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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_social_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_social_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Marriage and social organisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_social_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_influences_on_Australian_Romani_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_influences_on_Australian_Romani_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Western influences on Australian 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Romani in the media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romani_in_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access_to_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_to_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Access to education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_to_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Romani Australians</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Romani_encampment_at_Ballarat_-_The_Australasian_1908.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Romani_encampment_at_Ballarat_-_The_Australasian_1908.png/220px-Romani_encampment_at_Ballarat_-_The_Australasian_1908.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Romani_encampment_at_Ballarat_-_The_Australasian_1908.png/330px-Romani_encampment_at_Ballarat_-_The_Australasian_1908.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Romani_encampment_at_Ballarat_-_The_Australasian_1908.png/440px-Romani_encampment_at_Ballarat_-_The_Australasian_1908.png 2x" data-file-width="3257" data-file-height="2043" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Romani encampment in <a href="/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat">Ballarat</a>, 1908</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">5,000-25,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Para-Romani" title="Para-Romani">Para-Romani</a> languages</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Romani" title="Category:Romani">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Romani people"><img alt="Flag of the Romani people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Romani_people" title="Archaeology of the Romani people">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture" title="Romani society and culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_dance" title="Romani dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_dress" title="Romani dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people" title="History of the Romani people">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_media" title="Romani media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_music" title="Romani music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Romani_people" title="Names of the Romani people">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romani_people" title="List of Romani people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people#Religion" title="Romani people">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romani_settlements" title="List of Romani settlements">Settlements</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Romani people by sub-group</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Romani" title="Afro-Romani">Afro-Romani</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Arlije" title="Arlije">Arlije</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bergitka_Roma" title="Bergitka Roma">Bergitka Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Roma" title="Burgenland Roma">Burgenland Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Boyash" title="Boyash">Boyash</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cascarots" title="Cascarots">Cascarots</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimean Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gurbeti" title="Gurbeti">Gurbeti</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Romani_relations#Romani_Jews" title="Jewish–Romani relations"> Judeo-Romani</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Kale (Iberian Roma)</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Kale (Finnish Roma)</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale (Welsh Roma)</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lovari" title="Lovari">Lovari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/L%C4%83utari" title="Lăutari">Lăutari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Machvaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Machvaya">Machvaya</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers" title="Norwegian and Swedish Travellers">Romanisæl</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Polska_Roma" title="Polska Roma">Polska Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">Romanichal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ruska_Roma" title="Ruska Roma">Ruska Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sepe%C4%8Dides_Romani" title="Sepečides Romani">Sepečides Romani</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Servitka_Roma" title="Servitka Roma">Servitka Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ursari" title="Ursari">Ursari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Zargari_tribe" title="Zargari tribe">Zargari</a> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a> by country</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Albania" title="Romani people in Albania">Albania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Argentina" title="Romani people in Argentina">Argentina</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Austria" title="Romani people in Austria">Austria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belarus" title="Romani people in Belarus">Belarus</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belgium" title="Romani people in Belgium">Belgium</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Brazil" title="Romani people in Brazil">Brazil</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Colombia" title="Romani people in Colombia">Colombia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Croatia" title="Romani people in Croatia">Croatia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Cyprus" title="Romani people in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Romani people in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Romani people in Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Denmark" title="Romani people in Denmark">Denmark</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Estonia" title="Romani people in Estonia">Estonia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Finland" title="Romani people in Finland">Finland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_France" title="Romani people in France">France</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Romani people in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany" title="Romani people in Germany">Germany</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Greece</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Hungary</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Ireland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Italy" title="Romani people in Italy">Italy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo" title="Romani people in Kosovo">Kosovo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Latvia" title="Romani people in Latvia">Latvia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Lithuania" title="Romani people in Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Mexico">Mexico</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Montenegro" title="Romani people in Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_North_Macedonia" title="Romani people in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Moldova" title="Romani people in Moldova">Moldova</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Romani people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Norway" title="Romani people in