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<span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Junior_augustus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Junior_augustus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Junior <i>augustus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Junior_augustus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senior_augustus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senior_augustus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Senior <i>augustus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senior_augustus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Death and burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gratian</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratianus" title="Gratianus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gratianus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جراتيان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جراتيان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graci%C3%A1n" title="Gracián – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gracián" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قراتیان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قراتیان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratianus" title="Gratianus – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gratianus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Грацыян – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грацыян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Грациан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Грациан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Gratianus" title="Flavius Gratianus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Flavius Gratianus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavi_Graci%C3%A0" title="Flavi Gracià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Flavi Gracià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratianus" title="Gratianus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gratianus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratianus" title="Gratianus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gratianus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gratian" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gratian" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Γρατιανός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γρατιανός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graciano_el_Joven" title="Graciano el Joven – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Graciano el Joven" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graciano" title="Graciano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Graciano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graziano" title="Graziano – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Graziano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گراتیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گراتیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratien" title="Gratien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gratien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratianus" title="Gratianus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gratianus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graciano" title="Graciano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Graciano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%9D%BC%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%84%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4" title="그라티아누스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그라티아누스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracijan" title="Gracijan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gracijan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratianus" title="Gratianus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gratianus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graziano" title="Graziano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Graziano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="גרטיאנוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרטיאנוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratianus" title="Gratianus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gratianus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracianas" title="Gracianas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gracianas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratianus_r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Gratianus római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gratianus római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Грацијан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грацијан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89)" title="جراتيان (امبراطور رومانى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جراتيان (امبراطور رومانى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratianus" title="Gratianus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gratianus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9" title="グラティアヌス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グラティアヌス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gratian" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracian" title="Gracian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gracian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratsian_Flaviy" title="Gratsian Flaviy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gratsian Flaviy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracjan_(cesarz_rzymski)" title="Gracjan (cesarz rzymski) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gracjan (cesarz rzymski)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graciano" title="Graciano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Graciano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C8%9Bian" title="Grațian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grațian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Грациан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грациан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graciani" title="Graciani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Graciani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazzianu" title="Grazzianu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Grazzianu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracijan_(rimski_cesar)" title="Gracijan (rimski cesar) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gracijan (rimski cesar)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Грацијан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грацијан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracijan" title="Gracijan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gracijan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratianus_(keisari)" title="Gratianus (keisari) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gratianus (keisari)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratianus" title="Gratianus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gratianus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gratian" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratianus" title="Gratianus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gratianus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Граціан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Граціан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گراتیان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گراتیان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratianus" title="Gratianus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gratianus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gratian" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%90%E5%AE%89" title="格拉提安 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="格拉提安" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gratian" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratianus" title="Gratianus – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Gratianus" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%90%E5%AE%89" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman emperor from 367 to 383</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gratian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gratian (disambiguation)">Gratian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Gratian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Gratian_(loan_from_Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier)_-_Glyptothek_-_Munich_-_Germany_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bust_of_Gratian_%28loan_from_Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier%29_-_Glyptothek_-_Munich_-_Germany_2017.jpg/220px-Bust_of_Gratian_%28loan_from_Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier%29_-_Glyptothek_-_Munich_-_Germany_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bust_of_Gratian_%28loan_from_Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier%29_-_Glyptothek_-_Munich_-_Germany_2017.jpg/330px-Bust_of_Gratian_%28loan_from_Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier%29_-_Glyptothek_-_Munich_-_Germany_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bust_of_Gratian_%28loan_from_Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier%29_-_Glyptothek_-_Munich_-_Germany_2017.jpg/440px-Bust_of_Gratian_%28loan_from_Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier%29_-_Glyptothek_-_Munich_-_Germany_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">Bust</a> possibly representing Gratian found in <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-W_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">West</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)"><i>Augustus</i></a></th><td class="infobox-data">24 August 367 – 25 August 383 <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">(senior from 17 November 375)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-rulers</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Valentinian