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<button aria-controls="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Leader of the Opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1984–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_(1984–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prime Minister (1984–1989)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_(1984–1989)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime Minister (1984–1989) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1984–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_term:_1984–1987" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term:_1984–1987"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First term: 1984–1987</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term:_1984–1987-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rogernomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rogernomics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Rogernomics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rogernomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_affairs_and_nuclear-free_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_affairs_and_nuclear-free_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>International affairs and nuclear-free policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_affairs_and_nuclear-free_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rainbow_Warrior_affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rainbow_Warrior_affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span><i>Rainbow Warrior</i> affair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rainbow_Warrior_affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Social reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1987_general_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1987_general_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>1987 general election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1987_general_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term:_1987–1989" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term:_1987–1989"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Second term: 1987–1989</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term:_1987–1989-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fijian_coups_d'état" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fijian_coups_d'état"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Fijian coups d'état</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fijian_coups_d'état-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stock_market_crash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stock_market_crash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Stock market crash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stock_market_crash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tomorrow's_Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomorrow's_Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Tomorrow's Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomorrow's_Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership_challenge_and_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_challenge_and_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Leadership challenge and resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_challenge_and_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motor_racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motor_racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Motor racing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motor_racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-premiership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-premiership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post-premiership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-premiership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-premiership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-premiership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cabinet_minister:_1989–1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet_minister:_1989–1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cabinet minister: 1989–1990</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet_minister:_1989–1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_and_resignation_from_parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_and_resignation_from_parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Opposition and resignation from parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_and_resignation_from_parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_after_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_after_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Life after politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_after_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Litigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Litigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accidental_release_of_secret_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accidental_release_of_secret_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Accidental release of secret report</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accidental_release_of_secret_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_issues_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_issues_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Health issues and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_issues_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honours and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">David Lange</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="David Lange" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC" title="ديفيد لانج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديفيد لانج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C" title="ডেভিড ল্যাঞ্জ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডেভিড ল্যাঞ্জ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Дэвід Лонгі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэвід Лонгі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="David Lange" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="David Lange" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="David Lange" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="David Lange" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="David Lange" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="David Lange" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دیوید لینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوید لینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="David Lange" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%EB%A1%B1%EC%9D%B4" title="데이비드 롱이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이비드 롱이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="David Lange" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="David Lange" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="David Lange" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99" title="דייוויד לאני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דייוויד לאני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97" title="डेव्हिड लँग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डेव्हिड लँग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC_(%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89)" title="ديفيد لانج (محامى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديفيد لانج (محامى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%87" title="دیوید لانگه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دیوید لانگه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="David Lange" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%93%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AE" title="デビッド・ロンギ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デビッド・ロンギ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="David Lange" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="David Lange" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Лонги, Дэвид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лонги, Дэвид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="David Lange" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="David Lange" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="David Lange" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E4%BC%8A" title="戴维·朗伊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="戴维·朗伊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q367589#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1984 to 1989</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Canadian politician, see <a href="/wiki/David_Hadley_Lange" title="David Hadley Lange">David Hadley Lange</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">David Lange</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of New Zealand">ONZ</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" title="Order of the Companions of Honour">CH</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Lange_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/David_Lange_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-David_Lange_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/David_Lange_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-David_Lange_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/David_Lange_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-David_Lange_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="628" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Lange in the 1980s</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">32nd <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister of New Zealand</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 July 1984 – 8 August 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors‑General</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Beattie" title="David Beattie">David Beattie</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reeves" title="Paul Reeves">Paul Reeves</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Geoffrey Palmer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon">Robert Muldoon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)" title="Geoffrey Palmer (politician)">Geoffrey Palmer</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">27th <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_(New_Zealand)" title="Attorney-General (New Zealand)">Attorney-General of New Zealand</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 August 1989 – 2 November 1990</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Geoffrey Palmer<br /><a href="/wiki/Mike_Moore_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)">Mike Moore</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Geoffrey Palmer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_East" title="Paul East">Paul East</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">35th <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Education (New Zealand)">Minister of Education</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 August 1987 – 8 August 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Marshall" title="Russell Marshall">Russell Marshall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Geoffrey Palmer</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">20th <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 July 1984 – 24 August 1987</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Cooper" title="Warren Cooper">Warren Cooper</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Russell Marshall</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">9th <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party">Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 February 1983 – 8 August 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Deputy Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Geoffrey Palmer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rowling" title="Bill Rowling">Bill Rowling</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Geoffrey Palmer</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">23rd <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 February 1983 – 26 July 1984</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Muldoon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data">Geoffrey Palmer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Bill Rowling</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Muldoon</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a></span><br />for <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ngere_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Māngere (New Zealand electorate)">Mangere</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 March 1977 – 12 October 1996</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Moyle" title="Colin Moyle">Colin Moyle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taito_Phillip_Field" title="Taito Phillip Field">Taito Phillip Field</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1942-08-04</span>)</span>4 August 1942<br /><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ct%C4%81huhu" title="Ōtāhuhu">Ōtāhuhu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, New Zealand</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 August 2005<span style="display:none">(2005-08-13)</span> (aged 63)<br /><a href="/wiki/Middlemore" title="Middlemore">Middlemore</a>, Auckland, New Zealand</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data">Complications from <a href="/wiki/Renal_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal failure">renal failure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Waikaraka Cemetery</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Naomi Joy Crampton</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1968; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1991)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Margaret Pope</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1992)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Roy Lange<br />Phoebe Fysh Lange</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lange" title="Peter Lange">Peter Lange</a> (brother)<br /><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bassett" title="Michael Bassett">Michael Bassett</a> (third cousin)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Lawyer, Politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Right_Livelihood_Award" title="Right Livelihood Award">Right Livelihood Award</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Lange_signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="David Lange's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Lange_signature.png/128px-David_Lange_signature.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Lange_signature.png/192px-David_Lange_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Lange_signature.png/256px-David_Lange_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="494" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#d82a20;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Lange_(1992).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/David_Lange_%281992%29.jpg/75px-David_Lange_%281992%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/David_Lange_%281992%29.jpg/113px-David_Lange_%281992%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/David_Lange_%281992%29.jpg/150px-David_Lange_%281992%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="277" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#d82a20;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">David Lange</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life">Early life and career</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><small><b>Member for <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ngere_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Māngere (New Zealand electorate)">Mangere</a></b></small></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1977_Mangere_by-election" title="1977 Mangere by-election">Mangere by-election, 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_David_Lange" title="Electoral history of David Lange">Electoral history</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party">Leader of the Labour Party</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Chip_Brigade" title="Fish and Chip Brigade">Fish and Chip Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_David_Lange" title="Shadow Cabinet of David Lange">Shadow Cabinet of David Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1983 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1983 leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1988 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1988 leadership election</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand">Prime Minister of New Zealand</a></b> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_constitutional_crisis" title="1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis">1984 constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nuclear-free_zone" title="New Zealand nuclear-free zone">New Zealand nuclear-free zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexual_Law_Reform_Act_1986" title="Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986">Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomorrow%27s_Schools" title="Tomorrow's Schools">Tomorrow's Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lange_v_Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lange_v_Atkinson" title="Lange v Atkinson">Lange v Atkinson</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Elections</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1984 New Zealand general election">1984 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1987 New Zealand general election">1987 general election</a></li></ul> <hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="699" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:David_Lange_sidebar" title="Template:David Lange sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:David_Lange_sidebar" title="Template talk:David Lange sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:David_Lange_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:David Lange sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>David Russell Lange</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of New Zealand">ONZ</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" title="Order of the Companions of Honour">CH</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">LONG</span>-ee</i></a>; 4 August 1942 – 13 August 2005) was a New Zealand politician who served as the 32nd <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of New Zealand">prime minister of New Zealand</a> from 1984 to 1989. A member of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">New Zealand Labour Party</a>, Lange was also the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Education (New Zealand)">minister of Education</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)">minister of Foreign Affairs</a> alongside his term as prime minister. He was also the <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_(New_Zealand)" title="Attorney-General (New Zealand)">attorney-general of New Zealand</a> from 1989 to 1990. </p><p>Lange was born and brought up in <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ct%C4%81huhu" title="Ōtāhuhu">Ōtāhuhu</a>, the son of a physician. He became a <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a>, and represented poor and struggling people in <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights</a> causes in the rapidly changing <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> of the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After serving as legal advisor to the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Panthers" title="Polynesian Panthers">Polynesian Panthers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lange was first elected to the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1977_Mangere_by-election" title="1977 Mangere by-election">Mangere by-election</a> of 1977. He became a prominent debater within parliament, and soon gained a reputation for cutting wit (sometimes directed against himself) and eloquence. Lange became the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party">leader of the Labour Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)">leader of the Opposition</a> in 1983, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Bill_Rowling" title="Bill Rowling">Bill Rowling</a>. </p><p>When Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon">Robert Muldoon</a> called an election for July 1984 Lange led his party to a <a href="/wiki/Landslide_victory" title="Landslide victory">landslide victory</a>, becoming, at the age of 41, New Zealand's youngest prime minister of the 20th century. Lange took various measures to deal with the economic problems he had inherited from the previous government. Some of the measures he took were controversial; the <a href="/wiki/Free-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market">free-market</a> ethos of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand">Fourth Labour Government</a> did not always conform to traditional expectations of a <a href="/wiki/Social-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-democratic">social-democratic</a> party. He also fulfilled a campaign promise to deny New Zealand's port facilities to nuclear-armed and nuclear-powered vessels, making New Zealand a <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nuclear-free_zone" title="New Zealand nuclear-free zone">nuclear-free zone</a>. Lange and his party were re-elected in August 1987; he resigned two years later and was succeeded by his deputy, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)" title="Geoffrey Palmer (politician)">Geoffrey Palmer</a>. He retired from parliament in 1996, and died in 2005 from renal failure and blood disease at the age of 63. