radiotelephone network (Czechoslovakia)">AMR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a> (1979)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System">AMPS</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System">AMPS - N-AMPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Access_Communication_System" title="Total Access Communication System">TACS - ETACS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Mobile_Telephone" title="Nordic Mobile Telephone">NMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Netz" title="C-Netz">C-450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hicap" title="Hicap">Hicap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobitex" title="Mobitex">Mobitex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataTAC" title="DataTAC">DataTAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT1" title="CT1">CT1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a> (1991)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>/<a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_Switched_Data" title="Circuit Switched Data">CSD - HSCSD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/3rd_Generation_Partnership_Project_2" title="3rd Generation Partnership Project 2">3GPP2</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CdmaOne" title="CdmaOne">cdmaOne (IS-95)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System">AMPS</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_AMPS" title="Digital AMPS">D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_digital_packet_data" title="Cellular digital packet data">CDPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDEN" title="IDEN">iDEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Digital_Cellular" title="Personal Digital Cellular">PDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Handy-phone_System" title="Personal Handy-phone System">PHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT2" title="CT2">CT2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2G#Evolution" title="2G">2G transitional<br />(2.5G, 2.75G, 2.9G)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>/3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" title="General Packet Radio Service">GPRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Data_rates_for_GSM_Evolution" title="Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution">EDGE/EGPRS - Evolved EDGE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP2 family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDMA2000#1X" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000 1X</a> (TIA/EIA/IS-2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDMA2000#1X_Advanced" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000 1X Advanced</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiDEN" class="mw-redirect" title="WiDEN">WiDEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_enhanced_cordless_telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications">DECT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> (1998)<br /><a href="/wiki/IMT-2000" title="IMT-2000">IMT-2000</a> (2001)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="W-CDMA">UTRA-FDD / W-CDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Mobile_Multimedia_Access" title="Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access">FOMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-SCDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-SCDMA">UTRA-TDD LCR / TD-SCDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-CDMA">UTRA-TDD HCR / TD-CDMA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP2 family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0</a> (TIA/IS-856)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3G#Evolution" title="3G">3G transitional<br />(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">HSPA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Downlink_Packet_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="High Speed Downlink Packet Access">HSDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Uplink_Packet_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="High Speed Uplink Packet Access">HSUPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolved_High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="Evolved High Speed Packet Access">HSPA+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DC-HSDPA" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-HSDPA">DC-HSDPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LTE</a> (<a href="/wiki/E-UTRA" title="E-UTRA">E-UTRA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP2 family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>CDMA2000 <a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">1xEV-DO Revision A</a> (TIA/EIA/IS-856-A)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">EV-DO Revision B</a> (TIA/EIA/IS-856-B)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">EV-DO Revision C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">Mobile WiMAX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">IEEE 802.16e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing#FLASH-OFDM" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">Flash-OFDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.20" title="IEEE 802.20">iBurst (IEEE 802.20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiBro" title="WiBro">WiBro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HiperMAN" title="HiperMAN">HiperMAN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> (2009)<br /><a href="/wiki/IMT_Advanced" title="IMT Advanced">IMT Advanced</a> (2013)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced" title="LTE Advanced">LTE Advanced</a> (<a href="/wiki/E-UTRA" title="E-UTRA">E-UTRA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">LTE Advanced Pro</a> (4.5G/4.9G)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">IEEE family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> (<a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">IEEE 802.16m</a>) <ul><li>WiMax 2.1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiBro" title="WiBro">WiBro</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> (2018)<br /><a href="/wiki/IMT-2020" title="IMT-2020">IMT-2020</a> (2021)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G NR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G-Advanced" class="mw-redirect" title="5G-Advanced">5G-Advanced</a> (5.5G)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NR-IIoT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NR-IIoT (page does not exist)">NR-IIoT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE-M" title="LTE-M">LTE-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowband_IoT" title="Narrowband IoT">NB-IoT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DECT-5G&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DECT-5G (page does not exist)">DECT-5G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile telephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Comparison of standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_access_method" title="Channel access method">Channel access methods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Frequency-division multiple access">FDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access">OFDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">TDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-organized_time-division_multiple_access" title="Self-organized time-division multiple access">STDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">SSMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">CDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">SDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_efficiency#Comparison_table" title="Spectral efficiency">Spectral efficiency comparison table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Frequency bands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM_frequency_bands" title="GSM frequency bands">GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMTS_frequency_bands" title="UMTS frequency bands">UMTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_frequency_bands" title="LTE frequency bands">LTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G_NR_frequency_bands" title="5G NR frequency bands">5G NR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDMA_frequency_bands" title="CDMA frequency bands">CDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband" title="Mobile broadband">Mobile broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Broadcast_Multicast_Service" title="Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service">Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Mobile_Networks" title="Next Generation Mobile Networks">NGMN Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-to-talk" title="Push-to-talk">Push-to-talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem" title="IP Multimedia Subsystem">IMS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_LTE" title="Voice over LTE">VoLTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_over_LTE" title="Video over LTE">ViLTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_NR" title="Voice over NR">VoNR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_over_NR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Video over NR (page does not exist)">ViNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_Access_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic Access Network">Wi-Fi Calling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmocom" title="Osmocom">Osmocom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a>   <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/28px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/42px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/56px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wireless_video_and_data_distribution_methods" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wireless_video" title="Template:Wireless video"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wireless_video" title="Template talk:Wireless video"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wireless_video" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wireless video"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wireless_video_and_data_distribution_methods" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wireless video and data distribution methods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_television" title="Amateur television">Amateur television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">Internet television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Mobile television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">Digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sensor_network" title="Visual sensor network">Visual sensor network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband" title="Mobile broadband">Mobile broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Satellite Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_broadband" title="Wireless broadband">Wireless broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_local_loop" title="Wireless local loop">Wireless local loop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> family <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Term_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Term Evolution">Long Term Evolution</a> (LTE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G New Radio</a> (5G NR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Broadcast_Multicast_Service" title="Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service">Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service</a> (MBMS)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">Digital Video Broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">Terrestrial</a> (DVB-T)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-H" title="DVB-H">Handheld</a> (DVB-H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-S2" title="DVB-S2">Satellite</a> (DVB-S2)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">IEEE 802</a> family <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_WiMAX" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile WiMAX">Mobile WiMAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.20" title="IEEE 802.20">Mobile broadband wireless access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.3" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.3">IEEE 802.15.3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband">UWB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.22" title="IEEE 802.22">WRAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Wireless_Services" title="Advanced Wireless Services">Advanced Wireless Services</a> (AWS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_Broadband_Service" title="Educational Broadband Service">Educational Broadband Service</a> (EBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeRF" title="HomeRF">HomeRF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MVDDS" title="MVDDS">Multichannel Video and Data Distribution Service</a> (MVDDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multipoint_Video_Distribution_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Multipoint Video Distribution System">Multipoint Video Distribution System</a> (MVDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_USB" title="Wireless USB">Wireless USB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_multipoint_distribution_service" title="Local multipoint distribution service">Local multipoint distribution service</a> (LMDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_multipoint_distribution_service" title="Multichannel multipoint distribution service">Multichannel multipoint distribution service</a> (MMDS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_access" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_access" title="Template:Internet access"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_access" title="Template talk:Internet access"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_access" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet access"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internet_access" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Internet_access" title="Cable Internet access">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_access" title="Dial-up Internet access">Dial-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS">DOCSIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">DSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">FTTx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">G.hn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nessum" title="Nessum">Nessum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePlug" title="HomePlug">HomePlug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePNA" title="HomePNA">HomePNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1901" title="IEEE 1901">IEEE 1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_over_Coax_Alliance" title="Multimedia over Coax Alliance">MoCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_optical_network" title="Passive optical network">PON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-line_communication" title="Power-line communication">Power-line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadband_over_power_lines" title="Broadband over power lines">Broadband</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Personal_area_network" title="Personal area network">Wireless PAN</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li-Fi" title="Li-Fi">Li-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_USB" title="Wireless USB">Wireless USB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">Wireless LAN</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Long range wireless</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G NR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_enhanced_cordless_telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications">DECT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">EVDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" title="General Packet Radio Service">GPRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">HSPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBurst" class="mw-redirect" title="IBurst">iBurst</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_Multipoint_Distribution_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service">MMDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_wireless_network" title="Municipal wireless network">Muni Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMTS-TDD" class="mw-redirect" title="UMTS-TDD">UMTS-TDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiBro" title="WiBro">WiBro</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" 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