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consumption subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrition_for_infant_mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition_for_infant_mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Nutrition for infant mammals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition_for_infant_mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_product_for_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_product_for_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Food product for humans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_product_for_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industrialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Industrialization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_animal-based_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animal-based_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Other animal-based sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animal-based_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Production worldwide </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production_worldwide-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production worldwide subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production_worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production_yields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_yields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Production yields </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_yields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Price" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Price"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Price </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Price-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Composition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Composition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-pH" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#pH"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 pH </div> </a> <ul id="toc-pH-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lipids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lipids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Lipids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lipids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proteins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proteins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Proteins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proteins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caseins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caseins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Caseins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caseins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salts,_minerals,_and_vitamins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salts,_minerals,_and_vitamins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Salts, minerals, and vitamins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salts,_minerals,_and_vitamins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calcium_phosphate_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calcium_phosphate_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Calcium phosphate structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calcium_phosphate_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sugars_and_carbohydrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sugars_and_carbohydrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Sugars and carbohydrates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sugars_and_carbohydrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous_contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous_contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Miscellaneous contents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous_contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Appearance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Processing </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Processing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Processing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pasteurization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pasteurization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Pasteurization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pasteurization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filtration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filtration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Filtration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filtration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creaming_and_homogenization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creaming_and_homogenization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Creaming and homogenization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creaming_and_homogenization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UHT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UHT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 UHT </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UHT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition_and_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition_and_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Nutrition and health </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nutrition_and_health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nutrition and health subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nutrition_and_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cow's_milk:_variation_by_breed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cow's_milk:_variation_by_breed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Cow's milk: variation by breed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cow's_milk:_variation_by_breed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutritional_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutritional_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Nutritional value </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutritional_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Allergy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lactose_intolerance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lactose_intolerance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Lactose intolerance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lactose_intolerance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_lactation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_lactation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Evolution of lactation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_lactation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bovine_growth_hormone_supplementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bovine_growth_hormone_supplementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bovine growth hormone supplementation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bovine_growth_hormone_supplementation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bovine growth hormone supplementation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bovine_growth_hormone_supplementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Human health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_welfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_welfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Animal welfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_welfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties_and_brands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties_and_brands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Varieties and brands </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Varieties_and_brands-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Varieties and brands subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Varieties_and_brands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reduction_or_elimination_of_lactose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduction_or_elimination_of_lactose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Reduction or elimination of lactose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduction_or_elimination_of_lactose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additives_and_flavoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additives_and_flavoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Additives and flavoring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additives_and_flavoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_and_New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3.1 Australia and New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3.2 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3.3 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3.4 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3.5 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Packaging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoilage_and_fermented_milk_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoilage_and_fermented_milk_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Spoilage and fermented milk products </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoilage_and_fermented_milk_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powdered_milk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powdered_milk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Powdered milk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powdered_milk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_other_food_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_other_food_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Use in other food products </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_other_food_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_language_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_language_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 In language and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_language_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-culinary_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-culinary_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Non-culinary uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-culinary_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interspecies_milk_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interspecies_milk_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Interspecies milk consumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interspecies_milk_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Milk</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 215 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-215" aria-hidden="true" > 215 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melk" title="Melk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Melk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milch" title="Milch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Milch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%89%B0%E1%89%B5" title="ወተት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ወተት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meolc" title="Meolc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Meolc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="حليب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حليب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leit" title="Leit – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Leit" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%A0%DC%92%DC%90_(%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%92%DC%90)" title="ܚܠܒܐ (ܕܝܘܒܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܠܒܐ (ܕܝܘܒܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapti" title="Lapti – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Lapti" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B0" title="গাখীৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গাখীৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleche" title="Lleche – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lleche" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcotcocanapo" title="Tcotcocanapo – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Tcotcocanapo" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7" title="दूध – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="दूध" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamby" title="Kamby – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kamby" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millk%27i" title="Millk'i – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Millk'i" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCd" title="Süd – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Süd" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="سود – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سود" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu" title="Susu – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Susu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%94n%C9%94" title="Nɔnɔ – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Nɔnɔ" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A7" title="দুধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দুধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyu_susu" title="Banyu susu – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Banyu susu" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leng" title="Leng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Leng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu" title="Susu – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Susu" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%A9%D1%82" title="Һөт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һөт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Малако – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Малако" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Малако – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Малако" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7" title="दूध – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दूध" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatas" title="Gatas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gatas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Мляко – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мляко" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muich" title="Muich – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Muich" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlijeko" title="Mlijeko – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mlijeko" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laezh" title="Laezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Laezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Һүн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һүн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llet" title="Llet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%95%D1%82" title="Сĕт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сĕт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatas_(pagkaon)" title="Gatas (pagkaon) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gatas (pagkaon)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ml%C3%A9ko" title="Mléko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mléko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukaka" title="Mukaka – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mukaka" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latti" title="Latti – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Latti" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llaeth" title="Llaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihim" title="Bihim – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Bihim" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A6lk" title="Mælk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mælk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milch" title="Milch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Milch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe%CA%BC" title="Abeʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Abeʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7" title="दूध – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="दूध" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piim" title="Piim – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Piim" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Γάλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γάλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Ловсо – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ловсо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leche" title="Leche – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leche" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakto" title="Lakto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lakto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechi" title="Lechi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lechi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esne" title="Esne – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esne" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1_(%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C)" title="شیر (خوراکی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیر (خوراکی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duudh" title="Duudh – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Duudh" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mj%C3%B3lk" title="Mjólk – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mjólk" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lait" title="Lait – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lait" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molke" title="Molke – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Molke" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat" title="Lat – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lat" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainne" title="Bainne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bainne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainney" title="Bainney – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bainney" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainne" title="Bainne – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bainne" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leite" title="Leite – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leite" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Шура – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Шура" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B6" title="奶 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="奶" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%A7" title="દૂધ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દૂધ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%96" title="젖 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="젖" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madara" title="Madara – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Madara" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A9" title="Կաթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7" title="दूध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दूध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlijeko" title="Mlijeko – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mlijeko" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakto" title="Lakto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lakto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatas" title="Gatas – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gatas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu" title="Susu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Susu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacte" title="Lacte – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lacte" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immuk" title="Immuk – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Immuk" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%85%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Æхсыр – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æхсыр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisi" title="Ubisi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ubisi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mj%C3%B3lk" title="Mjólk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mjólk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latte" title="Latte – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Latte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%91" title="חלב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חלב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu" title="Susu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Susu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naal%C9%A9m" title="Naalɩm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Naalɩm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ಹಾಲು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಾಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%82" title="Сют – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Сют" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94" title="რძე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რძე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%84%D8%AF" title="دۄد – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="دۄد" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ml%C3%A9k%C3%B2" title="Mlékò – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Mlékò" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%82" title="Сүт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сүт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leth" title="Leth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Leth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amata" title="Amata – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Amata" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maziwa" title="Maziwa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maziwa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8t_(likid)" title="Lèt (likid) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lèt (likid)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil%C3%A8t" title="Dilèt – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Dilèt" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%AEr" title="Şîr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şîr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%82" title="Сүт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сүт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leche" title="Leche – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Leche" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ນົມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ນົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac" title="Lac – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lac" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piens" title="Piens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Piens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ABllech" title="Mëllech – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mëllech" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pienas" title="Pienas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pienas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6te" title="Læte – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Læte" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8lk" title="Mèlk – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mèlk" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADliki" title="Míliki – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Míliki" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lete" title="Lete – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lete" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maido" title="Maido – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Maido" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ladru" title="ladru – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ladru" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat" title="Lat – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lat" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tej" title="Tej – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tej" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7" title="दूध – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="दूध" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Млеко – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Млеко" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronono" title="Ronono – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ronono" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD" title="പാൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai%C5%AB" title="Waiū – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Waiū" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7" title="दूध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दूध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98)" title="ბჟა (პროდუქტი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბჟა (პროდუქტი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86" title="لبن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لبن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%90%D8%B1" title="گِر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گِر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu" title="Susu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Susu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu" title="Susu – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Susu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A8ng" title="Nèng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nèng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lheite" title="Lheite – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lheite" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Лофца – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лофца" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D2%AF" title="Сүү – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сүү" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="နို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichihualatl" title="Chichihualatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Chichihualatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucu" title="Sucu – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Sucu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melk_(drank)" title="Melk (drank) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Melk (drank)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melk" title="Melk – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Melk" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A7" title="दुध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दुध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81" title="दुरु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दुरु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%B3" title="乳 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="乳" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Шура – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шура" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moolk" title="Moolk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Moolk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melk" title="Melk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Melk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mj%C3%B8lk" title="Mjølk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mjølk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lait" title="Lait – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Lait" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lach" title="Lach – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lach" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%B0" title="କ୍ଷୀର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କ୍ଷୀର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sut" title="Sut – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sut" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7" title="ਦੁੱਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੁੱਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milch" title="Milch – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Milch" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="دُدھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دُدھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF%DB%90" title="شيدې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شيدې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk" title="Milk – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Milk" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lait" title="Lait – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Lait" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melk" title="Melk – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Melk" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mleko" title="Mleko – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mleko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leite" title="Leite – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leite" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milesch" title="Milesch – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Milesch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapte" title="Lapte – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lapte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichi" title="Lichi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lichi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Молоко – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Молоко" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Молоко – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молоко" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%AF%D1%82" title="Үүт – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Үүт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/hacul" title="hacul – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="hacul" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="क्षीरम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="क्षीरम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱛᱳᱣᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱳᱣᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk" title="Milk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Milk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashi" title="Mashi – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Mashi" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qum%C3%ABshti" title="Qumështi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qumështi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latti" title="Latti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Latti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%80_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92" title="සත්ත්‍ව කිරි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සත්ත්‍ව කිරි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk" title="Milk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Milk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="کير – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="کير" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlieko_(cicavce)" title="Mlieko (cicavce) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mlieko (cicavce)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mleko" title="Mleko – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mleko" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Млеко – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Млеко" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caano" title="Caano – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Caano" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="شیر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شیر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merki" title="Merki – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Merki" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Млеко – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Млеко" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlijeko" title="Mlijeko – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mlijeko" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu" title="Susu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Susu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maito" title="Maito – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maito" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lk" title="Mjölk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mjölk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatas" title="Gatas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gatas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="பால் (பானம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பால் (பானம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%CA%B7fay" title="Akʷfay – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Akʷfay" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayefki" title="Ayefki – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ayefki" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D1%82" title="Сөт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сөт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%81%BC%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ၼမ်ႉၼူမ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၼမ်ႉၼူမ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="పాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1" title="นม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Шир – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шир" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matana" title="Matana – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Matana" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೇರ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಪೇರ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCt" title="Süt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Süt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BDt" title="Süýt – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Süýt" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1baan_(a%CC%B1sa%CC%B1khwot)" title="A̱baan (a̱sa̱khwot) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱baan (a̱sa̱khwot)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%82" title="Сүт – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Сүт" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%A7%D0%BB" title="Йӧл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Йӧл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Молоко – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Молоко" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="دودھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دودھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noemz" title="Noemz – Zhuang" lang="za" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nutrient-rich liquid produced by mammals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the fluid produced by the mammary glands of mammals. For the milk-like beverages derived from plants, see <a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">Plant milk</a>. For other uses of the word, see <a href="/wiki/Milk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Milk (disambiguation)">Milk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_of_Milk_(33657535532).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Glass_of_Milk_%2833657535532%29.jpg/220px-Glass_of_Milk_%2833657535532%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Glass_of_Milk_%2833657535532%29.jpg/330px-Glass_of_Milk_%2833657535532%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Glass_of_Milk_%2833657535532%29.jpg/440px-Glass_of_Milk_%2833657535532%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="1570" /></a><figcaption>A glass of cow milk</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melkkarussell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Melkkarussell.jpg/220px-Melkkarussell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Melkkarussell.jpg/330px-Melkkarussell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Melkkarussell.jpg/440px-Melkkarussell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Cows in a <a href="/wiki/Rotolactor" title="Rotolactor">rotary milking parlor</a></figcaption></figure> Milk is a white liquid <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> produced by the <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. It is the primary source of <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a> for young mammals (including <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfed</a> human infants) before they are able to <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digest</a> solid food.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Milk contains many nutrients, including <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Immune factors and immune-modulating components in milk contribute to <a href="/wiki/Milk_immunity" title="Milk immunity">milk immunity</a>. Early-<a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a> milk, which is called <a href="/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum">colostrum</a>, contains <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a> and immune-modulating components that <a href="/wiki/Milk_immunity" title="Milk immunity">strengthen</a> the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> against many diseases. The US <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC agency</a> recommends that children over the age of 12 months (the minimum age to stop giving <a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">breast milk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Baby_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby formula">formula</a>) should have two servings of <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy (milk) products</a> a day,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and more than six billion people worldwide consume milk and milk products.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> As an agricultural product, <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a> milk is <a href="/wiki/Milking" title="Milking">collected from farm animals</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>. In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">dairy farms</a> produced around 730 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> (800 million short tons) of milk<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> from 260 million dairy cows.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> is the world's largest producer of milk and the leading exporter of <a href="/wiki/Skimmed_milk" title="Skimmed milk">skimmed milk</a> powder.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> New Zealand, Germany, and the Netherlands are the largest exporters of milk products.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Between 750 and 900 million people live in dairy-farming households.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_terminology">Etymology and terminology</h2></div> The term milk comes from "Old English meoluc (West Saxon), milc (Anglian), from Proto-Germanic *meluks "milk" (source also of Old Norse mjolk, Old Frisian melok, Old Saxon miluk, Dutch melk, Old High German miluh, German Milch, Gothic miluks)".<a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-10">[10]</a> Since 1961, the term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/milk#Noun" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:milk">milk</a> has been defined under <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius" title="Codex Alimentarius">Codex Alimentarius</a> standards as "the normal mammary secretion of milking animals obtained from one or more milkings without either addition to it or extraction from it, intended for consumption as liquid milk or for further processing."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dairy#Noun" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:dairy">dairy</a> refers to animal milk and animal milk production. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_consumption">Types of consumption</h2></div> There are two distinct categories of milk consumption: all infant mammals drink milk directly from their mothers' bodies, and it is their primary source of nutrition; and humans obtain milk from other mammals for consumption by humans of all ages, as one component of a varied diet. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition_for_infant_mammals">Nutrition for infant mammals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">Lactation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_breastfeeding_an_infant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Woman_breastfeeding_an_infant.jpg/170px-Woman_breastfeeding_an_infant.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Woman_breastfeeding_an_infant.jpg/255px-Woman_breastfeeding_an_infant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Woman_breastfeeding_an_infant.jpg/340px-Woman_breastfeeding_an_infant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>Breastfeeding to provide a mother's milk</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg/220px-Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg/330px-Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg/440px-Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>A goat kid feeding on its mother's milk</figcaption></figure> In almost all mammals, milk is fed to <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">infants</a> through <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a>, either directly or by <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding#Expressed_milk" title="Breastfeeding">expressing</a> the milk to be stored and consumed later. The early milk from mammals is called <a href="/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum">colostrum</a>. Colostrum contains <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a> that provide protection to the newborn baby as well as nutrients and growth factors.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The makeup of the colostrum and the period of secretion varies from species to species.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> For humans, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> recommends exclusive breastfeeding for six months and breastfeeding in addition to other food for up to two years of age or more.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In some cultures it is common to breastfeed children for three to five years, and the period may be longer.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Fresh goats' milk is sometimes substituted for <a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">breast milk</a>, which introduces the risk of the child developing <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> imbalances, <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_acidosis" title="Metabolic acidosis">metabolic acidosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megaloblastic_anemia" title="Megaloblastic anemia">megaloblastic anemia</a>, and a host of <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reactions">allergic reactions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_product_for_humans">Food product for humans</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cow_female_black_white.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cow_female_black_white.jpg/220px-Cow_female_black_white.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cow_female_black_white.jpg/330px-Cow_female_black_white.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cow_female_black_white.jpg/440px-Cow_female_black_white.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1803" /></a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/Holstein_Friesian_cattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein Friesian cattle">Holstein Friesian cow</a> is the dominant breed in industrialized dairy farms today.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bowl_of_milk_for_the_shaman_rite._Buryatia._Russia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/A_bowl_of_milk_for_the_shaman_rite._Buryatia._Russia.png/220px-A_bowl_of_milk_for_the_shaman_rite._Buryatia._Russia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/A_bowl_of_milk_for_the_shaman_rite._Buryatia._Russia.png/330px-A_bowl_of_milk_for_the_shaman_rite._Buryatia._Russia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/A_bowl_of_milk_for_the_shaman_rite._Buryatia._Russia.png/440px-A_bowl_of_milk_for_the_shaman_rite._Buryatia._Russia.png 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption>A bowl of milk for the shaman rite; <a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Production_Of_Bovine_Milk.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/World_Production_Of_Bovine_Milk.svg/220px-World_Production_Of_Bovine_Milk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/World_Production_Of_Bovine_Milk.svg/330px-World_Production_Of_Bovine_Milk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/World_Production_Of_Bovine_Milk.svg/440px-World_Production_Of_Bovine_Milk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>World production of cow milk</figcaption></figure> In many cultures, especially in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a>, humans continue to consume milk beyond infancy, using the milk of other mammals (especially cattle, goats and sheep) as a food product. Initially, the ability to digest milk was limited to children as adults did not produce <a href="/wiki/Lactase" title="Lactase">lactase</a>, an enzyme necessary for digesting the lactose in milk. People therefore converted milk to <a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">curd</a>, cheese, and other products to reduce the levels of lactose. Thousands of years ago, a chance mutation spread in human populations in northwestern Europe that enabled the <a href="/wiki/Lactase_persistence" title="Lactase persistence">production of lactase in adulthood</a>. This mutation allowed milk to be used as a new source of nutrition which could sustain populations when other food sources failed.<a href="#cite_note-Nature_Milk-17">[17]</a> Milk is processed into a variety of products such as <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">kefir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>. Modern industrial processes use milk to produce <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whey_protein" title="Whey protein">whey protein</a>, lactose, <a href="/wiki/Condensed_milk" title="Condensed milk">condensed milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powdered_milk" title="Powdered milk">powdered milk</a>, and many other food-additives and industrial products. Whole milk, butter, and cream have high levels of <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The sugar lactose is found only in milk, and possibly in <a href="/wiki/Forsythia" title="Forsythia">forsythia</a> flowers and a few tropical shrubs.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Lactase, the enzyme needed to digest lactose, reaches its highest levels in the human small intestine immediately after birth, and then begins a slow decline unless milk is consumed regularly.<a href="#cite_note-On_Food_and_Cooking-21">[21]</a> Those groups who continue to tolerate milk have often exercised great creativity in using the milk of <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a>, not only cattle, but also sheep, goats, <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">yaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a>, horses, <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camel_milk" title="Camel milk">camels</a>. India is the largest producer and consumer of cattle milk and buffalo milk in the world.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="margin:auto"> <caption>Per capita consumption of milk and milk products in selected countries in 2011<a href="#cite_note-intro-23">[23]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Milk (liters)</th> <th>Cheese (kg)</th> <th>Butter (kg) </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></td> <td>135.6</td> <td>6.7</td> <td>2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td>127.0</td> <td>22.5</td> <td>4.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>105.9</td> <td>10.9</td> <td>3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>105.3</td> <td>11.7</td> <td>4.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>90.1</td> <td>19.1</td> <td>1.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>78.4</td> <td>12.3</td> <td>2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>75.8</td> <td>15.1</td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></td> <td>62.8</td> <td>17.1</td> <td>3.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>55.7</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>55.5</td> <td>26.3</td> <td>7.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>54.2</td> <td>21.8</td> <td>2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>51.8</td> <td>22.9</td> <td>5.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>49.1</td> <td>23.4</td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>47.5</td> <td>19.4</td> <td>3.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>39.5</td> <td>–</td> <td>3.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>9.1</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0708-501,_Berlin,_Milch_von_Bolle_in_der_Pause.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0708-501%2C_Berlin%2C_Milch_von_Bolle_in_der_Pause.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0708-501%2C_Berlin%2C_Milch_von_Bolle_in_der_Pause.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0708-501%2C_Berlin%2C_Milch_von_Bolle_in_der_Pause.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0708-501%2C_Berlin%2C_Milch_von_Bolle_in_der_Pause.