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<span>Pyramids and Sphinx</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pyramids_and_Sphinx-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pyramids and Sphinx subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pyramids_and_Sphinx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Khufu's_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khufu's_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Khufu's complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khufu's_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khafre's_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khafre's_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Khafre's complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khafre's_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menkaure's_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menkaure's_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Menkaure's complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menkaure's_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sphinx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sphinx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sphinx</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sphinx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tomb_of_Queen_Khentkaus_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomb_of_Queen_Khentkaus_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Tomb of Queen Khentkaus I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomb_of_Queen_Khentkaus_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workers'_village" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workers'_village"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Workers' village</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workers'_village-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cemeteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cemeteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cemeteries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cemeteries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cemeteries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cemeteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_Field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>West Field</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>East Field</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cemetery_GIS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cemetery_GIS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Cemetery GIS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cemetery_GIS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Central Field</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>South Field</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tombs_of_the_pyramid_builders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tombs_of_the_pyramid_builders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Tombs of the pyramid builders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tombs_of_the_pyramid_builders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Shafts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shafts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Shafts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Shafts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Osiris_Shaft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osiris_Shaft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Osiris Shaft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osiris_Shaft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Kingdom_and_Late_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Kingdom_and_Late_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>New Kingdom and Late Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Kingdom_and_Late_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Division_of_the_1903–1905_excavation_of_the_Giza_Necropolis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_of_the_1903–1905_excavation_of_the_Giza_Necropolis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Division of the 1903–1905 excavation of the Giza Necropolis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Division_of_the_1903–1905_excavation_of_the_Giza_Necropolis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Division of the 1903–1905 excavation of the Giza Necropolis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Division_of_the_1903–1905_excavation_of_the_Giza_Necropolis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian,_German,_and_American_Concessions_at_Giza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian,_German,_and_American_Concessions_at_Giza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Italian, German, and American Concessions at Giza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian,_German,_and_American_Concessions_at_Giza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Division_of_the_West_Field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_of_the_West_Field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Division of the West Field</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_of_the_West_Field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Division_of_the_Pyramids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_of_the_Pyramids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Division of the Pyramids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_of_the_Pyramids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immediate_Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Immediate Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immediate_Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Modern usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Giza pyramid complex</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramides_van_Giza" title="Piramides van Giza – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Piramides van Giza" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A9" title="مجمع أهرامات الجيزة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجمع أهرامات الجيزة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_piramidalar%C4%B1" title="Giza piramidaları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Giza piramidaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جیزه هرملری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جیزه هرملری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Гиза пирамидалары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гиза пирамидалары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Піраміды Гізы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Піраміды Гізы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Піраміды Гізы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Піраміды Гізы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Пирамиди в Гиза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пирамиди в Гиза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramide_u_Gizi" title="Piramide u Gizi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Piramide u Gizi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%C3%A0mides_de_Guiza" title="Piràmides de Guiza – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Piràmides de Guiza" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramids_of_Giza" title="Pyramids of Giza – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pyramids of Giza" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidau_Giza" title="Pyramidau Giza – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pyramidau Giza" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidekomplekset_med_sfinksen_ved_Giza" title="Pyramidekomplekset med sfinksen ved Giza – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pyramidekomplekset med sfinksen ved Giza" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramiden_von_Gizeh" title="Pyramiden von Gizeh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pyramiden von Gizeh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%A9%DE%92%DE%A7%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%95%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%91%DE%B0" title="ޖީޒާގެ ޕިރަމިޑް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖީޒާގެ ޕިރަމިޑް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_p%C3%BCramiidid" title="Giza püramiidid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Giza püramiidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πυραμίδες της Γκίζας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πυραμίδες της Γκίζας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%C3%A1mides_de_Guiza" title="Pirámides de Guiza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pirámides de Guiza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramidoj_de_Gizo" title="Piramidoj de Gizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Piramidoj de Gizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87" title="مجموعه اهرام جیزه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مجموعه اهرام جیزه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramides_de_Gizeh" title="Pyramides de Gizeh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pyramides de Gizeh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramiden_fan_Giza" title="Piramiden fan Giza – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Piramiden fan Giza" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%C3%A1mides_de_Gizeh" title="Pirámides de Gizeh – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pirámides de Gizeh" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%98_%ED%94%BC%EB%9D%BC%EB%AF%B8%EB%93%9C" title="기자의 피라미드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기자의 피라미드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գիզայի բուրգեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիզայի բուրգեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="गीज़ा पिरामिड परिसर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गीज़ा पिरामिड परिसर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramide_u_Gizi" title="Piramide u Gizi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Piramide u Gizi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihe_mgbagwoju_pyramid_nke_mmadu" title="Ihe mgbagwoju pyramid nke mmadu – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ihe mgbagwoju pyramid nke mmadu" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompleks_piramida_Giza" title="Kompleks piramida Giza – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kompleks piramida Giza" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BDram%C3%ADdarnir_%C3%AD_G%C3%ADsa" title="Pýramídarnir í Gísa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pýramídarnir í Gísa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%92%D7%99%D7%96%D7%94" title="מתחם הפירמידות בגיזה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתחם הפירמידות בגיזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramidha_Giza" title="Piramidha Giza – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Piramidha Giza" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizeh_t%C9%9Bt%CA%8B_taa_p%C9%A9la%C5%8B" title="Gizeh tɛtʋ taa pɩlaŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Gizeh tɛtʋ taa pɩlaŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramidi_za_Giza" title="Piramidi za Giza – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Piramidi za Giza" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AEram%C3%AEd%C3%AAn_G%C3%AEzey%C3%AA" title="Pîramîdên Gîzeyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pîramîdên Gîzeyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramides_de_Giza" title="Piramides de Giza – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Piramides de Giza" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramides_Gizenses" title="Pyramides Gizenses – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pyramides Gizenses" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ABzas_piram%C4%ABdas" title="Gīzas piramīdas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gīzas piramīdas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramide_vu_Gizeh" title="Pyramide vu Gizeh – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pyramide vu Gizeh" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%ADzai_piramisok" title="Gízai piramisok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gízai piramisok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Пирамиди во Гиза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пирамиди во Гиза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ഗിസയിലെ പിരമിഡുകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗിസയിലെ പിരമിഡുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="გიზაშ ნეკროპოლისი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გიზაშ ნეკროპოლისი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87" title="اهرامات الجيزه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اهرامات الجيزه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompleks_piramid_Giza" title="Kompleks piramid Giza – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kompleks piramid Giza" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramiden_van_Gizeh" title="Piramiden van Gizeh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Piramiden van Gizeh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramides_van_Giza" title="Piramides van Giza – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Piramides van Giza" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%A7%E3%83%94%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%89" title="三大ピラミッド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="三大ピラミッド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Гизан Пирамидаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гизан Пирамидаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidekomplekset_ved_Giza" title="Pyramidekomplekset ved Giza – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pyramidekomplekset ved Giza" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidane_ved_Giza" title="Pyramidane ved Giza – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pyramidane ved Giza" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramidas_de_Giza" title="Piramidas de Giza – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Piramidas de Giza" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_piramidalari" title="Giza piramidalari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Giza piramidalari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="اہرام مصر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اہرام مصر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AB%D9%87" title="د جیزه د اهرامونو ټولګه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د جیزه د اهرامونو ټولګه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramidy_w_Gizie" title="Piramidy w Gizie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piramidy w Gizie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_piramidalar%C4%B1" title="Giza piramidaları – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Giza piramidaları" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramidele_din_Giza" title="Piramidele din Giza – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Piramidele din Giza" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Пирамиды Гизы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пирамиды Гизы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramidat_e_Giz%C3%ABs" title="Piramidat e Gizës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Piramidat e Gizës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ගීසා පිරමීඩ සංකීර්ණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගීසා පිරමීඩ සංකීර්ණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Giza pyramid complex" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%97%D0%B4%EA%99%91_%D0%93%D0%B8%EA%99%81%EA%99%91" title="Пѷрамїдꙑ Гиꙁꙑ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Пѷрамїдꙑ Гиꙁꙑ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyramidy_we_Gizie" title="Piyramidy we Gizie – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Piyramidy we Gizie" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%95" title="ھەڕەمەکانی جیزە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەڕەمەکانی جیزە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Велике пирамиде – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велике пирамиде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velike_piramide" title="Velike piramide – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Velike piramide" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizan_pyramidit" title="Gizan pyramidit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gizan pyramidit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramiderna_i_Giza" title="Pyramiderna i Giza – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pyramiderna i Giza" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="கிசா பிரமிடுத் தொகுதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிசா பிரமிடுத் தொகுதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciz%C3%A4_piramidalar%C4%B1" title="Cizä piramidaları – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Cizä piramidaları" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2" title="มหาสุสานกีซา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาสุสานกีซา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gize_Piramitleri" title="Gize Piramitleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gize Piramitleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Піраміди Гізи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Піраміди Гізи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%81" title="اہرامات جیزہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اہرامات جیزہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A7n_th%E1%BB%83_kim_t%E1%BB%B1_th%C3%A1p_Giza" title="Quần thể kim tự tháp Giza – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quần thể kim tự tháp Giza" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%90%A8%E9%87%91%E5%AD%97%E5%A1%94%E7%BE%A4" title="吉萨金字塔群 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="吉萨金字塔群" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%96%A9%E9%87%91%E5%AD%97%E5%A1%94%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%BE%A4" title="吉薩金字塔建築群 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="吉薩金字塔建築群" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizas_p%C4%97ram%C4%97d%C4%97s" title="Gizas pėramėdės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gizas pėramėdės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%96%A9%E9%87%91%E5%AD%97%E5%A1%94%E7%BE%A4" title="吉薩金字塔群 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="吉薩金字塔群" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompleks_Piramida_Giza" title="Kompleks Piramida Giza – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Kompleks Piramida Giza" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12508#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological site near Cairo, Egypt</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Giza pyramid complex</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyramids_of_the_Giza_Necropolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramids_of_the_Giza_Necropolis.jpg/300px-Pyramids_of_the_Giza_Necropolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramids_of_the_Giza_Necropolis.jpg/450px-Pyramids_of_the_Giza_Necropolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramids_of_the_Giza_Necropolis.jpg/600px-Pyramids_of_the_Giza_Necropolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10104" data-file-height="4210" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The three main pyramids at Giza, together with subsidiary pyramids and the remains of other structures</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giza pyramid complex is located in Egypt"><img alt="Giza pyramid complex is located in Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.666%;left:52.922%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Giza pyramid complex"><img alt="Giza pyramid complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Egypt</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Giza,_Greater_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="Giza, Greater Cairo">Giza, Greater Cairo</a>, Egypt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label">Middle Egypt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Giza_pyramid_complex&params=29_58_34_N_31_7_58_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°58′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°7′58″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.97611°N 31.13278°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.97611; 31.13278</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">Monument</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Dynastic Period of Egypt">Early Dynastic Period</a> to <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data">"<a href="/wiki/Pyramid_fields_from_Giza_to_Dahshur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid fields from Giza to Dahshur">Pyramid fields from Giza to Dahshur</a>" part of <i><a href="/wiki/Memphis_and_its_Necropolis_%E2%80%93_the_Pyramid_Fields_from_Giza_to_Dahshur_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur (disambiguation)">Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur</a></i></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Includes</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khafre" title="Pyramid of Khafre">Pyramid of Khafre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Menkaure" title="Pyramid of Menkaure">Pyramid of Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx of Giza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_West_Field" title="Giza West Field">Giza West Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_East_Field" title="Giza East Field">Giza East Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_GIS" title="Cemetery GIS">Cemetery GIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Field,_Giza" title="Central Field, Giza">Central Field, Giza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: i, iii, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/86-002">86-002</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1979 (3rd <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">16,203.36 ha (162.0336 km<sup>2</sup>; 62.5615 sq mi)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Giza pyramid complex</b> (also called the <b>Giza necropolis</b>) in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khafre" title="Pyramid of Khafre">Pyramid of Khafre</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Menkaure" title="Pyramid of Menkaure">Pyramid of Menkaure</a>, along with their associated pyramid complexes and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx</a>. All were built during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2500 BC</span>. The site also includes several temples, cemeteries, and the remains of a workers' village. </p><p>The site is at the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert (Egypt)">Western Desert</a>, approximately 9 km (5.6 mi) west of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile River</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>, and about 13 km (8.1 mi) southwest of the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cairo" title="Downtown Cairo">city centre of Cairo</a>. It forms the northernmost part of the 16,000 ha (160 km<sup>2</sup>; 62 sq mi) <a href="/wiki/Memphite_Necropolis" title="Memphite Necropolis">Pyramid Fields</a> of the <b>Memphis and its Necropolis</b> UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, inscribed in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pyramid fields include the <a href="/wiki/Abusir" title="Abusir">Abusir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dahshur" title="Dahshur">Dahshur</a> pyramid complexes, which were all built in the vicinity of Egypt's ancient capital of <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further Old Kingdom pyramid fields were located at the sites <a href="/wiki/Abu_Rawash" title="Abu Rawash">Abu Rawash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zawyet_El_Aryan" title="Zawyet El Aryan">Zawyet El Aryan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meidum" title="Meidum">Meidum</a>. </p><p>The Great Pyramid and the Pyramid of Khafre are the largest <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">pyramids built in ancient Egypt</a>, and they have historically been common as emblems of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt_in_the_Western_imagination" title="Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination">Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were popularised in <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> times, when the Great Pyramid was listed by <a href="/wiki/Antipater_of_Sidon" title="Antipater of Sidon">Antipater of Sidon</a> as one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the World</a>. It is by far the oldest of the Ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maadi_settlements">Maadi settlements</h2></div> <p>The earliest settlement of the Giza plateau predates the pyramid complexes. Four jars from the <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt#Maadi_culture" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Maadi culture</a> were found at the foot of the Great Pyramid, likely from a disturbed earlier settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further Maadi settlement near the site was uncovered during work on the Greater Cairo Wastewater Project.