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a> described <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Nuclear_Free_Zone,_Disarmament,_and_Arms_Control_Act_1987" title="New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987">New Zealand's nuclear-free legislation</a> as his legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lange was born on 4 August 1942 in <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ct%C4%81huhu" title="Ōtāhuhu">Ōtāhuhu</a>, a small industrial borough since absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange200520,_21–22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange200520,_21–22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the oldest of four children of Eric Roy Lange, a general practitioner and obstetrician and grandson of a German settler, and Phoebe Fysh Lange, who trained as a nurse in her native <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> before she migrated to New Zealand. The family had lived in New Zealand for so long that the original pronunciation of their surname, <i>lan-ge</i>, "had all but been forgotten";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lange himself would pronounce it as <i>long-ee</i>. </p><p>Lange's autobiography suggests that he admired his soft-spoken and dryly humorous father, while his demanding and sometimes overbearing mother tested his tolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange2005''passim''_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange2005''passim''-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His cousin <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bassett" title="Michael Bassett">Michael Bassett</a> reflected that Roy "knew how to avoid trouble rather than confront it", and David developed a similar aversion to conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lange received his formal education at Fairburn Primary School, <a href="/wiki/Papatoetoe_Intermediate_School" title="Papatoetoe Intermediate School">Papatoetoe Intermediate School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otahuhu_College" title="Otahuhu College">Otahuhu College</a>, then at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Auckland" title="University of Auckland">University of Auckland</a> in 1960, where he graduated in law in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange200570_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange200570-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attributed his talents with <a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">oratory</a> to the need to compensate for his clumsiness during his intermediate school days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange200550_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange200550-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lange worked from an early age and held a number of jobs; in the third form he performed a paper-round for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Mangere_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangere East">Mangere East</a>, and later changed from delivery-boy to collecting the money.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange200561–64_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange200561–64-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year he delivered telegrams, before applying to work at the <a href="/wiki/Westfield_Freezing_Works" title="Westfield Freezing Works">Westfield Freezing Works</a> in the role that would initially pay his way through university. The poor work conditions at the freezing works provided an opportunity to identify with the misery of fellow workers, and an appreciation for the impact of strikes on ordinary workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange200563_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange200563-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961 he started a job as a law clerk at Haigh, Charters and Carthy, a role that had varied work and clients, including the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_New_Zealand" title="Communist Party of New Zealand">Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange200568–69_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange200568–69-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 March 1967 Lange was admitted as a barrister and solicitor of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="High Court of New Zealand">Supreme Court of New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange200570_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange200570-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his admission he spent months travelling across Australia, Asia and Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange2005ch._5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange2005ch._5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 August 1968, he married Naomi Crampton. He gained a Master of Laws in 1970 with first-class honours, specialising in criminal law and medico-legal issues.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lange practised law in <a href="/wiki/Northland_Region" title="Northland Region">Northland</a> and Auckland for some years, often giving legal representation to the most dispossessed members of Auckland society – he assisted the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Panthers" title="Polynesian Panthers">Polynesian Panther Party</a> (and, by extension, the Pacific Island community) to disseminate legal rights information and legal aid during the '70s <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Raids_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawn Raids (New Zealand)">dawn raids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1976 Lange was involved in the legal defence of former cabinet minister <a href="/wiki/Phil_Amos" title="Phil Amos">Phil Amos</a> after he protested the visit of the 20,000 tonne American cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Long_Beach_(CGN-9)" title="USS Long Beach (CGN-9)">USS <i>Long Beach</i></a> in his small yacht the <i>Dolphin</i> by impeding its entry to <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Auckland Harbour">Auckland Harbour</a>. The cruiser was forced to stop mid-stream to allow grappling hooks to be thrown to pull the <i>Dolphin</i> clear. Afterwards Amos had been arrested and charged with obstruction. He was convicted, but the conviction was overturned on appeal by Lange. Amos' protest instantly became a headline-grabbing piece of political drama, bringing public attention to the anti-nuclear issue. Lange was inspired by Amos' stand and following his example would later pass a law banning the visit by nuclear propelled or armed ships to New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 440px; float: left; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 1em; border: 4; cellpadding: 2; cellspacing: 0;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">New Zealand Parliament</span></a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 95px;">Years </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 35px;">Term </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 160px;">Electorate </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 150px;">Party </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1977_Mangere_by-election" title="1977 Mangere by-election">1977</a>–1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/38th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="38th New Zealand Parliament">38th</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ngere_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Māngere (New Zealand electorate)">Mangere</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#D82A20; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1978_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1978 New Zealand general election">1978</a>–1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/39th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="39th New Zealand Parliament">39th</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Mangere </td> <td style="background-color:#D82A20; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1981_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1981 New Zealand general election">1981</a>–1984 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/40th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="40th New Zealand Parliament">40th</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Mangere </td> <td style="background-color:#D82A20; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1984 New Zealand general election">1984</a>–1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/41st_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="41st New Zealand Parliament">41st</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Mangere </td> <td style="background-color:#D82A20; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1987_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1987 New Zealand general election">1987</a>–1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/42nd_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="42nd New Zealand Parliament">42nd</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Mangere </td> <td style="background-color:#D82A20; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1990_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1990 New Zealand general election">1990</a>–1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/43rd_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="43rd New Zealand Parliament">43rd</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Mangere </td> <td style="background-color:#D82A20; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1993 New Zealand general election">1993</a>–1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/44th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="44th New Zealand Parliament">44th</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Mangere </td> <td style="background-color:#D82A20; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lange joined the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour Party</a> in 1963, and helped in the campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Phil_Amos" title="Phil Amos">Phil Amos</a> in 1963 and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Douglas_(politician)" title="Norman Douglas (politician)">Norman Douglas</a> in 1966. In <a href="/wiki/1974_Auckland_City_mayoral_election" title="1974 Auckland City mayoral election">1974</a> his cousin <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bassett" title="Michael Bassett">Michael Bassett</a> suggested that Lange should stand on the Labour ticket for the <a href="/wiki/Auckland_City_Council" title="Auckland City Council">Auckland City Council</a>. The Council was dominated by conservative interests and the only Labour candidates elected were <a href="/wiki/Jim_Anderton" title="Jim Anderton">Jim Anderton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Tizard" title="Catherine Tizard">Catherine Tizard</a>; Lange was "...halfway down the field .... which was better than I expected."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange200587_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange200587-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lange's father Roy, who was a doctor at Ōtāhuhu, had delivered Bassett. The two would later have strong disagreements, prompting Lange to remark, "My father had delivered him, and it became plain in later days that he must have dropped him."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange200598_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange200598-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lange then stood for Labour in <a href="/wiki/Hobson_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Hobson (New Zealand electorate)">Hobson</a> in <a href="/wiki/1975_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1975 New Zealand general election">1975</a>, and came third.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange200598,_99_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange200598,_99-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977 he entered the race for the Labour nomination in a <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-election</a> for the safer seat of <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ngere_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Māngere (New Zealand electorate)">Mangere</a>. He saw off more experienced candidates (some of whom were former MPs) to win the Labour candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He won the <a href="/wiki/1977_Mangere_by-election" title="1977 Mangere by-election">Mangere by-election</a>, retaining the area for Labour. </p><p>Lange then represented Mangere, a working-class Auckland electorate with a large <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> population, in the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a>. On becoming an MP, Lange quickly made an impression in the House as a debater, a wit, and the scourge of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon">Robert Muldoon</a>. In his <a href="/wiki/Maiden_speech" title="Maiden speech">maiden speech</a>, he suggested that New Zealand children had fewer rights than animals received under the <a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_1999" title="Animal Welfare Act 1999">Animals Protection Act 1960</a>, and complained of "appalling" rail service from Auckland to Mangere.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/1978_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1978 New Zealand general election">1978 election</a> Lange was elevated to the <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Cabinet">Shadow Cabinet</a>. In December 1978 Labour leader <a href="/wiki/Bill_Rowling" title="Bill Rowling">Bill Rowling</a> appointed Lange Shadow Minister for Social Welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 November 1979 Lange, after encouragement from parliamentary friends <a href="/wiki/Roger_Douglas" title="Roger Douglas">Roger Douglas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bassett" title="Michael Bassett">Michael Bassett</a>, challenged <a href="/wiki/Bob_Tizard" title="Bob Tizard">Bob Tizard</a> for the deputy leadership. Lange succeeded in the challenge, narrowly defeating Tizard 20 votes to 18.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett200851_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett200851-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to becoming Deputy Leader of the Opposition, Lange became Shadow Attorney-General, Shadow Minister of Justice and Shadow Minister of Pacific Island Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980 Lange and a group consisting of Douglas, Bassett, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Prebble" title="Richard Prebble">Richard Prebble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Moore_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)">Mike Moore</a> tried to remove Rowling as leader of the Labour Party. Following the coup attempt Lange resigned as deputy leader in January 1981 to offer himself for re-election as a vote of confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Labour's first caucus meeting of the year he was re-elected as deputy leader.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Labour lost the <a href="/wiki/1981_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1981 New Zealand general election">1981 general election</a>, the group, later known as the "<a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Chip_Brigade" title="Fish and Chip Brigade">Fish and Chip Brigade</a>" (in reference to a picture published at the time showing the plotters eating <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> succeeded in their second attempt in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199639_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199639-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leader_of_the_Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Leader of the Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Lange,_1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/David_Lange%2C_1980.jpg/200px-David_Lange%2C_1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/David_Lange%2C_1980.jpg/300px-David_Lange%2C_1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/David_Lange%2C_1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Lange in 1980</figcaption></figure> <p>Lange succeeded Rowling as <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party">parliamentary leader of the Labour Party</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)">Leader of the Opposition</a> on 3 February 1983. Significant debate emerged within the Labour Party on the party's economic direction, following a paper by Roger Douglas to the party's policy council. Eventually a compromise was drafted by Geoffrey Palmer, which Lange described as "A manifesto which appealed to the right, the left, the centre and the totally bewildered. It was, in fact, anodyne."