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0708-501%2C_Berlin%2C_Milch_von_Bolle_in_der_Pause.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0708-501%2C_Berlin%2C_Milch_von_Bolle_in_der_Pause.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Drinking milk in Germany in 1932</figcaption></figure> Humans first learned to consume the milk of other mammals regularly following the domestication of animals during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> or the development of agriculture. This development occurred independently in several global locations from as early as 9000–7000 BC in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> to 3500–3000 BC in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> People first domesticated the most important dairy animals – cattle, sheep and goats – in Southwest Asia, although domestic cattle had been independently derived from wild <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> populations several times since.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Initially animals were kept for meat, and archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sherratt" title="Andrew Sherratt">Andrew Sherratt</a> has suggested that dairying, along with the exploitation of domestic animals for hair and labor, began much later in a separate <a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">secondary products revolution</a> in the fourth millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Sherratt's model is not supported by recent findings, based on the analysis of <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> residue in prehistoric pottery, that shows that dairying was practiced in the early phases of agriculture in Southwest Asia, by at least the seventh millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> From Southwest Asia domestic dairy animals spread to Europe (beginning around 7000 BC but did not reach Britain and Scandinavia until after 4000 BC),<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and South Asia (7000–5500 BC).<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The first farmers in central Europe<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and Britain<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> milked their animals. <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">Pastoral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">pastoral nomadic</a> economies, which rely predominantly or exclusively on domestic animals and their products rather than crop farming, were developed as European farmers moved into the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> in the fourth millennium BC, and subsequently spread across much of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian steppe">Eurasian steppe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Sheep and goats were introduced to Africa from Southwest Asia, but African cattle may have been independently domesticated around 7000–6000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Camels, domesticated in central Arabia in the fourth millennium BC, have also been used as dairy animals in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The earliest Egyptian records of burn treatments describe burn dressings using milk from mothers of male babies.<a href="#cite_note-Pećanac--37">[37]</a> In the rest of the world (i.e., East and Southeast Asia, the Americas and Australia), milk and dairy products were historically not a large part of the diet, either because they remained populated by <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter-gatherers">hunter-gatherers</a> who did not keep animals or the local agricultural economies did not include domesticated dairy species. Milk consumption became common in these regions comparatively recently, as a consequence of European <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and political domination over much of the world in the last 500 years. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, milk was called the "virtuous white liquor" because alcoholic beverages were safer to consume than the water generally available.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Incorrectly thought to be blood diverted from the womb to the breast, it was also known as "white blood", and treated like blood for religious dietary purposes and in <a href="/wiki/Humoral_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Humoral theory">humoral theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Rosier" title="James Rosier">James Rosier's</a> record of the 1605 voyage made by <a href="/wiki/George_Weymouth" title="George Weymouth">George Weymouth</a> to New England reported that the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki</a> people Weymouth captured in Maine milked "Rain-Deere and Fallo-Deere." But Journalist <a href="/wiki/Avery_Yale_Kamila" title="Avery Yale Kamila">Avery Yale Kamila</a> and food historians said Rosier "misinterpreted the evidence." Historians report the Wabanaki did not domesticate deer.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The tribes of the northern woodlands have historically been making <a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">nut milk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Cows were imported to <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> in 1624.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrialization">Industrialization</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SR_4409_6_Wheeled_Milk_Wagon_Didcot_Railway_Centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SR_4409_6_Wheeled_Milk_Wagon_Didcot_Railway_Centre.jpg/220px-SR_4409_6_Wheeled_Milk_Wagon_Didcot_Railway_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SR_4409_6_Wheeled_Milk_Wagon_Didcot_Railway_Centre.jpg/330px-SR_4409_6_Wheeled_Milk_Wagon_Didcot_Railway_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SR_4409_6_Wheeled_Milk_Wagon_Didcot_Railway_Centre.jpg/440px-SR_4409_6_Wheeled_Milk_Wagon_Didcot_Railway_Centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>Preserved <a href="/wiki/Express_Dairies" title="Express Dairies">Express Dairies</a> three-axle milk tank wagon at the <a href="/wiki/Didcot_Railway_Centre" title="Didcot Railway Centre">Didcot Railway Centre</a>, based on an <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Railway (Great Britain)">SR</a> chassis</figcaption></figure> The growth in urban population, coupled with the expansion of the railway network in the mid-19th century, brought about a revolution in milk production and supply. Individual railway firms began transporting milk from rural areas to London from the 1840s and 1850s. Possibly the first such instance was in 1846, when <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas%27s_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="St Thomas's Hospital">St Thomas's Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a> contracted with milk suppliers outside London to ship milk by rail.<a href="#cite_note-Atkins-44">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> was an early and enthusiastic adopter, and began to transport milk into London from <a href="/wiki/Maidenhead" title="Maidenhead">Maidenhead</a> in 1860, despite much criticism. By 1900, the company was transporting over 25 million imperial gallons (110 million litres; 30 million US gallons) annually.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The milk trade grew slowly through the 1860s, but went through a period of extensive, structural change in the 1870s and 1880s. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aesthetic_Milk_Vehicle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Aesthetic_Milk_Vehicle.jpg/220px-Aesthetic_Milk_Vehicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Aesthetic_Milk_Vehicle.jpg/330px-Aesthetic_Milk_Vehicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Aesthetic_Milk_Vehicle.jpg/440px-Aesthetic_Milk_Vehicle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Milk transportation in <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem, Tamil Nadu</a></figcaption></figure> Urban demand began to grow, as consumer purchasing power increased and milk became regarded as a required daily commodity. Over the last three decades of the 19th century, demand for milk in most parts of the country doubled or, in some cases, tripled. <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Health Acts">Legislation in 1875</a> made the adulteration of milk illegal – This combined with a marketing campaign to change the image of milk. The proportion of rural imports by rail as a percentage of total milk consumption in London grew from under 5% in the 1860s to over 96% by the early 20th century. By that point, the supply system for milk was the most highly organized and integrated of any food product.<a href="#cite_note-Atkins-44">[44]</a> Milk was analyzed for infection with <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. In 1907 180 samples were tested in Birmingham and 13.3% were found to be infected.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The first glass bottle packaging for milk was used in the 1870s. The first company to do so may have been the New York Dairy Company in 1877. The <a href="/wiki/Express_Dairies" title="Express Dairies">Express Dairy Company</a> in England began glass bottle production in 1880. In 1884, Hervey Thatcher, an American inventor from New York, invented a glass <a href="/wiki/Milk_bottle" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk bottle">milk bottle</a>, called "Thatcher's Common Sense Milk Jar," which was sealed with a waxed paper disk.<a href="#cite_note-milk_history-47">[47]</a> In 1932, <a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">plastic-coated paper</a> milk cartons were introduced commercially.<a href="#cite_note-milk_history-47">[47]</a> In 1863, French chemist and biologist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> invented pasteurization, a method of killing harmful bacteria in beverages and food products.<a href="#cite_note-milk_history-47">[47]</a> He developed this method while on summer vacation in <a href="/wiki/Arbois" title="Arbois">Arbois</a>, to remedy the frequent acidity of the local wines.<a href="#cite_note-VR1928-48">[48]</a> He found out experimentally that it is sufficient to heat a young wine to only about 50–60 °C (122–140 °F) for a brief time to kill the microbes, and that the wine could be nevertheless properly <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">aged</a> without sacrificing the final quality.<a href="#cite_note-VR1928-48">[48]</a> In honor of Pasteur, the process became known as "pasteurization". Pasteurization was originally used as a way of preventing wine and beer from souring.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Commercial pasteurizing equipment was produced in Germany in the 1880s, and producers adopted the process in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> by 1885.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-HwangHuang2009-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farm_in_sogn_og_fjordane.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Farm_in_sogn_og_fjordane.JPG/220px-Farm_in_sogn_og_fjordane.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Farm_in_sogn_og_fjordane.JPG/330px-Farm_in_sogn_og_fjordane.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Farm_in_sogn_og_fjordane.JPG/440px-Farm_in_sogn_og_fjordane.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Modern <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy farm">dairy farm</a> in Norway</figcaption></figure> All mammal species have females who can produce milk for some time after giving birth. Cow milk dominates the amount of milk produced. In 2011, FAO estimates 85% of all milk worldwide was produced from cows.<a href="#cite_note-gs12-52">[52]</a> Human milk is not produced or distributed industrially or commercially; however, <a href="/wiki/Human_milk_bank" title="Human milk bank">human milk banks</a> collect donated human <a href="/wiki/Breastmilk" class="mw-redirect" title="Breastmilk">breastmilk</a> and redistribute it to infants who may benefit from human milk for various reasons (premature neonates, babies with allergies, <a href="/wiki/Inborn_error_of_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Inborn error of metabolism">metabolic diseases</a>, etc.) but who cannot breastfeed.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Actual inability to produce enough milk is rare, with studies showing that mothers from malnourished regions still produce amounts of milk of similar quality to that of mothers in developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-BeckerSmith2015-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> There are many reasons a mother may <a href="/wiki/Low_milk_supply" title="Low milk supply">not produce enough breast milk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The amount of milk produced depends on how often the mother is nursing and/or <a href="/wiki/Breast_pump" title="Breast pump">pumping</a>: the more the mother nurses her baby or pumps, the more milk is produced.<a href="#cite_note-mayo1-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In the Western world, cow's milk is produced on an industrial scale and is, by far, the most commonly consumed form of milk. Commercial dairy farming using <a href="/wiki/Automatic_milking" title="Automatic milking">automated milking</a> equipment produces the vast majority of milk in <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dairy_cattle" title="Dairy cattle">Dairy cattle</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Holstein_cattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein cattle">Holstein</a>, have been bred selectively for increased milk production. About 90% of the dairy cows in the United States and 85% in <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">Great Britain</a> are Holsteins.<a href="#cite_note-On_Food_and_Cooking-21">[21]</a> Other dairy cows in the United States include <a href="/wiki/Ayrshire_cattle" title="Ayrshire cattle">Ayrshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_Swiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Swiss">Brown Swiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_cattle" title="Guernsey cattle">Guernsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jersey_cattle" title="Jersey cattle">Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milking_Shorthorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Milking Shorthorn">Milking Shorthorn</a> (Dairy Shorthorn). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_animal-based_sources">Other animal-based sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Other significant sources of milk</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Goat_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Goat_family.jpg/150px-Goat_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Goat_family.jpg/225px-Goat_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Goat_family.jpg/300px-Goat_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Goats (2% of world's milk)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_buffaloes_Sri_Lanka_grazing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Water_buffaloes_Sri_Lanka_grazing.jpg/134px-Water_buffaloes_Sri_Lanka_grazing.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Water_buffaloes_Sri_Lanka_grazing.jpg/201px-Water_buffaloes_Sri_Lanka_grazing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Water_buffaloes_Sri_Lanka_grazing.jpg/268px-Water_buffaloes_Sri_Lanka_grazing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Buffaloes (11%)</div></div></div></div></div> Aside from cattle, many kinds of livestock provide milk used by humans for dairy products. These animals include <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo#Dairy_products" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat_milk" title="Goat milk">goat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep milk">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camel_milk" title="Camel milk">camel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ass%27s_milk_(Donkey%27s_milk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ass's milk (Donkey's milk)">donkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse#Products" title="Horse">horse</a>, reindeer and yak. The first four respectively produced about 11%, 2%, 1.4% and 0.2% of all milk worldwide in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-gs12-52">[52]</a> In Russia and Sweden, small <a href="/wiki/Moose_milk" title="Moose milk">moose dairies</a> also exist.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> According to the US National Bison Association, <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a> (also called American buffalo) are not milked commercially;<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> however, various sources report cows resulting from cross-breeding bison and domestic cattle are good milk producers, and have been used both during the European settlement of North America<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and during the development of commercial <a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a> in the 1970s and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swine" class="mw-redirect" title="Swine">Swine</a> are almost never milked, even though <a href="/wiki/Pig_milk" title="Pig milk">their milk</a> is similar to cow's milk and perfectly suitable for human consumption. The main reasons for this are that milking a sow's numerous small teats is very cumbersome, and that sows cannot store their milk as cows can.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> A few pig farms do sell pig cheese as a novelty item; these cheeses are exceedingly expensive.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_worldwide">Production worldwide</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_milk_production" title="List of countries by milk production">List of countries by milk production</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-left"><div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Largest milk producers in the world in 2018<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#fffdd0;">Rank </th> <th style="background:#fffdd0;">Country </th> <th style="background:#fffdd0;">Production (<a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">metric tons</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">186,143,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">167,256,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">98,646,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">45,623,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">35,539,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">31,592,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">31,527,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">22,791,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">21,372,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">World </td> <td style="text-align:right">842,989,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-left"><div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Top ten cow milk producers in 2020<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:lightblue;">Rank </th> <th style="background:lightblue;">Country </th> <th style="background:lightblue;">Production (<a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">metric tons</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">101,251,009 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">87,822,387 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">36,508,411 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">34,400,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">33,164,910 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">31,959,801 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">25,147,310 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">22,508,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">21,871,305 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">20,000,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-left"><div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Top ten sheep milk producers in 2020<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:lightgreen;">Rank </th> <th style="background:lightgreen;">Country </th> <th style="background:lightgreen;">Production (metric tons) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,211,831 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,207,427 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">945,430 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">705,582 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">592,293 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">556,250 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">481,970 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">426,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">416,002 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">406,541 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-left"><div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Top ten goat milk producers in 2020<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:lightpink;">Rank </th> <th style="background:lightpink;">Country </th> <th style="background:lightpink;">Production (metric tons) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">5,888,077 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,671,911 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,165,043 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">965,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">679,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">554,143 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">523,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">467,148 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">407,346 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">407,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-left"><div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Top ten buffalo milk producers in 2020<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:lightgrey;">Rank </th> <th style="background:lightgrey;">Country </th> <th style="background:lightgrey;">Production (metric tons) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">90,026,273 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">37,256,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,919,966 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,747,641 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,380,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">253,830 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">205,102 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">128,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">104,645 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">89,983 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> In 2012, the largest producer of milk and milk products was India, followed by the United States of America, China, Pakistan and Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> All 28 European Union members together produced 153.8 million tonnes (169.5 million short tons) of milk in 2013, the largest by any <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">politico</a>-<a href="/wiki/Economic_union" title="Economic union">economic</a> union.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Increasing affluence in developing countries, as well as increased promotion of milk and milk products, has led to a rise in milk consumption in developing countries in recent years. In turn, the opportunities presented by these growing markets have attracted investments by <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational</a> dairy firms. Nevertheless, in many countries production remains on a small scale and presents significant opportunities for diversification of income sources by small farms.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Local milk collection centers, where milk is collected and chilled prior to being transferred to urban dairies, are a good example of where farmers have been able to work on a <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> basis, particularly in countries such as India.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_yields">Production yields</h3></div> FAO reports<a href="#cite_note-gs12-52">[52]</a> Israel dairy farms are the most productive in the world, with a yield of 12,546 kilograms (27,659 lb) milk per cow per year. This survey over 2001 and 2007 was conducted by ICAR (International Committee for Animal Recording)<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> across 17 developed countries. The survey found that the average herd size in these developed countries increased from 74 to 99 cows per herd between 2001 and 2007. A dairy farm had an average of 19 cows per herd in Norway, and 337 in New Zealand. Annual milk production in the same period increased from 7,726 to 8,550 kg (17,033 to 18,850 lb) per cow in these developed countries. The lowest average production was in New Zealand at 3,974 kg (8,761 lb) per cow. The milk yield per cow depended on production systems, nutrition of the cows, and only to a minor extent different genetic potential of the animals. What the cow ate made the most impact on the production obtained. New Zealand cows with the lowest yield per year grazed all year, in contrast to Israel with the highest yield where the cows ate in barns with an energy-rich mixed diet. The milk yield per cow in the United States was 9,954 kg (21,945 lb) per year in 2010. In contrast, the milk yields per cow in India and China – the second and third largest producers – were respectively 1,154 kg (2,544 lb) and 2,282 kg (5,031 lb) per year.