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent reassessment of the radiocarbon dating puts the Maadi culture's <a href="/wiki/Maadi" title="Maadi">eponymous settlement</a> to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3800</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3400 BC</span>, which is also the likely maximum possible range for the Giza remains.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pyramids_and_Sphinx">Pyramids and Sphinx</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giza_pyramid_complex_(map).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Giza_pyramid_complex_%28map%29.svg/350px-Giza_pyramid_complex_%28map%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Giza_pyramid_complex_%28map%29.svg/525px-Giza_pyramid_complex_%28map%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Giza_pyramid_complex_%28map%29.svg/700px-Giza_pyramid_complex_%28map%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1177" /></a><figcaption>Giza pyramid complex (map)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giza-pyramids-uwm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Giza-pyramids-uwm.png/260px-Giza-pyramids-uwm.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Giza-pyramids-uwm.png/390px-Giza-pyramids-uwm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Giza-pyramids-uwm.png/520px-Giza-pyramids-uwm.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view from north of cultivated Nile valley with the pyramids in the background (1938)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Pyramids_of_Ghizeh.%22_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%22Pyramids_of_Ghizeh.%22_1893.jpg/220px-%22Pyramids_of_Ghizeh.%22_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%22Pyramids_of_Ghizeh.%22_1893.jpg/330px-%22Pyramids_of_Ghizeh.%22_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%22Pyramids_of_Ghizeh.%22_1893.jpg/440px-%22Pyramids_of_Ghizeh.%22_1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption><i>Pyramids of Ghizeh.</i> 1893. Egypt; <a href="/wiki/Heliogravure" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliogravure">heliogravure</a> after original views. Wilbour Library of Egyptology. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt,_Giza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Egypt%2C_Giza.jpg/220px-Egypt%2C_Giza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Egypt%2C_Giza.jpg/330px-Egypt%2C_Giza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Egypt%2C_Giza.jpg/440px-Egypt%2C_Giza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>The Great Pyramid and the Great Sphinx of Giza in 1914 (<a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyramids_from_afar_(2).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pyramids_from_afar_%282%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Pyramids_from_afar_%282%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pyramids_from_afar_%282%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Pyramids_from_afar_%282%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pyramids_from_afar_%282%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Pyramids_from_afar_%282%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4362" data-file-height="2762" /></a><figcaption>The complex in 1955</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:On_top%CC%A0_of_Cheops_Pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/On_top%CC%A0_of_Cheops_Pyramid.jpg/220px-On_top%CC%A0_of_Cheops_Pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/On_top%CC%A0_of_Cheops_Pyramid.jpg/330px-On_top%CC%A0_of_Cheops_Pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/On_top%CC%A0_of_Cheops_Pyramid.jpg/440px-On_top%CC%A0_of_Cheops_Pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>View from top of the Great Pyramid to the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khafre" title="Pyramid of Khafre">Pyramid of Khafre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Giza pyramid complex consists of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid</a> (also known as the Pyramid of Cheops or <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a> and constructed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2580</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2560 BC</span>), the slightly smaller <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khafre" title="Pyramid of Khafre">Pyramid of Khafre</a> (or Chephren) a few hundred metres to the south-west, and the relatively modest-sized <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Menkaure" title="Pyramid of Menkaure">Pyramid of Menkaure</a> (or Mykerinos) a few hundred metres farther south-west. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Sphinx">Great Sphinx</a> lies on the east side of the complex. Consensus among Egyptologists is that the head of the Great Sphinx is that of <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a>. Along with these major monuments are a number of smaller satellite edifices, known as "queens" pyramids, causeways, and temples.<sup id="cite_ref-Verner_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides the archaeological structures, the ancient landscape has also been investigated.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khufu's_complex"><span id="Khufu.27s_complex"></span>Khufu's complex</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a>'s pyramid complex consists of a valley temple, now buried beneath the village of Nazlet el-Samman; <a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">diabase</a> paving and <a href="/wiki/Nummulite" title="Nummulite">nummulitic limestone</a> walls have been found but the site has not been excavated.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The valley temple was connected to a causeway that was largely destroyed when the village was constructed. The causeway led to the Mortuary Temple of Khufu, which was connected to the pyramid. Of this temple, the basalt pavement is the only thing that remains. The king's pyramid has three smaller <a href="/w/index.php?title=Queens_pyramids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Queens pyramids (page does not exist)">queen's pyramids</a> associated with it and three boat pits.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11–19">: 11–19 </span></sup> The boat pits contained a ship, and the two pits on the south side of the pyramid contained intact ships when excavated. One of these ships, the <a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a>, has been restored and was originally displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum" title="Giza Solar boat museum">Giza Solar boat museum</a>, then subsequently moved to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khufu's pyramid still has a limited number of casing stones at its base. These casing stones were made of fine white limestone quarried at <a href="/wiki/Tura,_Egypt" title="Tura, Egypt">Tura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Verner_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khafre's_complex"><span id="Khafre.27s_complex"></span>Khafre's complex</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khafre" title="Pyramid of Khafre">Pyramid of Khafre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx of Giza</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a>'s pyramid complex consists of a valley temple, the Sphinx temple, a causeway, a mortuary temple, and the king's pyramid. The valley temple yielded several statues of Khafre. Several were found in a well in the floor of the temple by Mariette in 1860. Others were found during successive excavations by Sieglin (1909–1910), Junker, Reisner, and Hassan. Khafre's complex contained five boat-pits and a subsidiary pyramid with a <a href="/wiki/Serdab" title="Serdab">serdab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19–26">: 19–26 </span></sup> </p><p>Khafre's pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu Pyramid by virtue of its more elevated location, and the steeper angle of inclination of its construction—it is, in fact, smaller in both height and volume. Khafre's pyramid retains a prominent display of casing stones at its apex.<sup id="cite_ref-Verner_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Menkaure's_complex"><span id="Menkaure.27s_complex"></span>Menkaure's complex</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Menkaure" title="Pyramid of Menkaure">Pyramid of Menkaure</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a>'s pyramid complex consists of a valley temple, a causeway, a mortuary temple, and the king's pyramid. The valley temple once contained several statues of Menkaure. During the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">5th Dynasty</a>, a smaller ante-temple was added on to the valley temple. The mortuary temple also yielded several statues of Menkaure. The king's pyramid, completed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2510 BC</span>, has three subsidiary or queen's pyramids.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26–35">: 26–35 </span></sup> Of the four major monuments, only Menkaure's pyramid is seen today without any of its original polished <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> casing.<sup id="cite_ref-Verner_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sphinx">Sphinx</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphinx_partially_excavated2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sphinx_partially_excavated2.jpg/220px-Sphinx_partially_excavated2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sphinx_partially_excavated2.jpg/330px-Sphinx_partially_excavated2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sphinx_partially_excavated2.jpg/440px-Sphinx_partially_excavated2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6453" data-file-height="4741" /></a><figcaption>The Sphinx partially excavated, photo taken between 1867 and 1899</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx of Giza</a></div> <p>The Sphinx dates from the reign of king <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Riddle_of_the_Sphinx_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riddle_of_the_Sphinx-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the New Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> dedicated a new temple to Hauron-Haremakhet and this structure was added onto by later rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39–40">: 39–40 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tomb_of_Queen_Khentkaus_I">Tomb of Queen Khentkaus I</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khentkaus_I" title="Pyramid of Khentkaus I">Pyramid of Khentkaus I</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Khentkaus_I" title="Khentkaus I">Khentkaus I</a> was buried in Giza. Her tomb is known as LG 100 and G 8400 and is located in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Field,_Giza" title="Central Field, Giza">Central Field</a>, near the valley temple of <a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a>. The pyramid complex of Queen Khentkaus includes her pyramid, a boat pit, a valley temple, and a pyramid town.