Norway">Norway</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Poland" title="Romani people in Poland">Poland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal" title="Romani people in Portugal">Portugal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Romania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Russia" title="Romani people in Russia">Russia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Serbia" title="Romani people in Serbia">Serbia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovakia" title="Romani people in Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovenia" title="Romani people in Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Spain</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Sweden" title="Romani people in Sweden">Sweden</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Switzerland" title="Romani people in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey" title="Romani people in Turkey">Turkey</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ukraine" title="Romani people in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimea</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gypsy,_Roma_and_Traveller_people_(UK)" title="Gypsy, Roma and Traveller people (UK)">term</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gypsy_and_Traveller_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gypsy and Traveller groups">Scotland</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian-Slovak</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Uruguay" title="Romani people in Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Romani_people" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Romani people">WikiProject</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Romani_people" title="Template:Romani people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romani_people" title="Template talk:Romani people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romani_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romani people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_First_Fleet_entering_Port_Jackson,_January_26,_1788,_drawn_1888_A9333001h(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/The_First_Fleet_entering_Port_Jackson%2C_January_26%2C_1788%2C_drawn_1888_A9333001h%28cropped%29.jpg/218px-The_First_Fleet_entering_Port_Jackson%2C_January_26%2C_1788%2C_drawn_1888_A9333001h%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/The_First_Fleet_entering_Port_Jackson%2C_January_26%2C_1788%2C_drawn_1888_A9333001h%28cropped%29.jpg/327px-The_First_Fleet_entering_Port_Jackson%2C_January_26%2C_1788%2C_drawn_1888_A9333001h%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/The_First_Fleet_entering_Port_Jackson%2C_January_26%2C_1788%2C_drawn_1888_A9333001h%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>The First Fleet arriving at Port Jackson in 1788. Approximately 60 Romani people were on board.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Romani people in Australia</b> are citizens of Australia who are of <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> descent. They are sometimes referred to as Roma. Most Roma in Australia trace their roots to the United Kingdom and Greece, who in return trace their roots to northern India. </p><p>The first Roma arrived in Australia in 1788, with migration patterns continuing throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The population is currently estimated to be between 5,000 and 25,000 peoples, with significant numbers of Roma living in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romani community is underrepresented in Australian society, and is commonly referred to as the ‘invisible community’.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many members are not registered on the electoral roll, nor do they identify as Romani in the census.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reasons behind this include the nomadic lifestyle of many Roma, where they temporarily live in various states and regions, and fear of discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Australia, the Romani community engages in many traditional practices, including marriage, fortune-telling, nomadism and poetry writing. These cultural practices are central to the diaspora as a whole; however, they slightly vary across populations due to contextual influences. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_History">Origins and History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Australia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Roma population originated in the northwestern regions of India.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a history of violence and brutality, communities have migrated internationally, with the majority of members living throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that the <a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a> has a population somewhere between 2-5 million peoples, however the nomadic nature of their culture challenges the accuracy of such statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The arrival of the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> in 1788 brought Romani people to Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that within the convict population, approximately sixty people were of Romani descent. Notable names in this population include <a href="/wiki/James_Squire" title="James Squire">James Squire</a>, who went on to establish the first brewery in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J_Squires_sig.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/56/J_Squires_sig.gif/206px-J_Squires_sig.gif" decoding="async" width="206" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/56/J_Squires_sig.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="48" /></a><figcaption>Signature of James Squire, founder of Australia's first brewery</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Australian Romani population further increased as members of the Romani community in Europe sought to escape extermination by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi Regime">Nazi Regime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other factors that increased patterns of Roma migration include the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919-1922) which saw the community become the target of persecution by these world powers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_populations">Geography and populations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Australia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography and populations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 2011 Census, the Australian Romani population measured to approximately 775 people.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This figure is largely disputed among researchers and the Romani community due to the group's practice of nomadism and their desire to isolate from western culture, which makes accurate statistics challenging to acquire. The real population is estimated to be around 20,000-25,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romani communities are dispersed across all Australian states, with significant populations located in New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia. Around 14,000 Roma live in Western Australia, mostly immigrants from Macedonia and their children. Nearly all lead sedentary lives.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, culture maintains a strong presence. The community continues to organise cultural events, Rom-exclusive sports competitions and teach the language of Romanes. </p><p>Historically, Romani communities across the world have held jobs that support their nomadic lifestyle. As well as this, the lower levels of education within the group also affects the job titles they can pursue. The typical occupational fields for this community include agriculture and livestock traders, repairmen and engineers, and entertainment, often seen through fortune-telling and music.