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_(2021).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg/220px-World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg/330px-World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg/440px-World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>Sheep and cow milk have the third and fourth highest emissions intensity of any agricultural commodity.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a> mentions the possibility that the already recorded stagnation of dairy production in both China and <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> can be attributed to persistent increases in <a href="/wiki/Heat_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat stress">heat stress</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AR6_WGII_Chapter5-81">[81]</a>: 747  This is a plausible <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a>, because even mild heat stress can reduce daily yields: research in Sweden found that average daily temperatures of 20–25 °C (68–77 °F) reduce daily milk yield per cow by 0.2 kg, with the loss reaching 0.54 kg for 25–30 °C (77–86 °F).<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Research in a humid tropical climate describes a more linear relationship, with every unit of heat stress reducing yield by 2.13%.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive farming</a> systems, daily milk yield per cow declines by 1.8 kg during severe heat stress. In <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic farming</a> systems, the effect of heat stress on milk yields is limited, but milk quality suffers substantially, with lower fat and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> content.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In China, daily milk production per cow is already lower than the average by between 0.7 and 4 kg in July (the hottest month of the year), and by 2070, it may decline by up to 50% (or 7.2 kg) due to climate change.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Heatwaves can also reduce milk yield, with particularly acute impacts if the heatwave lasts for four or more days, as at that point the cow's thermoregulation capacity is usually exhausted, and its core body temperature starts to increase.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Price">Price</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milk_Prices.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Milk_Prices.webp/300px-Milk_Prices.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Milk_Prices.webp/450px-Milk_Prices.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Milk_Prices.webp/600px-Milk_Prices.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>Milk price per gallon of whole milk</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp/300px-Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp/450px-Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp/600px-Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Corn vs ethanol production in the United States <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Total corn production (<a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">bushels</a>) (left)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Corn used for ethanol fuel (bushels) (left)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Percent of corn used for ethanol (right)</div> </figcaption></figure> It was reported in 2007 that with increased worldwide prosperity and the competition of bio-fuel production for feed stocks, both the demand for and the price of milk had substantially increased worldwide. Particularly notable was the rapid increase of consumption of milk in China and the rise of the price of milk in the United States above the government subsidized price.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In 2010 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a> predicted farmers would receive an average of $1.35 per <a href="/wiki/US_gallon" class="mw-redirect" title="US gallon">US gallon</a> ($0.36/L; $1.62/imp gal) of cow's milk, which is down 30 cents per US gallon (7.9 ¢/L; 36 ¢/imp gal) from 2007 and below the <a href="/wiki/Break-even" title="Break-even">break-even</a> point for many cattle farmers.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TriglycerideDairyButter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/TriglycerideDairyButter.png/220px-TriglycerideDairyButter.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/TriglycerideDairyButter.png/330px-TriglycerideDairyButter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/TriglycerideDairyButter.png/440px-TriglycerideDairyButter.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>Butterfat is a <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglyceride</a> (fat) formed from fatty acids such as <a href="/wiki/Myristic_acid" title="Myristic acid">myristic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic acids</a>.</figcaption></figure> Milk is an <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloid</a> of <a href="/wiki/Butterfat" title="Butterfat">butterfat</a> <a href="/wiki/Globules_of_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Globules of fat">globules</a> within a water-based fluid that contains dissolved <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> and protein aggregates with minerals.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Because it is produced as a food source for the young, all of its contents provide benefits for growth. The principal requirements are energy (lipids, lactose, and protein), biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids supplied by proteins (essential amino acids and amino groups), essential fatty acids, vitamins and inorganic elements, and water.<a href="#cite_note-Fox-1995-v3-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="pH">pH</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of cow's milk, ranging from 6.7 to 6.9, is similar to other <a href="/wiki/Bovines" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovines">bovines</a> and non-bovine <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lipids">Lipids</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Butterfat" title="Butterfat">Butterfat</a></div> Full fat milk contains about 33 grams of fat per liter, including about 19 grams of saturated fat, 1.2 grams of omega 6 fatty acids, and 0.75 grams of omega 3 fatty acids per liter. The amount of fat varies for products where (some of) the fat has been removed, such as in skimmed milk.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Initially milk fat is secreted in the form of a fat globule surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Milk_fat_globule_membrane" title="Milk fat globule membrane">membrane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fox-1995-v2-93">[93]</a> Each fat globule is composed almost entirely of triacylglycerols and is surrounded by a membrane consisting of complex lipids such as <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipids</a>, along with proteins. These act as <a href="/wiki/Emulsifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsifier">emulsifiers</a> which keep the individual globules from coalescing and protect the contents of these globules from various <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> in the fluid portion of the milk. Although 97–98% of lipids are triacylglycerols, small amounts of di- and monoacylglycerols, free cholesterol and cholesterol esters, free fatty acids, and phospholipids are also present. Unlike protein and carbohydrates, fat composition in milk varies widely due to genetic, lactational, and nutritional factor difference between different species.<a href="#cite_note-Fox-1995-v2-93">[93]</a> Fat globules vary in size from less than 0.2 to about 15 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometers</a> in diameter between different species. Diameter may also vary between animals within a species and at different times within a milking of a single animal. In unhomogenized cow's milk, the fat globules have an average diameter of two to four micrometers and with homogenization, average around 0.4 micrometers.<a href="#cite_note-Fox-1995-v2-93">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fat-soluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat-soluble">fat-soluble</a> vitamins <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">E</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">K</a> along with essential fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic acid are found within the milk fat portion of the milk.<a href="#cite_note-On_Food_and_Cooking-21">[21]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="margin:auto"> <caption>Main milk fatty acids, length, share of total<a href="#cite_note-LubaryHofland2010-94">[94]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Fatty acid</th> <th>length</th> <th>mol% (rounded) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Butyryl</td> <td>C4</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Myristyl</td> <td>C14</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palmityl</td> <td>C16</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oleyl</td> <td>C18:1</td> <td>24 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proteins">Proteins</h3></div> Normal bovine milk contains 30–35 grams of protein per liter, of which about 80% is arranged in casein <a href="/wiki/Micelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Micelles">micelles</a>. Total proteins in milk represent 3.2% of its composition (nutrition table). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caseins">Caseins</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">Casein</a></div> The largest structures in the fluid portion of the milk are <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">"casein micelles"</a>: aggregates of several thousand protein molecules with superficial resemblance to a surfactant <a href="/wiki/Micelle" title="Micelle">micelle</a>, bonded with the help of nanometer-scale particles of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphate" title="Calcium phosphate">calcium phosphate</a>. Each casein micelle is roughly spherical and about a tenth of a micrometer across. There are four different types of casein proteins: αs1-, αs2-, β-, and κ-caseins. Most of the casein proteins are bound into the micelles. There are several competing theories regarding the precise structure of the micelles, but they share one important feature: the outermost layer consists of strands of one type of protein, <a href="/wiki/K-casein" title="K-casein">k-casein</a>, reaching out from the body of the micelle into the surrounding fluid. These kappa-casein molecules all have a negative <a href="/wiki/Electrical_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical charge">electrical charge</a> and therefore repel each other, keeping the micelles separated under normal conditions and in a stable <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloidal</a> <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspension</a> in the water-based surrounding fluid.<a href="#cite_note-On_Food_and_Cooking-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-chem-95">[95]</a> Milk contains dozens of other types of proteins beside caseins and including enzymes. These other proteins are more water-soluble than caseins and do not form larger structures. Because the proteins remain suspended in <a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">whey</a>, remaining when caseins coagulate into curds, they are collectively known as whey proteins. <a href="/wiki/Lactoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactoglobulin">Lactoglobulin</a> is the most common whey protein by a large margin.<a href="#cite_note-On_Food_and_Cooking-21">[21]</a> The ratio of caseins to whey proteins varies greatly between species; for example, it is 82:18 in cows and around 32:68 in humans.<a href="#cite_note-Applications2017-96">[96]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="margin:auto"> <caption>Ratio of caseins to whey proteins in milk of nine mammals<a href="#cite_note-Applications2017-96">[96]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Species</th> <th>Ratio </th></tr> <tr> <td>Human</td> <td>29.7:70.3 – 33.7:66.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bovine</td> <td>82:18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caprine</td> <td>78:22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ovine</td> <td>76:24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Buffalo</td> <td>82:18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Equine</td> <td>52:48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Camel</td> <td>73:27 – 76:24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yak</td> <td>82:18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reindeer</td> <td>80:20 – 83:17 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salts,_minerals,_and_vitamins">Salts, minerals, and vitamins</h3></div> Bovine milk contains a variety of cations and anions traditionally referred to as "minerals" or "milk salts". Calcium, phosphate, magnesium, sodium, potassium, citrate, and chloride are all included and they typically occur at concentrations of 5–40 <a href="/wiki/Molar_concentration#Units" title="Molar concentration">mM</a>. The milk salts strongly interact with casein, most notably calcium phosphate. It is present in excess and often, much greater excess of solubility of solid calcium phosphate.<a href="#cite_note-Fox-1995-v3-90">[90]</a> In addition to calcium, milk is a source of many vitamins: Vitamins A, B1, B2, B5 B6, B7, B12, and D. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Calcium_phosphate_structure">Calcium phosphate structure</h4></div> For many years the most widely accepted theory of the structure of a micelle was that it was composed of spherical casein aggregates, called submicelles, that were held together by calcium phosphate linkages. However, there are two recent models of the casein micelle that refute the distinct micellular structures within the micelle. The first theory, attributed to de Kruif and Holt, proposes that nanoclusters of calcium phosphate and the phosphopeptide fraction of beta-casein are the centerpiece to micellar structure. Specifically in this view unstructured proteins organize around the calcium phosphate, giving rise to their structure, and thus no specific structure is formed. Under the second theory, proposed by Horne, the growth of calcium phosphate nanoclusters begins the process of micelle formation, but is limited by binding phosphopeptide loop regions of the caseins. Once bound, protein-protein interactions are formed and polymerization occurs, in which K-casein is used as an end cap to form micelles with trapped calcium phosphate nanoclusters. Some sources indicate that the trapped calcium phosphate is in the form of Ca9(PO4)6; whereas others say it is similar to the structure of the mineral <a href="/wiki/Brushite" title="Brushite">brushite</a>, CaHPO4·2H2O.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sugars_and_carbohydrates">Sugars and carbohydrates</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrolysis_of_lactose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hydrolysis_of_lactose.svg/220px-Hydrolysis_of_lactose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hydrolysis_of_lactose.svg/330px-Hydrolysis_of_lactose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hydrolysis_of_lactose.svg/440px-Hydrolysis_of_lactose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>A simplified representation of a <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a> molecule being broken down into <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> (2) and <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a> (1)</figcaption></figure> Milk contains several different <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a>. The lactose gives milk its sweet taste and contributes approximately 40% of the calories in whole cow's milk's. Lactose is a disaccharide composite of two <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">simple sugars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a>. Bovine milk averages 4.8% anhydrous lactose, which amounts to about 50% of the total solids of skimmed milk. Levels of lactose are dependent upon the type of milk as other carbohydrates can be present at higher concentrations than lactose in milks.<a href="#cite_note-Fox-1995-v3-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous_contents">Miscellaneous contents</h3></div> Other components found in raw cow's milk are living <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a>, mammary gland cells, various bacteria, vitamin C, and a large number of active enzymes.<a href="#cite_note-On_Food_and_Cooking-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance">Appearance</h3></div> Both the fat globules and the smaller casein micelles, which are just large enough to deflect light, contribute to the opaque white color of milk. The fat globules contain some yellow-orange carotene, enough in some breeds (such as Guernsey and Jersey cattle) to impart a golden or "creamy" hue to a glass of milk. The <a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">riboflavin</a> in the whey portion of milk has a greenish color, which sometimes can be discerned in skimmed milk or whey products.<a href="#cite_note-On_Food_and_Cooking-21">[21]</a> Fat-free skimmed milk has only the casein micelles to scatter light, and they tend to scatter shorter-wavelength blue light more than they do red, giving skimmed milk a bluish tint.<a href="#cite_note-chem-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processing">Processing</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milkproducts_v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Milkproducts_v2.svg/220px-Milkproducts_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Milkproducts_v2.svg/330px-Milkproducts_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Milkproducts_v2.svg/440px-Milkproducts_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Milk products and productions relationships (click to enlarge)</figcaption></figure> In most Western countries, centralized dairy facilities process milk and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">products obtained from milk</a>, such as cream, butter, and cheese. In the US, these dairies usually are local companies, while in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> facilities may be run by large multi-national corporations such as <a href="/wiki/Fonterra" title="Fonterra">Fonterra</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pasteurization">Pasteurization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization#Milk" title="Pasteurization">Pasteurization § Milk</a></div> Pasteurization is used to kill harmful <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria" title="Pathogenic bacteria">pathogenic bacteria</a> such as <a href="/wiki/M._paratuberculosis" class="mw-redirect" title="M. paratuberculosis">M. paratuberculosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._coli_0157:H7" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli 0157:H7">E. coli 0157:H7</a> by heating the milk for a short time and then immediately cooling it.<a href="#cite_note-holzinger97-98">[98]</a> Types of pasteurized milk include full cream, reduced fat, skim milk, calcium enriched, flavored, and UHT.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The standard high temperature short time (HTST) process of 72 °C (162 °F) for 15 seconds completely kills pathogenic bacteria in milk,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> rendering it safe to drink for up to three weeks if continually refrigerated.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Dairies print <a href="/wiki/Best_before" class="mw-redirect" title="Best before">best before</a> dates on each container, after which stores remove any unsold milk from their shelves. A side effect of the heating of pasteurization is that some vitamin and mineral content is lost. Soluble calcium and phosphorus decrease by 5%, thiamin and vitamin B12 by 10%, and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> by 20% or greater (even to complete loss).<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Because losses are small in comparison to the large amount of the two B-vitamins present, milk continues to provide significant amounts of thiamin and vitamin B12. The loss of vitamin C is not nutritionally significant in a well-balanced diet, as milk is not an important dietary source of vitamin C. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Filtration">Filtration</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Microfiltration" title="Microfiltration">Microfiltration</a> is a process that partially replaces pasteurization and produces milk with fewer microorganisms and longer shelf life without a change in the taste of the milk. In this process, cream is separated from the skimmed milk and is pasteurized in the usual way, but the skimmed milk is forced through ceramic microfilters that trap 99.9% of microorganisms in the milk<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> (as compared to 99.999% killing of microorganisms in standard <a href="/wiki/Flash_pasteurization" title="Flash pasteurization">HTST pasteurization</a>).<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The skimmed milk then is recombined with the pasteurized cream to reconstitute the original milk composition. <a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltration" title="Ultrafiltration">Ultrafiltration</a> uses finer filters than microfiltration, which allow lactose and water to pass through while retaining fats, calcium and protein.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson2015-105">[105]</a> As with microfiltration, the fat may be removed before filtration and added back in afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-ncse-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltered_milk" title="Ultrafiltered milk">Ultrafiltered milk</a> is used in cheesemaking, since it has reduced volume for a given protein content, and is sold directly to consumers as a higher protein, lower sugar content, and creamier alternative to regular milk.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creaming_and_homogenization">Creaming and homogenization</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cow_milking_machine_in_action_DSC04132.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cow_milking_machine_in_action_DSC04132.jpg/220px-Cow_milking_machine_in_action_DSC04132.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cow_milking_machine_in_action_DSC04132.jpg/330px-Cow_milking_machine_in_action_DSC04132.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cow_milking_machine_in_action_DSC04132.jpg/440px-Cow_milking_machine_in_action_DSC04132.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2070" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>A milking machine in action</figcaption></figure> Upon standing for 12 to 24 hours, fresh milk has a tendency to separate into a high-fat cream layer on top of a larger, low-fat milk layer. The cream often is sold as a separate product with its own uses. Today the separation of the cream from the milk usually is accomplished rapidly in <a href="/wiki/Centrifuge" title="Centrifuge">centrifugal</a> <a href="/wiki/Cream_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Cream separator">cream separators</a>. The fat globules rise to the top of a container of milk because fat is less dense than water.<a href="#cite_note-On_Food_and_Cooking-21">[21]</a> The smaller the globules, the more other molecular-level forces prevent this from happening. The cream rises in cow's milk much more quickly than a simple model would predict: rather than isolated globules, the fat in the milk tends to form into clusters containing about a million globules, held together by a number of minor whey proteins.<a href="#cite_note-On_Food_and_Cooking-21">[21]</a> These clusters rise faster than individual globules can. The fat globules in milk from goats, sheep, and water buffalo do not form clusters as readily and are smaller to begin with, resulting in a slower separation of cream from these milks.<a href="#cite_note-On_Food_and_Cooking-21">[21]</a> Milk often is <a href="/wiki/Homogenization_(chemistry)" title="Homogenization (chemistry)">homogenized</a>, a treatment that prevents a cream layer from separating out of the milk. The milk is pumped at high pressures through very narrow tubes, breaking up the fat globules through <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> A greater number of smaller particles possess more total <a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">surface area</a> than a smaller number of larger ones, and the original fat globule membranes cannot completely cover them. Casein micelles are attracted to the newly exposed fat surfaces. Nearly one-third of the micelles in the milk end up participating in this new membrane structure. The casein weighs down the globules and interferes with the clustering that accelerated separation. The exposed fat globules are vulnerable to certain enzymes present in milk, which could break down the fats and produce <a href="/wiki/Rancidification" title="Rancidification">rancid</a> flavors. To prevent this, the enzymes are inactivated by pasteurizing the milk immediately before or during homogenization. Homogenized milk tastes blander but feels creamier in the mouth than unhomogenized. It is whiter and more resistant to developing off flavors.