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 288–289">: 288–289 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pyramid construction techniques">Egyptian pyramid construction techniques</a></div> <p>Most construction theories are based on the idea that the pyramids were built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place. Disagreements arise over the feasibility of the different proposed methods by which the stones were conveyed and placed. </p><p>In building the pyramids, the architects might have developed their techniques over time. They would select a site on a relatively flat area of bedrock—not sand—which provided a stable foundation. After carefully surveying the site and laying down the first level of stones, they constructed the pyramids in horizontal levels, one on top of the other. </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid</a>, most of the stone for the interior seems to have been quarried immediately to the south of the construction site. The smooth exterior of the pyramid was made of a fine grade of white limestone that was quarried across the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>. These exterior blocks had to be carefully cut, transported by river barge to Giza, and dragged up ramps to the construction site. Only a few exterior blocks remain in place at the bottom of the Great Pyramid. During the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), people may have taken the rest away for building projects in the city of Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-Verner_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To ensure that the pyramid remained symmetrical, the exterior casing stones all had to be equal in height and width. Workers might have marked all the blocks to indicate the angle of the pyramid wall and trimmed the surfaces carefully so that the blocks fit together. During construction, the outer surface of the stone was smooth limestone; excess stone has eroded over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Verner_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New insights into the closing stages of the Great Pyramid building were provided by the recent find of <a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf" title="Wadi al-Jarf">Wadi el-Jarf</a> papyri, especially the <a href="/wiki/Diary_of_Merer" title="Diary of Merer">diary of inspector Merer</a>, whose team was assigned to deliver the white limestone from <a href="/wiki/Tura,_Egypt" title="Tura, Egypt">Tura</a> quarries to Giza. The journal was already published,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a popular account of the importance of this discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purpose">Purpose</h3></div> <p>The pyramids of Giza and others are thought to have been constructed to house the remains of the deceased <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaohs</a> who ruled <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Verner_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A portion of the pharaoh's spirit called his <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul#Ka_(vital_essence)" title="Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul">ka</a></i> was believed to remain with his corpse. Proper care of the remains was necessary in order for the "former Pharaoh to perform his new duties as king of the dead". It is theorized the pyramid not only served as a tomb for the pharaoh, but also as a storage pit for various items he would need in the afterlife. The people of Ancient Egypt believed that death on Earth was the start of a journey to the next world. The embalmed body of the king was entombed underneath or within the pyramid to protect it and allow his transformation and ascension to the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PyramidsofGiza_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PyramidsofGiza_at_night.jpg/220px-PyramidsofGiza_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PyramidsofGiza_at_night.jpg/330px-PyramidsofGiza_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PyramidsofGiza_at_night.jpg/440px-PyramidsofGiza_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>The Giza pyramid complex at night</figcaption></figure> <p>The sides of all three of the Giza pyramids were <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomically</a> oriented to the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">cardinal directions</a> within a small fraction of a degree.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DIO_Vol_13_No_1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DIO_Vol_13_No_1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the disputed <a href="/wiki/Orion_correlation_theory" title="Orion correlation theory">Orion correlation theory</a>, the arrangement of the pyramids is a representation of the constellation <a href="/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Workers'_village"><span id="Workers.27_village"></span>Workers' village</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S10.08_Gizeh,_image_9936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/S10.08_Gizeh%2C_image_9936.jpg/220px-S10.08_Gizeh%2C_image_9936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/S10.08_Gizeh%2C_image_9936.jpg/330px-S10.08_Gizeh%2C_image_9936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/S10.08_Gizeh%2C_image_9936.jpg/440px-S10.08_Gizeh%2C_image_9936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2739" data-file-height="2553" /></a><figcaption>One face of the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khafre" title="Pyramid of Khafre">Pyramid of Khafre</a> at Giza, as seen from Khafre's valley temple</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giza-pyramids.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Giza-pyramids.JPG/220px-Giza-pyramids.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Giza-pyramids.JPG/330px-Giza-pyramids.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Giza-pyramids.JPG/440px-Giza-pyramids.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1833" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption>Giza pyramid complex seen from above</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Giza_pyramid_complex_3D_flyover.webm/220px--Giza_pyramid_complex_3D_flyover.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="132" data-durationhint="52" data-mwtitle="Giza_pyramid_complex_3D_flyover.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Giza_pyramid_complex_3D_flyover.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Giza_pyramid_complex_3D_flyover.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1280" data-height="768" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Giza_pyramid_complex_3D_flyover.webm/Giza_pyramid_complex_3D_flyover.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="800" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Giza_pyramid_complex_3D_flyover.webm/Giza_pyramid_complex_3D_flyover.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1200" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Giza_pyramid_complex_3D_flyover.webm/Giza_pyramid_complex_3D_flyover.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="240" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Giza_pyramid_complex_3D_flyover.webm/Giza_pyramid_complex_3D_flyover.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="400" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Giza_pyramid_complex_3D_flyover.webm/Giza_pyramid_complex_3D_flyover.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="600" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Giza_pyramid_complex_3D_flyover.webm/Giza_pyramid_complex_3D_flyover.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="600" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>3D overview of the Giza complex</figcaption></figure> <p>The work of quarrying, moving, setting, and sculpting the huge amount of stone used to build the pyramids might have been accomplished by several thousand skilled workers, unskilled laborers and supporting workers. Bakers, carpenters, water carriers, and others were also needed for the project. Along with the methods used to construct the pyramids, there is also wide speculation regarding the exact number of workers needed for a building project of this magnitude. When Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> visited Giza in 450 BC, he was told by Egyptian priests that "the Great Pyramid had taken 400,000 men 20 years to build, working in three-month shifts 100,000 men at a time." Evidence from the tombs indicates that a workforce of 10,000 laborers working in three-month shifts took around 30 years to build a pyramid.<sup id="cite_ref-Verner_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Giza pyramid complex is surrounded by a large stone wall, outside which <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lehner" title="Mark Lehner">Mark Lehner</a> and his team discovered a town where the pyramid workers were housed. The village is located to the southeast of the <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a> complexes. Among the discoveries at the workers' village are communal sleeping quarters, bakeries, breweries, and kitchens (with evidence showing that bread, beef, and fish were dietary staples), a copper workshop, a hospital, and a cemetery (where some of the skeletons were found with signs of trauma associated with accidents on a building site).<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metal processed at the site was the so-called <a href="/wiki/Arsenical_copper" title="Arsenical copper">arsenical copper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same material was also identified among the copper artefacts from the "Kromer" site, from the reigns of Khufu and Khafre.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The workers' town appears to date from the middle <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">4th Dynasty</a> (2520–2472 BC), after the accepted time of Khufu and completion of the Great Pyramid. According to Lehner and the AERA team: </p> <dl><dd>The development of this urban complex must have been rapid. All of the construction probably happened in the 35 to 50 years that spanned the reigns of Khafre and Menkaure, builders of the Second and Third Giza Pyramids.</dd></dl> <p>Using pottery shards, seal impressions, and stratigraphy to date the site, the team further concludes: </p> <dl><dd>The picture that emerges is that of a planned settlement, some of the world's earliest urban planning, securely dated to the reigns of two Giza pyramid builders: Khafre (2520–2494 BC) and Menkaure (2490–2472 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Radiocarbon data for the Old Kingdom Giza plateau and the workers' settlement were published in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then re-evaluated in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cemeteries">Cemeteries</h2></div> <p>As the pyramids were constructed, the <a href="/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba">mastabas</a> for lesser royals were constructed around them. Near the pyramid of Khufu, the main cemetery is G 7000, which lies in the East Field located to the east of the main pyramid and next to the Queen's pyramids. These cemeteries around the pyramids were arranged along streets and avenues.