I (367–375)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">East</a>, 367–378)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a> (375–383)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> (East, 379–383)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> (East, 383)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">359-04-18</span>)</span>18 April 359<br /><a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia Secunda</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica" title="Sremska Mitrovica">Sremska Mitrovica</a>, Serbia)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 August 383<span style="display:none">(383-08-25)</span> (aged 24)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Imperial mausoleum at <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">(now Sant'Aquilino, <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Lorenzo,_Milan" title="Basilica of San Lorenzo, Milan">Basilica of San Lorenzo, Milan</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantia_(wife_of_Gratian)" title="Constantia (wife of Gratian)">Constantia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Laeta" title="Laeta">Laeta</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a> <a href="/wiki/Flavia_gens" title="Flavia gens">Flavius</a> Gratianus <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marina_Severa" title="Marina Severa">Marina Severa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gratian</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Gratianus</i>; 18 April 359 – 25 August 383) was <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> from 367 to 383. The eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a>, Gratian was raised to the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)#Imperial_honorific" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></i> as a child and inherited the West after his father's death in 375. He nominally shared the government with his infant half-brother <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a>, who was also acclaimed emperor in <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia</a> on Valentinian's death. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">East</a> was ruled by his uncle <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a>, who was later succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>. </p><p>Gratian subsequently led a campaign across the Rhine, attacked the Lentienses, and forced the tribe to surrender. That same year, the eastern emperor Valens was killed fighting the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" title="Battle of Adrianople">Battle of Adrianople</a>, which led to Gratian elevating <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius</a> to replace him in 379. Gratian favoured <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a> over <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">traditional Roman religion</a>, issuing the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a>, refusing the office of <i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a></i>, and removing the <a href="/wiki/Altar_of_Victory" title="Altar of Victory">Altar of Victory</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Cularo" title="Cularo">Cularo</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Is%C3%A8re_(river)" title="Isère (river)">Isère</a> river in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a> was renamed <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Gratianopolis</i></span> after him, which later evolved to <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a>. In 383, faced with rebellion by the usurper <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a>, Gratian marched his army towards <a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a> (Paris). His army deserted him. He fled to <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a> and was later murdered. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_head_of_a_Young_Gratian._C._late_4th_century_A.D..png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A marble head of a Young Gratian. C. late 4th century A.D." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Marble_head_of_a_Young_Gratian._C._late_4th_century_A.D..png/220px-Marble_head_of_a_Young_Gratian._C._late_4th_century_A.D..png" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Marble_head_of_a_Young_Gratian._C._late_4th_century_A.D..png/330px-Marble_head_of_a_Young_Gratian._C._late_4th_century_A.D..png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Marble_head_of_a_Young_Gratian._C._late_4th_century_A.D..png/440px-Marble_head_of_a_Young_Gratian._C._late_4th_century_A.D..png 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Marble head of a young Gratian.<sup id="cite_ref-W_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicon_(Jerome)" title="Chronicon (Jerome)">Chronicle of Jerome</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale" title="Chronicon Paschale">Chronicon Paschale</a></i>, Valentinian's eldest son Gratian was born on 18 April 359 at <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica" title="Sremska Mitrovica">Sremska Mitrovica</a> in Serbia, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia Secunda</a>, to Valentinian's first wife <a href="/wiki/Marina_Severa" title="Marina Severa">Marina Severa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski200250_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski200250-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderspoel1995183_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderspoel1995183-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gratian was his parents' only son together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski200250_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski200250-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderspoel1995183_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderspoel1995183-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of his birth Gratian's father was living in exile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin197314_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin197314-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gratian was named after his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Gratianus_Funarius" title="Gratianus Funarius">Gratianus</a>, who was a <a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">tribune</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Comes_Britanniarum" title="Comes Britanniarum"><i>comes</i> of Britannia</a> for <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin19731_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin19731-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the death of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a>, on 26 February 364, Valentinian was proclaimed <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></i> (emperor).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201321_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201321-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a month, motivated by senior officers, he proclaimed his brother Valens, Gratian's uncle, <i>Augustus</i> of the Eastern empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201321_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201321-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gratian was appointed <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> in 366 and was entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Nobilissimus" title="Nobilissimus">nobilissimus puer</a></i> by his father.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski200290_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski200290-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gratian was seven when entitled <i>nobilissimus puer</i>, which indicated he was to be proclaimed <i>Augustus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski200290_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski200290-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His tutor was the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rhetor" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:rhetor">rhetor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a>, who mentioned the relationship in his epigrams and a poem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013107_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013107-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In summer 367, Valentinian became ill at <a href="/wiki/History_of_Amiens#Antiquity" title="History of Amiens">Civitas Ambianensium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>), raising questions about his succession. On recovery, he presented his then eight-year-old son to his troops on 24 August, as his co-<i>augustus</i>, passing over the customary initial step of <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199883–84_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199883–84-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski200290_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski200290-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201349_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201349-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valentinian1cng99000738.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Valentinian1cng99000738.jpg/220px-Valentinian1cng99000738.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Valentinian1cng99000738.jpg/330px-Valentinian1cng99000738.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Valentinian1cng99000738.jpg/440px-Valentinian1cng99000738.