<a href="#cite_note-On_Food_and_Cooking-21">[21]</a> Creamline (or cream-top) milk is unhomogenized. It may or may not have been pasteurized. Milk that has undergone high-pressure homogenization, sometimes labeled as "ultra-homogenized", has a longer <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a> than milk that has undergone ordinary homogenization at lower pressures.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UHT">UHT</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-temperature_processing" title="Ultra-high-temperature processing">Ultra Heat Treatment</a> (UHT) is a type of milk processing where all bacteria are destroyed with high heat to extend its shelf life for up to 6 months, as long as the package is not opened. Milk is firstly homogenized and then is heated to 138 degrees Celsius for 2–4 seconds. The milk is immediately cooled down and packed into a sterile container. As a result of this treatment, all the pathogenic bacteria within the milk are destroyed, unlike when the milk is just pasteurized. The treated milk will keep for up to 6 months if unopened. UHT milk does not need to be refrigerated until the package is opened, which makes it easier to ship and store. However, in this process there is a loss of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B1">vitamin B1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, and there is also a slight change in the taste of the milk.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition_and_health">Nutrition and health</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fat_content_of_milk" title="Fat content of milk">Fat content of milk</a></div> The composition of milk differs widely among species. Factors such as the type of protein; the proportion of protein, fat, and sugar; the levels of various vitamins and minerals; and the size of the butterfat globules, and the strength of the curd are among those that may vary.<a href="#cite_note-intro-23">[23]</a> For example: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">Human milk</a> contains, on average, 1.1% protein, 4.2% fat, 7.0% lactose (a sugar), and supplies 72 kcal of energy per 100 grams.</li> <li>Cow's milk contains, on average, 3.4% protein, 3.6% fat, and 4.6% lactose, 0.7% <a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">minerals</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and supplies 66 kcal of energy per 100 grams. See also <a href="#Nutritional_value">Nutritional value</a> further on in this article and more complete lists at online sources that list values and differences in categories.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li></ul> Donkey and horse milk have the lowest fat content, while the milk of <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> and whales may contain more than 50% fat.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Milk composition analysis, per 100 grams </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Constituents </th> <th>Unit </th> <th>Cow </th> <th>Goat </th> <th>Sheep </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Water </td> <td>g </td> <td>87.8 </td> <td>88.9 </td> <td>83.0 </td> <td>81.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Protein </td> <td>g </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>3.1 </td> <td>5.4 </td> <td>4.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fat </td> <td>g </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>6.0 </td> <td>8.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>----Saturated fatty acids </td> <td>g </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>----Monounsaturated fatty acids </td> <td>g </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>1.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>----Polyunsaturated fatty acids </td> <td>g </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carbohydrate (i.e. the sugar form of <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a>) </td> <td>g </td> <td>4.8 </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td>4.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cholesterol </td> <td>mg </td> <td>14 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Calcium </td> <td>mg </td> <td>120 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>170 </td> <td>195 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Energy </td> <td>kcal </td> <td>66 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>95 </td> <td>110 </td></tr> <tr> <td>kJ </td> <td>275 </td> <td>253 </td> <td>396 </td> <td>463 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cow's_milk:_variation_by_breed">Cow's milk: variation by breed</h3></div> These compositions vary by breed, animal, and point in the lactation period. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Milk fat percentages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Cow breed </th> <th>Approximate percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jersey_cattle" title="Jersey cattle">Jersey</a> </td> <td>5.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu</a> </td> <td>4.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brown_Swiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Swiss">Brown Swiss</a> </td> <td>4.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holstein_cattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein cattle">Holstein-Friesian</a> </td> <td>3.6 </td></tr></tbody></table> The protein range for these four breeds is 3.3% to 3.9%, while the lactose range is 4.7% to 4.9%.<a href="#cite_note-On_Food_and_Cooking-21">[21]</a> Milk fat percentages may be manipulated by dairy farmers' stock diet formulation strategies. The infection known as <a href="/wiki/Mastitis" title="Mastitis">mastitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mastitis_in_dairy_cattle" title="Mastitis in dairy cattle">especially in dairy cattle</a>, can cause fat levels to decline.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutritional_value">Nutritional value</h3></div> Processed cow's milk was formulated to contain differing amounts of fat during the 1950s. One cup (250 mL) of 2%-fat cow's milk contains 285 mg of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, which represents 22% to 29% of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_recommended_intake" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily recommended intake">daily recommended intake</a> (DRI) of calcium for an adult. Depending on its age, milk contains 8 grams of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, and a number of other nutrients[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] (either naturally or through <a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">fortification</a>). Whole milk has a <a href="/wiki/Glycemic_index" title="Glycemic index">glycemic index</a> of 39±3.<a href="#cite_note-International-Tables-2008-115">[115]</a> A food is considered to have a low GI if it is 55 or less. For <a href="/wiki/Protein_quality" title="Protein quality">protein quality</a>, whole milk has a <a href="/wiki/Digestible_Indispensable_Amino_Acid_Score" title="Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score">Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score</a> (DIAAS) of 1.43, with the <a href="/wiki/Limiting_amino_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Limiting amino acid">limiting amino acid</a> for those groups being <a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">methionine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> A DIAAS of 1 or more is considered to be an excellent/high <a href="/wiki/Protein_quality" title="Protein quality">protein quality</a> source.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disease">Disease</h3></div> There is mixed evidence that drinking milk increases the risk of cancer in general, and good evidence that milk drinking may have a protective effect specifically against <a href="/wiki/Bowel_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowel cancer">bowel cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-k808-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allergy">Allergy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Milk_allergy" title="Milk allergy">Milk allergy</a></div> One of the most common <a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">food allergies</a> in infants is to cow's milk. This is an immunologically mediated <a href="/wiki/Adverse_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse reaction">adverse reaction</a>, rarely fatal, to one or more cow's milk proteins.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Milk allergy affects between 2% and 3% of babies and young children.<a href="#cite_note-Savage2015-120">[120]</a> To reduce risk, recommendations are that babies should be exclusively <a href="/wiki/Breastfed" class="mw-redirect" title="Breastfed">breastfed</a> for at least four months, preferably six months, before introducing cow's milk.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The majority of children outgrow milk allergy, but for about 0.4% the condition persists into adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-Liu2010-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lactose_intolerance">Lactose intolerance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lactose_intolerance" title="Lactose intolerance">Lactose intolerance</a></div> Lactose intolerance is a condition in which people have symptoms due to deficiency or absence of the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Lactase" title="Lactase">lactase</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>, causing poor absorption of milk lactose.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Dig-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deng2015-124">[124]</a> People affected vary in the amount of lactose they can tolerate before symptoms develop,<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Dig-123">[123]</a> which may include abdominal pain, <a href="/wiki/Bloating" title="Bloating">bloating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, gas, and <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Dig-123">[123]</a> Severity depends on the amount of milk consumed.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Dig-123">[123]</a> Those affected are usually able to drink at least one cup of milk without developing significant symptoms, with greater amounts tolerated if drunk with a meal or throughout the day.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Dig-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-SuchyBrannon2010-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_of_lactation">Evolution of lactation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">Lactation</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary gland</a> is thought to have derived from <a href="/wiki/Apocrine" title="Apocrine">apocrine</a> skin glands.<a href="#cite_note-Oftedal_2002_225–252-126">[126]</a> It has been suggested that the original function of lactation (milk production) was keeping eggs moist. Much of the argument is based on <a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">monotremes</a> (egg-laying mammals).<a href="#cite_note-Oftedal_2002_225–252-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The original adaptive significance of milk secretions may have been nutrition<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> and immunological protection.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tritylodontidae" title="Tritylodontidae">Tritylodontid</a> <a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">cynodonts</a> seem to have displayed lactation, based on their dental replacement patterns.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bovine_growth_hormone_supplementation">Bovine growth hormone supplementation</h2></div> Since November 1993, <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_bovine_somatotropin" class="mw-redirect" title="Recombinant bovine somatotropin">recombinant bovine somatotropin</a> (rbST), also called rBGH, has been sold to dairy farmers with <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a> approval. Cows produce bovine growth hormone naturally, but some producers administer an additional recombinant version of BGH which is produced through <a href="/wiki/Genetically_engineered" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically engineered">genetically engineered</a> <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a> to increase milk production. Bovine growth hormone also stimulates liver production of <a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">insulin-like growth factor 1</a> (IGF1). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_health">Human health</h3></div> The US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> have reported that both of these compounds are safe for human consumption at the amounts present. Milk from cows given rBST may be sold in the United States, and the FDA stated that no significant difference has been shown between milk derived from rBST-treated and that from non-rBST-treated cows.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Milk that advertises that it comes from cows not treated with rBST, is required to state this finding on its label. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_welfare">Animal welfare</h3></div> Cows receiving rBGH supplements may more frequently contract an udder infection known as <a href="/wiki/Mastitis" title="Mastitis">mastitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Problems with mastitis have led to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan banning milk from rBST treated cows. Mastitis, among other diseases, may be responsible for the fact that levels of <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a> in milk vary naturally.<a href="#cite_note-NDSU.EDU-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> rBGH is also banned in the European Union, for reasons of <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties_and_brands">Varieties and brands</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">Dairy product</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dairy_Crest_Semi_Skimmed_Milk_Bottle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dairy_Crest_Semi_Skimmed_Milk_Bottle.jpg/170px-Dairy_Crest_Semi_Skimmed_Milk_Bottle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dairy_Crest_Semi_Skimmed_Milk_Bottle.jpg/255px-Dairy_Crest_Semi_Skimmed_Milk_Bottle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dairy_Crest_Semi_Skimmed_Milk_Bottle.jpg/340px-Dairy_Crest_Semi_Skimmed_Milk_Bottle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Glass milk bottle used for home delivery service in the UK</figcaption></figure> Milk products are sold in a number of varieties based on types/degrees of: <ul><li>additives (e.g. vitamins, flavorings)</li> <li>age (e.g. cheddar, old cheddar)</li> <li>coagulation (e.g. cottage cheese)</li> <li>farming method (e.g. organic, grass-fed, <a href="/wiki/Haymilk" title="Haymilk">haymilk</a>)</li> <li>fat content (e.g. half and half, 3% fat milk, 2% milk, 1% milk, skim milk)</li> <li>fermentation (e.g. buttermilk)</li> <li>flavoring (e.g. chocolate and strawberry)</li> <li>homogenization (e.g. cream top)</li> <li>packaging (e.g. bottle, carton, bag)</li> <li>pasteurization (e.g. raw milk, pasteurized milk)</li> <li>reduction or elimination of lactose</li> <li>species (e.g. cow, goat, sheep)</li> <li>sweetening (e.g., chocolate and strawberry milk)</li> <li>water content (e.g. dry milk powder, condensed milk, ultrafiltered milk)</li></ul> Milk preserved by the <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-temperature_processing" title="Ultra-high-temperature processing">UHT</a> process does not need to be refrigerated before opening and has a much longer shelf life (six months) than milk in ordinary packaging. It is typically sold unrefrigerated in the UK, US, Europe, Latin America, and Australia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduction_or_elimination_of_lactose">Reduction or elimination of lactose</h3></div> Lactose-free milk can be produced by passing milk over lactase enzyme bound to an inert carrier. Once the molecule is cleaved, there are no lactose ill effects. Forms are available with reduced amounts of lactose (typically 30% of normal), and alternatively with nearly 0%. The only noticeable difference from regular milk is a slightly sweeter taste due to the cleavage of lactose into glucose and galactose. Lactose-reduced milk can also be produced via <a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltered_milk" title="Ultrafiltered milk">ultra filtration</a>, which removes smaller molecules such as lactose and water while leaving calcium and proteins behind. Milk produced via these methods has a lower sugar content than regular milk.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson2015-105">[105]</a> To aid digestion in those with <a href="/wiki/Lactose_intolerance" title="Lactose intolerance">lactose intolerance</a>, another alternative is dairy foods, milk and <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, with added bacterial cultures such as <a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus_acidophilus" title="Lactobacillus acidophilus">Lactobacillus acidophilus</a> ("acidophilus milk") and <a href="/wiki/Bifidobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bifidobacteria">bifidobacteria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Another milk with <a href="/wiki/Lactococcus_lactis" title="Lactococcus lactis">Lactococcus lactis</a> bacteria cultures ("<a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">cultured buttermilk</a>") often is used in cooking to replace the traditional use of naturally <a href="/wiki/Soured_milk" title="Soured milk">soured milk</a>, which has become rare due to the ubiquity of pasteurization, which also kills the naturally occurring Lactococcus bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additives_and_flavoring">Additives and flavoring</h3></div> Commercially sold milk commonly has <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a> added to it to make up for lack of exposure to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UVB</a> radiation. Reduced-fat milks often have added <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A_palmitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin A palmitate">vitamin A palmitate</a> to compensate for the loss of the vitamin during fat removal; in the United States this results in reduced fat milks having a higher vitamin A content than whole milk.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Milk often has <a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">flavoring</a> added to it for better taste or as a means of improving sales. <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_milk" title="Chocolate milk">Chocolate milk</a> has been sold for many years and has been followed more recently by <a href="/wiki/Strawberry_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberry milk">strawberry milk</a> and others. Some nutritionists have criticized <a href="/wiki/Flavored_milk" title="Flavored milk">flavored milk</a> for adding sugar, usually in the form of <a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">high-fructose corn syrup</a>, to the diets of children who are already commonly obese in the US.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution">Distribution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_milk_bottles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Glass_milk_bottles.jpg/170px-Glass_milk_bottles.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Glass_milk_bottles.jpg/255px-Glass_milk_bottles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Glass_milk_bottles.jpg/340px-Glass_milk_bottles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Returning reusable glass <a href="/wiki/Milk_bottle" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk bottle">milk bottles</a>, used for home delivery service in the UK</figcaption></figure> Due to the short shelf life of normal milk, it used to be delivered to households daily in many countries; however, improved refrigeration at home, changing food shopping patterns because of supermarkets, and the higher cost of home delivery mean that daily deliveries by a <a href="/wiki/Milkman" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkman">milkman</a> are no longer available in most countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia_and_New_Zealand">Australia and New Zealand</h4></div> In Australia and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, prior to <a href="/wiki/Metrication" title="Metrication">metrication</a>, milk was generally distributed in 1 pint (568 mL) glass bottles. In Australia and Ireland there was a government funded "free milk for school children" program, and milk was distributed at morning recess in 1/3 pint bottles. With the conversion to metric measures, the milk industry was concerned that the replacement of the pint bottles with 500 mL bottles would result in a 13.6% drop in milk consumption; hence, all pint bottles were recalled and replaced by 600 mL bottles. With time, due to the steadily increasing cost of collecting, transporting, storing and cleaning glass bottles, they were replaced by cardboard cartons. A number of designs were used, including a tetrahedron which could be close-packed without waste space, and could not be knocked over accidentally (slogan: "No more crying over spilt milk"). However, the industry eventually settled on a design similar to that used in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-wwwa-147">[147]</a> Milk is now available in a variety of sizes in paperboard <a href="/wiki/Milk_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk carton">milk cartons</a> (250 mL, 375 mL, 600 mL, 1 liter and 1.5 liters) and <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">plastic bottles</a> (1, 2 and 3 liters). A significant addition to the marketplace has been "long-life" milk (<a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-temperature_processing" title="Ultra-high-temperature processing">UHT</a>), generally available in 1 and 2 liter rectangular cardboard cartons. In urban and suburban areas where there is sufficient demand, home delivery is still available, though in suburban areas this is often three times per week rather than daily. Another significant and popular addition to the marketplace has been flavored milks; for example, as mentioned above, <a href="/wiki/Farmers_Union_Iced_Coffee" title="Farmers Union Iced Coffee">Farmers Union Iced Coffee</a> outsells <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milk_vender_with_typical_traditional_brass_containers_,_Gagar_,used_in_Majha_Region_of_Punjab_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Milk_vender_with_typical_traditional_brass_containers_%2C_Gagar_%2Cused_in_Majha_Region_of_Punjab_02.jpg/220px-Milk_vender_with_typical_traditional_brass_containers_%2C_Gagar_%2Cused_in_Majha_Region_of_Punjab_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Milk_vender_with_typical_traditional_brass_containers_%2C_Gagar_%2Cused_in_Majha_Region_of_Punjab_02.jpg/330px-Milk_vender_with_typical_traditional_brass_containers_%2C_Gagar_%2Cused_in_Majha_Region_of_Punjab_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Milk_vender_with_typical_traditional_brass_containers_%2C_Gagar_%2Cused_in_Majha_Region_of_Punjab_02.jpg/440px-Milk_vender_with_typical_traditional_brass_containers_%2C_Gagar_%2Cused_in_Majha_Region_of_Punjab_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Vendors in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, India transporting milk in <a href="/wiki/Gagar" title="Gagar">gagar</a>, 2019</figcaption></figure> In rural <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, milk is home delivered, daily, by local milkmen carrying bulk quantities in a metal container, usually on a bicycle. In other parts of metropolitan <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, milk is usually bought or delivered in plastic bags or cartons via shops or supermarkets. The current milk chain flow in India is from milk producer to milk collection agent. Then it is transported to a milk chilling center and bulk transported to the processing plant, then to the sales agent and finally to the consumer. A 2011 survey by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India found that nearly 70% of samples had not conformed to the standards set for milk. The study found that due to lack of hygiene and sanitation in milk handling and packaging, detergents (used during cleaning operations) were not washed properly and found their way into the milk. About 8% of samples in the survey were found to have detergents, which are hazardous to health.