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199639_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199639-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muldoon unexpectedly called a <a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1984 New Zealand general election">snap election</a> in 1984, as a result of <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Waring" title="Marilyn Waring">Marilyn Waring</a> voting for a <a href="/wiki/Member%27s_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Member's bill">member's bill</a> introduced by Richard Prebble to introduce a nuclear-free zone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199649_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199649-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The timing of the election prevented Labour from creating a proper election platform, instead using the Palmer draft. Lange commented that the party went into the election with an unfinished argument for an economic policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange2005164_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange2005164-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lange led Labour to a landslide victory, helped by <a href="/wiki/Vote_splitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote splitting">vote splitting</a> between the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="National Party of New Zealand">National Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Party" title="New Zealand Party">New Zealand Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, before Lange was sworn in as Prime Minister a foreign exchange crisis arose, which <a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_constitutional_crisis" title="1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis">led to a constitutional crisis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">New Zealand dollar</a> was overvalued and following the announcement of the snap election in June, traders started selling off the New Zealand dollar on the assumption that Labour would win the election and devalue the currency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199669_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199669-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muldoon refused to follow Lange's instruction to devalue the currency, making the dollar's situation more untenable. Eventually on 19 July Muldoon relented, after his position as leader of the National party was threatened by members of his caucus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199669_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199669-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_(1984–1989)"><span id="Prime_Minister_.281984.E2.80.931989.29"></span>Prime Minister (1984–1989)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prime Minister (1984–1989)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand">Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="padding-bottom:1px; padding-top:2px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:0; padding-bottom:1px;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange"><img alt="David Lange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/David_Lange%2C_1999.jpg/220px-David_Lange%2C_1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/David_Lange%2C_1999.jpg/330px-David_Lange%2C_1999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/David_Lange%2C_1999.jpg/440px-David_Lange%2C_1999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-top:2px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b><span style="font-size:120%">Premiership of David Lange</span></b></span><br />26 July 1984 – 8 August 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Cabinet</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand">Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">New Zealand Labour Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Election</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1984 New Zealand general election">1984</a>, <a href="/wiki/1987_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1987 New Zealand general election">1987</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Beattie" title="David Beattie">David Beattie</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:1px;"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon#Prime_Minister_(1975–1984)" title="Robert Muldoon">Robert Muldoon</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)#Prime_Minister_(1989–1990)" title="Geoffrey Palmer (politician)">Geoffrey Palmer</a> →</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <hr class="nomobile" style="background:#eee; height:5px; clear:both; margin:0 0 6px;" /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>David Lange was sworn in as New Zealand's 32nd Prime Minister on 26 July 1984, becoming, at the age of 41, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_New_Zealand_by_age" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of New Zealand by age">New Zealand's youngest prime minister</a> of the 20th century, a record later surpassed by only one other, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Moore_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)">Mike Moore</a> in 1990. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term:_1984–1987"><span id="First_term:_1984.E2.80.931987"></span>First term: 1984–1987</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First term: 1984–1987"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his first term of office as Prime Minister, Lange also held the position of <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rogernomics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The currency crisis and devaluation of the New Zealand dollar spurred on the reform drive of <a href="/wiki/Roger_Douglas" title="Roger Douglas">Roger Douglas</a>, who Lange made <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Finance (New Zealand)">Minister of Finance</a> in the new government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199676_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199676-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These reforms were soon dubbed '<a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a>', in a similar vein to <a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon coming to office, Lange's government was confronted by a severe balance of payments crisis, as a result of the deficits fuelled by Muldoon's imposition of a two-year freeze on wages and prices, and stubborn maintenance of an unsustainable exchange rate.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such economic conditions prompted Lange to remark: "We ended up being run very similarly to a <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Polish shipyard</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their first move was to hold an Economic Summit on 14 September 1984, similar to the one held in Australia by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a> the previous year, to create a feeling of consensus and to lay out the underlying problems in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand's economy">New Zealand's economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199675_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199675-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The summit however was dominated by advocacy of radical economic reforms similar to what had been proposed by the Treasury Department,<sup id="cite_ref-Revolution_part_two_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution_part_two-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> foreshadowing the Lange government's propensity to approach issues from a fundamentally economic standpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wilson" title="Margaret Wilson">Margaret Wilson</a>, the Labour Party's president, was deliberately not invited to the summit,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a sign of the speed and intolerant approach to opposition that would characterise Rogernomics. Douglas himself saw the summit as a theatrical preparation for his first budget.<sup id="cite_ref-Revolution_part_two_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution_part_two-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lange and Douglas engaged in a rapid programme of deregulation and the removal of tariffs and subsidies. The first sector affected was <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_agricultural_community" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand's agricultural community">New Zealand's agricultural community</a>, a traditionally National-supporting community. The loss of subsidies hit some farmers hard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1996101_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1996101-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other changes brought criticism from many people in Labour's traditional supporter base. The Labour Party also lost support from many elderly people by introducing a <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">superannuation</a> <a href="/wiki/Surtax" title="Surtax">surcharge</a> after having promised not to reduce superannuation. </p><p>Douglas also deregulated the finance markets, removing restrictions on interest rates, lending and foreign exchange. In March 1985, with Lange's blessing, the New Zealand dollar was floated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199680_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199680-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1 April 1987, several government departments were corporatised into <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned enterprises</a>, with massive loss of jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1996120_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1996120-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the role of Government Lange said "It is there to be the securer of its citizens' welfare. Where the market works well, it should be given its head. Where the market results in manifest inequity, or poor economic performance, the Government must get involved."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_affairs_and_nuclear-free_policy">International affairs and nuclear-free policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International affairs and nuclear-free policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Lange_addressing_the_Foreign_Policy_Association_in_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/David_Lange_addressing_the_Foreign_Policy_Association_in_New_York.jpg/280px-David_Lange_addressing_the_Foreign_Policy_Association_in_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/David_Lange_addressing_the_Foreign_Policy_Association_in_New_York.jpg/420px-David_Lange_addressing_the_Foreign_Policy_Association_in_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/David_Lange_addressing_the_Foreign_Policy_Association_in_New_York.jpg/560px-David_Lange_addressing_the_Foreign_Policy_Association_in_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Lange addresses the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Association" title="Foreign Policy Association">Foreign Policy Association</a> in New York City, 1984. His stand against nuclear weapons attracted international attention.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="New Zealand–United States relations">New Zealand–United States relations</a></div> <p>Lange made his name on the international stage with his steadfast leadership in the <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_weapons_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear weapons movement">anti-nuclear weapons movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His government refused to allow nuclear-capable ships into New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Territorial_waters" title="Territorial waters">territorial waters</a>, a policy the country continues to this day. In February 1985, Lange famously rejected the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Buchanan_(DDG-14)" title="USS Buchanan (DDG-14)">USS <i>Buchanan</i></a>, supported by a recommendation from the acting prime minister Geoffrey Palmer.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange2005204_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange2005204-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship was not armed with nuclear weapons but was capable of carrying them. This displeased the United States; in response, all intelligence flow to New Zealand was stopped and joint military exercises were cancelled. In 1985, there were 22 programmed exercises cancelled or restructured, resulting in approximately 6,000 man-days of training being taken away.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External audio</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="audio icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/sound/oxford-union-debate">Oxford Union debate on nuclear weapons</a> (David Lange at the Oxford Union debate, 1 March 1985), from <a href="/wiki/NZHistory" class="mw-redirect" title="NZHistory">NZHistory</a><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Union_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Union-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During a televised <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a> debate in March 1985, Lange gained an extraordinary international reputation. Lange argued for the proposition that "Nuclear weapons are morally indefensible",<sup id="cite_ref-greatNZargument_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greatNZargument-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in opposition to the American <a href="/wiki/Televangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="Televangelist">televangelist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-greatNZargument_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greatNZargument-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lange regarded his appearance at the Oxford Union as the high point of his career in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange2005208_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange2005208-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His speech included the memorable statement: </p> <blockquote> <p>"There is no humanity in the logic which holds that my country must be obliged to play host to nuclear weapons because others in the West are playing host to nuclear weapons. That is the logic which refuses to admit that there is any alternative to nuclear weapons, when plainly there is. It is self defeating logic, just as the weapons themselves are self defeating, to compel an ally to accept nuclear weapons against the wishes of that ally is to take the moral position of totalitarianism which allows for no self determination."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>His speech also included an often-quoted statement made in response to a question posed by another debater:<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Union_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Union-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"...I'm going to give it to you if you hold your breath just for a moment ... I can smell the uranium on it as you lean towards me!"</p></blockquote> <p>In 1987, Lange's government passed the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Nuclear_Free_Zone,_Disarmament,_and_Arms_Control_Act_1987" title="New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987">New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Act effectively declared New Zealand a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear-free_zone" title="Nuclear-free zone">nuclear-free zone</a> and banned all nuclear-capable ships from entering New Zealand waters. The United States regarded this legislation as a breach of treaty obligations under <a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a> and announced that it would suspend its treaty obligations to New Zealand until the re-admission of U.S. Navy ships to New Zealand ports, characterising New Zealand as "a friend, but not an ally".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rainbow_Warrior_affair"><i>Rainbow Warrior</i> affair</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rainbow Warrior affair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior</a> and <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="France–New Zealand relations">France–New Zealand relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RainbowWarrior-1985b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/RainbowWarrior-1985b.jpg/220px-RainbowWarrior-1985b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/RainbowWarrior-1985b.jpg/330px-RainbowWarrior-1985b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/RainbowWarrior-1985b.jpg/440px-RainbowWarrior-1985b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption><i>Rainbow Warrior</i> in Auckland, 1985</figcaption></figure> <p>Relations with France became strained when French agents of the <a href="/wiki/DGSE" class="mw-redirect" title="DGSE">DGSE</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">bombed and sank</a> the <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> ship the <i><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Warrior_(1955)" title="Rainbow Warrior (1955)">Rainbow Warrior</a></i> on 10 July 1985 while it lay moored in <a href="/wiki/Waitemat%C4%81_Harbour" title="Waitematā Harbour">Auckland Harbour</a>, killing photographer <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pereira" title="Fernando Pereira">Fernando Pereira</a>. In June 1986 Lange obtained a political deal with France over the <i><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Warrior_(1955)" title="Rainbow Warrior (1955)">Rainbow Warrior</a></i> affair, presided over by <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">United Nations Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Javier_P%C3%A9rez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Javier Pérez de Cuéllar">Javier Pérez de Cuéllar</a>. France agreed to pay compensation of NZ$13 million (US$6.5 million) to New Zealand and also to apologise. In return, Lange agreed that French authorities could detain the convicted French agents <a href="/wiki/Alain_Mafart" title="Alain Mafart">Alain Mafart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Prieur" title="Dominique Prieur">Dominique Prieur</a> at the French military base on <a href="/wiki/Hao_(French_Polynesia)" title="Hao (French Polynesia)">Hao Atoll</a> for three years. However, both spies were freed by May 1988, less than two years later, in violation of the agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_reforms">Social reforms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Lange's first term in office, the Lange government implemented many social reforms. On 8 August 1986, the Lange government enacted the <a href="/wiki/Homosexual_Law_Reform_Act_1986" title="Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986">Homosexual Law Reform Act</a> which legalised consensual sex of males 16 years and older and allowed them to enter into sexual relationships with one another without the fear of being prosecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 August 1987, the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Language_Act_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori Language Act 1987">Māori Language Act 1987</a> was enacted making <a href="/wiki/Te_reo_M%C4%81ori" class="mw-redirect" title="Te reo Māori">te reo Māori</a> an official language of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1987_general_election">1987 general election</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1987 general election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1987_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1987 New Zealand general election">1987 New Zealand general election</a></div> <p>Lange's government was re-elected at the August 1987 general election, the first time a Labour government had won a second term since <a href="/wiki/1938_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1938 New Zealand general election">1938</a>. The government increased its share of the popular vote, although this may have been due to less vote splitting. Lange toured the country throughout the campaign and faced, for the first time, protests against his government, especially in provincial areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1996144_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1996144-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unusually, Labour did not produce a <a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">manifesto</a> for the election, primarily due to disagreement between Douglas and Lange over the direction the government would take if re-elected. Lange sought to focus on social services in the second term,<sup id="cite_ref-Riley_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riley-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and declared in his victory speech, "I'm proud that we are now, in the next three years, going to seal those [economic] gains, in health and education and social welfare progress."