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption><i>Solidus</i> of Valentinian I showing Valentinian and Gratian on the reverse, marked: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">victores augusti</span> ("<i>the Victors Augusti</i>"). A palm bough is between them and Victory crowns each with a wreath</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Junior_augustus">Junior <i>augustus</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Junior augustus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Valentinian, concerned with Gratian's age and inexperience, stated his son would assist commanders with upcoming campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblewhite201918–19_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblewhite201918–19-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_peditum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magister peditum">magister peditum</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Merobaudes_(magister_peditum)" title="Merobaudes (magister peditum)">Merobaudes</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Comes_rei_militaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Comes rei militaris"><i>comes</i> <i>rei militaris</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Sebastianus_(magister_peditum)" title="Sebastianus (magister peditum)">Sebastianus</a>, was sent by Valentinian to campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a party of <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a> visited Valentinian's headquarters to receive the customary gifts towards the end of 364, Ursatius, the <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">magister officiorum</a></i> made them an offering they considered inferior to that of his predecessor. Angered by Ursatius' attitude, they vowed revenge and crossed over the Rhine into Roman <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> and Gaul in January 365, overwhelming the Roman defences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199883_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199883-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although at first unsuccessful, eventually <a href="/wiki/Jovinus_(consul)" title="Jovinus (consul)">Jovinus</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">magister equitum</a></i> in Gaul inflicted heavy losses on the enemy at Scarpona (<a href="/wiki/Dieulouard" title="Dieulouard">Dieulouard</a>) and at <a href="/wiki/Catalauni" title="Catalauni">Catalauni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lons-sur-Marne" class="mw-redirect" title="Châlons-sur-Marne">Châlons-sur-Marne</a>), forcing them to retire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199883_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199883-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An opportunity to further weaken the Alamanni occurred in the summer of 368, when king <a href="/wiki/Vithicabius" title="Vithicabius">Vithicabius</a> was murdered in a coup, and Valentinian and his son Gratian crossed the river Moenus (the <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a>) laying waste to Alamannic territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienast2017c_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast2017c-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199884_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199884-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gratian was awarded the victory titles of <i>Germanicus Maximus</i> and <i>Alamannicus Maximus</i>, and <i>Francicus Maximus</i> and <i>Gothicus Maximus</i> in 369.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienast2017c_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast2017c-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Valentinian fortified the frontier from <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a> in the east to the Belgic channel, but the construction was attacked by Alamanni at Mount Pirus (the Spitzberg, <a href="/wiki/Rottenburg_am_Neckar" title="Rottenburg am Neckar">Rottenburg am Neckar</a>). In 369 (or 370) Valentinian then sought to enlist the help of the <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a>, who were involved in a dispute with the Alamanni, but a communication failure led to them returning to their lands without joining forces with the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199884_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199884-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was then that the <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">magister equitum</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodosius the Elder">Theodosius the Elder</a> and his son Theodosius (the Theodosi) attacked the Alamanni through <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>, taking many prisoners and resettling them in the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199884_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199884-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valentinian made one attempt to capture <a href="/wiki/Macrian" title="Macrian">Macrianus</a> in 372, but eventually made peace with him in 374.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199885_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199885-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gratian, who was then 15, was married in 374 to <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>'s 13 year-old posthumous daughter <a href="/wiki/Constantia_(wife_of_Gratian)" title="Constantia (wife of Gratian)">Constantia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199885_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199885-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002103_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002103-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013105_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013105-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The necessity to make peace was the increasing threat from other peoples, the <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>. Valentinian's decision to establish garrisons across the Danube had angered them, and the situation escalated after the Quadi king, <a href="/wiki/Gabinia_gens" title="Gabinia gens">Gabinus</a>, was killed during negotiations with the Romans in 374. Consequently, in the autumn, the Quadi crossed the Danube plundering Pannonia and the provinces to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199885_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199885-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation deteriorated further once the Sarmatians made common cause inflicting heavy losses on the Pannonica and Moesiaca legions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199885_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199885-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on encountering Theodosius' forces on the borders of <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> in the eastern Balkans, which had previously defeated one of their armies in 373, they sued for peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199885_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199885-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valentinian mounted a further offensive against the Quadi in August 375, this time using a <a href="/wiki/Pincer_movement" title="Pincer movement">pincer movement</a>, one force attacking from the northwest, while Valentinian himself headed to <a href="/wiki/Aquincum" title="Aquincum">Aquincum</a> (Budapest), crossed the Danube and attacked from the southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199885_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199885-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This campaign resulted in heavy losses to the enemy, following which he returned to Aquincum and from there to Brigetio (<a href="/wiki/Sz%C5%91ny" title="Szőny">Szőny</a>, Hungary) where he died suddenly in November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199886_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199886-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senior_augustus">Senior <i>augustus</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Senior augustus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When his father died on 17 November 375, Gratian inherited the administration of the western empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201980_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201980-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Days later, Gratian's half-brother Valentinian was <a href="/wiki/Acclamatio" title="Acclamatio">acclaimed</a> <i>augustus</i> by troops in Pannonia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002357_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002357-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was forced to accept the proclamation, though he did supervise his younger brother's upbringing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199485_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn199485-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Valentinian being given nominal authority over the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Praetorian prefectures">praetorian prefectures</a> of <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Illyricum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Africa</a>, Gratian ruled the western Roman empire himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201362_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201362-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His tutor Ausonius became his <i><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a></i>, and together with the <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">magister militum</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Merobaudes_(magister_peditum)" title="Merobaudes (magister peditum)">Merobaudes</a>, the power behind the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201980_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201980-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither Gratian or Valentinian travelled much, which was thought to be due to not wanting the populace to realise how young they were. Gratian is said to have visited Rome in 376, possibly to celebrate his <i><a href="/wiki/Decennalia" title="Decennalia">decennalia</a></i> on 24 August,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienast2017c_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast2017c-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but whether the visit actually took place is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201980_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201980-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gratian_Solidus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gratian_Solidus.jpg/220px-Gratian_Solidus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gratian_Solidus.jpg/330px-Gratian_Solidus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gratian_Solidus.jpg/440px-Gratian_Solidus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption><i>Solidus</i> of Gratian</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alemanni_expansion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alemanni_expansion.png/220px-Alemanni_expansion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alemanni_expansion.png/330px-Alemanni_expansion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alemanni_expansion.png/440px-Alemanni_expansion.png 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Location of the battle of Argentovaria in 378.