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, similar job titles are held by the Roma. In the early twentieth century, men often worked in the cane fields across Queensland and women worked as entertainers to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_tradition_within_the_Australian_diaspora">Culture and tradition within the Australian diaspora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Australia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Culture and tradition within the Australian diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture" title="Romani society and culture">Romani society and culture</a></div> <p>The customs and traditions of the Romani diaspora differ in each established society due to factors such as the environment, population size and public attitudes, which influence the practice of culture. There are some cultural values that are fundamental to the ethnic group and therefore widely rehearsed. Marriage is a large institution within Romani culture and is highly valued. The family structure typically includes a mother and a father, their children, and their married son's immediate family.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other aspects of tradition include the nomadic/traveller lifestyle, <a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">fortune-telling</a>, as both a spiritual and occupational practice, and initiation practices that direct men and women into their gendered roles within the community.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_social_organisation">Marriage and social organisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Australia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marriage and social organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of the Roma are deemed ready for marriage once they reach puberty.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Australian context, the rate of Romani marriages is unknown. This is largely due to a number of factors, including the legal age required for marital recognition under the law. In Australia, individuals must be at least eighteen years of age in order to have their marriage legally registered.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In traditional Romani culture, the participants can be as young as thirteen years old.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, due to the laws preventing child marriage in Australia, this ritual holds symbolic value rather than legal, making it harder to generate statistics. Additionally, the community's desire to maintain a low-profile within Australia also challenges any estimations, as many Roma do not publicly acknowledge their heritage due to fear of discrimination and racism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Australia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Roma culture, there is no prescribed religion for members to follow. Rather, communities adopt the major religion of the country that they live.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rituals and traditions are adjusted accordingly, creating variation across the diaspora. This flexibility demonstrates the Romani desire to be accepted in the inhabited countries in order to avoid cultural conflict and discrimination. </p><p>The Romani people in Australia adhere to the Christian faith. The Pentecostal denomination is a popular branch among the community. This follows the spread of the Evangelical Pentecostal Movement throughout the nineteen hundreds, which saw a significant increase in members from the Romani diaspora.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that the movement reached Australia after 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of these Christian influences, baptism has become a significant practice for many Romani communities, since children are considered lucky within the culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baptism is believed to remove impurity and offer strength, protection and health against evil spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_influences_on_Australian_Romani_culture">Western influences on Australian Romani culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Australia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Western influences on Australian Romani culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Western culture in Australia has influenced the nature and prevalence of Romani customs and traditions. The nomadic lifestyle is still practised in some Australian Romani populations, where caravans are used to travel between regions and states.<sup id="cite_ref-theage.com.au_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theage.com.au-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the twenty-first century, a noticeable trend shows the increasing number of Romani families opting to live in more permanent settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-theage.com.au_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theage.com.au-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reasons behind this may include better access to education, settling down as an easier lifestyle alternative to travelling, and so forth. </p><p>Culture is largely practised within the boundaries of the community, with the group using food, music, ornaments and clothing to express their beliefs and traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fortune-telling remains a significant practice for the Australian Roma; throughout history they have used it as both an expression of culture and as a job position.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, following the rise of technology in the twenty-first century, social media has become a means for Romani people to engage in culture, with online forums allowing members to find like-minded people and to discuss and share their traditions and practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many scholars argue that Romani culture is slowly fading in the face of the wider Australian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, their nomadic lifestyle rivals the permanency needed to sustain contemporary jobs, so many Roma feel the need to reject such practice. Similarly, the use of the Romanes language is becoming less prevalent within the community, with English taking its place in order to suit the demands of Australian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_differences_and_exclusion">Cultural differences and exclusion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Australia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cultural differences and exclusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout history, the Romani community has been subject to repeated acts of discrimination by various groups and governments. It is for this reason that the group lives as a diaspora, as the threat of violence forced smaller family units to flee their origin nations. In the Second World War, historians estimate that the German forces killed around 250,000 Roma, or about 25% of the Roma population.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within Australia, the group's lifestyle has become a point of contention. Historically, Romani practices have been largely opposed by government bodies. Throughout the 1900s, traditions such as child marriage and fortune-telling were disputed in national courts.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, Rosy Sterio's lawsuit against her husband in 1926 highlighted tensions between Western and Roma values. Rosy Sterio, an underaged girl, accused her husband of assault, however the case was eventually dismissed as it was considered a ‘tribal feud’.