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cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-特徵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特徵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>特徵</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-特徵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-清齒齦塞音的變種" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#清齒齦塞音的變種"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>清齒齦塞音的變種</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-清齒齦塞音的變種-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-該音見於漢語" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#該音見於漢語"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>該音見於漢語</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-該音見於漢語-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-见于" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#见于"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>见于</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-见于-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关见于子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-见于-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-齿音变体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#齿音变体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>齿音变体</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-齿音变体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-齿龈音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#齿龈音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>齿龈音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-齿龈音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-变体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#变体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>变体</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-变体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参考资料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">清齒齦塞音</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。35种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimmloser_alveolarer_Plosiv" title="Stimmloser alveolarer Plosiv – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stimmloser alveolarer Plosiv" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لثوي وقفي مهموس – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لثوي وقفي مهموس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Беззвучна венечна преградна съгласна – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Беззвучна венечна преградна съгласна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensonenn_kevig_dre_serri%C3%B1_divouezh" title="Kensonenn kevig dre serriñ divouezh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kensonenn kevig dre serriñ divouezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oclusiva_alveolar_sorda" title="Oclusiva alveolar sorda – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oclusiva alveolar sorda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezn%C4%9Bl%C3%A1_alveol%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_ploziva" title="Neznělá alveolární ploziva – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neznělá alveolární ploziva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimmloser_alveolarer_Plosiv" title="Stimmloser alveolarer Plosiv – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stimmloser alveolarer Plosiv" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Voiceless alveolar plosive" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senvo%C4%89a_alveolara_plozivo" title="Senvoĉa alveolara plozivo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Senvoĉa alveolara plozivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oclusiva_alveolar_sorda" title="Oclusiva alveolar sorda – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oclusiva alveolar sorda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="انفجاری‌های دندانی و لثوی بی‌واک – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انفجاری‌های دندانی و لثوی بی‌واک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soinniton_alveolaarinen_klusiili" title="Soinniton alveolaarinen klusiili – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Soinniton alveolaarinen klusiili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonne_occlusive_alv%C3%A9olaire_sourde" title="Consonne occlusive alvéolaire sourde – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Consonne occlusive alvéolaire sourde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%99,_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9D,_%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D" title="עיצור מכתשי, סותם, אטום – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיצור מכתשי, סותם, אטום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezvu%C4%8Dni_alveolarni_ploziv" title="Bezvučni alveolarni ploziv – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bezvučni alveolarni ploziv" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveol%C3%A1ris,_z%C3%B6ng%C3%A9tlen_z%C3%A1rhang" title="Alveoláris, zöngétlen zárhang – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alveoláris, zöngétlen zárhang" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonan_letup_rongga-gigi_nirsuara" title="Konsonan letup rongga-gigi nirsuara – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsonan letup rongga-gigi nirsuara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occlusiva_alveolare_sorda" title="Occlusiva alveolare sorda – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Occlusiva alveolare sorda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%A3%B0%E6%AD%AF%E8%8C%8E%E7%A0%B4%E8%A3%82%E9%9F%B3" title="無声歯茎破裂音 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無声歯茎破裂音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%84%B1_%EC%B9%98%EA%B2%BD_%ED%8C%8C%EC%97%B4%EC%9D%8C" title="무성 치경 파열음 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무성 치경 파열음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stumloeazen_alveolaire_plosief" title="Stumloeazen alveolaire plosief – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Stumloeazen alveolaire plosief" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letupan_gusi_tak_bersuara" title="Letupan gusi tak bersuara – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Letupan gusi tak bersuara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemloze_alveolaire_plosief" title="Stemloze alveolaire plosief – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stemloze alveolaire plosief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_zwarta_dzi%C4%85s%C5%82owa_bezd%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska zwarta dziąsłowa bezdźwięczna – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spółgłoska zwarta dziąsłowa bezdźwięczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oclusiva_alveolar_surda" title="Oclusiva alveolar surda – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oclusiva alveolar surda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_oclusiv%C4%83_alveolar%C4%83_surd%C4%83" title="Consoană oclusivă alveolară surdă – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Consoană oclusivă alveolară surdă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Глухой альвеолярный взрывной согласный – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глухой альвеолярный взрывной согласный" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Voiceless alveolar plosive" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Безвучни надзубни плозив – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Безвучни надзубни плозив" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonl%C3%B6s_alveolar_klusil" title="Tonlös alveolar klusil – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tonlös alveolar klusil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="เสียงหยุด ปุ่มเหงือก ไม่ก้อง – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เสียงหยุด ปุ่มเหงือก ไม่ก้อง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96t%C3%BCms%C3%BCz_di%C5%9Fyuvas%C4%B1l_patlamal%C4%B1_%C3%BCns%C3%BCz" title="Ötümsüz dişyuvasıl patlamalı ünsüz – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ötümsüz dişyuvasıl patlamalı ünsüz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Глухий ясенний проривний – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Глухий ясенний проривний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocluziva_alveo%C5%82are_sorda" title="Ocluziva alveołare sorda – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ocluziva alveołare sorda" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chheng_kh%C3%AD-g%C3%BBn_sat-im" title="Chheng khí-gûn sat-im – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chheng khí-gûn sat-im" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q335644#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div 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class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67735281">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">清齒齦塞音</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">t</span></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/IPA_number" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA number">IPA編號</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">103</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;">編碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">HTML碼<small>（十進制）</small></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code>&#116;</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">Unicode碼<small>（十六進制）</small></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">U+0074</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA音標</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code>t</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E7%94%B3%E9%B2%8D%E5%A7%86%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="柯申鲍姆系统">ASCII音標</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code>t</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="IPA盲文" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="IPA Braille"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPA%E7%9B%B2%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IPA盲文（页面不存在）">IPA盲文</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_Braille" class="extiw" title="en:IPA Braille"><span lang="en" dir="auto">IPA Braille</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_T.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345) U+281E"><img alt="⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_T.svg/25px-Braille_T.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_T.svg/38px-Braille_T.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_T.svg/50px-Braille_T.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;">音頻範例</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data center" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" style="width:150px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Voiceless_alveolar_plosive.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive.ogg/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <div><small><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive.ogg" title="File:Voiceless alveolar plosive.ogg">來源</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E5%B9%AB%E5%8A%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:媒體幫助">幫助</a></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>清齒齦塞音</b>是<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="輔音">輔音</a>的一種，用於一些<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="口語">口語</a>中。清齒齦塞音、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清齿塞音">齒音</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清齒齦後塞音（页面不存在）">齒齦後音</a>在國際音標的符號都是<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><span class="Unicode">⟨</span>t<span class="Unicode">⟩</span></span>，X-SAMPA音標的符號則是<span class="Unicode">⟨</span><tt>t</tt><span class="Unicode">⟩</span>。 </p><p>/t/十分普遍，幾乎所有語言都有原位/t/音，有的甚至有多於一種/t/的變種。許多<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>的語言，尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="印地語">印地語</a>，以及中國各地的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語變體">漢語變體</a>，都有區分不送氣的/t/和送氣的/tʰ/。為強調不送氣，不送氣的/t/也可寫作/t˭/，但即使不添加不送氣符號「˭」，原位/t/的正常發音就是不送氣的。現時已知的語言中，只有在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E4%BE%9D%E5%A4%8F%E5%B3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼依夏島（页面不存在）">尼依夏島</a>外的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="夏威夷语">夏威夷語</a>和口頭的<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%91%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="薩摩亞語">薩摩亞語</a>沒有/t/。薩摩亞語亦沒有/<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦鼻音">n</a>/。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="特徵"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E5.BE.B5"></span>特徵</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：特徵"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>清齿龈塞音的特點： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="调音方法">調音方法</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">閉塞</a>，也就是說通過阻礙空氣在<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%81%93" title="聲道">聲道</a>流動來<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3" title="调音">調音</a>。由於此輔音也是一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="口腔輔音">口腔輔音</a>，故氣流被完全地阻塞住，而形成一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%8D" title="调音部位">調音部位</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈音">齒齦</a>，即舌尖抵住上齒齦脊<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3" title="调音">調音</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%81%B2%E6%85%8B" title="發聲態">發聲</a>類型是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">清音</a>，意味着發音時<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E5%B8%A6" title="声带">聲帶</a>並不顫動。</li> <li>本輔音是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="口腔輔音">口腔輔音</a>（口音），表示<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3" title="调音">調音</a>時空氣只從口裡流出。</li> <li>本輔音為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="中央輔音">中央輔音</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3" title="调音">調音</a>時氣流在口腔的中央流過舌面，而不從兩側流過。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E6%B5%81%E6%A9%9F%E5%88%B6" title="氣流機制">氣流機制</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E9%83%A8%E6%B0%94%E6%B5%81%E9%9F%B3" title="肺部气流音">肺部氣流</a>，即由<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA" title="肺">肺</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%AB%E8%86%88%E8%86%9C" title="橫膈膜">橫膈膜</a>驱动空气。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="清齒齦塞音的變種"><span id=".E6.B8.85.E9.BD.92.E9.BD.A6.E5.A1.9E.E9.9F.B3.E7.9A.84.E8.AE.8A.E7.A8.AE"></span>清齒齦塞音的變種</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：清齒齦塞音的變種"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tbody><tr> <th>音標</th> <th>種類 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:24px" align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">t</span></td> <td>原位 t </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:24px" align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tʰ</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="送氣音">送氣</a> t </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:24px" align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tʲ</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" title="腭音化">腭音</a> t </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:24px" align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tʷ</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" title="唇音化">圓唇</a> t </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:24px" align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tˁ</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%BD%E5%8C%96" title="咽化">喉壁</a> t </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:24px" align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">t̚</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E9%96%89%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="唯閉音">唯閉</a> t </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:24px" align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tʼ</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%A4%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="挤喉音">擠喉</a> t </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="該音見於漢語"><span id=".E8.A9.B2.E9.9F.B3.E8.A6.8B.E6.96.BC.E6.BC.A2.E8.AA.9E"></span>該音見於漢語</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：該音見於漢語"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="現代標準漢語">標準官話</a>中有/t/和/tʰ/兩種，均只出現在字音開首，拼音時分別以d和t表示。