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gratian's uncle Valens, returning from a campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, had sent a request to Gratian for reinforcements against the Goths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002356_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002356-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>, Valens also requested that Sebastianus be sent to him for the war, though according to <a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a> Sebastianus went to Constantinople of his own accord as a result of intrigues by <a href="/wiki/Eunuchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunuchs">eunuchs</a> at the western court.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once Gratian had put down the invasions in the west in early 378, he notified Valens that he was returning to Thrace to assist him in his struggle against the Goths. Late in July, Valens was informed that the Goths were advancing on <a href="/wiki/Adrianople" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople">Adrianople</a> (Edirne) and <a href="/wiki/Nice_(Thrace)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nice (Thrace)">Nice</a>, and started to move his forces into the area. However, Gratian's arrival was delayed by an encounter with <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> at <a href="/wiki/Castra_Martis" title="Castra Martis">Castra Martis</a>, in Dacia in the western Balkans. The forces Gratian sent never reached Valens due to its commander feigning illness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002339_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002339-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weeks later, Gratian had arrived in <a href="/wiki/Castra_Martis" title="Castra Martis">Castra Martis</a> with a few thousand men, by which time Valens was at Adrianople (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Hadrianopolis</i>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr"><a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002366_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002366-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Encouraged by his advisors to claim victory without sharing the glory with Gratian, as well as being misinformed about the number of enemy troops,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201376_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201376-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valens attacked the Gothic army and as a result thousands<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Romans died in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" title="Battle of Adrianople">Battle of Adrianople</a> along with Sebastianus and the emperor himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002339_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002339-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2006181_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2006181-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg/220px-Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg/330px-Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg/440px-Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Marble portrait head perhaps representing Gratian (<a href="/wiki/Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier" title="Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier">Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodosius1cng11100822.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Theodosius1cng11100822.jpg/220px-Theodosius1cng11100822.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Theodosius1cng11100822.jpg/330px-Theodosius1cng11100822.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Theodosius1cng11100822.jpg/440px-Theodosius1cng11100822.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption><i>Solidus</i> of Theodosius I showing Theodosius and Gratian on the reverse, marked: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">victoria <abbr title="augusti">augg</abbr></span> ("<i>the Victory of the Augusti</i>")</figcaption></figure><p> In the immediate aftermath of Adrianople, Gratian issued an edict of tolerance at Sirmium, restoring bishops exiled by Valens and ensuring religious freedoms to all religions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013119–121_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013119–121-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the battle, the Goths raided from Thrace in 378 to Illyricum the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2006183_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2006183-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199527–28_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199527–28-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convinced that one emperor alone was incapable of repelling the inundation of foes on several different fronts, Gratian, now senior <i>augustus</i> following Valens's death,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrainger2020244_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrainger2020244-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appointed <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> <i>augustus</i> on 19 January 379 to govern the east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2006187_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2006187-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199526_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199526-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 August that year, Gratian issued an edict against heresy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienast2017c_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast2017c-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 February 380, Gratian, Valentinian II, and Theodosius issued the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedina201892_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedina201892-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This edict made <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a> the only legal form of Christianity and outlawed all other forms of religion,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedina201892_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedina201892-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ending a period of widespread religious tolerance that had existed since the death of Julian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDill195826_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDill195826-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a>' report that Gratian refused the robe of office of the <i>pontifex maximus</i> has been doubted by modern scholars, because there is no other mention of such a garment associated with the priesthood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013123_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013123-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperors from Gratian to <a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a> styled themselves as <i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_inclytus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex inclytus">pontifex inclytus</a></i>, "honorable pontiff". The title of <i>pontifex maximus</i> was not adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">bishops of Rome</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 380, the <i>augusti</i> Gratian and Theodosius met, returning the Roman diocese of Dacia to Gratian's control and that of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Macedonia</a> to Valentinian II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienast2017c_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast2017c-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienast2017b_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast2017b-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, Gratian won a victory, possibly over the Alamanni, that was announced officially at Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienast2017c_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast2017c-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 380, the <a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a> tribe of Goths moved into <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, only to be defeated by Gratian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2006183_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2006183-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> were threatening to cross the Rhine, now that Gratian had departed from the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199529_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199529-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Limes" title="Danubian Limes">Danube frontier</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the incursions of the Huns and Goths, Gratian moved his seat from Augusta Treverorum (Trier) to <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>) in 381.