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Although India is the world's largest milk producer and a major exporter, the country's ever-increasing demand for dairy products could eventually make it a net importer.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, milk is supplied in jugs. Milk has been a staple food, especially among the pastoral tribes in this country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4></div> Since the late 1990s, milk-buying patterns have changed drastically in the UK. The classic <a href="/wiki/Milkman" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkman">milkman</a>, who travels his local <a href="/wiki/Milk_round_(transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk round (transport)">milk round</a> (route) using a <a href="/wiki/Milk_float" title="Milk float">milk float</a> (often battery powered) during the early hours and delivers milk in 1-<a href="/wiki/Pint" title="Pint">pint</a> glass bottles with <a href="/wiki/Aluminum_foil" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum foil">aluminum foil</a> tops directly to households, has almost disappeared. Two of the main reasons for the decline of UK home deliveries by milkmen are household refrigerators (which lessen the need for daily milk deliveries) and private car usage (which has increased supermarket shopping). Another factor is that it is cheaper to purchase milk from a supermarket than from home delivery. In 1996, more than 2.5 billion liters of milk were still being delivered by milkmen, but by 2006 only 637 million liters (13% of milk consumed) was delivered by some 9,500 milkmen.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> By 2010, the estimated number of milkmen had dropped to 6,000.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Assuming that delivery per milkman is the same as it was in 2006, this means milkmen deliveries now only account for 6–7% of all milk consumed by UK households (6.7 billion liters in 2008/2009).<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Almost 95% of all milk in the UK is thus sold in shops today, most of it in plastic bottles of various sizes, but some also in <a href="/wiki/Milk_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk carton">milk cartons</a>. Milk is hardly ever sold in glass bottles in UK shops. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> In the United States, glass milk bottles have been replaced mostly with <a href="/wiki/Milk_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk carton">milk cartons</a> and plastic jugs. Gallons of milk are almost always sold in jugs, while half gallons and quarts may be found in both paper cartons and plastic jugs, and smaller sizes are almost always in cartons. The "half pint" (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>237 mL, 5⁄12 imp pt) milk carton is the traditional unit as a component of school lunches, though some companies have replaced that unit size with a plastic bottle, which is also available at retail in 6- and 12-pack size. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Packaging">Packaging</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Milk" title="Special:EditPage/Milk">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Milk%22">"Milk"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Milk%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Milk%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Milk%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Milk%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Milk%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (August 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milk_in_different_packets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Milk_in_different_packets.jpg/220px-Milk_in_different_packets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Milk_in_different_packets.jpg/330px-Milk_in_different_packets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Milk_in_different_packets.jpg/440px-Milk_in_different_packets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Milk in different packets</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_litre_bagged_milk,_Quebec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Four_litre_bagged_milk%2C_Quebec.jpg/220px-Four_litre_bagged_milk%2C_Quebec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Four_litre_bagged_milk%2C_Quebec.jpg/330px-Four_litre_bagged_milk%2C_Quebec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Four_litre_bagged_milk%2C_Quebec.jpg/440px-Four_litre_bagged_milk%2C_Quebec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3661" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Four liter bagged milk in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mejeriprodukter_i_Sk%C3%A5nsk_butik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mejeriprodukter_i_Sk%C3%A5nsk_butik.jpg/170px-Mejeriprodukter_i_Sk%C3%A5nsk_butik.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mejeriprodukter_i_Sk%C3%A5nsk_butik.jpg/255px-Mejeriprodukter_i_Sk%C3%A5nsk_butik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mejeriprodukter_i_Sk%C3%A5nsk_butik.jpg/340px-Mejeriprodukter_i_Sk%C3%A5nsk_butik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The milk section in a Swedish grocery store</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_School_Milk_Bottle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Glass_School_Milk_Bottle.jpg/170px-Glass_School_Milk_Bottle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Glass_School_Milk_Bottle.jpg/255px-Glass_School_Milk_Bottle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Glass_School_Milk_Bottle.jpg/340px-Glass_School_Milk_Bottle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>A primary school child in England drinking milk out of a glass bottle with a straw</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milk-bottle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Milk-bottle.jpg/170px-Milk-bottle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Milk-bottle.jpg/255px-Milk-bottle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Milk-bottle.jpg/340px-Milk-bottle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>A glass <a href="/wiki/Milk_bottle" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk bottle">bottle</a> of non-homogenized, organic, local milk from the US state of California. American milk bottles are generally rectangular in shape.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirkland_Milk_Jug.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kirkland_Milk_Jug.JPG/170px-Kirkland_Milk_Jug.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kirkland_Milk_Jug.JPG/255px-Kirkland_Milk_Jug.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kirkland_Milk_Jug.JPG/340px-Kirkland_Milk_Jug.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1790" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Square_milk_jug" title="Square milk jug">rectangular milk jug</a> design used by <a href="/wiki/Costco" title="Costco">Costco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam%27s_Club" title="Sam's Club">Sam's Club</a> stores in the United States which allows for stacking and display of filled containers rather than being shipped to the store in <a href="/wiki/Milk_crate" title="Milk crate">milk crates</a> and manual loading into a freezer display rack</figcaption></figure> Glass milk bottles are now rare. Most people purchase milk in bags, plastic bottles, or plastic-coated paper cartons. <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a> (UV) light from <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lighting</a> can alter the flavor of milk, so many companies that once distributed milk in <a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">transparent</a> or highly <a href="/wiki/Translucent" class="mw-redirect" title="Translucent">translucent</a> containers are now using thicker materials that block the UV light. Milk comes in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Carton" title="Carton">containers</a> with local variants: <dl><dt>Argentina</dt> <dd>Commonly sold in 1-liter bags and cardboard boxes. The bag is then placed in a plastic jug and the corner cut off before the milk is poured.</dd> <dt>Australia and New Zealand</dt> <dd>Distributed in a variety of sizes, most commonly in <a href="/wiki/Aseptic_processing" title="Aseptic processing">aseptic</a> cartons for up to 1.5 liters, and plastic screw-top bottles beyond that with the following volumes; 1.1 L, 2 L, and 3 L. 1-liter <a href="/wiki/Milk_bag" title="Milk bag">milk bags</a> are starting to appear in supermarkets, but have not yet proved popular. Most UHT-milk is packed in 1 or 2 liter paper containers with a sealed plastic spout.<a href="#cite_note-wwwa-147">[147]</a></dd> <dt>Brazil</dt> <dd>Used to be sold in cooled 1-liter bags, just like in South Africa. Today the most common form is 1-liter aseptic cartons containing UHT skimmed, semi-skimmed or whole milk, although the plastic bags are still in use for pasteurized milk. Higher grades of pasteurized milk can be found in cartons or plastic bottles. Sizes other than 1-liter are rare.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Canada</dt> <dd>1.33 liter plastic bags (sold as 4 liters in 3 bags) are widely available in some areas (especially the <a href="/wiki/Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritimes">Maritimes</a>, Ontario and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>), although the 4 liter plastic jug has supplanted them in western Canada. Other common packaging sizes are 2 liter, 1 liter, 500 mL, and 250 mL cartons, as well as 4 liter, 1 liter, 250 mL aseptic cartons and 500 mL plastic jugs.</dd> <dt>Chile</dt> <dd>Distributed most commonly in <a href="/wiki/Aseptic_processing" title="Aseptic processing">aseptic</a> cartons for up to 1 liter, but smaller, snack-sized cartons are also popular. The most common flavors, besides the natural presentation, are chocolate, strawberry and vanilla.</dd> <dt>China</dt> <dd>Sweetened milk is a drink popular with students of all ages and is often sold in small plastic bags complete with straw. Adults not wishing to drink at a banquet often drink milk served from cartons or <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong-style_milk_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong-style milk tea">milk tea</a>.</dd> <dt>Colombia</dt> <dd>Sells milk in 1-liter plastic bags.</dd> <dt>Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro</dt> <dd>UHT milk (trajno mlijeko/trajno mleko/трајно млеко) is sold in 500 mL and 1 L (sometimes also 200 mL) aseptic cartons. Non-UHT pasteurized milk (svježe mlijeko/sveže mleko/свеже млеко) is most commonly sold in 1 L and 1.5 L PET bottles, though in Serbia one can still find milk in plastic bags.</dd> <dt>Estonia</dt> <dd>Commonly sold in 1 L bags or 0.33 L, 0.5 L, 1 L or 1.5 L cartons.</dd> <dt>Parts of Europe</dt> <dd>Sizes of 500 mL, 1 liter (the most common), 1.5 liters, 2 liters and 3 liters are commonplace.</dd> <dt>Finland</dt> <dd>Commonly sold in 1 L or 1.5 L cartons, in some places also in 2 dl and 5 dl cartons.</dd> <dt>Germany</dt> <dd>Commonly sold in 1-liter cartons. Sale in 1-liter plastic bags (common in the 1980s) is now rare.</dd> <dt>Hong Kong</dt> <dd>Milk is sold in glass bottles (220 mL), cartons (236 mL and 1 L), plastic jugs (2 liters) and aseptic cartons (250 mL).</dd> <dt>India</dt> <dd>Commonly sold in 500 mL plastic bags and in bottles in some parts like in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a>. It is still customary to serve the milk boiled, despite pasteurization. Milk is often buffalo milk. Flavored milk is sold in most convenience stores in waxed cardboard containers. Convenience stores also sell many varieties of milk (such as flavored and ultra-pasteurized) in various sizes, usually in aseptic cartons.</dd> <dt>Indonesia</dt> <dd>Usually sold in 1-liter cartons, but smaller, snack-sized cartons are available.</dd> <dt>Italy</dt> <dd>Commonly sold in 1-liter cartons or bottles and less commonly in 0.5 or 0.25-liter cartons. Whole milk, semi-skimmed milk, skimmed, lactose-free, and flavored (usually in small packages) milk is available. Milk is sold fresh or UHT. Goat's milk is also available in small amounts. UHT semi-skimmed milk is the most sold, but cafés use almost exclusively fresh whole milk.</dd> <dt>Japan</dt> <dd>Commonly sold in 1-liter waxed paperboard cartons. In most city centers there is also <a href="/wiki/Delivery_(commerce)" title="Delivery (commerce)">home delivery</a> of milk in glass jugs. As seen in China, sweetened and flavored milk drinks are commonly seen in <a href="/wiki/Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">vending machines</a>.</dd> <dt>Kenya</dt> <dd>Milk in Kenya is mostly sold in plastic-coated aseptic paper cartons supplied in 300 mL, 500 mL or 1 liter volumes. In rural areas, milk is stored in plastic bottles or gourds.<a href="#cite_note-Tracing_the_origin_of_Mursik-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The standard unit of measuring milk quantity in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> is a liter.</dd> <dt>Pakistan</dt> <dd>Milk is supplied in 500 mL plastic bags and carried in jugs from rural to cities for selling</dd> <dt>Philippines</dt> <dd>Milk is supplied in 1000 mL plastic bottles and delivered from factories to cities for selling.</dd> <dt>Poland</dt> <dd>UHT milk is mostly sold in aseptic cartons (500 mL, 1 L, 2 L), and non-UHT in 1 L plastic bags or plastic bottles. Milk, UHT is commonly boiled, despite being pasteurized.</dd> <dt>South Africa</dt> <dd>Commonly sold in 1-liter bags. The bag is then placed in a plastic jug and the corner cut off before the milk is poured.</dd> <dt>South Korea</dt> <dd>Sold in cartons (180 mL, 200 mL, 500 mL 900 mL, 1 L, 1.8 L, 2.3 L), plastic jugs (1 L and 1.8 L), aseptic cartons (180 mL and 200 mL) and plastic bags (1 L).</dd> <dt>Sweden</dt></dl> <dl><dd>Commonly sold in 0.3 L, 1 L or 1.5 L cartons and sometimes as plastic or glass milk bottles.</dd> <dt>Turkey</dt> <dd>Commonly sold in 500 mL or 1 L cartons or special plastic bottles. UHT milk is more popular. Milkmen also serve in smaller towns and villages.</dd> <dt>United Kingdom</dt> <dd>Most stores stock <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial</a> sizes: 1 pint (568 mL), 2 pints (1.136 L), 4 pints (2.273 L), 6 pints (3.408 L) or a combination including both metric and imperial sizes. Glass milk bottles delivered to the doorstep by the milkman are typically pint-sized and are returned empty by the householder for repeated <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reuse</a>. Milk is sold at supermarkets in either aseptic cartons or HDPE bottles. Supermarkets have also now begun to introduce milk in bags, to be poured from a proprietary jug and nozzle.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>United States</dt></dl> <dl><dd>Commonly sold in <a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">gallon</a> (3.78 L), half-gallon (1.89 L) and <a href="/wiki/Quart" title="Quart">quart</a> (0.94 L) containers of natural-colored HDPE resin, or, for sizes less than one gallon, cartons of waxed paperboard. Bottles made of opaque <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">PET</a> are also becoming commonplace for smaller, particularly metric, sizes such as one liter. The US single-serving size is usually the half-pint (about 240 mL). Less frequently, dairies deliver milk directly to consumers, from coolers filled with glass bottles which are typically half-gallon sized and returned for reuse. Some convenience store chains in the United States (such as <a href="/wiki/Kwik_Trip" title="Kwik Trip">Kwik Trip</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a>) sell milk in half-gallon bags, while another <a href="/wiki/Square_milk_jug" title="Square milk jug">rectangular cube gallon container design</a> used for easy stacking in shipping and displaying is used by <a href="/wiki/Warehouse_club" title="Warehouse club">warehouse clubs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Costco" title="Costco">Costco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam%27s_Club" title="Sam's Club">Sam's Club</a>, along with some <a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a> stores.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></dd> <dt>Uruguay</dt> <dd>Pasteurized milk is commonly sold in 1-liter bags and ultra-pasteurized milk is sold in cardboard boxes called <a href="/wiki/Tetra_Brik" title="Tetra Brik">Tetra Briks</a>. Non-pasteurized milk is forbidden. Until the 1960s no treatment was applied; milk was sold in bottles. As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milk&action=edit">[update]</a>, plastic jugs used for pouring the bags, or "sachets", are in common use.</dd></dl> Practically everywhere, <a href="/wiki/Condensed_milk" title="Condensed milk">condensed milk</a> and evaporated milk are distributed in metal cans, 250 and 125 mL paper containers and 100 and 200 mL squeeze tubes, and <a href="/wiki/Powdered_milk" title="Powdered milk">powdered milk</a> (skim and whole) is distributed in boxes or bags. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spoilage_and_fermented_milk_products">Spoilage and fermented milk products</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fermented_milk_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented milk products">Fermented milk products</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yakult_drink.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yakult_drink.jpg/170px-Yakult_drink.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yakult_drink.jpg/255px-Yakult_drink.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yakult_drink.jpg/340px-Yakult_drink.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2556" data-file-height="3652" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yakult" title="Yakult">Yakult</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">probiotic</a> milk-like product made by <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermenting</a> a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Skimmed_milk" title="Skimmed milk">skimmed milk</a> with a special strain of the bacterium <a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus_casei" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactobacillus casei">Lactobacillus casei</a> Shirota</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kipsigis_Gourd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kipsigis_Gourd.jpg/170px-Kipsigis_Gourd.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kipsigis_Gourd.jpg/255px-Kipsigis_Gourd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kipsigis_Gourd.jpg/340px-Kipsigis_Gourd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Gourd used by <a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_people" title="Kalenjin people">Kalenjins</a> to prepare a local version of fermented milk called <a href="/wiki/Mursik" title="Mursik">mursik</a><a href="#cite_note-Tracing_the_origin_of_Mursik-154">[154]</a> </figcaption></figure> When <a href="/wiki/Raw_milk" title="Raw milk">raw milk</a> is left standing for a while, it turns "<a href="/wiki/Sour" class="mw-redirect" title="Sour">sour</a>". This is the result of <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermentation</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_bacteria" title="Lactic acid bacteria">lactic acid bacteria</a> ferment the <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a> in the milk into <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>. Prolonged fermentation may render the milk unpleasant to consume. This fermentation process is exploited by the introduction of bacterial cultures (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Lactobacilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactobacilli">Lactobacilli</a> sp., <a href="/wiki/Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a> sp., <a href="/wiki/Leuconostoc" title="Leuconostoc">Leuconostoc</a> sp., etc.) to produce a variety of <a href="/wiki/Fermented_milk_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented milk products">fermented milk products</a>. The reduced pH from lactic acid accumulation denatures proteins and causes the milk to undergo a variety of different transformations in appearance and texture, ranging from an aggregate to smooth consistency. Some of these products include <a href="/wiki/Sour_cream" title="Sour cream">sour cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, cheese, <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viili" title="Viili">viili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">kefir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">kumis</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">Dairy product</a> for more information. <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">Pasteurization</a> of cow's milk initially destroys any potential pathogens and increases the shelf life,<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> but eventually results in spoilage that makes it unsuitable for consumption. This causes it to assume an <a href="/wiki/Unpleasant_odor" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpleasant odor">unpleasant odor</a>, and the milk is deemed non-consumable due to unpleasant taste and an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Food_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Food poisoning">food poisoning</a>. In raw milk, the presence of lactic acid-producing bacteria, under suitable conditions, ferments the lactose present to lactic acid. The increasing <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidity</a> in turn prevents the growth of other organisms, or slows their growth significantly. During pasteurization, however, these lactic acid bacteria are mostly destroyed. In order to prevent spoilage, milk can be kept <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">refrigerated</a> and stored between 1 and 4 °C (34 and 39 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Bulk_tank" title="Bulk tank">bulk tanks</a>. Most milk is pasteurized by heating briefly and then refrigerated to allow transport from <a href="/wiki/Factory_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory farming">factory farms</a> to local markets. The spoilage of milk can be forestalled by using ultra-high temperature (<a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-temperature_processing" title="Ultra-high-temperature processing">UHT</a>) treatment. Milk so treated can be stored unrefrigerated for several months until opened but has a characteristic "cooked" taste. <a href="/wiki/Condensed_milk" title="Condensed milk">Condensed milk</a>, made by removing most of the water, can be stored in cans for many years, unrefrigerated, as can <a href="/wiki/Evaporated_milk" title="Evaporated milk">evaporated milk</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Powdered_milk">Powdered milk</h3></div> The most durable form of milk is <a href="/wiki/Powdered_milk" title="Powdered milk">powdered milk</a>, which is produced from milk by removing almost all water. The <a href="/wiki/Moisture_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Moisture content">moisture content</a> is usually less than 5% in both drum- and spray-dried powdered milk. Freezing of milk can cause fat globule aggregation upon thawing, resulting in milky layers and butterfat lumps. These can be dispersed again by warming and stirring the milk.<a href="#cite_note-hui2006-159">[159]</a> It can change the taste by destruction of milk-fat globule membranes, releasing oxidized flavors.<a href="#cite_note-hui2006-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_other_food_products">Use in other food products</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steamed_milk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Steamed_milk.jpg/220px-Steamed_milk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Steamed_milk.jpg/330px-Steamed_milk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Steamed_milk.jpg/440px-Steamed_milk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steamed_milk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steamed milk (page does not exist)">Steamed milk</a> is used in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">espresso</a>-based coffee beverages.</figcaption></figure> Milk is used to make <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, cheese, <a href="/wiki/Ice_milk" title="Ice milk">ice milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pudding" title="Pudding">pudding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">hot chocolate</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_toast" title="French toast">french toast</a>, among many other products. Milk is often added to dry <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_cereal" title="Breakfast cereal">breakfast cereal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granola" title="Granola">granola</a>. Milk is mixed with ice cream and flavored syrups in a blender to make <a href="/wiki/Milkshake" title="Milkshake">milkshakes</a>. Milk is often served in coffee and tea. Frothy steamed milk is used to prepare <a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">espresso</a>-based drinks such as <a href="/wiki/Cafe_latte" class="mw-redirect" title="Cafe latte">cafe latte</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_language_and_culture">In language and culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:From_Abhisheka_To_Panchamrutha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/From_Abhisheka_To_Panchamrutha.jpg/170px-From_Abhisheka_To_Panchamrutha.