/tʲ/亦存在於普通話，當/t/或/tʰ/出現在以i或ü作開首的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="韻母">韻母</a>前，就會被顎音化成/tʲ/和/tʰʲ/。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="吳語">吳語</a>有/t/和/tʰ/，均只出現在字音開首，拼音時分別以t及th表示。依韻書舌頭音端聲透聲作別。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="粵語">粵語</a>中則有/t/、/tʰ/和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t̚/</span>三種，拼音時/t/以d表示，/tʰ/和/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">t̚</span>/則以t表示。/t/、/tʰ/只出現在字音開首，/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">t̚</span>/則只出現在入聲字。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="见于"><span id=".E8.A7.81.E4.BA.8E"></span>见于</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：见于"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="齿音变体"><span id=".E9.BD.BF.E9.9F.B3.E5.8F.98.E4.BD.93"></span>齿音变体</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：齿音变体"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">语言</th> <th>单词</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际音标">国际音标</a></th> <th>意义</th> <th>注释 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%95%99%E7%94%B3%E8%AF%AD" title="阿留申语">阿留申语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005165_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005165-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>t</b>iistax̂</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪iːstaχ]</span></td> <td>面团</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="亚美尼亚语">亚美尼亚语</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%A8%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="东部亚美尼亚语">东部</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDum-Tragut200917_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDum-Tragut200917-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>տ</b>ուն </td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d9\/Tun.ogg\/Tun.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r61209503\">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:\"Charis SIL\",\"Doulos SIL\",\"Linux Libertine\",\"Segoe UI\",\"Lucida Sans Unicode\",\"Code2000\",\"Gentium\",\"Gentium Alternative\",\"TITUS Cyberbit Basic\",\"Arial Unicode MS\",\"IPAPANNEW\",\"Chrysanthi Unicode\",\"GentiumAlt\",\"Bitstream Vera\",\"Bitstream Cyberbit\",\"Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro\",\"Lucida Grande\",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}<\/style><span title=\"\u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807\" class=\"IPA\">[t\u032aun]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"zh","wikibase":"","file":"Tun.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Tun.ogg/Tun.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="播放音频" title="播放音频" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪un]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Tun.ogg" title="File:Tun.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></span> </td> <td>屋子 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E6%96%B0%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚述新阿拉米语（页面不存在）">亚述新阿拉米语</a></td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪lɑ]</span></td> <td>三</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BB%80%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="巴什基尔语">巴什基尔语</a> </td> <td><i><span lang="gah-cyrl"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B4%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:дүрт">дүр<b>т</b></a> / dür<b>t</b></span></i> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4e\/Ba-%D0%B4%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%82.ogg\/Ba-%D0%B4%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%82.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r61209503\">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:\"Charis SIL\",\"Doulos SIL\",\"Linux Libertine\",\"Segoe UI\",\"Lucida Sans Unicode\",\"Code2000\",\"Gentium\",\"Gentium Alternative\",\"TITUS Cyberbit Basic\",\"Arial Unicode MS\",\"IPAPANNEW\",\"Chrysanthi Unicode\",\"GentiumAlt\",\"Bitstream Vera\",\"Bitstream Cyberbit\",\"Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro\",\"Lucida Grande\",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}<\/style><span title=\"\u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807\" class=\"IPA\">[d\u028f\u02b7rt]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"zh","wikibase":"","file":"Ba-\u0434\u04af\u0440\u0442.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/Ba-%D0%B4%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%82.ogg/Ba-%D0%B4%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%82.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="播放音频" title="播放音频" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[dʏʷrt]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba-%D0%B4%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%82.ogg" title="File:Ba-дүрт.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></span> </td> <td>四 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="白俄罗斯语">白俄罗斯语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadluzhny198947_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadluzhny198947-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>с<b>т</b>агоддзе</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̪t̪äˈɣod̪d̪͡z̪ʲe]</span></td> <td>世纪</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="白俄罗斯语音系（页面不存在）">白俄罗斯语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="巴斯克语">巴斯克语</a></td> <td><b>t</b>oki</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪oki]</span></td> <td>地方</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="孟加拉语">孟加拉语</a></td> <td><b>তু</b>মি</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪umi]</span></td> <td>你</td> <td>和送气音对立。参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孟加拉语音系（页面不存在）">孟加拉语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%B0%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="加泰罗尼亚语">加泰罗尼亚语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199253_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199253-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>t</b>o<b>t</b>hom</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪uˈt̪ɔm]</span></td> <td>每个人</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%B0%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加泰罗尼亚语音系（页面不存在）">加泰罗尼亚语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D" title="客家话">客家话</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeZee2009109_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZee2009109-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>他 <b>t</b>a3</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪ʰa˧]</span></td> <td>他/她</td> <td>和一个不送气形态对立。 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="丁卡语">丁卡语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemijsenManyang2009115_and_121_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemijsenManyang2009115_and_121-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i>mɛ<b>th</b></i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[mɛ̀t̪]</span></td> <td>儿童</td> <td>和/t/对立。 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰语">荷兰语</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E8%8A%92%E8%AF%AD" title="弗拉芒语">弗拉芒语</a></td> <td><b>t</b>aal</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪aːl̪]</span></td> <td>语言</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="爱尔兰英语">都柏林英语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003302_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003302-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="3"><i><b>th</b>in</i></td> <td rowspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪ʰɪn]</span></td> <td rowspan="3">细</td> <td rowspan="3">对应其他方言里的θ；在都柏林它可能是t͡θ。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003302_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003302-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 参见<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="英語音系">英语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="印度英语">印度英语</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>南<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="爱尔兰英语">爱尔兰英语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocaJohnson199924_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocaJohnson199924-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乌尔斯特英语（页面不存在）">乌尔斯特英语</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i><b>t</b>rain</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪ɹeːn]</span></td> <td>火车</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t/</span>在<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/r/</span>前的条件变体，拥有一个有齿槽音的自由变体。 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="世界语">世界语</a></td> <td>Esperan<b>t</b>o</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[espeˈran̪t̪o]</span></td> <td>谁希望</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界语音系（页面不存在）">世界语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="芬兰语">芬兰语</a></td> <td><b>t</b>u<b>tt</b>i</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈt̪ut̪ːi]</span></td> <td>奶嘴</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="芬兰语音系（页面不存在）">芬兰语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>t</b>ordu</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪ɔʁd̪y]</span></td> <td>歪</td> <td>参见<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="法语音系">法语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="印度斯坦语">印度斯坦语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005141_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005141-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>ती</b>न/ تین</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪iːn]</span></td> <td>三</td> <td>和送气形式对立。参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度斯坦语音系（页面不存在）">印度斯坦语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="印度尼西亚语">印度尼西亚语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoderbergOlson2008210_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoderbergOlson2008210-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>t</b>abir</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪abir]</span></td> <td>地毯</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语">意大利语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>t</b>ale</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈt̪ale]</span></td> <td>这样</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利語音系（页面不存在）">意大利語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="日语">日语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkada1999117_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkada1999117-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>特別 / <b>t</b>okubetsu</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪o̞kɯ̟ᵝbe̞t͡sɨᵝ]</span></td> <td>特别</td> <td>参见<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="日語音系">日语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%88%92%E6%AF%94%E8%AF%AD" title="卡舒比语">卡舒比语</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="3"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="吉尔吉斯语">吉尔吉斯语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKara200311_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara200311-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>т</b>уз</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪us̪]</span></td> <td>盐</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%B1%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="拉脱维亚语">拉脱维亚语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENau19986_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENau19986-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>t</b>abula</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈt̪äbulä]</span></td> <td>桌子</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E8%84%B1%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉脱维亚语音系（页面不存在）">拉脱维亚语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%99%AE%E5%88%87%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="马普切语">马普切语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201388–89_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201388–89-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>fü<b>ṯ</b>a</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈfɘt̪ɜ]</span></td> <td>丈夫</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%96%93%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒間音">齿间音</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201388–89_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201388–89-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="马拉地语">马拉地语</a></td> <td><b>त</b>बला</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪əbˈlaː]</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔布拉（页面不存在）">塔布拉</a></td> <td>和送气形式对立。参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_phonology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marathi phonology（页面不存在）">Marathi phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="尼泊尔语">尼泊尔语</a></td> <td><b>ता</b>ली</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪äli]</span></td> <td>鼓掌</td> <td>和送气音对立。参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼泊尔语音系（页面不存在）">尼泊尔语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Nunggubuyu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005158_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005158-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i><b>d</b>arag</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪aɾaɡ]</span></td> <td>胡须</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="奥里亚语">奥里亚语</a></td> <td><b>ତା</b>ରା/tara</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪ärä]</span></td> <td>星</td> <td>和送气形式对立。 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%AE%B0%E8%AA%9E" title="巴宰語">巴宰語</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust1999330_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust1999330-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[mut̪apɛt̪aˈpɛh]</span></td> <td>一直鼓掌</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="波兰语">波兰语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJassem2003103_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJassem2003103-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>t</b>om</td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/ca\/Pl-tom.ogg\/Pl-tom.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r61209503\">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:\"Charis SIL\",\"Doulos SIL\",\"Linux Libertine\",\"Segoe UI\",\"Lucida Sans Unicode\",\"Code2000\",\"Gentium\",\"Gentium Alternative\",\"TITUS Cyberbit Basic\",\"Arial Unicode MS\",\"IPAPANNEW\",\"Chrysanthi Unicode\",\"GentiumAlt\",\"Bitstream Vera\",\"Bitstream Cyberbit\",\"Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro\",\"Lucida Grande\",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}<\/style><span title=\"\u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807\" class=\"IPA\"><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r61209503\">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:\"Charis SIL\",\"Doulos SIL\",\"Linux Libertine\",\"Segoe UI\",\"Lucida Sans Unicode\",\"Code2000\",\"Gentium\",\"Gentium Alternative\",\"TITUS Cyberbit Basic\",\"Arial Unicode MS\",\"IPAPANNEW\",\"Chrysanthi Unicode\",\"GentiumAlt\",\"Bitstream Vera\",\"Bitstream Cyberbit\",\"Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro\",\"Lucida Grande\",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}<\/style><span title=\"\u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807\" class=\"IPA\">[t\u032a\u0254m]<\/span><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"zh","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-tom.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Pl-tom.ogg/Pl-tom.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="播放音频" title="播放音频" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪ɔm]</span></span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-tom.ogg" title="File:Pl-tom.