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201385_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201385-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became increasingly aligned with the city's <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>, and the Roman Senate, shifting the balance of power within the factions of the western empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran1998104_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran1998104-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadde-Gallwitz201814_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadde-Gallwitz201814-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 382, Gratian issued edicts that removed the statue of the winged goddess <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victory</a> from the Senate floor,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly199745_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly199745-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> removed the privileges of <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestal Virgins">Vestal Virgins</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETesta2015407_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETesta2015407-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and confiscated money designated for sacrifices and ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinson1995218_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinson1995218-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He declared that all of the pagan temples and shrines were to be confiscated by the government and that their revenues were to be joined to the property of the <a href="/wiki/Fiscus" title="Fiscus">treasury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby2015151_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2015151-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in protests from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a>, which in turn was counter-protested by Christian senators led by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201175_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201175-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 January 383 Theodosius made his son Arcadius co-emperor, evidently without Gratian's approval as he never recognized the promotion on his coinage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201383–84_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201383–84-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994154_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994154-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the same year, Gratian's wife Constantia died, and he remarried to <a href="/wiki/Laeta" title="Laeta">Laeta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2016167–168_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2016167–168-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both marriages remained childless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOost196838_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOost196838-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 383 Gratian was again at war with the Alamanni in <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran1998105_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran1998105-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994154_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994154-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gratian alienated the army by his favouritism towards his Alan deserters, whom he made his bodyguards and to whom he gave military commands.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other criticisms of his behavior were that he surrounded himself with bad company<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201385_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201385-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994152–153_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994152–153-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and neglected the affairs of state,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199537_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199537-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preferring to have fun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran1998105_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran1998105-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after, the Roman general <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> had raised the standard of revolt in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a> and invaded <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> with a large army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007186_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007186-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximus, who had served under the <i>comes</i> Theodosius and had won a victory over the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> in 382, was proclaimed <i>augustus</i> and crossed the channel, encamping near Paris. There, his forces encountered Gratian, but much of the latter's army defected to the usurper, forcing Gratian to flee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201383–84_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201383–84-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007186_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007186-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2011154_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2011154-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-3045-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/INC-3045-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/220px-INC-3045-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/INC-3045-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/330px-INC-3045-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/INC-3045-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/440px-INC-3045-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Reverse of a <i>solidus</i> of Gratian marked: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">victoria augustorum</span> ("<i>the Victory of the</i> augusti")</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death and burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gratian was pursued by <a href="/wiki/Andragathius" title="Andragathius">Andragathius</a>, Maximus' <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">magister equitum</a></i> and killed at <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>) on 25 August 383,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201383–84_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201383–84-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007186_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007186-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2011154_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2011154-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supposedly against orders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994155_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994155-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximus then established his court at the former imperial residence in Trier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199537_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199537-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the death of Gratian, the 12 year old Valentinian II became the sole legitimate <i>augustus</i> in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201366_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201366-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maximus initially kept Gratian's body for political reasons, and Ambrose's second embassy to him in 385 or 386 to recover it was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1991502-503_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1991502-503-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994164_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994164-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would not be until 387, possibly even after the death of Magnus Maximus, that Gratian's remains were interred at Mediolanum in the imperial mausoleum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009210–211_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009210–211-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gratian was deified in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Divus Gratianus</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'the Divine Gratian'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienast2017c_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast2017c-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201383–92_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201383–92-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/28px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/42px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/56px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">List of Roman emperors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>noblest boy</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heather estimates 10,000 Roman dead,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2006181_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2006181-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williams & Friell state 20,000 Roman dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199518–19_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199518–19-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Roman military frontiers and fortifications</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The PLRE wrongly says that Gratian and Constantia had a son that predeceased his father. None of the sources it cites supports the claim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2016165_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2016165-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLynn suggested that the regiment of Alans was a pragmatic decision, which would also make the army's hostility well founded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994153_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994153-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams and Friell remarked that, “There is still no clear reason as to why Gratian's support crumbled so quickly.”