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the night, Labour's candidate <a href="/wiki/Judith_Tizard" title="Judith Tizard">Judith Tizard</a> came within 406 votes of winning the traditionally National-held seat of <a href="/wiki/Remuera_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Remuera (New Zealand electorate)">Remuera</a>; she had been forecast as the winner by initial vote counting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1996142_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1996142-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tizard's near-win fuelled Lange's misgivings about the direction his government was taking. He commented, "That election night was a great revelation for me. That was an apprehension on my part that we had actually abandoned our constituency. And it set me to think what on earth have we done that we come within 400 votes of winning the true-blue [National] seat of Remuera. And that struck me as being a dangerous flirtation, and an act of treachery to the people we were born to represent."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1996143_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1996143-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term:_1987–1989"><span id="Second_term:_1987.E2.80.931989"></span>Second term: 1987–1989</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Second term: 1987–1989"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the 1987 election, Lange made himself <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(New_Zealand)" title="Ministry of Education (New Zealand)">Minister of Education</a>. He stated that he gave himself the portfolio to "draw a line in the sand" against the influence of the "Treasury <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/troika" class="extiw" title="wikt:troika">troika</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Douglas, Prebble and <a href="/wiki/David_Caygill" title="David Caygill">David Caygill</a>), and in accordance with his wishes to emphasise social policy in his second term.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fijian_coups_d'état"><span id="Fijian_coups_d.27.C3.A9tat"></span>Fijian coups d'état</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fijian coups d'état"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a></div> <p>Lange was criticised for his reaction to the coups d'état in Fiji in May and September 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-Fijian_Coup_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fijian_Coup-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in his autobiography, Lange stated: </p> <blockquote><p>There was never any question that New Zealand might use force to restore the democratically elected government, since we were not asked to intervene by its representatives and had we been, we did not have the military resources. I did however ask our military leaders to ready themselves to come to the assistance of any New Zealand citizens who might be endangered, and I met with considerable obstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange2005194_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange2005194-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stock_market_crash">Stock market crash</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Stock market crash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(1987)" title="Black Monday (1987)">stock market crash of 19/20 October 1987</a> damaged confidence in the New Zealand economy, which went into a prolonged recession from December of that year, and remained so until June 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-dol_unemployment_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dol_unemployment-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that time unemployment skyrocketed 170%, the unemployment rate rose from 4.2% in the September 1987 quarter to 7.5% in the June 1989 quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-dol_unemployment_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dol_unemployment-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lange noted with bitterness that Douglas took advantage of the crash to "rubbish" his stated ambitions to have the government focus on social policy, and push for more economic reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tomorrow's_Schools"><span id="Tomorrow.27s_Schools"></span>Tomorrow's Schools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tomorrow's Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Minister of Education, Lange pushed the introduction of <i><a href="/wiki/Tomorrow%27s_Schools" title="Tomorrow's Schools">Tomorrow's Schools</a></i>, a radical restructure of New Zealand's primary and secondary school education system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1996160_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1996160-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Department of Education was downsized to become the Ministry of Education and have a supervisory role, education boards were abolished and parents at each school elected their own boards of trustees.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reforms were criticised for the influence of <a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a> ideas and their effect of introducing market mechanisms and notions of competition in the education system.<sup id="cite_ref-Riley_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riley-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lange's appointment of businessman Brian Picot to head a <a href="/wiki/Picot_task_force" title="Picot task force">task force</a> into educational reform was taken as a sign of the government giving too much priority to economic and competitive concerns over the social aspect of education.<sup id="cite_ref-FiskeLadd_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FiskeLadd-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leadership_challenge_and_resignation">Leadership challenge and resignation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Leadership challenge and resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_accepting_resignation_of_David_Lange_as_Prime_Minister_-_August_1989_(19735340664).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Letter_accepting_resignation_of_David_Lange_as_Prime_Minister_-_August_1989_%2819735340664%29.jpg/220px-Letter_accepting_resignation_of_David_Lange_as_Prime_Minister_-_August_1989_%2819735340664%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Letter_accepting_resignation_of_David_Lange_as_Prime_Minister_-_August_1989_%2819735340664%29.jpg/330px-Letter_accepting_resignation_of_David_Lange_as_Prime_Minister_-_August_1989_%2819735340664%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Letter_accepting_resignation_of_David_Lange_as_Prime_Minister_-_August_1989_%2819735340664%29.jpg/440px-Letter_accepting_resignation_of_David_Lange_as_Prime_Minister_-_August_1989_%2819735340664%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2585" data-file-height="3609" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General</a>'s letter accepting Lange's resignation</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1988 consensus on economic policy amongst the Labour leadership finally broke down, with Douglas resigning after Lange overruled his radical <a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">flat income-tax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">universal basic income</a> proposal. Douglas continued his campaign against Lange through public statements, the unauthorised release of cabinet papers and on 21 December 1988 <a href="/wiki/1988_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1988 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">an unsuccessful challenge</a> against Lange's leadership in the Labour caucus. To date it is the only instance when a sitting Prime Minister has been challenged for leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett2008462_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett2008462-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The radical economic reforms had alienated much of the Labour Party, and it fractured; in April 1989 <a href="/wiki/Jim_Anderton" title="Jim Anderton">Jim Anderton</a>, a backbench MP, formed a breakaway <a href="/wiki/NewLabour_Party_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="NewLabour Party (New Zealand)">NewLabour Party</a>, taking approximately one third of Labour's membership.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the caucus re-elected Douglas to the Cabinet on 3 August 1989, and Lange interpreted this as a vote of no-confidence in his leadership. He tendered his resignation five days later on 8 August 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1996202_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1996202-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lange became the first elected Labour Prime Minister who neither died in office nor was voted out in an election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leadership">Leadership</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lange's leadership abilities were mixed and at times contradictory.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As one of the most media-capable New Zealand prime ministers, he was a quick-witted orator and able to speak inspirationally to topics, yet was sensitive to criticism and averse to conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He often became caught up in how he was seen to perform and would often avoid confronting angry ministers by using a rear entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/media-savvy" class="extiw" title="wikt:media-savvy">media-savvy</a>, Lange's political skills were judged to be poor by political scientist Stephen Levine.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motor_racing">Motor racing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Motor racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Lange_in_car.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/David_Lange_in_car.jpg/220px-David_Lange_in_car.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/David_Lange_in_car.jpg/330px-David_Lange_in_car.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/David_Lange_in_car.jpg/440px-David_Lange_in_car.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6529" data-file-height="4347" /></a><figcaption>Lange partaking in a motor race</figcaption></figure> <p>During his tenure as Prime Minister, Lange engaged in competitive <a href="/wiki/Motor_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor racing">motor racing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appearing in the New Zealand One Make <a href="/wiki/Ford_Laser" title="Ford Laser">Ford Laser</a> Sport series.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-premiership">Post-premiership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Post-premiership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet_minister:_1989–1990"><span id="Cabinet_minister:_1989.E2.80.931990"></span>Cabinet minister: 1989–1990</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cabinet minister: 1989–1990"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)" title="Geoffrey Palmer (politician)">Geoffrey Palmer</a> succeeded Lange as Labour party leader and Prime Minister in 1989, Lange became <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_(New_Zealand)" title="Attorney-General (New Zealand)">Attorney-General</a>, Minister in Charge of the <a href="/wiki/Serious_Fraud_Office_(New_Zealand)" title="Serious Fraud Office (New Zealand)">Serious Fraud Office</a> and a Minister of State. Palmer was then replaced by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Moore_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)">Mike Moore</a> as Prime Minister shortly before the <a href="/wiki/1990_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1990 New Zealand general election">1990 general election in November</a>, which Labour lost by a landslide. Lange was re-elected at this election (and again in <a href="/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1993 New Zealand general election">1993</a>) as the member for Mangere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_and_resignation_from_parliament">Opposition and resignation from parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Opposition and resignation from parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_past_New_Zealand_prime_ministers_together_in_1992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Four_past_New_Zealand_prime_ministers_together_in_1992.jpg/280px-Four_past_New_Zealand_prime_ministers_together_in_1992.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Four_past_New_Zealand_prime_ministers_together_in_1992.jpg/420px-Four_past_New_Zealand_prime_ministers_together_in_1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Four_past_New_Zealand_prime_ministers_together_in_1992.jpg/560px-Four_past_New_Zealand_prime_ministers_together_in_1992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3926" data-file-height="3101" /></a><figcaption>Lange with <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bolger" title="Jim Bolger">Jim Bolger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon">Sir Robert Muldoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Moore_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)">Mike Moore</a>, at the 1992 valedictory dinner, Wellington Club</figcaption></figure> <p>After the government was defeated in 1990, he was appointed Shadow Attorney-General by Moore.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Moore led Labour to narrow loss in the <a href="/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1993 New Zealand general election">1993 general election</a>, Lange backed deputy leader <a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a> for the leadership against Moore. Clark replaced Moore as Labour leader and made Lange Shadow Minister of Foreign Affairs and Shadow Minister of Racing.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991 and 1992 he wrote a Monday column in <a href="/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dominion Post (Wellington)"><i>The Dominion</i></a>, published alternately with <a href="/wiki/Simon_Upton" title="Simon Upton">Simon Upton</a> who, Lange commented, "writes erudite obfuscation tempered by occasional attempts to explain the arcana of the health reforms."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange19921_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange19921-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lange was a supporter of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_flag_debate" title="New Zealand flag debate">changing New Zealand's flag</a>, and wrote in 1994: "[a] stranger who saw the Australian flag and the New Zealand flag outside adjacent buildings would assume that some British hotel chain was advertising deluxe and standard rooms".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange1994?_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange1994?-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lange also expressed support for a <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">New Zealand republic</a>, stating: "Do such things matter? They certainly do. We suffer in this country from a lack of emotional focus... New Zealand will become a republic just as Britain will be blurred into Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange1994?_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange1994?-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In failing health, Lange retired from Parliament before the <a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">1996 general election</a>. In his valedictory speech, he reflected on the pain caused by his government's economic reforms: "I want to thank those people whose lives were wrecked by us. They had been taught for years they had the right to an endless treadmill of prosperity and assurance, and we did them. People over 60 hate me. They hate me because I was the symbol of what caused that assurance of support and security to be shattered. That is something that has always been part of my burden."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Labour Party colleague <a href="/wiki/Taito_Phillip_Field" title="Taito Phillip Field">Taito Phillip Field</a> succeeded him as the member for the Mangere electorate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_after_politics">Life after politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Life after politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lange was a <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Rugby_League" title="New Zealand Rugby League">New Zealand Rugby League</a> board member and served as the organisation's Vice-President.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an interview<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <i>The New Zealand Herald</i> (published on 3 July 2004) the reporter asked Lange: </p> <dl><dd><i>Do you think if the election of 1984 had not been a snap election, there would have been time for the opposing forces within the party to have successfully blocked the reforms or to have severely limited them?</i></dd></dl> <p>Lange replied: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"You have to talk about why things happened the way they did. You can't actually explain my political life except by a series of situations rather than by some carefully constructed, rigidly progressed ascendancy. You could not imagine two more unlike rides to the top as I had and <a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a> had: hers the principled, extremely hard-working, fearless really persistence in the face of all sorts of adversities and personal assaults. Whereas mine was some sort of divine roulette. Even entering into Parliament was not one of your created, structured planned-for episodes. I mean one minute I was a clapped-out two guinea legal-aid lawyer and the next minute I was in Parliament. The by-election of 77 saw to that ... I got there in terms of the Labour Party for all the wrong reasons, for all the reasons which weren't part of its tradition. I'd never been a tract writer; I'd never been a philosopher; I'd never taken part in extraordinary industrial dispute activism; I'd not been in any of that background, but I was able to mix it in what had become, conceived to be, the new front line of politics — the ability on television to convey confidence and assurance without saying anything. And that is very important...."</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"[I was] plunged into this extraordinary awareness of a crisis in foreign exchange and reserves and having to take steps that were the absolute antithesis of anything that I would ever have expected the week before. If the people of New Zealand thought it was a bit odd, for me it was absolutely staggering.... I had thought of getting the agencies like the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> to come in and do a <i>de facto</i> receivership. In fact I said so more or less publicly — let us get some external analysis of where we are rather than one which is tainted by my self-interest and by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon">Muldoon</a>'s clear self-interest. But it was rendered unnecessary. He put on such an extraordinarily good performance of carrying on and saying I was introducing scorched earth policy. By the time Muldoon had finish[ed] a couple of television appearances, the general public was completely satisfied we were in a mess...."