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court's opposition to child marriage ultimately prevented them from achieving justice for the Romani community. </p><p>Since the early twenty-first century, there has been a general push-back against this treatment within the community. The Romani Gypsy Association of Australia and other groups have been established to create a sense of community and a safe space for this population. Similarly, prominent figures such as Mandy Sayer have become advocates for change. Sayer states that her book <i>Australian Gypsies and Their Secret History</i> (2017) works to dispel the myths that have falsely characterised the group and to record the stories of the modern-day Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>International Romani Day is another response to the discrimination faced by the community on the global level. First established in 1971 by the World Romani Congress, this holiday is celebrated on 8 April.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Roma in Australia participate in the event, proudly recognising their heritage. Areas such as the Central Coast in New South Wales are among the most popular destinations where many members of the community travel to engage in traditions and rituals, such as music and dance.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romani_in_the_media">Romani in the media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Australia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Romani in the media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Good representation and inclusion in the media have become issues for Romani communities across the world. With the rise of tabloid culture in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, poor media characterisations of the Roma have become more prevalent. Several studies have been conducted to showcase the kinds of stereotypes that are depicted of the Roma, and the correlation between these representations and global discriminatory attitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, Romani communities are often tied to criminal activities, such as kidnapping and theft. Similarly, programs such as “My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding” have also played a role in the negative connotations surrounding the Romani people. Critics both in and outside of the community have argued that media often shallowly depicts the ethnic group and offers a simplistic view of their tradition and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is within this debate that contentions surrounding the term ‘Gypsy’ arise. </p><p>In Australia, the Romani people are underrepresented in the media. Academic Riccardo Armillei has been outspoken about this issue, stating that the media has taken a hostile tone against the Roma and has failed to recognise them in terms of their culture and history.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work <i>Romanies in Italy and Australia: The Concealment of the Romani Culture Behind False Myths and Romantic Views</i> (2016) calls out various news media corporations, like the New Daily Telegraph, for their use of derogatory terms such as ‘Gypsy’ and for wrongly associating the community with criminal gangs and robberies.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access_to_education">Access to education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Australia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Access to education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Access to education is another issue commonly faced by Romani communities due to their nomadic lifestyle. Scholar Wendy Morrow reported on a study conducted on school-aged Australian Romani children, which found that approximately 83% of participants had undergone three or less years of education.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those children that were of high school age, only 11% were receiving an education.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These students were being taught in the home by their mother. </p><p>As a result, Romani school-based education levels are significantly below those of their non-Roma counterparts. These statistics follow the community's desire to distance themselves from mainstream Australian society in order to retain a strong cultural identity.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activists, such as Wendy Morrow, have called for particular measures to be taken in order to close this gap, including the establishment of mobile schools in caravan parks in order to cater to those families that live nomadic lifestyles.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The establishment of special Romani schools across the nation was another proposed strategy. In the early 2000s, the Australian School for Romani Children opened, becoming the first school of its kind.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It teaches the traditional curricular subjects in addition to Roma specific subjects, including the Romanes language, cultural practices, dancing and singing, and musical instruments. This school offers students technical trades that will allow them to work in mainstream Australian society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Australia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Australia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=rme">"Angloromani"</a>. 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England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Diaspora+in+Australia%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Perspective&rft.place=England&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Armillei&rft.aufirst=Riccardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarby2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Darby, Seyward (31 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/89173/my-big-fat-gypsy-wedding-tlc-traveller-roma">"Big Fat Disgrace"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583">0028-6583</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Big+Fat+Disgrace&rft.date=2011-05-31&rft.issn=0028-6583&rft.aulast=Darby&rft.aufirst=Seyward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F89173%2Fmy-big-fat-gypsy-wedding-tlc-traveller-roma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow2009" class="citation book cs1">Morrow, Wendy (2009). <i>Traveller, Nomadic, and Migrant Education</i>. 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New York: Routledge. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traveller%2C+Nomadic%2C+and+Migrant+Education&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Australia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isaa.org.au/articles/romani-in-australia-invisible-and-marginalised-others-in-australian-history">Romani In Australia: Invisible and Marginalised ‘Others’ In Australian 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Australians">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Australians" title="South African Australians">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian Australians">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togolese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Togolese Australians (page does not exist)">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan Australians">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambian Australians">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Australians" title="Zimbabwean Australians">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Australians" title="American Australians">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Australians" title="Canadian Australians">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_and_West_Indian_Australians" title="Caribbean and West Indian Australians">Caribbean and West Indian Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latin_American_Australians" title="Hispanic and Latin American Australians">Hispanic and Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Australians" title="Argentine Australians">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolivian Australians (page does not exist)">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Australians" title="Brazilian Australians">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Australians" title="Chilean Australians">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Australians" title="Colombian Australians">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Australians" title="Cuban