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199536_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199536-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-W-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeitzmann1977" class="citation book cs1">Weitzmann, Kurt (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll10/id/155820"><i>Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Ar</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. p. 25.</cite><span 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(2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004425682/BP000015.xml">"From Petrus to Pontifex Maximus"</a>, <i>The Early Reception and Appropriation of the Apostle Peter</i>, Brill, pp. 43–57, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42568-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42568-2"><bdi>978-90-04-42568-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Early+Reception+and+Appropriation+of+the+Apostle+Peter&rft.atitle=From+Petrus+to+Pontifex+Maximus&rft.pages=43-57&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-90-04-42568-2&rft.aulast=Curran&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004425682%2FBP000015.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHekster2022" class="citation book cs1">Hekster, Olivier (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zEKdEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA36"><i>Caesar rules</i></a>. CUP. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1009226790" title="Special:BookSources/978-1009226790"><bdi>978-1009226790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesar+rules&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1009226790&rft.aulast=Hekster&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzEKdEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast2017b-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienast2017b_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienast2017b">Kienast 2017b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199529-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199529_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamsFriell1995">Williams & Friell 1995</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201385-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201385_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201385_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEvoy2013">McEvoy 2013</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran1998104-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran1998104_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran1998">Curran 1998</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadde-Gallwitz201814-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadde-Gallwitz201814_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadde-Gallwitz2018">Radde-Gallwitz 2018</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly199745-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly199745_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJolly1997">Jolly 1997</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETesta2015407-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETesta2015407_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTesta2015">Testa 2015</a>, p. 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinson1995218-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinson1995218_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinson1995">Hinson 1995</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2015151-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby2015151_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrosby2015">Crosby 2015</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201175-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201175_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2011">Clark 2011</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201383–84-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201383–84_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201383–84_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201383–84_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEvoy2013">McEvoy 2013</a>, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994154-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994154_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994154_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLynn1994">McLynn 1994</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2016167–168-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2016167–168_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEvoy2016">McEvoy 2016</a>, pp. 167–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOost196838-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOost196838_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOost1968">Oost 1968</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2016165-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2016165_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEvoy2016">McEvoy 2016</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran1998105-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran1998105_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran1998105_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran1998">Curran 1998</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994153-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994153_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLynn1994">McLynn 1994</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994152–153-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994152–153_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLynn1994">McLynn 1994</a>, pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199537-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199537_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199537_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamsFriell1995">Williams & Friell 1995</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter E. Roberts, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/gratian.htm">Gratian (367-83 A.D.)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199536-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsFriell199536_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamsFriell1995">Williams & Friell 1995</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007186-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007186_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007186_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007186_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2007">Halsall 2007</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2011154-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2011154_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2011154_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994155-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994155_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLynn1994">McLynn 1994</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201366-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201366_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEvoy2013">McEvoy 2013</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1991502-503-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1991502-503_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1991">Johnson 1991</a>, p. 502-503.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994164-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1994164_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLynn1994">McLynn 1994</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009210–211-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009210–211_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson2009">Johnson 2009</a>, pp. 210–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201383–92-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy201383–92_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEvoy2013">McEvoy 2013</a>, pp. 83–92.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurran1998" class="citation book cs1">Curran, John (1998). "Chapter 3: From Jovian to Theodosius". In Cameron, A.; Garnsey, P. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-30200-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-30200-5"><bdi>0-521-30200-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+From+Jovian+to+Theodosius&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History+XIII%3A+The+Late+Empire%2C+A.D.+337%E2%80%93425&rft.pages=78-110&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-30200-5&rft.aulast=Curran&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2011" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Gillian (2011). <i>Late Antiquity: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199546206" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199546206"><bdi>978-0199546206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Antiquity%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199546206&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooley2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_E._Cooley" title="Alison E. Cooley">Cooley, Alison E.