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Litigation">Litigation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Litigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1996 Lange sued the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> over an alleged defamation that it broadcast about him. The ABC used the defence that there exists in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Constitution">Australian Constitution</a> an implied right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> on political matters, but the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a> found against them, reversing the then existing law (see <i><a href="/wiki/Lange_v_Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a></i>). The case was later settled on terms favourable to Lange.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a key New Zealand defamation case (<i><a href="/wiki/Lange_v_Atkinson" title="Lange v Atkinson">Lange v Atkinson</a></i> [2000] 3 NZLR 385), Lange sued <a href="/wiki/Political_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientist">political scientist</a> Joe Atkinson for representing him in the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/North_%26_South_(New_Zealand_magazine)" title="North & South (New Zealand magazine)">North & South</a></i> as a lazy prime minister. In a 1998 judgment, and on appeal in 2000, the courts affirmed a new qualified privilege for the media to discuss politicians when expressing the criticisms as the "honest belief" of the author.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accidental_release_of_secret_report">Accidental release of secret report</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Accidental release of secret report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2006, <a href="/wiki/Archives_New_Zealand" title="Archives New Zealand">Archives New Zealand</a> released to the <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Star-Times" title="Sunday Star-Times">Sunday Star-Times</a></i> newspaper a box of David Lange's previously classified documents. They revealed New Zealand's ongoing involvement in <a href="/wiki/Western_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Western alliance">Western alliance</a> espionage, and a threat by the United States to spy on New Zealand if it did not back down from its ban on nuclear ships.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archives New Zealand chief executive <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Macaskill" title="Dianne Macaskill">Dianne Macaskill</a> said the paper did not have the authority to access or print the report, and wrote to the paper revoking permission to publish it. In response, the <i>Sunday Star Times</i> said the information had already been released into the public arena and hence could not be retracted.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The release of the document prompted a high-level inquiry to investigate how the top-secret report ended up in Lange's personal papers, in breach of security protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">secret diplomatic cable leaked</a> in 2010 covers the accidental release of the document.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lange was raised in a <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-McInnes_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McInnes-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s he worked alongside Methodist theologian <a href="/wiki/Donald_Soper" title="Donald Soper">Donald Soper</a> at the <a href="/wiki/West_London_Methodist_Mission" title="West London Methodist Mission">West London Methodist Mission</a> in England. He was deeply influenced by Soper's interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McInnes_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McInnes-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lange later became a <a href="/wiki/Methodist_local_preacher" title="Methodist local preacher">Methodist lay preacher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989 Lange announced in a brief press statement on 10 November that he was separating from his wife of 21 years. On 12 November Naomi Lange named his speech-writer, Margaret Pope,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as "the other woman" in a <i>Sunday Times</i> article, and said that she had been told by her husband five or six months beforehand that he planned to leave the marriage. Lange's mother Phoebe also publicly criticised him, but they later reconciled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett2008525_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett2008525-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had three children, Roy, Emily, and Byron, with his first wife Naomi, and one daughter, Edith, with his second wife Margaret. Lange married Margaret in Glasgow on 12 January 1992 while holidaying in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett2008543_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett2008543-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lange's brother <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lange" title="Peter Lange">Peter</a> is a widely respected New Zealand potter.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has won numerous arts awards and has exhibited widely in New Zealand and overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lange's third cousin <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bassett" title="Michael Bassett">Michael Bassett</a> became a fellow Cabinet-minister. Bassett published a book in 2008 about the Lange government entitled <i>Working With David: Inside the Lange Cabinet</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_issues_and_death">Health issues and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Health issues and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Backbencher_-_IMG_6219.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Backbencher_-_IMG_6219.jpg/220px-Backbencher_-_IMG_6219.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Backbencher_-_IMG_6219.jpg/330px-Backbencher_-_IMG_6219.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Backbencher_-_IMG_6219.jpg/440px-Backbencher_-_IMG_6219.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4252" /></a><figcaption>A caricature sculpture of Lange highlighting his weight</figcaption></figure> <p>Lange suffered all his life from <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> and the health problems it caused. By 1982 he weighed about 175 kilograms (27.6 st; 386 lb), and had surgery to <a href="/wiki/Stomach_stapling" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomach stapling">staple</a> his stomach in order to lose weight.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange2005143–144_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange2005143–144-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s Lange's health declined, with <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes</a> and kidney disorders. In 2002, doctors diagnosed Lange as having <a href="/wiki/Amyloidosis" title="Amyloidosis">amyloidosis</a>, a rare and incurable <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">blood plasma</a> disorder. He underwent extensive medical treatment for this condition. Although initially told he had only four months to live, Lange defied his doctors' expectations, and remained "optimistic" about his health. He entered hospital in Auckland in mid-July 2005 to undergo nightly peritoneal dialysis in his battle with end-stage kidney failure. On 2 August, he had his lower right leg amputated without a general anaesthetic, as a result of diabetes complications.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lange's declining health resulted in the bringing-forward of the publication of his memoir <i>My Life</i> to 8 August 2005. <a href="/wiki/TV3_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV3 (New Zealand)">TV3</a> broadcast on <i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Live" title="Campbell Live">Campbell Live</a></i> on the same day an interview;<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(broadcaster)" title="John Campbell (broadcaster)">John Campbell</a> had interviewed him just before he went into hospital. In his last interview, given to the <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald#Herald_on_Sunday" title="The New Zealand Herald">Herald on Sunday</a></i> from his hospital bed, he made a potent intervention in New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/2005_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2005 New Zealand general election">2005 election</a> campaign by saying he "wanted to get out of bed and get a wheel-chair to Wellington" to stop any relaxation of his ban on nuclear ships.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Lange died of complications associated with his <a href="/wiki/Renal_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal failure">renal failure</a> and blood disease in <a href="/wiki/Middlemore_Hospital" title="Middlemore Hospital">Middlemore Hospital</a> in Auckland on 13 August 2005, just five days after the publication and interview, and nine days after his 63rd birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Lange_Memorial_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Lange_Memorial-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried at Waikaraka Cemetery and the headstone has the simple inscription "David Lange 1942 ~ 2005".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Lange_Memorial_50280946946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="large metal sculpture of a vessel suspended above a courtyard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/David_Lange_Memorial_50280946946.jpg/220px-David_Lange_Memorial_50280946946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/David_Lange_Memorial_50280946946.jpg/330px-David_Lange_Memorial_50280946946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/David_Lange_Memorial_50280946946.jpg/440px-David_Lange_Memorial_50280946946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1703" data-file-height="1703" /></a><figcaption>The David Lange Memorial (2008) in Ōtāhuhu features excerpts from Lange's 1977 maiden speech on its north side and from his 1985 Oxford Union debate on its south side.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> The David Lange Memorial Trust erected a memorial sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Virginia_King" title="Virginia King">Virginia King</a> in Ōtāhuhu, which was unveiled by the Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Anand_Satyanand" title="Anand Satyanand">Sir Anand Satyanand</a> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Lange_Memorial_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Lange_Memorial-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lange received the <a href="/wiki/Right_Livelihood_Award" title="Right Livelihood Award">Right Livelihood Award</a> in 2003 for his strong fight against <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1990_New_Year_Honours_(New_Zealand)" title="1990 New Year Honours (New Zealand)">1990 New Year Honours</a>, Lange was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" title="Order of the Companions of Honour">Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/2003_Birthday_Honours_(New_Zealand)" title="2003 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)">2003 Queen's Birthday Honours</a>, he was made a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of New Zealand">Member of the Order of New Zealand</a>, the country's highest civil honour.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He turned down the <a href="/wiki/Knighthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Knighthood">knighthood</a> that is customarily offered to former prime ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_David_Lange" title="Electoral history of David Lange">Electoral history of David Lange</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/447773/sisterhood-of-the-raids-teine-toa-who-led-the-polynesian-panther-party">"Sisterhood of the Raids: teine toa who led The Polynesian Panther Party"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RNZ" class="mw-redirect" title="RNZ">RNZ</a></i>. 27 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RNZ&rft.atitle=Sisterhood+of+the+Raids%3A+teine+toa+who+led+The+Polynesian+Panther+Party&rft.date=2021-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Finternational%2Fpacific-news%2F447773%2Fsisterhood-of-the-raids-teine-toa-who-led-the-polynesian-panther-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnae2016" class="citation web cs1">Anae, Melani (18 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-tangata.co.nz/history/melani-anae-racism-was-all-around-us/">"Racism was all around us"</a>. <i>E-Tangata</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E-Tangata&rft.atitle=Racism+was+all+around+us&rft.date=2016-06-18&rft.aulast=Anae&rft.aufirst=Melani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe-tangata.co.nz%2Fhistory%2Fmelani-anae-racism-was-all-around-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters2006" class="citation news cs1">Masters, Catherine (14 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10391310">"Brown Power"</a>. <i>The New Zealand Herald</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Brown+Power&rft.date=2006-07-14&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D10391310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051228103008/http://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/newsdetail1.asp?storyID=78153">"Former PM David Lange dies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newstalk_ZB" title="Newstalk ZB">Newstalk ZB</a>. 14 August 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/newsdetail1.asp?storyID=78153">the original</a> on 28 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+PM+David+Lange+dies&rft.pub=Newstalk+ZB&rft.date=2005-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstalkzb.co.nz%2Fnewsdetail1.asp%3FstoryID%3D78153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELange200520,_21–22-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange200520,_21–22_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLange2005">Lange 2005</a>, pp. 20, 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELange2005-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange2005_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLange2005">Lange 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELange2005''passim''-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange2005''passim''_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLange2005">Lange 2005</a>, <i>passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassett2010" class="citation book cs1">Bassett, Michael (2010). <i>Working with David: Inside the Lange Cabinet</i> (e-book ed.). Auckland: Hachette New Zealand. p. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86971-241-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86971-241-9"><bdi>978-1-86971-241-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+with+David%3A+Inside+the+Lange+Cabinet&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pages=2000&rft.edition=e-book&rft.pub=Hachette+New+Zealand&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-86971-241-9&rft.aulast=Bassett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELange200570-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange200570_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange200570_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLange2005">Lange 2005</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELange200550-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange200550_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLange2005">Lange 2005</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/6l1/lange-david-russell">"Early life and education"</a>. <i>Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</i>. 30 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+life+and+education&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fbiographies%2F6l1%2Flange-david-russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELange200561–64-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange200561–64_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLange2005">Lange 2005</a>, pp. 61–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELange200563-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange200563_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLange2005">Lange 2005</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELange200568–69-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange200568–69_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLange2005">Lange 2005</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELange2005ch._5-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange2005ch._5_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLange2005">Lange 2005</a>, ch. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/6l1/lange-david-russell">"Early life and education"</a>. <i>Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</i>. 30 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+life+and+education&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fbiographies%2F6l1%2Flange-david-russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchouten,_Hank2007" class="citation news cs1">Schouten, Hank (14 June 2007). "Politician turned into a Dr Livingstone". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dominion Post (Wellington)">The Dominion Post</a></i>. p. B7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dominion+Post&rft.atitle=Politician+turned+into+a+Dr+Livingstone&rft.pages=B7&rft.date=2007-06-14&rft.au=Schouten%2C+Hank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELange200587-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange200587_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLange2005">Lange 2005</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELange200598-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange200598_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLange2005">Lange 2005</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELange200598,_99-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange200598,_99_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLange2005">Lange 2005</a>, pp. 98, 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Nomination goes to Mr Lange". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i>. 16 February 1977. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Nomination+goes+to+Mr+Lange&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1977-02-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Mangere Labour man weighs in". <i><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Star" title="Auckland Star">Auckland Star</a></i>. 16 February 1977. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Auckland+Star&rft.atitle=Mangere+Labour+man+weighs+in&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1977-02-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickmere2005" class="citation web cs1">Pickmere, Arnold (14 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/david-lange-1942-2005/news/article.cfm?c_id=1500960&objectid=10340780">"Obituary: David Russell Lange"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+David+Russell+Lange&rft.date=2005-08-14&rft.aulast=Pickmere&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fdavid-lange-1942-2005%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1500960%26objectid%3D10340780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Rowling shuffles his pack". <i><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Star" title="Auckland Star">Auckland Star</a></i>. 9 December 1978. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Auckland+Star&rft.atitle=Rowling+shuffles+his+pack&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1978-12-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett200851-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett200851_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett2008">Bassett 2008</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Team". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i>. 15 December 1979. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=The+Team&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1979-12-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Party Deputy Leader Will Quit To Test Support". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i>. 23 January 1981. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Party+Deputy+Leader+Will+Quit+To+Test+Support&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1981-01-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Lange back with confidence". <i><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Star" title="Auckland Star">Auckland Star</a></i>. 12 February 1981. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Auckland+Star&rft.atitle=Lange+back+with+confidence&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1981-02-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/seafood/2/2">"Photo of the <i>Fish and Chip Brigade</i> in 1980 in Douglas' office; Bassett, Douglas, Lange and Moore"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a></i>. 13 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Photo+of+the+Fish+and+Chip+Brigade+in+1980+in+Douglas%27+office%3B+Bassett%2C+Douglas%2C+Lange+and+Moore&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2013-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fseafood%2F2%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199639-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199639_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199639_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1996">Russell 1996</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199649-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199649_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1996">Russell 1996</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELange2005164-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange2005164_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLange2005">Lange 2005</a>, pp. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugh1989" class="citation book cs1">Pugh, Michael (29 September 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hefnfJYMvmQC"><i>The ANZUS Crisis, Nuclear Visiting and Deterrence</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34355-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34355-8"><bdi>978-0-521-34355-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ANZUS+Crisis%2C+Nuclear+Visiting+and+Deterrence&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989-09-29&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34355-8&rft.aulast=Pugh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhefnfJYMvmQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199669-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199669_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199669_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1996">Russell 1996</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParliament1985" class="citation book cs1">Parliament, New Zealand (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HgrAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA5646"><i>Questions for Oral Answer</i></a>. Vol. 464. <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Debates_(Hansard)" title="Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. p. 5646.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Questions+for+Oral+Answer&rft.pages=5646&rft.pub=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Parliament&rft.aufirst=New+Zealand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HgrAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA5646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199676-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199676_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1996">Russell 1996</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaston2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Easton, Brian (11 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/economic-history/page-11">"Economic history – Government and market liberalisation"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_5458999018950"><i>When Schools Compete: A Cautionary Tale</i></a></span>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookings Institution Press">Brookings Institution Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_5458999018950/page/27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8157-2835-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8157-2835-2"><bdi>0-8157-2835-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Internationalist&rft.atitle=Aotearoa%27s+hamburger+chain&rft.issue=180&rft.date=1988-02&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewint.org%2Ffeatures%2F1988%2F02%2F05%2Flearning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Revpt2" class="citation web cs1">Russell, Marcia; Carlaw, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7drcQVvpM0">"Revolution (part two)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(video)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 54:49–55:01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Revolution+%28part+two%29&rft.pages=54%3A49-55%3A01&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft.au=Carlaw%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DA7drcQVvpM0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1996142-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1996142_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1996">Russell 1996</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1996143-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1996143_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1996">Russell 1996</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Revpt2" class="citation web cs1">Russell, Marcia; Carlaw, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7drcQVvpM0">"Revolution (part two)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(video)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 54:16–54:53<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Revolution+%28part+two%29&rft.pages=54%3A16-54%3A53&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft.au=Carlaw%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DA7drcQVvpM0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaston1997" class="citation book cs1">Easton, Brian (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYebMJhK-q8C&q=david%20lange&pg=PA74"><i>The Commercialisation of New Zealand</i></a>. Auckland: Auckland University Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86940-173-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86940-173-5"><bdi>1-86940-173-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commercialisation+of+New+Zealand&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Auckland+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-86940-173-5&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDYebMJhK-q8C%26q%3Ddavid%2520lange%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Revpt3" class="citation web cs1">Russell, Marcia; Carlaw, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhTgrSiiXDk">"Revolution (part three)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(video)</span>. <i>YouTube</i>. 9:58–10:31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2016</span>. <q>...it was quite blatantly, although I didn't express it at the time, to destabilise the thrust of the troika – Roger, Richard and David Caygill. And to emphasise the social policy aspect, to place a whole new focus of the meaning of this government, I took on education.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Revolution+%28part+three%29&rft.pages=9%3A58-10%3A31&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft.au=Carlaw%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DdhTgrSiiXDk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fijian_Coup-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fijian_Coup_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant_J._Crowley2002" class="citation thesis cs1">Grant J. Crowley (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/7154"><i>New Zealand's Response to the Aircraft Hijack Incident During the 1987 coup d'état in Fiji: A study of Civil-Military Relations in Crisis</i></a> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Massey_University" title="Massey University">Massey University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=New+Zealand%27s+Response+to+the+Aircraft+Hijack+Incident+During+the+1987+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat+in+Fiji%3A+A+study+of+Civil-Military+Relations+in+Crisis&rft.inst=Massey+University&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Grant+J.+Crowley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmro.massey.ac.nz%2Fhandle%2F10179%2F7154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELange2005194-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange2005194_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLange2005">Lange 2005</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dol_unemployment-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dol_unemployment_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dol_unemployment_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215000257/http://www.dol.govt.nz/publications/discussion-papers/current-recession/">"How bad is the Current Recession? Labour Market Downturns since the 1960s"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Business,_Innovation_and_Employment" title="Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment">Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.govt.nz/publications/discussion-papers/current-recession/">the original</a> on 15 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+bad+is+the+Current+Recession%3F+Labour+Market+Downturns+since+the+1960s&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Business%2C+Innovation+and+Employment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dol.govt.nz%2Fpublications%2Fdiscussion-papers%2Fcurrent-recession%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Revpt3-2" class="citation web cs1">Russell, Marcia; Carlaw, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhTgrSiiXDk">"Revolution (part three)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(video)</span>. <i>YouTube</i>. 7:36–8:45<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2016</span>. <q>...and then came the stock market crash, and the advantage was taken of that, so while we won in '87, earlier this year, because we had the right policies, the stock market's crashed, now we must be further, farther, faster, we must sell more things, we must become more right wing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Revolution+%28part+three%29&rft.pages=7%3A36-8%3A45&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft.au=Carlaw%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DdhTgrSiiXDk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1996160-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1996160_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1996">Russell 1996</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150124105441/http://www.nzcer.org.nz/research/impact-education-reforms?cPath=343_76&products_id=133#Summary">"The impact of education reforms from 1989:Summary of New Zealand education reforms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Council_for_Educational_Research" title="New Zealand Council for Educational Research">New Zealand Council for Educational Research</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzcer.org.nz/research/impact-education-reforms?cPath=343_76&products_id=133#Summary">the original</a> on 24 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+impact+of+education+reforms+from+1989%3ASummary+of+New+Zealand+education+reforms&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Council+for+Educational+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzcer.org.nz%2Fresearch%2Fimpact-education-reforms%3FcPath%3D343_76%26products_id%3D133%23Summary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FiskeLadd-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FiskeLadd_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiskeLadd2000" class="citation book cs1">Fiske, Edward B.; Ladd, Helen F. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_5458999018950"><i>When Schools Compete: A Cautionary Tale</i></a></span>. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_5458999018950/page/33">33</a>–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8157-2835-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8157-2835-2"><bdi>0-8157-2835-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Schools+Compete%3A+A+Cautionary+Tale&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8157-2835-2&rft.aulast=Fiske&rft.aufirst=Edward+B.&rft.au=Ladd%2C+Helen+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_5458999018950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett2008462-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett2008462_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett2008">Bassett 2008</a>, p. 462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouise2014" class="citation book cs1">Louise, Humpage (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kaKkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA56"><i>Policy change, public attitudes and social citizenship: Does neoliberalism matter?</i></a>. Policy Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-2351-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-2351-8"><bdi>978-1-4473-2351-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policy+change%2C+public+attitudes+and+social+citizenship%3A+Does+neoliberalism+matter%3F&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Policy+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4473-2351-8&rft.aulast=Louise&rft.aufirst=Humpage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkaKkBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1996202-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1996202_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1996">Russell 1996</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansson2005" class="citation book cs1">Johansson, Jon (2005). <i>Two Titans: Muldoon, Lange and Leadership</i>. Wellington.: Dunmore Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1877399019" title="Special:BookSources/1877399019"><bdi>1877399019</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63658626">63658626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Titans%3A+Muldoon%2C+Lange+and+Leadership&rft.place=Wellington.&rft.pub=Dunmore+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63658626&rft.isbn=1877399019&rft.aulast=Johansson&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevineRoberts2004" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Stephen; Roberts, Nigel (2004). "Their Ways: A Comparative Assessment of New Zealand Prime Ministers and the News Media". In Clark, Margaret (ed.). <i>Muldoon revisited</i>. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-864-69465-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-864-69465-2"><bdi>0-864-69465-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Their+Ways%3A+A+Comparative+Assessment+of+New+Zealand+Prime+Ministers+and+the+News+Media&rft.btitle=Muldoon+revisited&rft.place=Palmerston+North&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Dunmore+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-864-69465-2&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaidlaw1999" class="citation book cs1">Laidlaw, Chris (1999). <i>Rights of passage</i>. Auckland, N.Z.: Hodder Moa Beckett. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1869587235" title="Special:BookSources/1869587235"><bdi>1869587235</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43713318">43713318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rights+of+passage&rft.place=Auckland%2C+N.Z.&rft.pub=Hodder+Moa+Beckett&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43713318&rft.isbn=1869587235&rft.aulast=Laidlaw&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevineRoberts2004" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Stephen; Roberts, Nigel (2004). "Their Ways: A Comparative Assessment of New Zealand Prime Ministers and the News Media". In Clark, Margaret (ed.). <i>Muldoon revisited</i>. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-864-69465-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-864-69465-2"><bdi>0-864-69465-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Their+Ways%3A+A+Comparative+Assessment+of+New+Zealand+Prime+Ministers+and+the+News+Media&rft.btitle=Muldoon+revisited&rft.place=Palmerston+North&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Dunmore+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-864-69465-2&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2005" class="citation web cs1">Marshall, Russell (15 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/aug/15/guardianobituaries.obituaries">"David Lange"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=David+Lange&rft.date=2005-08-15&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2Faug%2F15%2Fguardianobituaries.obituaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/kGCNxCfXzUo">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201530/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kGCNxCfXzUo">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kGCNxCfXzUo">"David Lange: NZ Prime Minister races cars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(video)</span>. <i>theFASTfiles.com</i>. 1988<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theFASTfiles.com&rft.atitle=David+Lange%3A+NZ+Prime+Minister+races+cars.&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DkGCNxCfXzUo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Labour line-up". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i>. 6 December 1991. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Labour+line-up&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1991-12-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemple1994" class="citation book cs1">Temple, Philip (1994). <i>Temple's Guide to the 44th New Zealand Parliament</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a>: McIndoe Publishers. pp. 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86868-159-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86868-159-8"><bdi>0-86868-159-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temple%27s+Guide+to+the+44th+New+Zealand+Parliament&rft.place=Dunedin&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=McIndoe+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-86868-159-8&rft.aulast=Temple&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELange19921-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange19921_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLange1992">Lange 1992</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELange1994?-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange1994?_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange1994?_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLange1994">Lange 1994</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10340763">"David Lange's valedictory speech in Parliament: August 22, 1996"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=David+Lange%27s+valedictory+speech+in+Parliament%3A+August+22%2C+1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D10340763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-17261824.html">"NZRL chief back in the gun"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Star-Times" title="Sunday Star-Times">Sunday Star-Times</a></i>. 6 September 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Star-Times&rft.atitle=NZRL+chief+back+in+the+gun&rft.date=1998-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-17261824.