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></span></td> <td>音量</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰语音系（页面不存在）">波兰语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙语">葡萄牙语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>很多方言</td> <td>mon<b>t</b>anha</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[mõˈt̪ɐɲɐ]</span></td> <td>山</td> <td>在母语者中可能有同位异音，比如在特定环境下<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦化</a>成<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清腭齦塞擦音">tʃ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%A6%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齦腭塞擦音">tɕ</a>]</span>和/或<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞擦音">ts</a>]</span>。参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙語音系（页面不存在）">葡萄牙語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="旁遮普语">旁遮普语</a></td> <td>ਤੇਲ / تیل</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪eːl]</span></td> <td>油</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语">俄语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196999_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196999-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>т</b>олс<b>т</b>ый</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈt̪ʷo̞ɫ̪s̪t̪ɨ̞j]</span></td> <td>胖</td> <td>参见<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="俄語音系">俄语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%9B%96%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="苏格兰盖尔语">苏格兰盖尔语</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>t</b>aigh<b></b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪ʰɤj]</span></td> <td>屋子</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A-%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语">塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandauLončarićaHorgaŠkarić199966_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandauLončarićaHorgaŠkarić199966-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>т</b>уга / <b>t</b>uga</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪ǔːgä]</span></td> <td>悲哀</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A-%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语音系（页面不存在）">塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="斯洛文尼亚语">斯洛文尼亚语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPretnarTokarz198021_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretnarTokarz198021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>t</b>ip</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪íːp]</span></td> <td>种类</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯洛文尼亚语音系（页面不存在）">斯洛文尼亚语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语">西班牙语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003255_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003255-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>t</b>ango</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈt̪ãŋɡo̞]</span></td> <td>探戈舞</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西班牙語音系（页面不存在）">西班牙語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="瑞典语">瑞典语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999141_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999141-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>t</b>åg</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈt̪ʰoːɡ]</span></td> <td>火车</td> <td>参见<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="瑞典語音系">瑞典語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Temne<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996?_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996?-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="土耳其语">土耳其语</a></td> <td>a<b>t</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ät̪]</span></td> <td>'horse'</td> <td>参见<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="土耳其語音系">土耳其語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="乌克兰语">乌克兰语</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanyenkoVakulenko19954_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanyenkoVakulenko19954-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>бра<b>т</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[brɑt̪]</span></td> <td>兄弟</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乌克兰語音系（页面不存在）">乌克兰語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="乌兹别克语">乌兹别克语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoberg196310_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoberg196310-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>–</td> <td></td> <td>在元音前轻微送气。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoberg196310_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoberg196310-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="越南语">越南语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1959458–461_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1959458–461-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>t</b>uần</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪wən˨˩]</span></td> <td>一周</td> <td>和送气音对立。参见<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="越南語音系">越南語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="萨波特克语">萨波特克语</a></td> <td>蒂尔基亚潘<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrill2008108_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrill2008108-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i><b>t</b>an<b>t</b></i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪ant̪]</span></td> <td>好多</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="齿龈音"><span id=".E9.BD.BF.E9.BE.88.E9.9F.B3"></span>齿龈音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：齿龈音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">语言</th> <th>单词</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际音标">国际音标</a></th> <th>意义</th> <th>注释 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%AA%E6%A0%BC%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="阿迪格语">阿迪格语</a></td> <td><b>т</b>фы</td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/de\/Tfa.ogg\/Tfa.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r61209503\">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:\"Charis SIL\",\"Doulos SIL\",\"Linux Libertine\",\"Segoe UI\",\"Lucida Sans Unicode\",\"Code2000\",\"Gentium\",\"Gentium Alternative\",\"TITUS Cyberbit Basic\",\"Arial Unicode MS\",\"IPAPANNEW\",\"Chrysanthi Unicode\",\"GentiumAlt\",\"Bitstream Vera\",\"Bitstream Cyberbit\",\"Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro\",\"Lucida Grande\",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}<\/style><span title=\"\u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807\" class=\"IPA\">[tf\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"zh","wikibase":"","file":"Tfa.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/Tfa.ogg/Tfa.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="播放音频" title="播放音频" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tfə]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Tfa.ogg" title="File:Tfa.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></span></td> <td>五</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉伯语">阿拉伯语</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="埃及阿拉伯語">埃及阿拉伯语</a></td> <td>توكة/<i><b>t</b>ōka</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈtoːkæ]</span></td> <td>发夹</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃及阿拉伯语音系（页面不存在）">埃及阿拉伯语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E6%96%B0%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚述新阿拉米语（页面不存在）">亚述新阿拉米语</a></td> <td>ܒܬ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[bet̪a]</span></td> <td>屋子</td> <td>多数使用者的口音。在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%A6%E5%8B%92%E5%BA%95%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%9A%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迦勒底新亚拉姆语（页面不存在）">迦勒底新亚拉姆语</a> 等方言中发作<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒擦音">清齒擦音</a>。 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="孟加拉语">孟加拉语</a></td> <td><b>টা</b>কা</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̠aka]</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%8D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="塔卡">塔卡</a></td> <td>在东部方言中是真齿龈音，西部方言中是舌尖-龈后音。常被记作[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌塞音">ʈ</a></span>]。参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孟加拉语音系（页面不存在）">孟加拉语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="捷克语">捷克语</a></td> <td><b>t</b>o<b>t</b>o</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈtoto]</span></td> <td>这个</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="捷克語音系（页面不存在）">捷克語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="丹麦语">丹麦语</a></td> <td>标准方言<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200561_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200561-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>d</b>åse</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈtɔ̽ːsə]</span></td> <td>罐子</td> <td>常被记录为⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">d̥</span>⟩或⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">d</span>⟩。和塞擦音<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞擦音">t͡s</a>]</span>或清送气塞音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tʰ]</span>对立(取决于方言), 而这两者常被转写为⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">tˢ</span>⟩和⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">t</span>⟩.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005120_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005120-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 参见<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="丹麦语音系">丹麦语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰语">荷兰语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199245_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199245-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>t</b>aal</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[taːɫ]</span></td> <td>语言</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荷兰语音系（页面不存在）">荷兰语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a></td> <td>多数使用者</td> <td rowspan="2"><i><b>t</b>ick</i></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-error oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeOff","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r61209503\">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:\"Charis SIL\",\"Doulos SIL\",\"Linux Libertine\",\"Segoe UI\",\"Lucida Sans Unicode\",\"Code2000\",\"Gentium\",\"Gentium Alternative\",\"TITUS Cyberbit Basic\",\"Arial Unicode MS\",\"IPAPANNEW\",\"Chrysanthi Unicode\",\"GentiumAlt\",\"Bitstream Vera\",\"Bitstream Cyberbit\",\"Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro\",\"Lucida Grande\",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}<\/style><span title=\"\u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807\" class=\"IPA\">[t\u02b0\u026ak]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"zh","wikibase":"","file":"tick-pronunciation-audio.ogg","error":["phonos-file-not-found","\/wiki\/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0?wpDestFile=Tick-pronunciation-audio.ogg","Tick-pronunciation-audio.ogg"]},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-error"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow" aria-label="无法播放音频" title="无法播放音频" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeOff"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tʰɪk]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0?wpDestFile=tick-pronunciation-audio.ogg" class="new" title="File:tick-pronunciation-audio.ogg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media">ⓘ</span></a></sup></span></span></span></span></td> <td rowspan="2">蜱</td> <td>参见<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="英語音系">英语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纽约英语（页面不存在）">纽约英语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982515_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982515-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>存在舌尖和舌叶的变体, 而后者占主导地位。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982515_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982515-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="芬兰语">芬兰语</a></td> <td>par<b>t</b>a</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈpɑrtɑ]</span></td> <td>胡须</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清齿塞音">清齿塞音</a>的同位异音。参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="芬兰語音系（页面不存在）">芬兰語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="希伯来语">希伯来语</a></td> <td><b>ת</b>מונה</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tmuˈna]</span></td> <td>图像</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="现代希伯来语音系（页面不存在）">现代希伯来语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="匈牙利语">匈牙利语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzende199491_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzende199491-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>t</b>u<b>t</b>aj</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈtutɒj]</span></td> <td>筏</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="匈牙利语音系（页面不存在）">匈牙利语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD" title="卡巴尔达语">卡巴尔达语</a></td> <td><b>т</b>хуы</td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3c\/Kbd-txho.oga\/Kbd-txho.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r61209503\">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:\"Charis SIL\",\"Doulos SIL\",\"Linux Libertine\",\"Segoe UI\",\"Lucida Sans Unicode\",\"Code2000\",\"Gentium\",\"Gentium Alternative\",\"TITUS Cyberbit Basic\",\"Arial Unicode MS\",\"IPAPANNEW\",\"Chrysanthi Unicode\",\"GentiumAlt\",\"Bitstream Vera\",\"Bitstream Cyberbit\",\"Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro\",\"Lucida Grande\",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}<\/style><span title=\"\u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807\" class=\"IPA\">[tx\u02b7\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"zh","wikibase":"","file":"Kbd-txho.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Kbd-txho.oga/Kbd-txho.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="播放音频" title="播放音频" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[txʷə]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Kbd-txho.oga" title="File:Kbd-txho.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></span></td> <td>五</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="韩语">韩语</a></td> <td>대숲 / <b>d</b>aesup</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tɛsup̚]</span></td> <td>竹林</td> <td>参见<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="韓語音系">韩语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="库尔德语">库尔德语</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="北库尔德语">北库尔德语</a> </td> <td><b>t</b>u </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tʰʊ]</span> </td> <td>你 </td> <td rowspan="3">参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="库尔德语音系（页面不存在）">库尔德语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="中库尔德语">中库尔德语</a> </td> <td>تەوێڵ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tʰəweːɫ]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">前额 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="南库尔德语">南库尔德语</a> </td> <td>تێوڵ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tʰeːwɨɫ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="卢森堡语">卢森堡语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201367–68_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201367–68-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>d</b>ënn<b></b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tən]</span></td> <td>细</td> <td>偶尔是浊的<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞音">d</a>]</span>。