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VlghAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84026-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84026-2"><bdi>978-0-521-84026-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Manual+of+Latin+Epigraphy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84026-2&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Alison+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVlghAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosby2015" class="citation book cs1">Crosby, Daniel J. (2015). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Arrows Fletched from Our Own Wings': The Early Church Fathers and the 'Delphi of the Mind'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Johnston, W. Marshall; Crosby, Daniel J. (eds.). <i>A Dangerous Mind: The Ideas and Influence of Delbert L. Wiens</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1498203975" title="Special:BookSources/978-1498203975"><bdi>978-1498203975</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Arrows+Fletched+from+Our+Own+Wings%27%3A+The+Early+Church+Fathers+and+the+%27Delphi+of+the+Mind%27&rft.btitle=A+Dangerous+Mind%3A+The+Ideas+and+Influence+of+Delbert+L.+Wiens&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1498203975&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDill1958" class="citation book cs1">Dill, Samuel (1958). <i>Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire</i> (2nd ed.). Meridian. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1346615486" title="Special:BookSources/978-1346615486"><bdi>978-1346615486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Society+in+the+Last+Century+of+the+Western+Empire&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Meridian&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-1346615486&rft.aulast=Dill&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrainger2020" class="citation book cs1">Grainger, John D (2020). <i>The Roman Imperial Succession</i>. Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1526766045" title="Special:BookSources/978-1526766045"><bdi>978-1526766045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Imperial+Succession&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1526766045&rft.aulast=Grainger&rft.aufirst=John+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsall2007" class="citation book cs1">Halsall, Guy (2007). <i>Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521435437" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521435437"><bdi>978-0521435437</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarian+Migrations+and+the+Roman+West%2C+376%E2%80%93568&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0521435437&rft.aulast=Halsall&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather2006" class="citation book cs1">Heather, Peter (2006). <i>The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195159547" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195159547"><bdi>978-0195159547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire%3A+A+New+History+of+Rome+and+the+Barbarians&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0195159547&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebblewhite2019" class="citation book cs1">Hebblewhite, Mark (2019). <i>The Emperor and the Army in the Later Roman Empire, AD 235–395</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0367880682" title="Special:BookSources/978-0367880682"><bdi>978-0367880682</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+and+the+Army+in+the+Later+Roman+Empire%2C+AD+235%E2%80%93395&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0367880682&rft.aulast=Hebblewhite&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebblewhite2020" class="citation book cs1">Hebblewhite, Mark (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o1TYDwAAQBAJ"><i>Theodosius and the Limits of Empire</i></a>. 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Mercer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-436-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-436-0"><bdi>0-86554-436-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+Triumphant%3A+A+History+of+Christianity+Up+to+1300&rft.pub=Mercer&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-86554-436-0&rft.aulast=Hinson&rft.aufirst=E.+Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1991" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Mark J. (1991). 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51371-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51371-5"><bdi>978-0-521-51371-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/309835740">309835740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Imperial+Mausoleum+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F309835740&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51371-5&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Mark+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F309835740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolly1997" class="citation book cs1">Jolly, Karen Louise (1997). <i>Tradition & Diversity: Christianity in a World Context to 1500</i>. M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1563244674" title="Special:BookSources/978-1563244674"><bdi>978-1563244674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradition+%26+Diversity%3A+Christianity+in+a+World+Context+to+1500&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1563244674&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=Karen+Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKienast2017b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kienast, Dietmar (2017b) [1990]. "Theodosius I". 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Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674660137" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674660137"><bdi>978-0674660137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+Empire%3A+From+Constantine+to+the+Destruction+of+Roman+Italy&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0674660137&rft.aulast=Kulikowski&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2013" class="citation book cs1">Lee, A. D (2013). <i>From Rome to Byzantium AD 363 to 565</i>. 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University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23332-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23332-4"><bdi>978-0-520-23332-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failure+of+Empire%3A+Valens+and+the+Roman+state+in+the+fourth+century+A.D.&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23332-4&rft.aulast=Lenski&rft.aufirst=Noel+Emmanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvoy2013" class="citation book cs1">McEvoy, Meaghan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lgygc7HDBt0C"><i>Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199664818" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199664818"><bdi>978-0199664818</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+Emperor+Rule+in+the+Late+Roman+West%2C+AD+367%E2%80%93455&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199664818&rft.aulast=McEvoy&rft.aufirst=Meaghan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlgygc7HDBt0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvoy2016" class="citation journal cs1">McEvoy, Meaghan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antichthon/article/constantia-the-last-constantinian/004D9AB26AB1A3023A971AD6450C84F2/core-reader">"Constantia: The Last Constantinian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Antichthon" title="Antichthon">Antichthon</a></i>. <b>50</b>: 154–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fann.2016.10">10.1017/ann.2016.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151430655">151430655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antichthon&rft.atitle=Constantia%3A+The+Last+Constantinian&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=154-179&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fann.2016.10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151430655%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McEvoy&rft.aufirst=Meaghan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fantichthon%2Farticle%2Fconstantia-the-last-constantinian%2F004D9AB26AB1A3023A971AD6450C84F2%2Fcore-reader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn1994" class="citation cs2">McLynn, Neil B. 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004357365" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004357365"><bdi>978-9004357365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%2C+Empire+and+the+Spirit%3A+%28Re%29Configuring+Faith+and+the+Cultural&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9004357365&rft.aulast=Medina&rft.aufirst=N%C3%A9stor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOost1968" class="citation book cs1">Oost, Stewart Irvin (1968). <i>Galla Placidia Augusta. A Biographical Essay</i>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199668977" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199668977"><bdi>978-0199668977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gregory+of+Nyssa%27s+Doctrinal+Works%3A+A+Literary+Study&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0199668977&rft.aulast=Radde-Gallwitz&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesta2015" class="citation book cs1">Testa, Rita Lizzi (2015). "The Famous 'Altar of Victory Controversy' in Rome: The Impact of Christianity at the End of the Fourth Century". In Wienand, Johannes (ed.). <i>Contested Monarchy: Integrating the Roman Empire in the Fourth Century AD</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199768998" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199768998"><bdi>978-0199768998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Famous+%27Altar+of+Victory+Controversy%27+in+Rome%3A+The+Impact+of+Christianity+at+the+End+of+the+Fourth+Century&rft.btitle=Contested+Monarchy%3A+Integrating+the+Roman+Empire+in+the+Fourth+Century+AD&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0199768998&rft.aulast=Testa&rft.aufirst=Rita+Lizzi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomlin1973" class="citation