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2019">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2004" class="citation news cs1">Young, Audrey (3 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/rainbow-warrior-bombing/news/article.cfm?c_id=1500930&objectid=3575913">"Interview: David Lange"</a>. <i>The New Zealand Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+David+Lange&rft.date=2004-07-03&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Frainbow-warrior-bombing%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1500930%26objectid%3D3575913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ags.gov.au/publications/legal-briefing/br40.htm">"Legal Briefing No. 40"</a>. <i>Australian Government Solicitor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Government+Solicitor&rft.atitle=Legal+Briefing+No.+40&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fags.gov.au%2Fpublications%2Flegal-briefing%2Fbr40.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/cartoon/35744/david-lange-defamation-and-media-freedom">"David Lange, defamation and media freedom"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i>. 20 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=David+Lange%2C+63%2C+Is+Dead%3B+Led+New+Zealand&rft.date=2005-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F08%2F14%2Fobituaries%2Fdavid-lange-63-is-dead-led-new-zealand.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pope_(journalist_and_anticolonial_activist)" title="Margaret Pope (journalist and anticolonial activist)">Margaret Pope (journalist and anticolonial activist)</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett2008525-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett2008525_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett2008">Bassett 2008</a>, p. 525.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett2008543-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett2008543_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett2008">Bassett 2008</a>, p. 543.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage2006" class="citation news cs1">Savage, Jared (23 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/david-lange-1942-2005/news/article.cfm?c_id=1500960&objectid=10392559">"Memorial for Lange"</a>. <i>The New Zealand Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Memorial+for+Lange&rft.date=2006-07-23&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fdavid-lange-1942-2005%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1500960%26objectid%3D10392559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101223195935/http://www.potterynz.co.nz/potters/peter-lange">"Pottery NZ – Peter Lange"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Queen%27s+Birthday+honours+list+2003&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Prime+Minister+and+Cabinet&rft.date=2003-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdpmc.govt.nz%2Fpublications%2Fqueens-birthday-honours-list-2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/opinion/93327810/editorial-john-key-knighthood-follows-long-tradition-of-honouring-pms">"Editorial: John Key knighthood follows long tradition of honouring PMs"</a>. <i>Stuff</i>. 5 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+John+Key+knighthood+follows+long+tradition+of+honouring+PMs&rft.date=2017-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fnational%2Fpolitics%2Fopinion%2F93327810%2Feditorial-john-key-knighthood-follows-long-tradition-of-honouring-pms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1987" class="citation book cs1">Barber, David (1987). <i>Gliding on the Lino: The wit and wisdom of David Lange</i>. Auckland: Benton Ross. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908636-29-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-908636-29-6"><bdi>0-908636-29-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gliding+on+the+Lino%3A+The+wit+and+wisdom+of+David+Lange&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Benton+Ross&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-908636-29-6&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassett2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bassett" title="Michael Bassett">Bassett, Michael</a> (2008). <i>Working with David: Inside the Lange Cabinet</i>. Auckland: Hodder Moa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86971-094-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86971-094-1"><bdi>978-1-86971-094-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+with+David%3A+Inside+the+Lange+Cabinet&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Hodder+Moa&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86971-094-1&rft.aulast=Bassett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange1994" class="citation book cs1">Lange, David (18 July 1994). <i>Cuttings – God Save Us All</i>. Jonathan Hudson & Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-473-02953-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-473-02953-7"><bdi>0-473-02953-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuttings+%E2%80%93+God+Save+Us+All&rft.pub=Jonathan+Hudson+%26+Associates&rft.date=1994-07-18&rft.isbn=0-473-02953-7&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange1992" class="citation book cs1">Lange, David (1992). <i>Broadsides</i>. Wellington: Jonathon Hudson & Associates; GP Print. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-473-01754-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-473-01754-7"><bdi>0-473-01754-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadsides&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=Jonathon+Hudson+%26+Associates%3B+GP+Print&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-473-01754-7&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange2005" class="citation book cs1">Lange, David (2005). <i>My Life</i>. Auckland: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-04556-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-04556-X"><bdi>0-670-04556-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-670-04556-X&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcQueen1991" class="citation book cs1">McQueen, Harvey (1991). <i>The Ninth Floor: Inside the Prime Minister's Office – A Political Experience</i>. Auckland: Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ninth+Floor%3A+Inside+the+Prime+Minister%27s+Office+%E2%80%93+A+Political+Experience&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=McQueen&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope2011" class="citation book cs1">Pope, Margaret (2011). <i>At the turning point: my political life with David Lange</i>. Auckland: AM Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-473-190255" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-473-190255"><bdi>978-0-473-190255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+the+turning+point%3A+my+political+life+with+David+Lange&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=AM+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-473-190255&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1996" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Marcia (1996). <i>Revolution:New Zealand from Fortress to Free Market</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hodder_Moa_Beckett" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodder Moa Beckett">Hodder Moa Beckett</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1869584287" title="Special:BookSources/1869584287"><bdi>1869584287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution%3ANew+Zealand+from+Fortress+to+Free+Market&rft.pub=Hodder+Moa+Beckett&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1869584287&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Lange" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lange&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:David_Lange" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:David Lange"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">David Lange</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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News</a>, <a href="/wiki/TVNZ" title="TVNZ">TVNZ</a>, 7 August 1989</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicaddress.net/default,2424.sm">Audio recording of speech that "Nuclear Weapons are Morally Indefensible"</a>, Oxford Union debate, 1 March 1985</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicaddress.net/default,2402.sm">Interview</a> with <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(broadcaster)" title="John Campbell (broadcaster)">John Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/TV3_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV3 (New Zealand)">TV3</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10340711">Obituary</a>, by Jonathan Milne, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald#Herald_on_Sunday" title="The New Zealand Herald">Herald on Sunday</a>; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://subs.nzherald.co.nz/search/story.cfm?storyid=A4E8CC7E-39E4-11DA-8E1B-A5B353C55561">tribute</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> by political correspondent John Armstrong, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050720140819/http://www.amyloidosisaustralia.org/">Amyloidosis Australia</a>, Information on Amyloidosis in Aust/NZ</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://subs.nzherald.co.nz/search/story.cfm?storyid=C832ABD2-39E4-11DA-8E1B-A5B353C55561">Tribute</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a> at memorial service.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://subs.nzherald.co.nz/search/story.cfm?storyid=0232EE32-39E5-11DA-8E1B-A5B353C55561">Account of memorial service</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, by Jonathan Milne and Amanda Cameron, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald#Herald_on_Sunday" title="The New Zealand Herald">Herald on Sunday</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0508/S00109.htm">Personal Reflections Of South Auckland's Statesman</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Scoop_(news_website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scoop (news website)">Scoop</a>'s Selwyn Manning</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/6L1">David Lange biography</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography" title="Dictionary of New Zealand Biography">Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</a></i></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon">Robert Muldoon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister of New Zealand</a> </b><br />1984–1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)" title="Geoffrey Palmer (politician)">Geoffrey Palmer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)" title="Geoffrey Palmer (politician)">Geoffrey Palmer</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_(New_Zealand)" title="Attorney-General (New Zealand)">Attorney-General</a> </b><br />1989–1990 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_East" title="Paul East">Paul East</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Marshall" title="Russell Marshall">Russell Marshall</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Education (New Zealand)">Minister of Education</a> </b><br />1987–1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)" title="Geoffrey Palmer (politician)">Geoffrey Palmer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Cooper" title="Warren Cooper">Warren Cooper</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1984–1987 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Marshall" title="Russell Marshall">Russell Marshall</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rowling" title="Bill Rowling">Bill Rowling</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)">Leader of the Opposition</a> </b><br />1983–1984 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon">Robert Muldoon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Moyle" title="Colin Moyle">Colin Moyle</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ngere_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Māngere (New Zealand electorate)">Member of Parliament for Mangere</a> </b><br />1977–1996 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Taito_Phillip_Field" title="Taito Phillip Field">Taito Phillip Field</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rowling" title="Bill Rowling">Bill Rowling</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party">Leader of the Labour Party</a> </b><br />1983–1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)" title="Geoffrey Palmer (politician)">Geoffrey Palmer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Tizard" title="Bob Tizard">Bob Tizard</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Deputy Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party">Deputy Leader of the Labour Party</a> </b><br />1979–1983 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="David_Lange" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:David_Lange" title="Template:David Lange"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:David_Lange" title="Template talk:David Lange"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:David_Lange" title="Special:EditPage/Template:David Lange"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="David_Lange" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Lange</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister of New Zealand</a> (1984–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party">Leader of the Labour Party</a> (1983–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of New Zealand">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mangere_(New_Zealand_electorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangere (New Zealand electorate)">Mangere</a> (1977–96)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Premiership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand">1984–1989</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Lange_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/David_Lange_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-David_Lange_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/David_Lange_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-David_Lange_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/David_Lange_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-David_Lange_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1984 New Zealand general election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1987 New Zealand general election">1987</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_David_Lange" title="Electoral history of David Lange">Electoral history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1977_Mangere_by-election" title="1977 Mangere by-election">1977 Mangere by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1980 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1980 leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1983 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1983 leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1988 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1988 leadership election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Chip_Brigade" title="Fish and Chip Brigade">Fish and Chip Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_David_Lange" title="Shadow Cabinet of David Lange">Shadow Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_constitutional_crisis" title="1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis">1984 constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nuclear-free_zone" title="New Zealand nuclear-free zone">New Zealand nuclear-free zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomorrow%27s_Schools" title="Tomorrow's Schools">Tomorrow's Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lange_v_Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lange_v_Atkinson" title="Lange v Atkinson">Lange v Atkinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premiers_and_prime_ministers_of_New_Zealand_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Zealand_prime_ministers" title="Template:New Zealand prime ministers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Zealand_prime_ministers" title="Template talk:New Zealand prime ministers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Zealand_prime_ministers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Zealand prime ministers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premiers_and_prime_ministers_of_New_Zealand_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Premiers and prime ministers of New Zealand</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_New_Zealand" title="List of prime ministers of New Zealand">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sewell" title="Henry Sewell">Sewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fox_(politician)" title="William Fox (politician)">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stafford_(politician)" title="Edward Stafford (politician)">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Domett" title="Alfred Domett">Domett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Whitaker" title="Frederick Whitaker">Whitaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Weld" title="Frederick Weld">Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Waterhouse_(politician)" title="George Waterhouse (politician)">Waterhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Vogel" title="Julius Vogel">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pollen" title="Daniel Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Atkinson" title="Harry Atkinson">Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grey" title="George Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="John Hall (New Zealand politician)">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stout" title="Robert Stout">Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ballance" title="John Ballance">Ballance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Seddon" title="Richard Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hall-Jones" title="William Hall-Jones">Hall-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ward" title="Joseph Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mackenzie" title="Thomas Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Massey" title="William Massey">Massey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bell_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Francis Bell (New Zealand politician)">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Coates" title="Gordon Coates">Coates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Forbes_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="George Forbes (New Zealand politician)">Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Holland" title="Sidney Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Holyoake" title="Keith Holyoake">Holyoake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Nash" title="Walter Nash">Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Marshall" title="Jack Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Watt" title="Hugh Watt">Watt</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rowling" title="Bill Rowling">Rowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon">Muldoon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)" title="Geoffrey Palmer (politician)">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Moore_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bolger" title="Jim Bolger">Bolger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Shipley" title="Jenny Shipley">Shipley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Key" title="John Key">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_English" title="Bill English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hipkins" title="Chris Hipkins">Hipkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Luxon" title="Christopher Luxon">Luxon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Prime_Ministers_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Prime Ministers of New Zealand (page does not exist)">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Zealand_Labour_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#D82A20; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Template:New Zealand Labour Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Template talk:New Zealand Labour Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Zealand