常常被记录为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/d/</span>, 相应的清送气音常被转写为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t/</span>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201367–68_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201367–68-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卢森堡语音系（页面不存在）">卢森堡语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="马来语">马来语</a></td> <td><b>t</b>ahun</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tähʊn]</span></td> <td>年</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马来语音系（页面不存在）">马来语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96%E8%AF%AD" title="马耳他语">马耳他语</a></td> <td><b>t</b>assew</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tasˈsew]</span></td> <td>真</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%99%AE%E5%88%87%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="马普切语">马普切语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201388–89_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201388–89-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>fü<b>t</b>a</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈfɘtɜ]</span></td> <td>老年</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Nunggubuyu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005158_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005158-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i><b>d</b>arawa</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[taɾawa]</span></td> <td>贪婪</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%9D%E8%AF%AD%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="彝语北部方言">彝语北部方言</a></td> <td>ꄉ/<b>d</b>a</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ta˧]</span></td> <td>地方</td> <td>送气和不送气形态对立。 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙语">葡萄牙语</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>部分方言</td> <td><b>t</b>roço</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈtɾɔsu]</span></td> <td>东西（贬义）</td> <td>在齿槽的<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦閃音">ɾ</a>/</span>前的条件变体。在其他方言中<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɾ/</span>反而会变成齿槽音。参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙語音系（页面不存在）">葡萄牙語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="泰语">泰语</a></td> <td><b>ต</b>า/<i><b>t</b>a</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[taː˧]</span></td> <td>眼</td> <td>和送气音对立。 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">壮语 </td> <td>daep </td> <td>[tap] </td> <td>肝 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">傣语 </td> <td>ᦎᧂᧉ </td> <td>[taŋ3] </td> <td>竖，立 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="越南语">越南语</a></td> <td><b>t</b>i</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ti]</span></td> <td>缺陷</td> <td>参见<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="越南語音系">越南語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="西弗里斯兰语">西弗里斯兰语</a></td> <td><b>t</b>osk<b></b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈtosk]</span></td> <td>牙</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西弗里斯兰语音系（页面不存在）">西弗里斯兰语音系</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="变体"><span id=".E5.8F.98.E4.BD.93"></span>变体</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：变体"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">语言</th> <th>单词</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际音标">国际音标</a></th> <th>意义</th> <th>注释 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉伯语">阿拉伯语</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="现代标准阿拉伯语">现代标准阿拉伯语</a></td> <td>تين <i><b>t</b>īn</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tiːn]</span></td> <td>无花果</td> <td>取决于方言有舌叶化齿-齿龈音或齿龈音变体。参见<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="阿拉伯語音系">阿拉伯语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="南非英语">南非英语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass2002120_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2002120-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="3"><i><b>t</b>alk</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[toːk]</span></td> <td rowspan="3">说</td> <td rowspan="3">有舌叶化齿-齿龈音或齿龈音变体。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass2002120_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2002120-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScobbieGordeevaMatthews20064_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScobbieGordeevaMatthews20064-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982388_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982388-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="蘇格蘭英語">苏格兰英语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScobbieGordeevaMatthews20064_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScobbieGordeevaMatthews20064-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tʰɔk]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E5%A3%AB%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="威爾士英語">威尔士英语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982388_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982388-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tʰɒːk]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德语</a></td> <td>标准音<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangold200547_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangold200547-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>T</b>ochter</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈtɔxtɐ]</span></td> <td>女儿</td> <td>有舌叶化齿-齿龈音，舌叶音和舌叶化齿龈音的变体。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangold200547_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangold200547-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 参见<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="標準德語音系">标准德语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="希腊语">希腊语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200710_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200710-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>τ</b>ρία/<b>t</b>ria</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈtɾiä]</span></td> <td>三</td> <td>有齿、舌叶化齿-齿龈音和齿龈音变体，取决于环境。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200710_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200710-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="现代希腊语音系（页面不存在）">现代希腊语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="挪威语">挪威语</a></td> <td>东部标准挪威语<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200022_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200022-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>d</b>ans</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̻ɑns]</span></td> <td>跳舞</td> <td>齿-齿龈音和舌叶音间存在对立。常被记为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/d/</span>。它可能会被部分地写作<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞音">d̥</a>]</span>, 并和记作<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t/</span>的清送气音对立。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200022_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200022-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="挪威语音系（页面不存在）">挪威语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="波斯语">波斯语</a><sup id="cite_ref-mah_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mah-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>توت</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪ʰuːt̪ʰ]</span></td> <td>莓</td> <td>有舌叶和舌尖变体。<sup id="cite_ref-mah_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mah-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 参见<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="波斯語音系">波斯语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="斯洛伐克语">斯洛伐克语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKráľ198872_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKráľ198872-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlík200498–99_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlík200498–99-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>t</b>o</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̻ɔ̝]</span></td> <td>那个</td> <td>有舌叶化齿-齿龈音和舌叶化齿龈音变体。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKráľ198872_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKráľ198872-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlík200498–99_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlík200498–99-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯洛伐克语音系（页面不存在）">斯洛伐克语音系</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考资料"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E8.B5.84.E6.96.99"></span>参考资料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：参考资料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>引用</dt></dl> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005165-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005165_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLadefoged2005">Ladefoged (2005)</a>，第165頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDum-Tragut200917-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDum-Tragut200917_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDum-Tragut2009">Dum-Tragut (2009)</a>，第17頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadluzhny198947-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadluzhny198947_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPadluzhny1989">Padluzhny (1989)</a>，第47頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199253-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199253_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarbonellLlisterri1992">Carbonell & Llisterri (1992)</a>，第53頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZee2009109-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeZee2009109_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeZee2009">Lee & Zee (2009)</a>，第109頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemijsenManyang2009115_and_121-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemijsenManyang2009115_and_121_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemijsenManyang2009">Remijsen & Manyang (2009)</a>，第115 and 121頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003302-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003302_7-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003302_7-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2003">Collins & Mees (2003)</a>，第302頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocaJohnson199924-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocaJohnson199924_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocaJohnson1999">Roca & Johnson (1999)</a>，第24頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/x202-18a-ni.pdf">Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-12-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112070733/https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/x202-18a-ni.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2021-01-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.btitle=Week+18+%28ii%29.+Northern+Ireland&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phon.ucl.ac.uk%2Fhome%2Fwells%2Fx202-18a-ni.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFougeronSmith1993">Fougeron & Smith (1993)</a>，第73頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005141-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005141_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLadefoged2005">Ladefoged (2005)</a>，第141頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoderbergOlson2008210-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoderbergOlson2008210_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoderbergOlson2008">Soderberg & Olson (2008)</a>，第210頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogersd'Arcangeli2004">Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004)</a>，第117頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkada1999117-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkada1999117_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOkada1999">Okada (1999)</a>，第117頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jerzy Treder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26">Fonetyka i fonologia</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26">原始内容</a>存档于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=Jerzy+Treder&rft.btitle=Fonetyka+i+fonologia&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rastko.net%2Frastko-ka%2Findex2.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D227%26pop%3D1%26page%3D0%26Itemid%3D26&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara200311-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKara200311_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKara2003">Kara (2003)</a>，第11頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENau19986-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENau19986_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNau1998">Nau (1998)</a>，第6頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201388–89-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201388–89_18-0"><sup><b>18.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201388–89_18-1"><sup><b>18.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201388–89_18-2"><sup><b>18.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino2013">Sadowsky et al. (2013)</a>，第88–89頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005158-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005158_19-0"><sup><b>19.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005158_19-1"><sup><b>19.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLadefoged2005">Ladefoged (2005)</a>，第158頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust1999330-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust1999330_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlust1999">Blust (1999)</a>，第330頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJassem2003103-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJassem2003103_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJassem2003">Jassem (2003)</a>，第103頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCruz-Ferreira1995">Cruz-Ferreira (1995)</a>，第91頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196999-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196999_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward (1969)</a>，第99頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauer, Michael. <i>Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation.</i> Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandauLončarićaHorgaŠkarić199966-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandauLončarićaHorgaŠkarić199966_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandauLončarićaHorgaŠkarić1999">Landau et al. (1999)</a>，第66頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretnarTokarz198021-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPretnarTokarz198021_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPretnarTokarz1980">Pretnar & Tokarz (1980)</a>，第21頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003255-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003255_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003">Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003)</a>，第255頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999141-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999141_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngstrand1999">Engstrand (1999)</a>，第141頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996?-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996?_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)</a>，第?頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation arxiv">S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak. Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system. 2008. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/0802.4198"><span title="arXiv">arXiv:0802.4198</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Some+properties+of+the+Ukrainian+writing+system&rft.au=A.+Rovenchak&rft.au=J.+Ma%C4%8Dutek&rft.au=S.+Buk&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0802.4198&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanyenkoVakulenko19954-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanyenkoVakulenko19954_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDanyenkoVakulenko1995">Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995)</a>，第4頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoberg196310-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoberg196310_32-0"><sup><b>32.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoberg196310_32-1"><sup><b>32.