Australians">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecuadorian Australians">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guatemalan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guatemalan Australians (page does not exist)">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honduran_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honduran Australians (page does not exist)">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Australians" title="Mexican Australians">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panamanian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panamanian Australians (page does not exist)">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraguayan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraguayan Australians (page does not exist)">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Australians" title="Peruvian Australians">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puerto Rican Australians (page does not exist)">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Australians" title="Salvadoran Australians">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Australians" title="Uruguayan Australians">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Australians" title="Venezuelan Australians">Venezuelan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican Australians">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Australians (page does not exist)">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Australians" title="Asian Australians">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Australians" title="Afghan Australians">Afghan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Australians" title="Hazara Australians">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun Australians">Pashtun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Australians" title="Armenian Australians">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani Australians">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Australians" title="Bangladeshi Australians">Bangladeshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengali Australians (page does not exist)">Bengali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Australians" title="Bhutanese Australians">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Australians" title="Burmese Australians">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chin_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chin Australians (page does not exist)">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen Australians">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mon Australians (page does not exist)">Mon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Australians" title="Cambodian Australians">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australians" title="Chinese Australians">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong Australians">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Australians" title="Hong Kong Australians">Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantonese Australians (page does not exist)">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iu_Mien_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iu Mien Australians (page does not exist)">Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Australians" title="Taiwanese Australians">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka Australians">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhounese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuzhounese Australians (page does not exist)">Fuzhou/Hokchiu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoklo_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoklo Australians (page does not exist)">Hoklo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Australians">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur Australians">Uyghur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_Australians" title="East Timorese Australians">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Australians" title="Filipino Australians">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgian Australians (page does not exist)">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Australians" title="Indian Australians">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengali Australians (page does not exist)">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gujarati Australians (page does not exist)">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Fijian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Fijian Australians">Indo-Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayali_Australians" title="Malayali Australians">Malayali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Australians" title="Punjabi Australians">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Australians" title="Sindhi Australians">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu Australians">Telugu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Australians" title="Indonesian Australians">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acehnese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acehnese Australians (page does not exist)">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balinese Australians (page does not exist)">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Javanese Australians (page does not exist)">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madurese Australians (page does not exist)">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sundanese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sundanese Australians (page does not exist)">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Australians" title="Japanese Australians">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh Australians">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Australians" title="Korean Australians">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyz_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyz Australians (page does not exist)">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Australians" title="Laotian Australians">Laotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Australians" title="Malaysian Australians">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruneian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruneian Australians (page does not exist)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadazan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadazan Australians (page does not exist)">Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temoq_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temoq Australians (page does not exist)">Temoq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldivian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maldivian Australians (page does not exist)">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Australians">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Australians" title="Nepalese Australians">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Australians" title="Pakistani Australians">Pakistani</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baloch_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baloch Australians (page does not exist)">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Australians" title="Hazara Australians">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun Australians">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Australians" title="Punjabi Australians">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Australians" title="Sindhi Australians">Sindhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pathan Australians (page does not exist)">Pathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Australians" title="Singaporean Australians">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Australians" title="Sri Lankan Australians">Sri Lankan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistani_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tajikistani Australians (page does not exist)">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar Australians">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Australians" title="Thai Australians">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkmen Australians (page does not exist)">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek Australians">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Australians" title="Vietnamese Australians">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong Australians">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iu_Mien_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iu Mien Australians (page does not exist)">Mien</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Australians" title="Albanian Australians">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australians" title="Anglo-Celtic Australians">Anglo-Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Australians" title="Cornish Australians">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Australians" title="English Australians">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Australians" title="Irish Australians">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Australians" title="Irish Australians">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Australians" title="Scottish Australians">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Australians" title="Welsh Australians">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Australians" title="Austrian Australians">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Australians" title="Belgian Australians">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Australians" title="Belarusian Australians">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Australians" title="Bosnian Australians">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Australians" title="Bulgarian Australians">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Australians" title="Croatian Australians">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Australians" title="Cypriot Australians">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Australians" title="Czech Australians">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Australians" title="Danish Australians">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Australians" title="Dutch Australians">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Australians" title="Estonian Australians">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Australians" title="French Australians">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Australians" title="Finnish Australians">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Australians" title="German Australians">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Australians" title="Greek Australians">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Australians" title="Hungarian Australians">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic Australians">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Australians" title="Italian Australians">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Australians" title="Latvian Australians">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Australians" title="Lithuanian Australians">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Australians" title="Macedonian Australians">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Australians" title="Maltese Australians">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Australians" title="Montenegrin Australians">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Australians" title="Norwegian Australians">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Australians" title="Polish Australians">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Australians" title="Portuguese Australians">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani Australians">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Australians" title="Romanian Australians">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Australians" title="Russian Australians">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Australians" title="Serbian Australians">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Australians" title="Slovak Australians">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Australians" title="Slovene Australians">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Australians" title="Spanish Australians">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Australians" title="Swedish Australians">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Australian">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Australians" title="Ukrainian Australians">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East<br />and<br />North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Australians" title="Arab Australians">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Australians">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahraini_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahraini Australians (page does not exist)">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Australians" title="Egyptian Australians">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirati Australians">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Australians" title="Iraqi Australians">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Australians" title="Jordanian Australians">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti Australians">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Australians" title="Lebanese Australians">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Australians">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moroccan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moroccan Australians (page does not exist)">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Australians" title="Palestinian Australians">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Australians" title="Saudi Australians">Saudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Australians" title="Somali Australians">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Australians" title="Syrian Australians">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunisian Australians (page does not exist)">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Australians" title="Assyrian Australians">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bari_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bari Australians (page does not exist)">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber Australians (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Australians" title="Coptic Australians">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaldean Australians (page does not exist)">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darfurian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darfurian Australians (page does not exist)">Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinka_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinka Australians (page does not exist)">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Australians" title="Iranian Australians">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Australians" title="Israeli Australians">Israeli</a>/<a href="/wiki/Australian_Jews" title="Australian Jews">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Australians">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Australians" title="Mandaean Australians">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nubian Australians (page does not exist)">Nubian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuer_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuer Australians (page does not exist)">Nuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Australians" title="South Sudanese Australians">South Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Australians" title="Sudanese Australians">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Australians" title="Turkish Australians">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yezidi_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yezidi