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cemetery G 7000 was one of the earliest and contained tombs of wives, sons, and daughters of these <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">4th Dynasty</a> rulers. On the other side of the pyramid in the West Field, the royals' sons <a href="/wiki/Wepemnofret" title="Wepemnofret">Wepemnofret</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemiunu" title="Hemiunu">Hemiunu</a> were buried in Cemetery G 1200 and Cemetery G 4000, respectively. These cemeteries were further expanded during the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">5th</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">6th Dynasties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Field">West Field</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Giza_West_Field" title="Giza West Field">Giza West Field</a></div> <p>The West Field is located to the west of Khufu's pyramid. It is divided into smaller areas such as the cemeteries referred to as the Abu Bakr Excavations (1949–1950, 1950–1951, 1952, and 1953), and several cemeteries named based on the <a href="/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba">mastaba</a> numbers such as Cemetery G 1000, Cemetery G 1100, etc. The West Field contains Cemetery G1000 – Cemetery G1600, and Cemetery G 1900. Further cemeteries in this field are: Cemeteries G 2000, G 2200, G 2500, G 3000, G 4000, and G 6000. Three other cemeteries are named after their excavators: Junker Cemetery West, Junker Cemetery East, and Steindorff Cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 100–122">: 100–122 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <caption>Cemeteries in the West Field at Giza<sup id="cite_ref-PM_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47–179">: 47–179 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Cemetery</th> <th>Time Period</th> <th>Excavation</th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td>Abu Bakr Excavations</td> <td>the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">5th</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">6th Dynasty</a></td> <td>(1949–1953)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cemetery G 1000</td> <td>the 5th and 6th Dynasty</td> <td>Reisner (1903–1905)</td> <td>Stone built mastabas </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cemetery G 1100</td> <td>the 5th and 6th Dynasty</td> <td>Reisner (1903–1905)</td> <td>Brick built mastabas </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cemetery G 1200</td> <td>Mainly <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">4th Dynasty</a></td> <td>Reisner (1903–1905)</td> <td>Some members of <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a>'s family are buried here; Wepemnefert (King's Son), Kaem-ah (King's Son), <a href="/wiki/Nefertiabet" title="Nefertiabet">Nefertiabet</a> (King's Daughter) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cemetery G 1300</td> <td>the 5th and 6th Dynasty</td> <td>Reisner (1903–1905)</td> <td>Brick built mastabas </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cemetery G 1400</td> <td>the 5th Dynasty or later</td> <td>Reisner (1903–1905)</td> <td>Two men who were prophets of Khufu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cemetery G 1500</td> <td></td> <td>Reisner (1931?)</td> <td>Only one mastaba (G 1601) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cemetery G 1600</td> <td>the 5th Dynasty or later</td> <td>Reisner (1931)</td> <td>Two men who were prophets of Khufu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cemetery G 1900</td> <td></td> <td>Reisner (1931)</td> <td>Only one mastaba (G 1903) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cemetery G 2000</td> <td>the 5th and 6th Dynasty </td> <td>Reisner (1905–1906)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cemetery G 2100</td> <td>the 4th and 5th Dynasty and later</td> <td>Reisner (1931)</td> <td>G 2100 belongs to Merib, a King's (grand-)Son and G2101 belongs to a 5th Dynasty king's daughter. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cemetery G 2200</td> <td>Late 4th or early 5th Dynasty</td> <td>Reisner ?</td> <td>Mastaba G 2220 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cemetery G 2300</td> <td>5th Dynasty and 6th Dynasty</td> <td>Reisner (1911–1913)</td> <td>Includes mastabas of Vizier Senedjemib-Inti and his family. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cemetery G 2400</td> <td>5th Dynasty and 6th Dynasty</td> <td>Reisner (1911–1913)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cemetery G 2500</td> <td></td> <td>Reisner</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cemetery G 3000</td> <td>6th Dynasty</td> <td>Fisher and Eckley Case Jr. (1915)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cemetery G 4000</td> <td>4th Dynasty and later</td> <td>Junker and Reisner (1931)</td> <td>Includes tomb of the vizier <a href="/wiki/Hemiunu" title="Hemiunu">Hemiunu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cemetery G 6000</td> <td>5th Dynasty</td> <td>Reisner (1925–1926)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Junker Cemetery (West)</td> <td>Late <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a></td> <td>Junker (1926–1927)</td> <td>Includes mastaba of the dwarf <a href="/wiki/Seneb" title="Seneb">Seneb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Steindorff Cemetery</td> <td>5th Dynasty and 6th Dynasty</td> <td>Steindorff (1903–1907)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Junker Cemetery (East)</td> <td>Late Old Kingdom</td> <td>Junker</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Field">East Field</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Giza_East_Field" title="Giza East Field">Giza East Field</a></div> <p>The East Field is located to the east of Khufu's pyramid and contains cemetery G 7000. This cemetery was a burial place for some of the family members of Khufu. The cemetery also includes mastabas from tenants and priests of the pyramids dated to the 5th Dynasty and 6th Dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 179–216">: 179–216 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; width: 75%" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center"> <caption>Cemeteries G 7000 – Royalty<sup id="cite_ref-PM_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 179–208">: 179–208 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tomb number</th> <th>Owner</th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td>G 7000 X</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Queen_Hetepheres_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Queen Hetepheres I">Queen Hetepheres I</a></td> <td>Mother of <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 7010</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nefertkau_I" title="Nefertkau I">Nefertkau I</a></td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Sneferu</a>, half-sister of Khufu </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 7060</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nefermaat_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Nefermaat I">Nefermaat I</a></td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Nefertkau_I" title="Nefertkau I">Nefertkau I</a> and Vizier of <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 7070</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sneferukhaf" title="Sneferukhaf">Sneferukhaf</a></td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Nefermaat_II" title="Nefermaat II">Nefermaat II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 7110–7120</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kawab" title="Kawab">Kawab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hetepheres_II" title="Hetepheres II">Hetepheres II</a></td> <td>Kawab was the eldest son of Khufu </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 7130–7140</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khufukhaf_I" title="Khufukhaf I">Khufukhaf I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nefertkau_II" title="Nefertkau II">Nefertkau II</a></td> <td>King's Son and Vizier and his wife </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 7210–7220</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Djedefhor" title="Djedefhor">Djedefhor</a></td> <td>King's Son of Khufu and Meritites </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 7350</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hetepheres_II" title="Hetepheres II">Hetepheres II</a></td> <td>Wife of <a href="/wiki/Kawab" title="Kawab">Kawab</a> and later wife of <a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 7410–7420</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meresankh_II" title="Meresankh II">Meresankh II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horbaef" title="Horbaef">Horbaef</a></td> <td>Meresankh was a king's daughter and king's wife </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 7430–7440</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minkhaf_I" title="Minkhaf I">Minkhaf I</a></td> <td>Son of Khufu and <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Vizier (Ancient Egypt)">Vizier</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 7510</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ankhhaf" title="Ankhhaf">Ankhhaf</a></td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Sneferu</a> and Vizier of <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 7530–7540</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meresankh_III" title="Meresankh III">Meresankh III</a></td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Kawab" title="Kawab">Kawab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hetepheres_II" title="Hetepheres II">Hetepheres II</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 7550</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duaenhor" title="Duaenhor">Duaenhor</a></td> <td>Probably son of <a href="/wiki/Kawab" title="Kawab">Kawab</a> and thus a grandson of Khufu </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 7560</td> <td>Akhethotep and <a href="/wiki/Meritites_II" title="Meritites II">Meritites II</a></td> <td>Meritites is a daughter of Khufu </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 7660</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaemsekhem" title="Kaemsekhem">Kaemsekhem</a></td> <td>Son of Kawab, a grandson of Khufu, served as Director of the Palace </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 7760</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mindjedef" title="Mindjedef">Mindjedef</a></td> <td>Son of Kawab, a grandson of Khufu, served as Treasurer </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 7810</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Djaty" title="Djaty">Djaty</a></td> <td>Son of Queen <a href="/wiki/Meresankh_II" title="Meresankh II">Meresankh II</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cemetery_GIS">Cemetery GIS</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_GIS" title="Cemetery GIS">Cemetery GIS</a></div> <p>This cemetery dates from the time of <a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a> (Junker) or earlier (Reisner), and contains several stone-built mastabas dating from as late as the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">6th Dynasty</a>. Tombs from the time of <a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a> include the mastabas of the royal chamberlain Khaemnefert, the King's son Khufudjedef (master of the royal largesse), and an official named Niankhre.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 216–228">: 216–228 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Field">Central Field</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Central_Field,_Giza" title="Central Field, Giza">Central Field, Giza</a></div> <p>The Central Field contains several burials of royal family members. The tombs range in date from the end of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">4th Dynasty</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">5th Dynasty</a> or even later.