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSjoberg1963">Sjoberg (1963)</a>，第10頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1959458–461-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1959458–461_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1959">Thompson (1959)</a>，第458–461頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrill2008108-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrill2008108_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerrill2008">Merrill (2008)</a>，第108頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200561-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200561_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasbøll2005">Basbøll (2005)</a>，第61頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005120-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005120_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrønnum2005">Grønnum (2005)</a>，第120頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199245-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199245_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGussenhoven1992">Gussenhoven (1992)</a>，第45頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982515-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982515_38-0"><sup><b>38.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982515_38-1"><sup><b>38.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>，第515頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzende199491-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzende199491_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzende1994">Szende (1994)</a>，第91頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201367–68-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201367–68_40-0"><sup><b>40.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201367–68_40-1"><sup><b>40.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013">Gilles & Trouvain (2013)</a>，第67–68頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicos.letras.ufmg.br/index.php/relin/article/viewFile/2744/2699">Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140407132811/http://www.periodicos.letras.ufmg.br/index.php/relin/article/viewFile/2744/2699">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle,#54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;">（葡萄牙語）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2002120-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass2002120_42-0"><sup><b>42.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass2002120_42-1"><sup><b>42.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLass2002">Lass (2002)</a>，第120頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScobbieGordeevaMatthews20064-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScobbieGordeevaMatthews20064_43-0"><sup><b>43.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScobbieGordeevaMatthews20064_43-1"><sup><b>43.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScobbieGordeevaMatthews2006">Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006)</a>，第4頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982388-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982388_44-0"><sup><b>44.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982388_44-1"><sup><b>44.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>，第388頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangold200547-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangold200547_45-0"><sup><b>45.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangold200547_45-1"><sup><b>45.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMangold2005">Mangold (2005)</a>，第47頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200710-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200710_46-0"><sup><b>46.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200710_46-1"><sup><b>46.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvaniti2007">Arvaniti (2007)</a>，第10頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200022-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200022_47-0"><sup><b>47.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200022_47-1"><sup><b>47.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKristoffersen2000">Kristoffersen (2000)</a>，第22頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mah-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mah_48-0"><sup><b>48.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mah_48-1"><sup><b>48.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMahootian2002">Mahootian (2002</a>:287–289頁)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMahootian2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKráľ198872-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKráľ198872_49-0"><sup><b>49.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKráľ198872_49-1"><sup><b>49.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKráľ1988">Kráľ (1988)</a>，第72頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlík200498–99-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlík200498–99_50-0"><sup><b>50.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlík200498–99_50-1"><sup><b>50.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPavlík2004">Pavlík (2004)</a>，第98–99頁.</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>来源</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFArvaniti2007" class="citation">Arvaniti, Amalia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211020607/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf">Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, Journal of Greek Linguistics, 2007, <b>8</b>: 97–208, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjgl.8.08arv"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv</span></a>, （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2013-12-11） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Greek+Phonetics%3A+The+State+of+the+Art&rft.aufirst=Amalia&rft.aulast=Arvaniti&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Greek+Linguistics&rft.pages=97-208&rft.volume=8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kent.ac.uk%2Fsecl%2Fell%2Fstaff%2Famalia-arvaniti%2Fdocs%2FGreek%2520Phonetics%2520-%2520The%2520State%2520of%2520the%2520Art.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjgl.8.08arv&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBasbøll2005" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Basb%C3%B8ll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Basbøll（页面不存在）">Basbøll, Hans</a>, The Phonology of Danish, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-203-97876-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-203-97876-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-203-97876-5</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.aulast=Basb%C3%B8ll&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Danish&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-203-97876-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBlust1999" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Blust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Blust（页面不存在）">Blust, Robert</a>, Notes on Pazeh Phonology and Morphology, Oceanic Linguistics, 1999, <b>38</b> (2): 321–365, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145426312"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 145426312</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.1999.0002"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1353/ol.1999.0002</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Pazeh+Phonology+and+Morphology&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.pages=321-365&rft.volume=38&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145426312&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fol.1999.0002&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCarbonellLlisterri1992" class="citation">Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim, Catalan, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, <b>22</b> (1–2): 53–56, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249411809"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 249411809</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004618"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Catalan&rft.au=Llisterri%2C+Joaquim&rft.aufirst=Joan+F.&rft.aulast=Carbonell&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=53-56&rft.volume=22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249411809&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300004618&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCollinsMees2003" class="citation">Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., The Phonetics of English and Dutch 5th, Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2003 [First published 1981], <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9004103406" title="Special:网络书源/9004103406"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9004103406</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=Mees%2C+Inger+M.&rft.aufirst=Beverley&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.btitle=The+Phonetics+of+English+and+Dutch&rft.date=2003&rft.edition=5th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9004103406&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCruz-Ferreira1995" class="citation">Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena, European Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1995, <b>25</b> (2): 90–94, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249414876"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 249414876</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005223"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=European+Portuguese&rft.aufirst=Madalena&rft.aulast=Cruz-Ferreira&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=90-94&rft.volume=25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249414876&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300005223&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDanyenkoVakulenko1995" class="citation">Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ">Ukrainian</a>, Lincom Europa, 1995 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783929075083" title="Special:网络书源/9783929075083"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9783929075083</a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421103813/https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ">存档</a>于2023-04-21） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=Vakulenko%2C+Serhii&rft.aufirst=Andrii&rft.aulast=Danyenko&rft.btitle=Ukrainian&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783929075083&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUsbAQAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDum-Tragut2009" class="citation">Dum-Tragut, Jasmine, Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Jasmine&rft.aulast=Dum-Tragut&rft.btitle=Armenian%3A+Modern+Eastern+Armenian&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEngstrand1999" class="citation">Engstrand, Olle, Swedish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 140–142, 1999, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-63751-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-63751-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-63751-1</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Swedish&rft.aufirst=Olle&rft.aulast=Engstrand&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+Guide+to+the+usage+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-521-63751-1&rft.pages=140-142&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFougeronSmith1993" class="citation">Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L, Illustrations of the IPA:French, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1993, <b>23</b> (2): 73–76, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249404451"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 249404451</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004874"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Illustrations+of+the+IPA%3AFrench&rft.au=Smith%2C+Caroline+L&rft.aufirst=Cecile&rft.aulast=Fougeron&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=73-76&rft.volume=23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249404451&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300004874&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013" class="citation">Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/1143/1/Illustrations_Luxembourgish%20-%2017%20-%20revised%20version%20after%202nd%20revision%20-%20mit%20Bilder.pdf">Luxembourgish</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, <b>43</b> (1): 67–74 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span>]</span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000278"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216084337/https://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/1143/1/Illustrations_Luxembourgish%20-%2017%20-%20revised%20version%20after%202nd%20revision%20-%20mit%20Bilder.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2019-12-16） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Luxembourgish&rft.au=Trouvain%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Gilles&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=67-74&rft.volume=43&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forbilu.uni.lu%2Fbitstream%2F10993%2F1143%2F1%2FIllustrations_Luxembourgish%2520-%252017%2520-%2520revised%2520version%2520after%25202nd%2520revision%2520-%2520mit%2520Bilder.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100312000278&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGrønnum2005" class="citation">Grønnum, Nina, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ">Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk</a> 3rd, Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 2005 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/87-500-3865-6" title="Special:网络书源/87-500-3865-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 87-500-3865-6</a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020210827/https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ">存档</a>于2022-10-20） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%B8nnum&rft.btitle=Fonetik+og+fonologi%2C+Almen+og+Dansk&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=87-500-3865-6&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=Akademisk+Forlag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9RtCAgAAQBAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGussenhoven1992" class="citation">Gussenhoven, Carlos, Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, <b>22</b> (2): 45–47, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243772965"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 243772965</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510030000459X"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Dutch&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft.aulast=Gussenhoven&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=45-47&rft.volume=22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243772965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002510030000459X&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJassem2003" class="citation">Jassem, Wiktor, Polish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, <b>33</b> (1): 103–107, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100303001191"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Polish&rft.aufirst=Wiktor&rft.aulast=Jassem&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=103-107&rft.volume=33&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100303001191&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJonesWard1969" class="citation">Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis, The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press, 1969 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=Ward%2C+Dennis&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.btitle=The+Phonetics+of+Russian&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKara2003" class="citation">Kara, Dávid Somfai, Kyrgyz, Lincom Europa, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3895868434" title="Special:网络书源/3895868434"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3895868434</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1vid+Somfai&rft.aulast=Kara&rft.btitle=Kyrgyz&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3895868434&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKráľ1988" class="citation">Kráľ, Ábel, Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo, 