Australians (page does not exist)">Yezidi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_Australians" title="Fijian Australians">Fijian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Fijian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Fijian Australians">Indo-Fijian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niuean_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niuean Australians (page does not exist)">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatuan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanuatuan Australians (page does not exist)">Ni-Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Australians" title="New Zealand Australians">New Zealander</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Australians" title="Māori Australians">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Australians" title="Papua New Guinean Australians">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Australians" title="Samoan Australians">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Islanders" title="South Sea Islanders">South Sea Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Australians" title="Tongan Australians">Tongan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013">Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~20">Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romani_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_diaspora" title="Template:Romani diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romani_diaspora" title="Template talk:Romani diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romani_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romani diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romani_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romani_settlements" title="List of Romani settlements">Settlements</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Uncontested</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlije" title="Arlije">Arlije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergitka_Roma" title="Bergitka Roma">Bergitka Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyash" title="Boyash">Boyash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Roma" title="Burgenland Roma">Burgenland Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascarots" title="Cascarots">Cascarots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Romanichal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela" class="mw-redirect" title="Erromintxela">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Finnish Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovari" title="Lovari">Lovari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machvaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Machvaya">Machvaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manouche" title="Manouche">Manouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Roma">Muslim Roma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zargari_tribe" title="Zargari tribe">Zargari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polska_Roma" title="Polska Roma">Polska Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruska_Roma" title="Ruska Roma">Ruska Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers" title="Norwegian and Swedish Travellers">Scandinavian Travellers (Tavinger, Romanisæl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Romani_and_Itinerant_people_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Romani and Itinerant people groups">Scottish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepe%C4%8Dides_Romani" title="Sepečides Romani">Sepečides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servitka_Roma" title="Servitka Roma">Servitka Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursari" title="Ursari">Ursari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Romanies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kale (Welsh Romanies)">Welsh Kale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Contested</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians" title="Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians">Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garachi" title="Garachi">Garachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Iraq" title="Doms in Iraq">Kawliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawar_people" title="Nawar people">Nawar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Bosha/Lom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_people" title="Lori people">Lori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuli" title="Lyuli">Lyuli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Albania" title="Romani people in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Algeria" title="Romani people in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Argentina" title="Romani people in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Austria" title="Romani people in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belarus" title="Romani people in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belgium" title="Romani people in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Brazil" title="Romani people in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Canada" title="Romani people in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Colombia" title="Romani people in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Croatia" title="Romani people in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Cyprus" title="Romani people in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Romani people in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Romani people in Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Denmark" title="Romani people in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Estonia" title="Romani people in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_France" title="Romani people in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Romani people in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany" title="Romani people in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Israel" title="Doms in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Italy" title="Romani people in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo" title="Romani people in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Latvia" title="Romani people in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Lithuania" title="Romani people in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Moldova" title="Romani people in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Montenegro" title="Romani people in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_North_Macedonia" title="Romani people in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Norway" title="Romani people in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Romani people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Poland" title="Romani people in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal" title="Romani people in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Russia" title="Romani people in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Serbia" title="Romani people in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovakia" title="Romani people in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovenia" title="Romani people in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Basque_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijitoak_Euskal_Herrian" class="extiw" title="eu:Ijitoak Euskal Herrian">eu</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Sweden" title="Romani people in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Switzerland" title="Romani people in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey" title="Romani people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ukraine" title="Romani people in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Uruguay" title="Romani people in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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