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 230–293">: 230–293 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; width: 75%" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center"> <caption>Central Field – Royalty<sup id="cite_ref-PM_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 230–293">: 230–293 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tomb number</th> <th>Owner</th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td>G 8172 (LG 86)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nebemakhet" title="Nebemakhet">Nebemakhet</a></td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a>, served as vizier </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 8158 (LG 87)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nikaure" title="Nikaure">Nikaure</a></td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> and Persenet, served as vizier </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 8156 (LG 88)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persenet" title="Persenet">Persenet</a></td> <td>Wife of <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 8154 (LG 89)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare_(Vizier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemkare (Vizier)">Sekhemkare</a></td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hekenuhedjet" title="Hekenuhedjet">Hekenuhedjet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 8140</td> <td>Niuserre</td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a>, Vizier in the 5th Dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 8130</td> <td>Niankhre</td> <td>King's Son, probably 5th Dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 8080 (LG 92)</td> <td>Iunmin</td> <td>King's Son, end of 4th Dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 8260</td> <td>Babaef</td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a>, end of 4th Dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 8466</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iunre" title="Iunre">Iunre</a></td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a>, end of 4th Dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 8464</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hemetre" title="Hemetre">Hemetre</a></td> <td>Probably daughter of <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a>, end of 4th Dynasty or 5th Dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 8460</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ankhmare" title="Ankhmare">Ankhmare</a></td> <td>King's son and vizier, end of 4th Dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 8530</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rekhetre" title="Rekhetre">Rekhetre</a></td> <td>King's daughter (of <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a>) and Queen, end of 4th Dynasty or 5th Dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 8408</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunefer" title="Bunefer">Bunefer</a></td> <td>King's daughter and Queen, end of 4th Dynasty or 5th Dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 8978</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khamerernebty_I" title="Khamerernebty I">Khamerernebty I</a></td> <td>King's daughter and Queen, middle to end of 4th Dynasty. Also known as the Galarza Tomb </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tombs dating from the <a href="/wiki/Sais,_Egypt" title="Sais, Egypt">Saite</a> and later period were found near the causeway of Khafre and the Great Sphinx. These tombs include the tomb of a commander of the army named Ahmose and his mother Queen Nakhtubasterau, who was the wife of <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Amasis II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 289–290">: 289–290 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Field">South Field</h3></div> <p>The South Field includes mastabas dating from the <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">1st Dynasty</a> to <a href="/wiki/3rd_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Dynasty">3rd Dynasty</a> as well as later burials.<sup id="cite_ref-etana.org_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etana.org-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the more significant of these early dynastic tombs are one referred to as "Covington's tomb", otherwise known as Mastaba T, and the large Mastaba V which contained artifacts naming the 1st Dynasty pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-etana.org_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etana.org-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other tombs date from the late <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> (5th and 6th Dynasty). The south section of the field contains several tombs dating from the <a href="/wiki/Saite" class="mw-redirect" title="Saite">Saite</a> period and later.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 294–297">: 294–297 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tombs_of_the_pyramid_builders">Tombs of the pyramid builders</h3></div> <p>In 1990, tombs belonging to the pyramid workers were discovered alongside the pyramids, with an additional burial site found nearby in 2009. Although not mummified, they had been buried in <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a> tombs with beer and bread to support them in the afterlife. The tombs' proximity to the pyramids and the manner of burial supports the theory that they were paid laborers who took pride in their work and were not slaves, as was previously thought. Evidence from the tombs indicates that a workforce of 10,000 laborers working in three-month shifts took around 30 years to build a pyramid. Most of the workers appear to have come from poor families. Specialists such as architects, masons, metalworkers, and carpenters were permanently employed by the king to fill positions that required the most skill.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shafts">Shafts</h2></div> <p>There are multiple <a href="/wiki/Shaft_and_chamber_tomb" title="Shaft and chamber tomb">burial-shafts</a> and various unfinished shafts and tunnels located in the Giza complex that were discovered and mentioned prominently by <a href="/wiki/Selim_Hassan" title="Selim Hassan">Selim Hassan</a> in his report <i>Excavations at Giza 1933–1934</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He states: "Very few of the Saitic [referring to the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Saite Period</a>]<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shafts have been thoroughly examined, for the reason that most of them are flooded."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 193">: 193 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osiris_Shaft">Osiris Shaft</h3></div> <p>The Osiris Shaft is a narrow burial-shaft leading to three levels for a tomb and below it a flooded area.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first mentioned by Hassan, and a thorough excavation was conducted by a team led by <a href="/wiki/Zahi_Hawass" title="Zahi Hawass">Hawass</a> in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was opened to tourists in November 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Kingdom_and_Late_Period">New Kingdom and Late Period</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gizeh-Stele_du_reve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gizeh-Stele_du_reve.jpg/220px-Gizeh-Stele_du_reve.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gizeh-Stele_du_reve.jpg/330px-Gizeh-Stele_du_reve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gizeh-Stele_du_reve.jpg/440px-Gizeh-Stele_du_reve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dream_Stele" title="Dream Stele">Dream Stele</a> between the Sphinx's front legs</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> Giza was still an active site. A brick-built chapel was constructed near the Sphinx during the early <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">18th Dynasty</a>, probably by King <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> built a temple dedicated to Hauron-Haremakhet near the Sphinx. As a prince, the future pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a> visited the pyramids and the Sphinx; he reported being told in a dream that if he cleared the sand that had built up around the Sphinx, he would be rewarded with kingship. This event is recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Dream_Stele" title="Dream Stele">Dream Stele</a>, which he had installed between the Sphinx's front legs. </p><p>During the early years of his reign, Thutmose IV, together with his wife Queen Nefertari, had stelae erected at Giza. </p><p>Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> had a structure built, which is now referred to as the king's resthouse. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">19th Dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> added to the temple of Hauron-Haremakhet, and his son <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> erected a stela in the chapel before the Sphinx and usurped the resthouse of Tutankhamun.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_10-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39–47">: 39–47 </span></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">21st Dynasty</a>, the Temple of Isis Mistress-of-the-Pyramids was reconstructed. During the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">26th Dynasty</a>, a stela made in this time mentions Khufu and his Queen <a href="/wiki/Henutsen" title="Henutsen">Henutsen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_10-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Division_of_the_1903–1905_excavation_of_the_Giza_Necropolis"><span id="Division_of_the_1903.E2.80.931905_excavation_of_the_Giza_Necropolis"></span>Division of the 1903–1905 excavation of the Giza Necropolis</h2></div> <p>In 1903, rights to excavate the West Field and Pyramids of the Giza Necropolis were divided by three institutions from Italy, Germany, and the United States of America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div> <p>Prior to the division of the Giza Plateau into three institutional concessions in 1903, amateur and private excavations at the Giza Necropolis had been permitted to operate. The work of these amateur archaeologists failed to meet high scientific standards. Montague Ballard, for instance, excavated in the Western Cemetery (with the hesitant permission of the Egyptian Antiquities Service) and neither kept records of his finds nor published them.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian,_German,_and_American_Concessions_at_Giza"><span id="Italian.2C_German.2C_and_American_Concessions_at_Giza"></span>Italian, German, and American Concessions at Giza</h3></div> <p>In 1902, the Egyptian Antiquities Service under <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Maspero" title="Gaston Maspero">Gaston Maspero</a> resolved to issue permits exclusively to authorized individuals representing public institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November of that year, the Service awarded three scholars with concessions on the Giza Necropolis. They were the Italian <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Schiaparelli" title="Ernesto Schiaparelli">Ernesto Schiaparelli</a> from the Turin Museum, the German <a href="/wiki/Georg_Steindorff" title="Georg Steindorff">Georg Steindorff</a> from the University of Leipzig who had funding from Wilhelm Pelizaeus, and the American <a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Reisner" title="George Andrew Reisner">George Reisner</a> from the Hearst Expedition. Within a matter of months, the site had been divided between the concessionaires following a meeting at the Mena House Hotel involving Schiaparelli, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Borchardt" title="Ludwig Borchardt">Ludwig Borchardt</a> (Steindorff's representative in Egypt), and Reisner.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Division_of_the_West_Field">Division of the West Field</h3></div> <p>By the turn of the 20th century, the three largest pyramids on the Giza plateau were considered mostly exhausted by previous excavations, so the Western Cemetery and its collection of private mastaba tombs were thought to represent the richest unexcavated part of the plateau. George Reisner's wife, Mary, drew names from a hat to assign three long east-west plots of the necropolis among the Italian, German, and American missions. Schiaparelli was assigned the southernmost strip, Borchardt the center, and Reisner the northernmost.