1988 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=%C3%81bel&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%A1%C4%BE&rft.btitle=Pravidl%C3%A1+slovenskej+v%C3%BDslovnosti&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Bratislava&rft.pub=Slovensk%C3%A9+pedagogick%C3%A9+nakladate%C4%BEstvo&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKristoffersen2000" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Gjert_Kristoffersen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjert Kristoffersen">Kristoffersen, Gjert</a>, The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, 2000, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-823765-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-823765-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-19-823765-5</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Gjert&rft.aulast=Kristoffersen&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Norwegian&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823765-5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLadefoged2005" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Ladefoged&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Ladefoged（页面不存在）">Ladefoged, Peter</a>, Vowels and Consonants Second, Blackwell, 2005 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.btitle=Vowels+and+Consonants&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=Second&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" class="extiw" title="en:Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; 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cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=South+African+English&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.aulast=Lass&rft.btitle=Language+in+South+Africa&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9780521791052&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLeeZee2009" class="citation">Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric, Hakka Chinese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2009, <b>39</b> (107–111): 107, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003599"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100308003599</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Hakka+Chinese&rft.au=Zee%2C+Eric&rft.aufirst=Wai-Sum&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=107%E2%80%93111&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=107&rft.volume=39&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100308003599&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLibermanCooperShankweilerStuddert-Kennedy1967" class="citation">Liberman, AM; Cooper, FS; Shankweiler, DP; Studdert-Kennedy, M, Perception of the speech code, Psychological Review, 1967, <b>74</b> (6): 431–61, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4170865"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 4170865</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0020279"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1037/h0020279</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Perception+of+the+speech+code&rft.au=Cooper%2C+FS&rft.au=Shankweiler%2C+DP&rft.au=Studdert-Kennedy%2C+M&rft.aufirst=AM&rft.aulast=Liberman&rft.date=1967&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Review&rft.pages=431-61&rft.volume=74&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0020279&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4170865&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMahootian1997" class="citation">Mahootian, Shahrzad, Persian, London: Routledge, 1997, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-415-02311-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-415-02311-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-415-02311-4</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Shahrzad&rft.aulast=Mahootian&rft.btitle=Persian&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-02311-4&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMangold2005" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Mangold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Mangold（页面不存在）">Mangold, Max</a>, Das Aussprachewörterbuch 6th, Mannheim: Dudenverlag, 2005 [First published 1962], <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-411-04066-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-411-04066-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3-411-04066-7</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.aulast=Mangold&rft.btitle=Das+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=6th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-411-04066-7&rft.place=Mannheim&rft.pub=Dudenverlag&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003" class="citation">Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina, Castilian Spanish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, <b>33</b> (2): 255–259, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100303001373"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Castilian+Spanish&rft.au=Carrera-Sabat%C3%A9%2C+Josefina&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Planas%2C+Ana+Ma.&rft.aufirst=Eugenio&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez-Celdr%C3%A1n&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=255-259&rft.volume=33&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100303001373&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMerrill2008" class="citation">Merrill, Elizabeth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf">Tilquiapan Zapotec</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2008, <b>38</b> (1): 107–114 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span>]</span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003344"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216084338/http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2019-12-16） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Tilquiapan+Zapotec&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.aulast=Merrill&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=107-114&rft.volume=38&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balsas-nahuatl.org%2Fmixtec%2FChristian_articles%2FOtomanguean%2FMerrill.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100308003344&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNau1998" class="citation">Nau, Nicole, Latvian, Lincom Europa, 1998, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-89586-228-2" title="Special:网络书源/3-89586-228-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3-89586-228-2</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft.aulast=Nau&rft.btitle=Latvian&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-89586-228-2&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOkada1999" class="citation">Okada, Hideo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_jpn_phon-2">Japanese</a>, International Phonetic Association (编), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press: 117–119, 1999, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-52163751-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-52163751-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-52163751-0</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Japanese&rft.aufirst=Hideo&rft.aulast=Okada&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-52163751-0&rft.pages=117-119&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frosettaproject_jpn_phon-2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPadluzhny1989" class="citation">Padluzhny, Ped, Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, 1989, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/5-343-00292-7" title="Special:网络书源/5-343-00292-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 5-343-00292-7</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Ped&rft.aulast=Padluzhny&rft.btitle=Fanetyka+belaruskai+litaraturnai+movy&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=5-343-00292-7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPavlík2004" class="citation">Pavlík, Radoslav, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/jc/2004/2/jc2004_2.pdf">Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, Jazykovedný časopis, 2004, <b>55</b>: 87–109 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span>]</span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414133435/https://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/jc/2004/2/jc2004_2.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2020-04-14） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Slovensk%C3%A9+hl%C3%A1sky+a+medzin%C3%A1rodn%C3%A1+fonetick%C3%A1+abeceda&rft.aufirst=Radoslav&rft.aulast=Pavl%C3%ADk&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jazykovedn%C3%BD+%C4%8Dasopis&rft.pages=87-109&rft.volume=55&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juls.savba.sk%2Fediela%2Fjc%2F2004%2F2%2Fjc2004_2.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPretnarTokarz1980" class="citation">Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil, Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski, 1980 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=Tokarz%2C+Emil&rft.aufirst=Tone&rft.aulast=Pretnar&rft.btitle=Sloven%C5%A1%C4%8Dina+za+Poljake%3A+Kurs+podstawowy+j%C4%99zyka+s%C5%82owe%C5%84skiego&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Katowice&rft.pub=Uniwersytet+%C5%9Al%C4%85ski&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRemijsenManyang2009" class="citation">Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong, Luanyjang Dinka, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2009, <b>39</b> (1): 113–124, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003605"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Luanyjang+Dinka&rft.au=Manyang%2C+Caguor+Adong&rft.aufirst=Bert&rft.aulast=Remijsen&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=113-124&rft.volume=39&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100308003605&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRocaJohnson1999" class="citation">Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn, A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing, 1999 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Wyn&rft.aufirst=Iggy&rft.aulast=Roca&rft.btitle=A+Course+in+Phonology&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRogersd'Arcangeli2004" class="citation">Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana, Italian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, <b>34</b> (1): 117–121, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001628"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Italian&rft.au=d%27Arcangeli%2C+Luciana&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=117-121&rft.volume=34&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100304001628&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino2013" class="citation">Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3234126">Mapudungun</a>, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, <b>43</b> (1): 87–96 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span>]</span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000369"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220425101151/https://www.academia.edu/3234126">存档</a>于2022-04-25） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Mapudungun&rft.au=Avelino%2C+Heriberto&rft.au=Painequeo%2C+H%C3%A9ctor&rft.au=Salamanca%2C+Gast%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.aulast=Sadowsky&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=87-96&rft.volume=43&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3234126&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100312000369&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFScobbieGordeevaMatthews2006" class="citation">Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/149">Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview</a>, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers, 2006 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span>]</span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171828/https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/149">存档</a>于2022-09-20） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=Gordeeva%2C+Olga+B.&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Benjamin&rft.aufirst=James+M&rft.aulast=Scobbie&rft.btitle=Acquisition+of+Scottish+English+Phonology%3A+an+overview&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=QMU+Speech+Science+Research+Centre+Working+Papers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feresearch.qmu.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12289%2F149&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSjoberg1963" class="citation">Sjoberg, Andrée F., Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series <b>18</b>, Bloomington: Indiana University, 1963 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9e+F.&rft.aulast=Sjoberg&rft.btitle=Uzbek+Structural+Grammar&rft.date=1963&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft.series=Uralic+and+Altaic+Series&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSoderbergOlson2008" class="citation">Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S., Indonesian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2008, <b>38</b> (2): 209–213, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003320"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100308003320</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Indonesian&rft.au=Olson%2C+Kenneth+S.&rft.aufirst=Craig+D.&rft.aulast=Soderberg&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=209-213&rft.volume=38&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100308003320&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSzende1994" class="citation">Szende, Tamás, Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1994, <b>24</b> (2): 91–94, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242632087"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 242632087</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005090"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Illustrations+of+the+IPA%3A+Hungarian&rft.aufirst=Tam%C3%A1s&rft.aulast=Szende&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=91-94&rft.volume=24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242632087&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300005090&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFThompson1959" class="citation">Thompson, Laurence, Saigon phonemics, Language, 1959, <b>35</b> (3): 454–476, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/411232"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 411232</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F411232"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/411232</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Saigon+phonemics&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.date=1959&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.pages=454-476&rft.volume=35&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F411232&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F411232&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWatson2002" class="citation">Watson, Janet, The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, Oxford University Press, 2002 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+and+Morphology+of+Arabic&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLandauLončarićaHorgaŠkarić1999" class="citation">Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo, Croatian, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 66–69, 1999, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-65236-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-65236-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-521-65236-0</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Croatian&rft.au=%C5%A0kari%C4%87%2C+Ivo&rft.au=Horga%2C+Damir&rft.au=Lon%C4%8Dari%C4%87a%2C+Mijo&rft.aufirst=Ernestina&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65236-0&rft.pages=66-69&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWells1982" class="citation book"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="約翰·C·威爾斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John C. Wells"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7C%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰·C·威爾斯（页面不存在）">Wells, John C.