book cs1">Tomlin, R. (1973). <i>The Emperor Valentinian I</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Valentinian+I&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Tomlin&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderspoel1995" class="citation book cs1">Vanderspoel, John (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/themistiusimperi0000vand"><i>Themistius and the Imperial Court: Oratory, Civic Duty, and Paideia from Constantius to Theodosius</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472104857" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472104857"><bdi>978-0472104857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Themistius+and+the+Imperial+Court%3A+Oratory%2C+Civic+Duty%2C+and+Paideia+from+Constantius+to+Theodosius&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0472104857&rft.aulast=Vanderspoel&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthemistiusimperi0000vand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2011" class="citation book cs1">White, Cynthia (2011). <i>The Emergence of Christianity: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective</i>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472104857" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472104857"><bdi>978-0472104857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Christianity%3A+Classical+Traditions+in+Contemporary+Perspective&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0472104857&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsFriell1995" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Stephen; Friell, Gerard (1995). <i>Theodosius: The Empire at Bay</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300061734" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300061734"><bdi>978-0300061734</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodosius%3A+The+Empire+at+Bay&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0300061734&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Friell%2C+Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartindaleJonesMorris1971" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Martindale" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Martindale">Martindale, John R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Jones" title="A. H. M. Jones">Jones, A. H. M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Morris_(historian)" title="John Morris (historian)">Morris, John</a>, eds. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I/">"Gratianus 2"</a>. <i>The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume I, AD 260–395</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 401. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07233-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-07233-6"><bdi>0-521-07233-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gratianus+2&rft.btitle=The+Prosopography+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire%3A+Volume+I%2C+AD+260%E2%80%93395&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=401&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-521-07233-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprosopography-later-roman-empire%2FPLRE-I%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gratianus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gratianus">Gratian</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreese1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Freese, John Henry (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gratian"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gratian">"Gratian" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 378.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gratian&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=378&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Freese&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140331224908/http://roman-empire.net/collapse/gratian.html">Flavius Gratianus</a> (AD 359 – AD 383)</li> <li>This <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081025063840/http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/imperial-laws-chart-364">list of Roman laws of the fourth century</a> shows laws passed by Gratian relating to Christianity.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Gratian </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 18 April 359</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 25 August 383</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman emperor</a> </b><br />375–383<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></i> <i> (375–378)</i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></i> <i> (375–383)</i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></i> <i> (379–383)</i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></i> <i> (Jan–Aug 383)</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian Augustus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens Augustus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_late_imperial_Roman_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of late imperial Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> </b><br />366<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Dagalaifus_(magister_equitum)" title="Dagalaifus (magister equitum)">Dagalaifus</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lupicinus_(magister_equitum)" title="Lupicinus (magister equitum)">Lupicinus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jovinus_(consul)" title="Jovinus (consul)">Iovinus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian Augustus</a> III<br /><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens Augustus</a> III</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_late_imperial_Roman_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of late imperial Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> </b><br />371<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Claudius_Petronius_Probus" title="Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus">Sex. Claudius Petronius Probus</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Domitius_Modestus" title="Domitius Modestus">Domitius Modestus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arinthaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Arinthaeus">Arinthaeus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian Augustus</a> IV<br /><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens Augustus</a> IV</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_late_imperial_Roman_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of late imperial Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> </b><br />374<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Equitius_(consul)" title="Equitius (consul)">Equitius</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens Augustus</a> V<br /><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian junior Augustus</a><br /><small>in 376</small></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens Augustus</a> V<br /><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian junior Augustus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_late_imperial_Roman_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of late imperial Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> </b><br />377<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Merobaudes_(magister_peditum)" title="Merobaudes (magister peditum)">Merobaudes</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens Augustus</a> VI<br /><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian junior Augustus</a> II</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Decimius Magnus Ausonius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Clodius_Hermogenianus_Olybrius" title="Quintus Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius">Q. Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_late_imperial_Roman_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of late imperial Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> </b><br />380<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius Augustus</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Syagrius_(consul_381)" title="Syagrius (consul 381)">Syagrius</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eucherius_(consul)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eucherius (consul) (page does not exist)">Eucherius</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–285</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–480</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />610–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189108#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189108#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189108#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000061485399">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/57409191">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/366861/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkhFBhyQgWw39TttRy8G3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11869720X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr95046647">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14639241p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14639241p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073623482">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/44255">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007290241105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614789606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500355715">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11869720X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11869720X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/09691050X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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