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/From_Abhisheka_To_Panchamrutha.jpg/255px-From_Abhisheka_To_Panchamrutha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/From_Abhisheka_To_Panchamrutha.jpg/340px-From_Abhisheka_To_Panchamrutha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Hindu <a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">Abhisheka</a> ritual in <a href="/wiki/Agara,_Bangalore_Rural" title="Agara, Bangalore Rural">Agara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Rural_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore Rural District">Bangalore Rural District</a>, Karnataka</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> was formed after the <a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">trickster</a> god <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> suckled the infant <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> at the breast of <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>, the queen of the gods, while she was asleep.<a href="#cite_note-Leeming-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pache-161">[161]</a> When Hera awoke, she tore Heracles away from her breast and splattered her breast milk across the heavens.<a href="#cite_note-Leeming-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pache-161">[161]</a> In another version of the story, <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, the patron goddess of heroes, tricked Hera into suckling Heracles voluntarily,<a href="#cite_note-Leeming-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pache-161">[161]</a> but he bit her nipple so hard that she flung him away, spraying milk everywhere.<a href="#cite_note-Leeming-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pache-161">[161]</a> In many African and Asian countries, butter is traditionally made from fermented milk rather than cream. It can take several hours of churning to produce workable butter grains from fermented milk.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Holy books have also mentioned milk. The Bible contains references to the "<a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Milk and Honey</a>" as a metaphor for the bounty of the Promised Land. In the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, there is a request to wonder on milk as follows: "And surely in the livestock there is a lesson for you, We give you to drink of that which is in their bellies from the midst of digested food and blood, pure milk palatable for the drinkers" (16-The Honeybee, 66). The <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> fast is traditionally broken with a glass of milk and dates. In Jewish religious law, <a href="/wiki/Chalav_Yisrael" title="Chalav Yisrael">Chalav Yisrael</a> is the term regulating consumption of milk.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">Abhisheka</a> is conducted by <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> priests, by pouring libations on the <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">idol of a deity</a> being worshipped, amidst the chanting of <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>. Usually offerings such as milk, <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> may be poured among other offerings depending on the type of abhishekam being performed. A <a href="/wiki/Milksop" title="Milksop">milksop</a> is an "effeminate spiritless man," an expression which is attested to in the late 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Milk_toast" title="Milk toast">Milk toast</a> is a dish consisting of milk and toast. Its soft blandness served as inspiration for the name of the timid and ineffectual <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a> character <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Milquetoast" title="Caspar Milquetoast">Caspar Milquetoast</a>, drawn by <a href="/wiki/H._T._Webster" title="H. T. Webster">H. T. Webster</a> from 1924 to 1952.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Thus, the term "milquetoast" entered the language as the label for a timid, shrinking, apologetic person. Milk toast also appeared in Disney's <a href="/wiki/Follow_Me_Boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Follow Me Boys">Follow Me Boys</a> as an undesirable breakfast for the aging main character Lem Siddons. To "milk" someone, in the vernacular of many English-speaking countries, is to take advantage of the person, by analogy to the way a farmer "milks" a cow and takes its milk. The word "milk" has had many slang meanings over time. In the 19th century, milk was used to describe a cheap and very poisonous alcoholic drink made from <a href="/wiki/Methylated_spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylated spirits">methylated spirits</a> (methanol) mixed with water. The word was also used to mean defraud, to be idle, to intercept telegrams addressed to someone else, and a weakling or "milksop." In the mid-1930s, the word was used in Australia to refer to siphoning gas from a car.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-culinary_uses">Non-culinary uses</h2></div> Besides serving as a beverage or source of food, milk has been described as used by farmers and gardeners as an organic <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicide</a> and fertilizer,<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> however, its effectiveness is debated. Diluted milk solutions have been demonstrated to provide an effective method of preventing powdery mildew on grape vines, while showing it is unlikely to harm the plant.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Milk_paint" title="Milk paint">Milk paint</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Nontoxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontoxic">nontoxic</a> water-based <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paint</a>. It can be made from milk and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">lime</a>, generally with <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a> added for color.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> In other recipes, <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">borax</a> is mixed with milk's casein protein in order to activate the <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a> and as a preservative.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milk_bath_spa_in_DVN_(2413988302).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_bath_spa_in_DVN_%282413988302%29.jpg/220px-Milk_bath_spa_in_DVN_%282413988302%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_bath_spa_in_DVN_%282413988302%29.jpg/330px-Milk_bath_spa_in_DVN_%282413988302%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_bath_spa_in_DVN_%282413988302%29.jpg/440px-Milk_bath_spa_in_DVN_%282413988302%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A milk and rose-petal bath at a spa in Thailand</figcaption></figure> Milk has been used for centuries as a hair and skin treatment. <a href="#cite_note-Arterbery-173">[173]</a> Hairstylist Richard Marin states that some women rinse their hair with milk to add a shiny appearance to their hair.<a href="#cite_note-Arterbery-173">[173]</a> Cosmetic chemist Ginger King states that milk can "help exfoliate and remove debris [from skin] and make hair softer. Hairstylist Danny Jelaca states that milk's keratin proteins may "add weight to the hair".<a href="#cite_note-Arterbery-173">[173]</a> Some commercial hair products contain milk.<a href="#cite_note-Arterbery-173">[173]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Milk_bath" title="Milk bath">milk bath</a> is a bath taken in milk rather than just water. Often additives such as oatmeal, <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, and scents such as <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">daisies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essential_oils" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential oils">essential oils</a> are mixed in. Milk baths use <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_hydroxy_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha hydroxy acid">alpha hydroxy acid</a>, to dissolve the proteins which hold together dead skin cells.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interspecies_milk_consumption">Interspecies milk consumption</h2></div> The consumption of milk between species is not unique to humans. <a href="/wiki/Seagulls" class="mw-redirect" title="Seagulls">Seagulls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheathbills" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheathbills">sheathbills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skuas" class="mw-redirect" title="Skuas">skuas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_gull" title="Western gull">western gulls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feral_cats" class="mw-redirect" title="Feral cats">feral cats</a> have been reported to directly pilfer milk from the <a href="/wiki/Elephant_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephant seals">elephant seals</a>' teats.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A2_milk" title="A2 milk">A2 milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babcock_test" title="Babcock test">Babcock test</a> (determines the butterfat content of milk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blocked_milk_duct" title="Blocked milk duct">Blocked milk duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_Meat_and_Milk_Factors" title="Bovine Meat and Milk Factors">Bovine Meat and Milk Factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy and health">Dairy and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_milk_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented milk products">Fermented milk products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Health mark">Health mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_breast_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Human breast milk">Human breast milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">Lactation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dairy_products" title="List of dairy products">List of dairy products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_drinks" title="List of national drinks">List of national drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_borne_diseases" title="Milk borne diseases">Milk borne diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk line">Milk line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_paint" title="Milk paint">Milk paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_substitute" title="Milk substitute">Milk substitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat_milk" title="Oat milk">Oat milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">Operation Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Milk_Day" title="World Milk Day">World Milk Day</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-391882-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-391882-6"><bdi>978-0-12-391882-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/806291270">806291270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culinary+nutrition+%3A+the+science+and+practice+of+healthy+cooking&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FAcademic+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F806291270&rft.isbn=978-0-12-391882-6&rft.aulast=B.&rft.aufirst=Marcus%2C+Jacqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFboard2012" class="citation book cs1">board N (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8tlEAgAAQBAJ&q=Pasteurization+of+cow%27s+milk+initially+destroys+any+potential+pathogens+and+increases+the+shelf+life&pg=PA127">Detailed Project Profiles on Dairy & Dairy Products (2nd Edn.)</a>. Niir Project Consultancy Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-81039-10-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-81039-10-6"><bdi>978-93-81039-10-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125182629/https://books.google.com/books?id=8tlEAgAAQBAJ&q=Pasteurization+of+cow%27s+milk+initially+destroys+any+potential+pathogens+and+increases+the+shelf+life&pg=PA127">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Detailed+Project+Profiles+on+Dairy+%26+Dairy+Products+%282nd+Edn.%29&rft.pub=Niir+Project+Consultancy+Services&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-93-81039-10-6&rft.aulast=board&rft.aufirst=NPCS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8tlEAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DPasteurization%2Bof%2Bcow%2527s%2Bmilk%2Binitially%2Bdestroys%2Bany%2Bpotential%2Bpathogens%2Band%2Bincreases%2Bthe%2Bshelf%2Blife%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hui2006-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hui2006_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hui2006_159-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYiu_H._Hui2006" class="citation book cs1">Yiu H. Hui (2006). Handbook of Food Science, Technology, and Engineering, Volume 2. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-9848-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-9848-3"><bdi>978-0-8493-9848-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Food+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Engineering%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-9848-3&rft.au=Yiu+H.+Hui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=brdM8-ahRg4C&pg=SA58">p. 58</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leeming-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leeming_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeming_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeming_160-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeming_160-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeming1998" class="citation book cs1">Leeming DA (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJawuz5Q1vEC&q=Milky+Way+Heracles&pg=PA44">Mythology: The Voyage of the Hero</a> (Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511957-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511957-2"><bdi>978-0-19-511957-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223073744/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJawuz5Q1vEC&q=Milky+Way+Heracles&pg=PA44">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythology%3A+The+Voyage+of+the+Hero&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=44&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511957-2&rft.aulast=Leeming&rft.aufirst=David+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYJawuz5Q1vEC%26q%3DMilky%2BWay%2BHeracles%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pache-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pache_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pache_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pache_161-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pache_161-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPache2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Pache CO (2010). "Hercules". In Gargarin M, Fantham E (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&q=Milky+Way+Heracles&pg=RA2-PA400">Ancient Greece and Rome</a>. Vol. 1: Academy-Bible. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538839-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538839-8"><bdi>978-0-19-538839-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200915083848/https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hercules&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=400&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538839-8&rft.aulast=Pache&rft.aufirst=Corinne+Ondine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNV6-HsUppsC%26q%3DMilky%2BWay%2BHeracles%26pg%3DRA2-PA400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Crawford et al., part B, section III, ch. 1: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0251e/T0251E15.htm#ch1">Butter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060203034019/http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0251e/T0251E15.htm#ch1">Archived</a> February 3, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved November 28, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> and other dairy products. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Hamodia Magazine". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamoia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamoia (page does not exist)">Hamoia</a>. March 4, 2009. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hamoia&rft.atitle=Hamodia+Magazine&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2009-03-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShain,_Ruchoma2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruchoma_Shain" title="Ruchoma Shain">Shain, Ruchoma</a> (2001) [1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QdxHnvnHdtMC&pg=PA149">All for the Boss</a>. <a href="/wiki/Feldheim_Publishers" title="Feldheim Publishers">Feldheim Publishers</a>. pp. 149–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58330-470-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58330-470-3"><bdi>1-58330-470-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+for+the+Boss&rft.pages=149-150&rft.pub=Feldheim+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-58330-470-3&rft.au=Shain%2C+Ruchoma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQdxHnvnHdtMC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/milquetoast">"Caspar Milquetoast"</a>. 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Retrieved April 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Drop+of+white+the+right+stuff+for+vines&rft.date=2002-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2002%2F09%2F020912071438.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner_BettiolBrenno_Domingues_AstiarragaAlfredo_José_Barreto_Luiz" class="citation web cs1">Wagner Bettiol, Brenno Domingues Astiarraga, Alfredo José Barreto Luiz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agrar.de/agenda/bettiol.htm">"Effectiveness of cow's milk against zucchini squash powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) in greenhouse conditions"</a>. agrar.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150425043433/http://www.agrar.de/agenda/bettiol.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=agrar.de&rft.atitle=Effectiveness+of+cow%27s+milk+against+zucchini+squash+powdery+mildew+%28Sphaerotheca+fuliginea%29+in+greenhouse+conditions&rft.au=Wagner+Bettiol&rft.au=Brenno+Domingues+Astiarraga&rft.au=Alfredo+Jos%C3%A9+Barreto+Luiz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agrar.de%2Fagenda%2Fbettiol.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeecher1859" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Beecher HW</a> (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924000019772/page/n192">"Milk paint"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924000019772">Plain and Pleasant Talk about fruits, flowers and farming</a>. Harvard University: Derby & Jackson. pp. 187–188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Milk+paint&rft.btitle=Plain+and+Pleasant+Talk+about+fruits%2C+flowers+and+farming&rft.place=Harvard+University&rft.pages=187-188&rft.pub=Derby+%26+Jackson&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Beecher&rft.aufirst=Henry+Ward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924000019772%2Fpage%2Fn192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qoIAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA876">"Useful facts and figures for farmers and fruit growers"</a>. The Transvaal Agricultural Journal. Vol. 4. Transvaal Department of Agriculture. 1906. p. 876. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223073146/https://books.google.com/books?id=3qoIAQAAIAAJ&q=Milk+paint&pg=RA2-PA876">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Transvaal+Agricultural+Journal&rft.atitle=Useful+facts+and+figures+for+farmers+and+fruit+growers&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=876&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3qoIAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaird1867" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Carey_Baird&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Carey Baird (page does not exist)">Baird HC</a> (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IcM5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA98">"Painting in Milk"</a>. The Painter, Gilder, and Varnisher's Companion: containing rules and regulations in every thing relating to the arts of painting, gilding, varnishing and glass-staining (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Henry Carey Baird. pp. 97–99. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223073530/https://books.google.com/books?id=IcM5AAAAMAAJ&q=Milk+paint&pg=PA98">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Painting+in+Milk&rft.btitle=The+Painter%2C+Gilder%2C+and+Varnisher%27s+Companion%3A+containing+rules+and+regulations+in+every+thing+relating+to+the+arts+of+painting%2C+gilding%2C+varnishing+and+glass-staining&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=97-99&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Henry+Carey+Baird&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=Henry+Carey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIcM5AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pScDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA199">"Magic of chemurgy duplicated in the home laboratory"</a>. Popular Science. February 1942. pp. 199–201. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223073157/https://books.google.com/books?id=pScDAAAAMBAJ&q=milk+paint+Borax&pg=PA199">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Magic+of+chemurgy+duplicated+in+the+home+laboratory&rft.pages=199-201&rft.date=1942-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpScDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWailes1940" class="citation magazine cs1">Wailes RB (March 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wCYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA209">"How is it Made"</a>. Popular Science. pp. 209–211. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223073946/https://books.google.com/books?id=wCYDAAAAMBAJ&q=milk+paint+Borax&pg=PA209">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=How+is+it+Made&rft.pages=209-211&rft.date=1940-03&rft.aulast=Wailes&rft.aufirst=Raymond+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwCYDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arterbery-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arterbery_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arterbery_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arterbery_173-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arterbery_173-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArterbery2016" class="citation web cs1">Arterbery A (July 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allure.com/story/the-benefits-of-applying-milk">"The Benefits of Applying Milk to Your Hair and Skin"</a>. www.allure.com. Allure. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106154609/https://www.allure.com/story/the-benefits-of-applying-milk">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.allure.com&rft.atitle=The+Benefits+of+Applying+Milk+to+Your+Hair+and+Skin&rft.date=2016-07-15&rft.aulast=Arterbery&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allure.com%2Fstory%2Fthe-benefits-of-applying-milk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://health.learninginfo.org/milk-bath-recipe.htm">"Milk Bath Recipe"</a>. health.learninginfo.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003143933/http://health.learninginfo.org/milk-bath-recipe.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=health.learninginfo.org&rft.atitle=Milk+Bath+Recipe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhealth.learninginfo.org%2Fmilk-bath-recipe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSazimaSazima" class="citation journal cs1">Sazima I, Sazima C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scielo.br/j/bn/a/cx4vzMJnKQMKjDftsVXb5sp/?format=pdf&lang=en">"Cleaner birds: an overview for the Neotropics"</a>. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. 10 (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610101547/https://www.scielo.br/j/bn/a/cx4vzMJnKQMKjDftsVXb5sp/?format=pdf&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2023. Retrieved January 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Museu+de+Zoologia%2C+Universidade+Estadual+de+Campinas&rft.atitle=Cleaner+birds%3A+an+overview+for+the+Neotropics&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.aulast=Sazima&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Sazima%2C+Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.br%2Fj%2Fbn%2Fa%2Fcx4vzMJnKQMKjDftsVXb5sp%2F%3Fformat%3Dpdf%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChester1993" class="citation book cs1">Chester S (1993). Antarctic birds and seals. Wandering Albatross. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780963851123" title="Special:BookSources/9780963851123"><bdi>9780963851123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctic+birds+and+seals&rft.pub=Wandering+Albatross&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780963851123&rft.aulast=Chester&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallo-ReynosoOrtiz2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gallo-Reynoso JP, Ortiz CL (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12933%2Ftherya-10-14">"Feral cats steal milk from northern Elephant Seals"</a>. Therya. 1 (3): 207–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12933%2Ftherya-10-14">10.12933/therya-10-14</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Therya&rft.atitle=Feral+cats+steal+milk+from+northern+Elephant+Seals&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=207-211&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12933%2Ftherya-10-14&rft.aulast=Gallo-Reynoso&rft.aufirst=Juan+Pablo&rft.au=Ortiz%2C+Charles+Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.12933%252Ftherya-10-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.wbur.org/thewildlife/2016/03/29/antarcticas-milk-stealing-grudge-holding-seabirds/">"Antarctica's Milk-Stealing, Grudge-Holding Seabirds"</a>. Boston NPR. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327163424/http://archives.wbur.org/thewildlife/2016/03/29/antarcticas-milk-stealing-grudge-holding-seabirds/">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+NPR&rft.atitle=Antarctica%27s+Milk-Stealing%2C+Grudge-Holding+Seabirds&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.wbur.org%2Fthewildlife%2F2016%2F03%2F29%2Fantarcticas-milk-stealing-grudge-holding-seabirds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Angier" title="Natalie Angier">Angier, Natalie</a>, "Not Milk?" (review of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Mendelson" title="Anne Mendelson">Anne Mendelson</a>, Spoiled: The Myth of Milk as Superfood, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, 2023, 396 pp.), <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, vol. LXX, no. 16 (19 October 2023), pp. 36, 38–39. "[Americans'] consumption of cow's milk [...] peak[ed in] 1945, when [they] drank an average of forty-five gallons apiece. By 2001 the nation's per capita milk intake had been cut in half, to twenty-three gallons, and in 2021 the figure was down to just sixteen gallons of milk per person, or 5.6 ounces a day... Leading the... drop-off are members of <a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Generation Z</a>: people born after 1996... Among the <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">eco</a>-conscious, antipathy toward dairy milk is great enough that some high-end coffee shops feel no obligation to offer it at all." (p. 36.)</li> <li>Dillon, John J. Seven decades of milk,: A history of New York's dairy industry (1941)</li> <li>Innis, Harold A. The dairy industry in Canada (1937) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dairyindustryinc0000inni">online</a></li> <li>Kardashian, Kirk. Milk Money: Cash, Cows, and the Death of the American Dairy Farm (2012)</li> <li>Kurlansky, Mark. Milk: A 10,000-Year History (2019); also published as Milk!: A 10,000-Year Food Fracas (2019)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee,_Harold2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_McGee" title="Harold McGee">McGee, Harold</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/On_Food_and_Cooking" title="On Food and Cooking">On Food and Cooking</a> (2nd ed.). New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1"><bdi>978-0-684-80001-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Food+and+Cooking&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80001-1&rft.au=McGee%2C+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasad2017" class="citation journal cs1">Prasad R (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianagrihistory.org/pdf/articles/Rajendra-Prasad-21-4.pdf">"Historical Aspects of Milk Consumption in South, Southeast, and East Asia"</a> (PDF). Asian Agricultural History. 21 (4): 287–307.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Agricultural+History&rft.atitle=Historical+Aspects+of+Milk+Consumption+in+South%2C+Southeast%2C+and+East+Asia&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=287-307&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Rajendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianagrihistory.org%2Fpdf%2Farticles%2FRajendra-Prasad-21-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScherbaumSrour2018" class="citation journal cs1">Scherbaum V, Srour ML (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212025231/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/51dd/57db105b44d09edd0e2a18e84bf78b061145.pdf">"Milk products in the dietary management of childhood undernutrition – a historical review"</a> (PDF). Nutrition Research Reviews. 31 (1): 71–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0954422417000208">10.1017/s0954422417000208</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29113618">29113618</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:910669">910669</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/51dd/57db105b44d09edd0e2a18e84bf78b061145.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+Research+Reviews&rft.atitle=Milk+products+in+the+dietary+management+of+childhood+undernutrition%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3E%E2%80%93+a+historical+review&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-84&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A910669%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29113618&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0954422417000208&rft.aulast=Scherbaum&rft.aufirst=Veronika&rft.au=Srour%2C+M.+Leila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F51dd%2F57db105b44d09edd0e2a18e84bf78b061145.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilk" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Smith-Howard, Kendra. Pure and Modern Milk: An Environmental History Since 1900. (Oxford University Press; 2013).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Valenze" title="Deborah Valenze">Valenze, Deborah</a>. Milk: A Local and Global History (Yale University Press, 2011) 368 pp.</li> <li>Wiley, Andrea. Re-imagining Milk: Cultural and Biological Perspectives (Routledge 2010) (Series for Creative Teaching and Learning in Anthropology)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Milk" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Milk_navbox" title="Template:Milk navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Milk_navbox" title="Template talk:Milk navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Milk_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Milk navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Milk" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Milk</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo milk">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_milk" title="Camel milk">Camel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_milk" title="Donkey milk">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_milk" title="Goat milk">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_milk" title="Mare milk">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">Human</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum">Colostrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_milk" title="Witch's milk">Newborn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_milk" title="Moose milk">Moose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_milk" title="Pig milk">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep milk">Sheep</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Milk_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/63px-Milk_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="63" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/95px-Milk_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/126px-Milk_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="1908" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A2_milk" title="A2 milk">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baked_milk" title="Baked milk">Baked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonated_milk" title="Carbonated milk">Carbonated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensed_milk" title="Condensed milk">Condensed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporated_milk" title="Evaporated milk">Evaporated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filled_milk" title="Filled milk">Filled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_milk" title="Flavored milk">Flavored</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anijsmelk" title="Anijsmelk">Anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_milk" title="Chocolate milk">Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_milk" title="Coffee milk">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaya_milk" title="Papaya milk">Papaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberry milk">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_milk" title="Vanilla milk">Vanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermelon_milk" title="Watermelon milk">Watermelon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymilk" title="Haymilk">Haymilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malted_milk" title="Malted milk">Malted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_milk" title="Organic milk">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasteurized_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurized milk">Pasteurized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdered_milk" title="Powdered milk">Powdered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_milk" title="Raw milk">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalded_milk" title="Scalded milk">Scalded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skimmed_milk" title="Skimmed milk">Skimmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soured_milk" title="Soured milk">Soured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toned_milk" title="Toned milk">Toned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-temperature_processing" title="Ultra-high-temperature processing">UHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltered_milk" title="Ultrafiltered milk">Ultrafiltered</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doogh" title="Doogh">Ayran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">Buttermilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">Cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">Curd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">Custard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">Ice cream</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_milk" title="Ice milk">Ice milk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk_jewelry" title="Breast milk jewelry">Jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmj%C3%B6lk" title="Filmjölk">Filmjölk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">Kefir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkshake" title="Milkshake">Milkshake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyr" title="Skyr">Skyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_cream" title="Sour cream">Sour cream</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_fra%C3%AEche" title="Crème fraîche">Crème fraîche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">Whey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymer_(dairy_product)" title="Ymer (dairy product)">Ymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">Yogurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Containers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag-in-box" title="Bag-in-box">Bag-in-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_milk_bottle" title="Glass milk bottle">Glass milk bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug" title="Jug">Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_bag" title="Milk bag">Milk bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk carton">Milk carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_churn" title="Milk churn">Milk churn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_crate" title="Milk crate">Milk crate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_delivery" title="Milk delivery">Milk delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_milk_container" title="Plastic milk container">Plastic milk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_milk_jug" title="Square milk jug">Square milk jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetra_Brik" title="Tetra Brik">Tetra Brik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milk_allergy" title="Milk allergy">Allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro_and_dairy" title="Fidel Castro and dairy">Fidel Castro and dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">Lactation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milking" title="Milking">Milking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milking_pipeline" title="Milking pipeline">Pipeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkmaid" title="Milkmaid">Milkmaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkman" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkman">Milkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_quotas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Milk quotas in the United Kingdom">Milk quotas in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Milk_Day" title="World Milk Day">World Milk Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Milk" title="Category:Milk">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Worship_in_Hinduism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshan_(Indian_religions)" title="Darshan (Indian religions)">Darshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsava" title="Utsava">Utsava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">Abhisheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhog" title="Bhog">Bhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamakara" title="Panchamakara">Panchamakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamrita" title="Panchamrita">Panchamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parikrama" title="Parikrama">Parikrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pran%C4%81ma" title="Pranāma">Pranāma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasada" title="Prasada">Prasada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpanjali" title="Pushpanjali">Pushpanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnicayana" title="Agnicayana">Agnicayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnihotra" title="Agnihotra">Agnihotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnikaryam" title="Agnikaryam">Agnikaryam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aupasana" title="Aupasana">Aupasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuni" title="Dhuni">Dhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamyakarma" title="Kamyakarma">Kamyakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravargya" title="Pravargya">Pravargya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushamedha" title="Purushamedha">Purushamedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrakameshti" title="Putrakameshti">Putrakameshti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viraja_Homa" title="Viraja Homa">Viraja Homa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achamana" title="Achamana">Achamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing#Hinduism" title="Blessing">Ashirvada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Ashvamedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmkand" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmkand">Karmakāṇḍa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhabhishekham" title="Kumbhabhishekham">Kumbhabhishekham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nityakarma" title="Nityakarma">Nityakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngejot" title="Ngejot">Ngejot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana_Pratishtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prana Pratishtha">Prana Pratishtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhyavandanam" title="Sandhyavandanam">Sandhyavandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upakarma" title="Upakarma">Upakarma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prayer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Meditation</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajapa_japa" title="Ajapa japa">Ajapa japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmamuhurta" title="Brahmamuhurta">Brahmamuhurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagarana" title="Jagarana">Jagarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Shri_Ram" title="Jai Shri Ram">Jai Shri Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhyavandanam" title="Sandhyavandanam">Sandhyavandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktipat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaktipat">Śaktipāta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">Third eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Mantra" title="Gayatri Mantra">Gayatri Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Om Namah Shivaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namo_Narayanaya" title="Om Namo Narayanaya">Om Namo Narayanaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_thali" title="Puja thali">Puja thali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar#Hinduism" title="Altar">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banalinga" title="Banalinga">Banalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">Banana leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biruda" title="Biruda">Biruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhunachi" title="Dhunachi">Dhunachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuni" title="Dhuni">Dhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhupa" title="Dhupa">Dhupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">Diya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-whisk" title="Fly-whisk">Cāmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Joss stick">Agarabattī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha" title="Kalasha">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamandalu" title="Kamandalu">Kamandalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirapat" title="Khirapat">Khirapat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindi_(vessel)" title="Kindi (vessel)">Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolam" title="Kolam">Kolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moolavar" title="Moolavar">Mulavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduka" title="Paduka">Paduka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">Palki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamrita" title="Panchamrita">Panchamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandal" title="Pandal">Pandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinda_(riceball)" title="Pinda (riceball)">Pinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">Rangoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilakamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsavar" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsavar">Utsavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Yajnopavitam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agarwood" title="Agarwood">Agarwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_(dye)" title="Alta (dye)">Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu" title="Charu">Charu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_in_India" title="Incense in India">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumkuma" title="Kumkuma">Kumkuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagetes" title="Tagetes">Marigold</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panakam" title="Panakam">Panakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudraksha" title="Rudraksha">Rudraksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">Candana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindoor" title="Sindoor">Sindūra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Soma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Tulasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">Dholak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#Harmonium" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">Karatalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khol" title="Khol">Khol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjira" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjira">Manjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Veena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtadhatu" title="Ashtadhatu">Ashtadhatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchaloha" title="Panchaloha">Panchaloha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindi_(Hindu_iconography)" title="Pindi (Hindu iconography)">Pindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillaiyar_Su%E1%B8%BBi" title="Pillaiyar Suḻi">Pillaiyar Suḻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaligram" title="Shaligram">Shaligram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">Yoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_iconography" title="Category:Hindu iconography">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhwaja_Stambha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhwaja Stambha">Dhvajastambham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghat" title="Ghat">Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_tank" title="Temple tank">Temple tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pujari" title="Pujari">Pujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purohita" title="Purohita">Purohita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">Sant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satguru" title="Satguru">Satguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami" title="Swami">Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Titles_and_occupations_in_Hinduism" title="Category:Titles and occupations in Hinduism">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Sacred animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology#Sacred_status_of_cow" title="Cattle in religion and mythology">Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashva" title="Ashva">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Sacred plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Trees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akshayavata" title="Akshayavata">Akshayavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraca_asoca" title="Saraca asoca">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan">Banyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolamarckia_cadamba" title="Neolamarckia cadamba">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpavriksha" title="Kalpavriksha">Kalpavriksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Parijata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ficus_religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">Peepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Fruits and other plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_marmelos" title="Aegle marmelos">Bael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmostachya_bipinnata" title="Desmostachya bipinnata">Kusha grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_in_Hinduism" title="Tulasi in Hinduism">Tulasi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulasi_Vrindavana" title="Tulasi Vrindavana">Tulasi Vrindavana</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">Firewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Samskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_dance" title="Temple dance">Temple dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 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wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/11px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/17px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/22px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/21px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/42px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Milk at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/milk" class="extiw" title="wikt:milk">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Milk" class="extiw" title="c:Milk">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Milk" class="extiw" title="q:Milk">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Milk" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Milk">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Milk" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Milk">Recipes</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Introduction_to_nutrition" class="extiw" title="v:Introduction to nutrition">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4039264-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115334&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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