</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Wells" class="extiw" title="en:John C. Wells"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John C. Wells</span></a></span>）</span></span> (1982). <i>Accents of English</i>. Volume 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Volume 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%9B%B8%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="國際標準書號">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-52128540-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-52128540-2">0-52128540-2</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.volume=Volume+2%3A+The+British+Isles&rft.isbn=0-52128540-2"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-52128541-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-52128541-0">0-52128541-0</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.volume=Volume+3%3A+Beyond+the+British+Isles&rft.isbn=0-52128541-0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</cite></li></ul> </div> <table class="toccolours" border="0" width="80%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" style="background: #f9f9f9; margin:auto; border: 1px #111 solid; font-size: 90%; text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ADD8E6; font-size: 100%; text-align:center"> <p><b>字母T</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>一般</b>： </td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">字母T</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>發音</b>： </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">清齒齦塞音</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t]</span> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清齿塞音">清齒塞音</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t̪]</span> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌塞音">清捲舌塞音</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʈ]</span> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E8%88%8C%E9%9D%A2%E5%89%8D%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清舌面前塞音（页面不存在）">清舌面前塞音</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ȶ]</span> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%A1%8E%E5%8C%96%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清顎化齒齦塞音（页面不存在）">清顎化齒齦塞音</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ƫ]</span> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%85%A7%E7%A0%B4%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清齒齦內破音（页面不存在）">清齒齦內破音</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ƭ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>變體</b>： </td> <td><span class="Unicode"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A4" title="Ť">Ťť</a> · <a href="/wiki/T%CC%88" title="T̈">T̈ẗ</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AA" title="Ṫ">Ṫṫ</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C5%A2" title="Ţ">Ţţ</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AC" title="Ṭ">Ṭṭ</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C8%9A" title="Ț">Țț</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B9%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ṱ（页面不存在）">Ṱṱ</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B9%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ṯ（页面不存在）">Ṯṯ</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C5%A6" title="Ŧ">Ŧŧ</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ⱦ（页面不存在）">Ⱦⱦ</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C6%AC" title="Ƭ">Ƭƭ</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C6%AE" title="Ʈ">Ʈʈ</a></span> · <a href="/wiki/Th_(%E4%BA%8C%E5%90%88%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D)" title="Th (二合字母)">Th</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Special:编辑页面/Template:輔音"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="辅音（辅音列表）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3" title="辅音">辅音</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="辅音列表">辅音列表</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E9%83%A8%E6%B0%94%E6%B5%81%E9%9F%B3" title="肺部气流音">肺部气流音</a></b> <table class="" style="margin: auto; font-size: 114%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable IPA-pulmonic-main" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-pulmonic-placearrow"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%8D" title="调音部位">调音部位</a> → </th> <th scope="col" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E5%86%A0%E9%9F%B3" title="舌冠音">舌冠</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E8%83%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="舌背音">舌背</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="喉音">咽喉</a> </th></tr> <tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th scope="col" class="IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="调音方法">调音方法</a> ↓ </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="双唇音">雙唇</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒音">唇齒</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="舌唇音">舌唇</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%9F%B3" title="齿音">齒</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈音">齒齦</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦後音">齦後</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌音">卷舌</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%88%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="龈腭音">齦腭</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭音">硬腭</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭音">軟腭</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌音">小舌</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%BD%E9%9F%B3" title="咽音">咽</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="會厭音">會⁠厭</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E9%9F%B3" title="聲門音">聲門</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="清双唇鼻音">m̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇鼻音">m</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒鼻音">ɱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="舌唇鼻音">n̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="清齿龈鼻音">n̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦鼻音">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="清卷舌鼻音">ɳ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌鼻音">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭鼻音">ɲ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭鼻音">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="清软腭鼻音">ŋ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭鼻音">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌鼻音">ɴ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇塞音">p</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇塞音">b</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%94%87%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清唇齿塞音">p̪</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%94%87%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="浊唇齿塞音">b̪</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清舌唇塞音">t̼</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="浊舌唇塞音">d̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">t</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞音">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌塞音">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁捲舌塞音">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭塞音">c</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁硬腭塞音">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭塞音">k</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭塞音">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清小舌塞音">q</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁小舌塞音">ɢ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%9A%E5%8E%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="会厌塞音">ʡ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="聲門塞音">ʔ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">有噝<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞擦音">ts</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞擦音">dz</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清腭齦塞擦音">t̠ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁腭齦塞擦音">d̠ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌塞擦音">ʈʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊卷舌塞擦音">ɖʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%A6%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齦腭塞擦音">tɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%BE%88%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊龈腭塞擦音">dʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">無噝塞擦音 </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清双唇塞擦音">pɸ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊双唇塞擦音">bβ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%94%87%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清唇齿塞擦音">p̪f</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%94%87%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊唇齿塞擦音">b̪v</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒無噝塞擦音">t̪θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒無噝塞擦音">d̪ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦無噝塞擦音">tɹ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E6%97%A0%E5%92%9D%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊齿龈无咝塞擦音">dɹ̝</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦後無噝塞擦音">t̠ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦後無噝塞擦音">d̠ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭塞擦音">cç</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁硬腭塞音">ɟʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭塞擦音">kx</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭塞擦音">ɡɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清小舌塞擦音">qχ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁會厭塞擦音">ʡʢ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清聲門塞擦音">ʔh</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%9D%E9%9F%B3" title="咝音">有噝擦音</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦擦音">s</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦擦音">z</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清腭齦擦音">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁腭齦擦音">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌擦音">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊卷舌擦音">ʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%A6%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齦腭擦音">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%A6%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齦腭擦音">ʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">無噝<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇擦音">ɸ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇擦音">β</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清唇齒擦音">f</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁唇齒擦音">v</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清舌唇擦音">θ̼</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁舌唇擦音">ð̼</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒擦音">θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒擦音">ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E6%97%A0%E5%92%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清齿龈无咝擦音">θ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E6%97%A0%E5%92%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="浊齿龈无咝擦音">ð̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦後無噝擦音">ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦後無噝擦音">ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E6%97%A0%E5%92%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊卷舌无咝擦音">ɻ˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭擦音">ç</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊硬腭擦音">ʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭擦音">x</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭擦音">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清小舌擦音">χ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁小舌擦音">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%92%BD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清咽擦音">ħ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%92%BD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊咽擦音">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清會厭擦音">ʜ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="濁會厭顫音">ʢ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">h</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁聲門擦音">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清唇齒近音">ʋ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒近音">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦近音">ɹ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦近音">ɹ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌近音">ɻ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌近音">ɻ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清硬腭近音（页面不存在）">j̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭近音">j</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清軟腭近音（页面不存在）">ɰ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭近音">ɰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B1%E5%98%8E%E9%9F%B3%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="吱嘎音聲門近音">ʔ̞</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E9%9F%B3" title="闪音">闪音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇閃音">ⱱ̟</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒閃音">ⱱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="舌唇閃音">ɾ̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦閃音">ɾ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦閃音">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌閃音">ɽ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E9%97%AA%E9%9F%B3" title="卷舌闪音">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌閃音">ɢ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%9A%E5%8E%8C%E9%97%AA%E9%9F%B3" title="会厌闪音">ʡ̆</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A4%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6)" title="颤音 (语音学)">顫音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇顫音">ʙ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇顫音">ʙ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%A2%A4%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清齿龈颤音">r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦顫音">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌顫音">ɽ̊r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌顫音">ɽr</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="清小舌顫音">ʀ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌顫音">ʀ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="边音">邊</a>塞擦音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齿龈边塞擦音">tɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦邊塞擦音">dɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌邊塞擦音">ʈɭ̊˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭邊塞擦音">cʎ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭邊塞擦音">kʟ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭邊塞擦音">ɡʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">邊擦音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦邊擦音">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦邊擦音">ɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌邊擦音">ɭ̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁捲舌邊擦音">ɭ˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭邊擦音">ʎ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁硬腭邊擦音">ʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭邊擦音">ʟ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭邊擦音">ʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">邊近音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清齿龈边近音">l̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈边近音">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%82%8A%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌邊近音">ɭ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="卷舌边近音">ɭ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭邊近音">ʎ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BE%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭边音">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭邊近音">ʟ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭邊音">ʟ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%82%8A%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌邊近音">ʟ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">邊闪音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%82%8A%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦邊閃音">ɺ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%82%8A%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌邊閃音">ɭ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭邊閃音">ʎ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭邊閃音">ʟ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:國際音標">國際音標說明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E8%A1%A8" title="国际音标表">国际音标表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA pulmonic consonants">模板</a></li></ul> </div> <p>當符號成對出現時，左邊的是清音，右邊的是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">濁音</a>。