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Division_of_the_Pyramids">Division of the Pyramids</h3></div> <p>Rights to excavate the Pyramids were then also negotiated between Schiaparelli, Borchardt, and Reisner. Schiaparelli gained rights to excavate the Great Pyramid of Khufu along with its three associated queens' pyramids and most of its Eastern Cemetery. Borchardt received Khafre's pyramid, its causeway, the Sphinx, and the Sphinx's associated temples. Reisner claimed Menkaure's pyramid as well as its associated queens' pyramids and pyramid temple, along with a portion of Schiaparelli's Eastern Cemetery. Any future disputes were to be resolved by Inspector <a href="/wiki/James_Quibell" title="James Quibell">James Quibell</a>, as per a letter from Borchardt to Maspero.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immediate_Aftermath">Immediate Aftermath</h3></div> <p>This arrangement lasted until 1905, when, under the supervision of Schiaparelli and Francesco Ballerini, the Italian excavations ceased at Giza. As the Italians were more interested in sites which might yield more papyri, they turned their concession of the southern strip of the Western Cemetery over to the Americans under Reisner.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h2></div> <p>In 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a> played a series of concerts later released as <i><a href="/wiki/Rocking_the_Cradle:_Egypt_1978" title="Rocking the Cradle: Egypt 1978">Rocking the Cradle: Egypt 1978</a></i>. In 2007, Colombian singer <a href="/wiki/Shakira" title="Shakira">Shakira</a> performed at the complex to a crowd of approximately 100,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complex was used for the final draw of the <a href="/wiki/2019_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2019 Africa Cup of Nations">2019 Africa Cup of Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2021_World_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" title="2021 World Men's Handball Championship">2021 World Men's Handball Championship</a>. </p><p>Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_(Egypt)" title="Ministry of Tourism (Egypt)">Minister of Tourism</a> unveiled plans for a <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>17,000,000 revamp of the complex by the end of 2021, in order to boost <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Egypt" title="Tourism in Egypt">tourism in Egypt</a> as well as make the site more accessible and tourist-friendly.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>, the refurbishment includes a new visitors' centre, an environmentally-friendly electric bus, a restaurant (the 9 Pyramids Lounge),<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a cinema, public toilets, site-wide signage, food trucks, photo booths, and free Wi-Fi.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new facility is part of a <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Vision_2030" title="Egypt Vision 2030">wider plan</a> to renovate the 4,500 year old site.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/28px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/42px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/31px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/47px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/62px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_pyramids" title="List of Egyptian pyramids">List of Egyptian pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_monoliths" title="List of largest monoliths">List of largest monoliths</a>, includes section on calculating weight of megaliths</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Egypt" title="Outline of Egypt">Outline of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/86">"Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Memphis+and+its+Necropolis+%E2%80%93+the+Pyramid+Fields+from+Giza+to+Dahshur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiza+pyramid+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some medieval visitors, however, viewed them as "the Granaries of Joseph", such as the Spanish traveller <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Tafur" title="Pedro Tafur">Pedro Tafur</a> in 1436 (Pedro Tafur, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/tafur.html#ch5">Andanças e viajes</a></i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBard1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_A._Bard" title="Kathryn A. Bard">Bard, Kathryn A.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/009346994791547553">"The Egyptian Predynastic: A Review of the Evidence"</a>. <i>Journal of Field Archaeology</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 265–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F009346994791547553">10.1179/009346994791547553</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0093-4690">0093-4690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Field+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Egyptian+Predynastic%3A+A+Review+of+the+Evidence&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-288&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F009346994791547553&rft.issn=0093-4690&rft.aulast=Bard&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1179%2F009346994791547553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiza+pyramid+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanussiJones1997" class="citation journal cs1">Sanussi, Ashraf el-; Jones, Michael (1997). "A site of the Maadi culture near the Giza pyramids". <i>Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo</i>. <b>53</b>: 241–253. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192152723">192152723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mitteilungen+des+Deutschen+Arch%C3%A4ologischen+Instituts%2C+Abteilung+Kairo&rft.atitle=A+site+of+the+Maadi+culture+near+the+Giza+pyramids&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=241-253&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192152723%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sanussi&rft.aufirst=Ashraf+el-&rft.au=Jones%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiza+pyramid+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajeot2017" class="citation book cs1">Bajeot, Jade (2017). <i>Predynastic Maadi in context: the research of the Italian expedition revisited (1977–1986)</i>. Studi di preistoria orientale. Rome: Dipartimento di scienze dell'antichità, Sapienza Università di Roma. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-904240-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-904240-2-1"><bdi>978-88-904240-2-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Predynastic+Maadi+in+context%3A+the+research+of+the+Italian+expedition+revisited+%281977%E2%80%931986%29&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=Studi+di+preistoria+orientale&rft.pub=Dipartimento+di+scienze+dell%27antichit%C3%A0%2C+Sapienza+Universit%C3%A0+di+Roma&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-88-904240-2-1&rft.aulast=Bajeot&rft.aufirst=Jade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiza+pyramid+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verner-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Verner_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verner_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verner_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verner_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verner_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verner_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verner_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verner_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Verner, Miroslav. The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. Grove Press. 2001 (1997). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3935-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3935-3">0-8021-3935-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheishaKaniewskiMarrinerDjamali2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sheisha, Hader; Kaniewski, David; Marriner, Nick; Djamali, Morteza; Younes, Gamal; Chen, Zhongyuan; El-Qady, Gad; Saleem, Amr; Véron, Alain; Morhange, Christophe (13 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9477388">"Nile waterscapes facilitated the construction of the Giza pyramids during the 3rd millennium BCE"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>119</b> (37): e2202530119. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PNAS..11902530S">2022PNAS..11902530S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2202530119">10.1073/pnas.2202530119</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9477388">9477388</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36037388">36037388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Nile+waterscapes+facilitated+the+construction+of+the+Giza+pyramids+during+the+3rd+millennium+BCE&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=e2202530119&rft.date=2022-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9477388%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PNAS..11902530S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36037388&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2202530119&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Sheisha&rft.aufirst=Hader&rft.au=Kaniewski%2C+David&rft.au=Marriner%2C+Nick&rft.au=Djamali%2C+Morteza&rft.au=Younes%2C+Gamal&rft.au=Chen%2C+Zhongyuan&rft.au=El-Qady%2C+Gad&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Amr&rft.au=V%C3%A9ron%2C+Alain&rft.au=Morhange%2C+Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9477388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiza+pyramid+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaferArnold2005" class="citation book cs1">Shafer, Byron E.; Arnold, Dieter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cv08amI7lkUC&q=khufu+%22valley+temple%22&pg=PA51"><i>Temples of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. pp. 51–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-945-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-945-5"><bdi>978-1-85043-945-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=51-52&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-945-5&rft.aulast=Shafer&rft.aufirst=Byron+E.&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcv08amI7lkUC%26q%3Dkhufu%2B%2522valley%2Btemple%2522%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiza+pyramid+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldStrudwickStrudwick2002" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Dieter; Strudwick, Nigel; Strudwick, Helen (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofa00diet/page/126"><i>The encyclopaedia of ancient Egyptian architecture</i></a></span>. I.B. Tauris. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofa00diet/page/126">126</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-465-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-465-8"><bdi>978-1-86064-465-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopaedia+of+ancient+Egyptian+architecture&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-465-8&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft.au=Strudwick%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Strudwick%2C+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaediaofa00diet%2Fpage%2F126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiza+pyramid+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PM-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PM_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_10-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_10-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_10-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_10-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Porter" title="Bertha Porter">Porter, Bertha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Moss" title="Rosalind Moss">Moss, Rosalind L. B.</a> <i>Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings. Volume III. Memphis. Part I. Abû Rawâsh to Abûṣîr.</i> 2nd edition, revised and augmented by Jaromír Málek, The Clarendon Press, Oxford 1974. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gizapyramids.org/pdf_library/porter-moss_III_giza.pdf">PDF from The Giza Archives, 29,5 MB</a> Retrieved 10 February 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egymonuments.gov.eg/news/a-team-from-the-grand-egyptian-museum-succeeded-in-the-first-trial-run-conducted-to-test-the-vehicles-that-will-be-used-in-the-transferring-the-first-khufu-solar-boat-from-its-current-location/">"A team from the Grand Egyptian Museum succeeded in the first trial run conducted to test the vehicles that will be used in the transferring the first Khufu Solar Boat from its current location"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_and_Antiquities_(Egypt)" title="Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (Egypt)">Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities</a></i>. 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Tourism+and+Antiquities&rft.atitle=A+team+from+the+Grand+Egyptian+Museum+succeeded+in+the+first+trial+run+conducted+to+test+the+vehicles+that+will+be+used+in+the+transferring+the+first+Khufu+Solar+Boat+from+its+current+location&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegymonuments.gov.eg%2Fnews%2Fa-team-from-the-grand-egyptian-museum-succeeded-in-the-first-trial-run-conducted-to-test-the-vehicles-that-will-be-used-in-the-transferring-the-first-khufu-solar-boat-from-its-current-location%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiza+pyramid+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/in-pictures-58088867">"In pictures: Egypt pharaoh's 'solar boat' moved to Giza museum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 7 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El-Shai&rft.atitle=9+Pyramids+Lounge%3A+Everything+to+know+about+Egypt%27s+First+Restaurant+At+Giza+Pyramids&rft.date=2020-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.el-shai.com%2F9-pyramids-lounge-egypt-restaurant-giza-pyramids%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiza+pyramid+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/pyramids-of-giza-revamp">"New cafe at the Pyramids of Giza to open soon as part of revamp"</a>. <i>Lonely Planet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=New+cafe+at+the+Pyramids+of+Giza+to+open+soon+as+part+of+revamp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Farticles%2Fpyramids-of-giza-revamp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiza+pyramid+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egyptianstreets.com/2020/07/28/in-photos-a-look-at-the-first-restaurant-near-giza-pyramids/">"In Photos: A Look At the First Restaurant Near Giza Pyramids | Egyptian Streets"</a>. 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scoop+Empire&rft.atitle=The+Pyramids+of+Giza+Are+Getting+a+New+Cafe%2C+Lounge%2C+and+Visitor%27s+Center+by+2021&rft.date=2020-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscoopempire.com%2Fthe-pyramids-of-giza-are-getting-a-new-cafe-lounge-and-visitors-center-by-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiza+pyramid+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.travelandleisure.com/attractions/landmarks-monuments/pyramids-of-giza-new-visitors-center">"Pyramids of Giza Is Getting a New Visitors Center Complete With a Lounge, Cinema, and More"</a>. <i>Travel + Leisure</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Giza_pyramid_complex" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Giza pyramid complex">Giza pyramid complex</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egymonuments.com/locations/details/Pyramids">Giza Plateau</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902142719/http://egypt.travel-photo.org/cairo/pyramids-in-giza.html">Pyramids in Giza</a> – Pictures of Giza Pyramids published under <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons License">Creative Commons License</a>.</li> <li>Website of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aeraweb.org/">Ancient Egypt Research Associates</a>, researching Giza for over 30 years</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3ds.com/introduction/revealed/">3D virtual tour explaining Houdin's theory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728075844/http://www.3ds.com/introduction/revealed/">Archived</a> 28 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (plug in needed)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://giza.fas.harvard.edu">The Giza Archives at Harvard University</a> – since 2010, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Giza_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Giza Project (page does not exist)">Old Giza Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gizapyramids.org">website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011131428/http://www.gizapyramids.org/">Archived</a> 11 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts</a>, in Boston, has moved to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> with an improved, expanded website. 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Khafre">Pyramid of Khafre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Menkaure" title="Pyramid of Menkaure">Pyramid of Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khentkaus_I" title="Pyramid of Khentkaus I">Pyramid of Khentkaus I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zawyet_el%27Aryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zawyet el'Aryan">Zawyet el'Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Layer_Pyramid" title="Layer Pyramid">Layer Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Northern_Pyramid_of_Zawyet_el%27Aryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan">Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abusir" title="Abusir">Abusir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Gorab" title="Abu Gorab">Abu Gorab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Userkaf" title="Pyramid of Userkaf">Pyramid of Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Sahure" title="Pyramid of Sahure">Pyramid of Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferirkare" title="Pyramid of Neferirkare">Pyramid of Neferirkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferefre" title="Pyramid of Neferefre">Pyramid of Neferefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Pyramid_of_Abusir" title="Unfinished Pyramid of Abusir">Unfinished Pyramid of Abusir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Nyuserre" title="Pyramid of Nyuserre">Pyramid of Nyuserre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser" title="Pyramid of Djoser">Step Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buried_Pyramid" title="Buried Pyramid">Pyramid of Sekhemkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headless_Pyramid" title="Headless Pyramid">Headless Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djedkare" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid of Djedkare">Pyramid of Djedkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Unas" title="Pyramid of Unas">Pyramid of Unas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastabet_el-Fara%27un" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastabet el-Fara'un">Mastabet el-Fara'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapeum_of_Saqqara" title="Serapeum of Saqqara">Serapeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Teti" title="Pyramid of Teti">Pyramid of Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khendjer" title="Pyramid of Khendjer">Pyramid of Khendjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Saqqara_pyramid" title="Southern South Saqqara pyramid">Southern South Saqqara pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_Museum" title="Imhotep Museum">Imhotep Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dahshur" title="Dahshur">Dahshur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bent_Pyramid" title="Bent Pyramid">Bent Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Pyramid" title="Red Pyramid">Red Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Amenemhat_III_(Dahshur)" title="Pyramid of Amenemhat III (Dahshur)">Black Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Ameny_Qemau" title="Pyramid of Ameny Qemau">Pyramid of Ameny Qemau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mazghuna" title="Mazghuna">Mazghuna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mazghuna_pyramid" title="Southern Mazghuna pyramid">Southern Mazghuna pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mazghuna_pyramid" title="Northern Mazghuna pyramid">Northern Mazghuna pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pyramid construction techniques">Egyptian pyramid construction techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepsius_list_of_pyramids" title="Lepsius list of pyramids">Lepsius list of pyramids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Egypt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Egypt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Egypt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mena" title="Abu Mena">Abu Mena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> <small>and its Necropolis</small> – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Giza pyramid complex</a> <small>to</small> <a href="/wiki/Dahshur" title="Dahshur">Dahshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia" title="International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia">Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine Area</a></li> <li><small>Ancient</small> <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> <small>with its <a href="/wiki/Theban_Necropolis" title="Theban Necropolis">Necropolis</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_El_Hitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi El Hitan">Wadi El Hitan (Whale Valley)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/48px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/64px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Egypt portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Egypt">List of World Heritage Sites in Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Giza" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Giza" title="Template:Giza"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Giza" title="Template talk:Giza"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Giza" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Giza"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Giza" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">Battle of the Pyramids</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Imbaba_church_attacks" title="2011 Imbaba church attacks">2011 Imbaba church attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_church_fire" title="Giza church fire">2022 church fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Plateau" title="Giza Plateau">Giza Plateau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agouza" title="Agouza">Agouza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokki" title="Dokki">Dokki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbaba" title="Imbaba">Imbaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohandessin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandessin">Mohandessin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pyramid complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khafre" title="Pyramid of Khafre">Pyramid of Khafre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Menkaure" title="Pyramid of Menkaure">Pyramid of Menkaure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_University" title="Cairo University">Cairo University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Japanese_School" title="Cairo Japanese School">Cairo Japanese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Evangelische_Oberschule" title="Deutsche Evangelische Oberschule">Deutsche Evangelische Oberschule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alsson_School" title="El Alsson School">El Alsson School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Land_International_Schools" title="Green Land International Schools">Green Land International Schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/224144783008748475687">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmxWpM9fBy4XjjvywgHYP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119399004">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119399004">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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