<span style="display: inline-block;">陰影區域表示被認為是不可能的發音。</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="nowrap"><div style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 2em;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%82%BA%E9%83%A8%E6%B0%94%E6%B5%81%E9%9F%B3" title="非肺部气流音">非肺部气流音</a></b> <table class="" style="font-size: 114%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable" style=""> <tbody><tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="双唇音">雙唇</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒音">唇齒</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%9F%B3" title="齿音">齒</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈音">齒齦</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦後音">齦後</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌音">捲舌</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭音">硬腭</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭音">軟腭</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌音">小舌</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="會厭音">会厌</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%A4%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="挤喉音">挤喉音</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E6%8C%A4%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="双唇挤喉塞音">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦擠喉音">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌擠喉音">ʈʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭擠喉音">cʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭擠喉音">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌擠喉音">qʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="會厭擠喉音">ʡʼ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="齒擠喉塞擦音">t̪θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦擠喉塞擦音">tsʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="腭齦擠喉塞擦音">t̠ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌擠喉塞擦音">ʈʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭擠喉塞擦音">kxʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌擠喉塞擦音">qχʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇擠喉擦音">ɸʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒擠喉擦音">fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="齒擠喉擦音">θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦擠喉擦音">sʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="腭齦擠喉擦音">ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌擠喉擦音">ʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭擠喉擦音">çʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭擠喉擦音">xʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌擠喉擦音">χʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="边音">邊</a>塞擦音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦擠喉邊塞擦音">tɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭擠喉邊塞擦音">cʎ̝̊ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭擠喉邊塞擦音">kʟ̝̊ʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">邊擦音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦擠喉邊擦音">ɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="搭嘴音">搭嘴音</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="不送氣">不送氣音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="不送氣雙唇搭嘴音">ʘ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3%E9%BD%92%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="不送氣齒搭嘴音">ǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="不送氣齒齦搭嘴音">ǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="不送氣捲舌搭嘴音">𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="不送氣硬腭搭嘴音">ǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="軟腭搭嘴音">ʞ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">濁音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇搭嘴音">ʘ̬</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒搭嘴音">ǀ̬</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦搭嘴音">ǃ̬</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="濁捲舌搭嘴音">𝼊̬</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="濁硬腭搭嘴音">ǂ̬</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鼻搭嘴音" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nasal click"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼻搭嘴音（页面不存在）">鼻搭嘴音</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_click" class="extiw" title="en:Nasal click"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nasal click</span></a></span>）</span></span> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇鼻搭嘴音">ʘ̃</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="齒鼻搭嘴音">ǀ̃</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦鼻搭嘴音">ǃ̃</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌鼻搭嘴音">𝼊̃</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭鼻搭嘴音">ǂ̃</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">不送氣<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈边搭嘴音">邊音</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3%E9%82%8A%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="不送氣邊搭嘴音">ǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">濁邊音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%82%8A%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="濁邊搭嘴音">ǁ̬</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%82%8A%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦邊鼻搭嘴音">ǁ̃</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="內爆音">內爆音</a> </th> <th scope="row">濁音 </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E5%86%85%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="浊双唇内爆音">ɓ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E5%86%85%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="浊齿龈内爆音">ɗ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="濁捲舌內爆音">ᶑ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="濁硬腭內爆音">ʄ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E5%86%85%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="浊软腭内爆音">ɠ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="濁小舌內爆音">ʛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">清音 </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E5%86%85%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="浊双唇内爆音">ɓ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦內爆音">ɗ̥</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌內爆音">ᶑ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭內爆音">ʄ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭內爆音">ɠ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="清小舌內爆音">ʛ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:國際音標">國際音標說明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E8%A1%A8" title="国际音标表">国际音标表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_non-pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA non-pulmonic consonants">模板</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="display: inline-block;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E5%90%8C%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3" title="协同调音">协同调音</a></b> <table class="" style="font-size: 114%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="nowrap IPA-coarticulated-main IPA-coarticulated-nocaption" style=""> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">n͡m</span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E8%88%8C%E5%86%A0%E9%9F%B3" title="唇舌冠音">唇舌冠音</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="唇软腭鼻音">ŋ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="唇软腭鼻音">唇软腭鼻音</a></div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齦音">t͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齦音">d͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">唇齒齦塞音</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%94%87%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清唇软腭塞音">k͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%94%87%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁唇軟腭塞音">ɡ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">唇軟腭塞音</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">q͡ʡ</span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌會厭音">小舌會厭音</a></div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɧ</span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/%C9%A7" title="ɧ">Sj音</a></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清圓唇硬腭近音">ɥ̊</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="圓唇硬腭近音">ɥ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="唇硬腭音">唇硬腭音</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%9C%86%E5%94%87%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清圆唇软腭近音">ʍ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="濁圓唇軟腭近音">w</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">唇軟腭音</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E5%8C%96%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭化齿龈边音">邊近音</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E5%8C%96%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭化齿龈边音">ɫ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%8C%96" title="軟腭化">軟腭化</a>齒齦音</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" title="鼻音化">鼻化</a>近音</div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%BB%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼻硬腭近音（页面不存在）">j̃</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">硬腭音</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼻化圓唇軟腭近音（页面不存在）">w̃</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">唇軟腭音</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BC%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清鼻化声门近音">h̃</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">聲門音</div> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:國際音標">國際音標說明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E8%A1%A8" title="国际音标表">国际音标表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_co-articulated_consonants" title="Template:IPA co-articulated consonants">模板</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">圖表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/The_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_%282015_version%29_%28cropped%29_%28only_pulmonic_consonants%29.svg" class="internal" title="The International Phonetic Alphabet (2015 version) (cropped) (only pulmonic consonants).svg">肺部气流音</a><span class="unicode nowrap"> ‧ </span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Ipa-chart-consonants-nonpulmonic.png" class="internal" title="Ipa-chart-consonants-nonpulmonic.png">非肺部气流音</a><span class="unicode nowrap"> ‧ </span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Affricate_ligatures.png" class="internal" title="Affricate ligatures.png">塞擦音</a><span class="unicode nowrap"> ‧ </span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/IPA_co-articulated_2005.png" class="internal" title="IPA co-articulated 2005.png">协同调音辅音</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:transparent; border:1px solid #aaa; border-width:1px 0px 0px 0"><div>参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="元音">元音</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=清齒齦塞音&oldid=78820427">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=清齒齦塞音&oldid=78820427</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="Category:塞音">塞音</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="Category:齒齦音">齒齦音</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%B8%85%E9%9F%B3" title="Category:清音">清音</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="Category:口腔輔音">口腔輔音</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="Category:中央輔音">中央輔音</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%82%BA%E9%83%A8%E6%B0%94%E6%B5%81%E9%9F%B3" title="Category:肺部气流音">肺部气流音</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="Category:輔音">輔音</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8Phonos%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用Phonos的页面">使用Phonos的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89Phonos%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:有Phonos渲染错误的页面">有Phonos渲染错误的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5hAudio%E5%BE%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:嵌入hAudio微格式的條目">嵌入hAudio微格式的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89%E9%9F%B3%E9%A0%BB%E8%AE%80%E9%9F%B3%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:有音頻讀音的條目">有音頻讀音的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有非中文內容的條目">含有非中文內容的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(en)" title="Category:CS1英语来源 (en)">CS1英语来源 (en)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2023年9月6日 (星期三) 21:03。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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<div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-84d8f4b96-f6lnt","wgBackendResponseTime":217,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.256","walltime":"2.468","ppvisitednodes":{"value":42978,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":562974,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":63459,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":246480,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2057.867 1 -total"," 45.40% 934.337 1 Template:辅音"," 45.23% 930.825 1 Template:Navbox"," 39.30% 808.712 3 Template:IPA_common"," 33.37% 686.757 215 Template:IPAlink/core"," 25.88% 532.663 1 Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants"," 24.87% 511.878 1 Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants/table"," 23.51% 483.885 145 Template:IPA_link"," 14.38% 295.972 321 Template:IPA"," 13.40% 275.775 42 Template:Citation"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.912","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26788030,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFArvaniti2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasbøll2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlust1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarbonellLlisterri1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollinsMees2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCruz-Ferreira1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanyenkoVakulenko1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDum-Tragut2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngstrand1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFougeronSmith1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrønnum2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGussenhoven1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJassem2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJerzy_Treder\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesWard1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKara2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristoffersen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKráľ1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLadefoged2005\"] = 1,\n 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of English\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr IPA\"] = 4,\n [\"Audio-IPA\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation\"] = 42,\n [\"Cite arXiv\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 90,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 6,\n [\"IPAslink\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"SOWL\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 59,\n [\"Wayback\"] = 1,\n [\"中央輔音\"] = 1,\n [\"口腔輔音\"] = 1,\n [\"塞音\"] = 1,\n [\"字母T\"] = 1,\n [\"尖括号\"] = 2,\n [\"清音\"] = 1,\n [\"肺部氣流音\"] = 1,\n [\"辅音\"] = 1,\n [\"齒齦音\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-648bd44df8-27cm8","timestamp":"20241116021342","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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