Labour Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Zealand_Labour_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">New Zealand Labour Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#D82A20; color:white;"><div id="Leadership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Leaders</span></a><br /><small>Names in bold served <br />as prime minister</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hindmarsh" title="Alfred Hindmarsh">Alfred Hindmarsh</a> (1916–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Holland" title="Harry Holland">Harry Holland</a> (1919–33)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Michael Joseph Savage</a></b> (1933–40)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Peter Fraser</a></b> (1940–50)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Walter_Nash" title="Walter Nash">Walter Nash</a></b> (1950–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Nordmeyer" title="Arnold Nordmeyer">Arnold Nordmeyer</a> (1963–65)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Norman Kirk</a></b> (1965–74)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rowling" title="Bill Rowling">Bill Rowling</a></b> (1974–83)</li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Lange</a></b> (1983–89)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)" title="Geoffrey Palmer (politician)">Geoffrey Palmer</a></b> (1989–90)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mike_Moore_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)">Mike Moore</a></b> (1990–93)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a></b> (1993–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Goff" title="Phil Goff">Phil Goff</a> (2008–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Shearer" title="David Shearer">David Shearer</a> (2011–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cunliffe" title="David Cunliffe">David Cunliffe</a> (2013–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Little_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Andrew Little (New Zealand politician)">Andrew Little</a> (2014–17)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a></b> (2017–23)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hipkins" title="Chris Hipkins">Chris Hipkins</a></b> (2023–present)</li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Deputy Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Deputy leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_McCombs" title="James McCombs">James McCombs</a> (1919–23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Michael Joseph Savage</a> (1923–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Peter Fraser</a> (1933–40)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Nash" title="Walter Nash">Walter Nash</a> (1940–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Skinner" title="Jerry Skinner">Jerry Skinner</a> (1951–62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hackett" title="Fred Hackett">Fred Hackett</a> (1962–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Watt" title="Hugh Watt">Hugh Watt</a> (1963–74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Tizard" title="Bob Tizard">Bob Tizard</a> (1974–79)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Lange</a> (1979–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)" title="Geoffrey Palmer (politician)">Geoffrey Palmer</a> (1983–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a> (1989–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Caygill" title="David Caygill">David Caygill</a> (1993–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cullen_(politician)" title="Michael Cullen (politician)">Michael Cullen</a> (1996–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_King" title="Annette King">Annette King</a> (2008–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Robertson" title="Grant Robertson">Grant Robertson</a> (2011–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Parker_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="David Parker (New Zealand politician)">David Parker</a> (2013–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_King" title="Annette King">Annette King</a> (2014–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Davis_(politician)" title="Kelvin Davis (politician)">Kelvin Davis</a> (2017–23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_Sepuloni" title="Carmel Sepuloni">Carmel Sepuloni</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;">Leadership elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1919 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1920 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1921 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1922_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1922 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election (page does not exist)">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1923 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1933 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1940 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1951 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1954 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1963 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1965 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1974 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1980 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1983 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1988 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1989 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1993 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1996 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="2008 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="2011 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="2013 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="2014 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="2017 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="2023 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#D82A20; color:white;"><div id="Internal_offices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Internal offices</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="President of the New Zealand Labour Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Party presidents</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_McCombs" title="James McCombs">James McCombs</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Walker_(politician)" title="Andrew Walker (politician)">Andrew Walker</a> (1917–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Paul_(politician)" title="Tom Paul (politician)">Tom Paul</a> (1918–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Peter Fraser</a> (1920–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cooke_(socialist)" title="Frederick Cooke (socialist)">Frederick Cooke</a> (1921–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Brindle_(politician)" title="Tom Brindle (politician)">Tom Brindle</a> (1922–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Semple" title="Bob Semple">Bob Semple</a> (1926–28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archer_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="John Archer (New Zealand politician)">John Archer</a> (1928–29)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorn" title="Jim Thorn">Jim Thorn</a> (1929–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Mason" title="Rex Mason">Rex Mason</a> (1931–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Jordan_(politician)" title="Bill Jordan (politician)">Bill Jordan</a> (1932–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Langstone" title="Frank Langstone">Frank Langstone</a> (1933–34)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Armstrong_(politician)" title="Tim Armstrong (politician)">Tim Armstrong</a> (1934–35)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Nash" title="Walter Nash">Walter Nash</a> (1935–36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Carr" title="Clyde Carr">Clyde Carr</a> (1936–37)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roberts_(trade_unionist)" title="James Roberts (trade unionist)">James Roberts</a> (1937–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Nordmeyer" title="Arnold Nordmeyer">Arnold Nordmeyer</a> (1950–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Moohan" title="Mick Moohan">Mick Moohan</a> (1955–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Finlay" title="Martyn Finlay">Martyn Finlay</a> (1960–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Norman Kirk</a> (1964–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Douglas_(politician)" title="Norman Douglas (politician)">Norman Douglas</a> (1966–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rowling" title="Bill Rowling">Bill Rowling</a> (1970–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bennett_(high_commissioner)" title="Charles Bennett (high commissioner)">Charles Bennett</a> (1973–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Faulkner" title="Arthur Faulkner">Arthur Faulkner</a> (1976–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Anderton" title="Jim Anderton">Jim Anderton</a> (1979–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wilson" title="Margaret Wilson">Margaret Wilson</a> (1984–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Jones" title="Rex Jones">Rex Jones</a> (1987–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Dyson" title="Ruth Dyson">Ruth Dyson</a> (1988–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryan_Street" title="Maryan Street">Maryan Street</a> (1993–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hirschfeld" title="Michael Hirschfeld">Michael Hirschfeld</a> (1995–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Harvey_(mayor)" title="Bob Harvey (mayor)">Bob Harvey</a> (1999–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Williams_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Mike Williams (New Zealand politician)">Mike Williams</a> (2000–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Little_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Andrew Little (New Zealand politician)">Andrew Little</a> (2009–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moira_Coatsworth" title="Moira Coatsworth">Moira Coatsworth</a> (2011–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Haworth" title="Nigel Haworth">Nigel Haworth</a> (2015–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Szab%C3%B3" title="Claire Szabó">Claire Szabó</a> (2019–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Day_(politician)" title="Jill Day (politician)">Jill Day</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;">General secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Glover_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="John Glover (New Zealand politician)">John Glover</a> (1916–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Michael Joseph Savage</a> (1919–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Ayrton" title="Moses Ayrton">Moses Ayrton</a> (1920–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Nash" title="Walter Nash">Walter Nash</a> (1922–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorn" title="Jim Thorn">Jim Thorn</a> (1932–36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilson_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="David Wilson (New Zealand politician)">David Wilson</a> (1936–40)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Moohan" title="Mick Moohan">Mick Moohan</a> (1940–48)</li> <li>Allan McDonald (1948–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wybrow" title="John Wybrow">John Wybrow</a> (1971–85)</li> <li>Tony Timms (1985–95)</li> <li>Rob Allen (1995–2000)</li> <li>Mike Smith (2001–08)</li> <li>Chris Flatt (2008–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Barnett_(politician)" title="Tim Barnett (politician)">Tim Barnett</a> (2012–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kirton" title="Andrew Kirton">Andrew Kirton</a> (2016–18)</li> <li>Andre Anderson (2018–20)</li> <li>Rob Salmond (2020–present)</li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Senior_Whip_of_the_Labour_Party" title="Senior Whip of the Labour Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Senior Whips</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Walker_(politician)" title="Andrew Walker (politician)">Andrew Walker</a> (1916–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McCombs" title="James McCombs">James McCombs</a> (1919–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Sullivan_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Dan Sullivan (New Zealand politician)">Dan Sullivan</a> (1922–35)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Jordan_(politician)" title="Bill Jordan (politician)">Bill Jordan</a> (1935–36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McKeen" title="Robert McKeen">Robert McKeen</a> (1937–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Brien_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="James O'Brien (New Zealand politician)">James O'Brien</a> (1939–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Shapton_Richards" title="Arthur Shapton Richards">Arthur Shapton Richards</a> (1942–47)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Macfarlane_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Robert Macfarlane (New Zealand politician)">Robert Macfarlane</a> (1947–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Connolly" title="Phil Connolly">Phil Connolly</a> (1951–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Cotterill" title="Joe Cotterill">Joe Cotterill</a> (1952–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_May_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Henry May (New Zealand politician)">Henry May</a> (1958–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Barclay" title="Ron Barclay">Ron Barclay</a> (1972–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Drayton" title="Roger Drayton">Roger Drayton</a> (1976–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Marshall" title="Russell Marshall">Russell Marshall</a> (1978–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hunt_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Jonathan Hunt (New Zealand politician)">Jonathan Hunt</a> (1980–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cullen_(politician)" title="Michael Cullen (politician)">Michael Cullen</a> (1984–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Austin" title="Margaret Austin">Margaret Austin</a> (1987–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Mallard" title="Trevor Mallard">Trevor Mallard</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hunt_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Jonathan Hunt (New Zealand politician)">Jonathan Hunt</a> (1990–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Burton_(politician)" title="Mark Burton (politician)">Mark Burton</a> (1996–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Barker" title="Rick Barker">Rick Barker</a> (1999–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Benson-Pope" title="David Benson-Pope">David Benson-Pope</a> (2002–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Pettis" title="Jill Pettis">Jill Pettis</a> (2004–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Barnett_(politician)" title="Tim Barnett (politician)">Tim Barnett</a> (2005–08)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darren_Hughes" title="Darren Hughes">Darren Hughes</a> (2008–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Barker" title="Rick Barker">Rick Barker</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hipkins" title="Chris Hipkins">Chris Hipkins</a> (2011–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Moroney" title="Sue Moroney">Sue Moroney</a> (2013–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hipkins" title="Chris Hipkins">Chris Hipkins</a> (2014–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kris_Faafoi" title="Kris Faafoi">Kris Faafoi</a> (2016–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Dyson" title="Ruth Dyson">Ruth Dyson</a> (2017–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wood_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Michael Wood (New Zealand politician)">Michael Wood</a> (2019–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieran_McAnulty" title="Kieran McAnulty">Kieran McAnulty</a> (2020–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Webb" title="Duncan Webb">Duncan Webb</a> (2022–23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangi_Utikere" title="Tangi Utikere">Tangi Utikere</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#D82A20; color:white;"><div id="Organisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organisation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;">Current members <br />of parliament<small><br />Names without <br />electorates are <a href="/wiki/List_MP" title="List MP"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">list MPs</span></a></small><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_MPs" title="List of New Zealand Labour Party MPs"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">List of former MPs</span></a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Leader:</b> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hipkins" title="Chris Hipkins">Chris Hipkins</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Remutaka_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Remutaka (New Zealand electorate)">Remutaka</a>)</span></li> <li><b>Deputy Leader:</b> <a href="/wiki/Carmel_Sepuloni" title="Carmel Sepuloni">Carmel Sepuloni</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kelston_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Kelston (New Zealand electorate)">Kelston</a>)</span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginny_Andersen" title="Ginny Andersen">Ginny Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Belich" title="Camilla Belich">Camilla Belich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Bennett" title="Glen Bennett">Glen Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Boyack" title="Rachel Boyack">Rachel Boyack</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Nelson_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Nelson (New Zealand electorate)">Nelson</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Brooking" title="Rachel Brooking">Rachel Brooking</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Dunedin_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Dunedin (New Zealand electorate)">Dunedin</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Davidson" title="Reuben Davidson">Reuben Davidson</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Christchurch_East" title="Christchurch East">Christchurch East</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Edmonds" title="Barbara Edmonds">Barbara Edmonds</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Mana_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Mana (New Zealand electorate)">Mana</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanan_Halbert" title="Shanan Halbert">Shanan Halbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peeni_Henare" title="Peeni Henare">Peeni Henare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Jackson_(politician)" title="Willie Jackson (politician)">Willie Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Leary" title="Ingrid Leary">Ingrid Leary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Taieri_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Taieri (New Zealand electorate)">Taieri</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Luxton" title="Jo Luxton">Jo Luxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieran_McAnulty" title="Kieran McAnulty">Kieran McAnulty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracey_McLellan" title="Tracey McLellan">Tracey McLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damien_O%27Connor" title="Damien O'Connor">Damien O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_O%27Connor_(politician)" title="Greg O'Connor (politician)">Greg O'Connor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ch%C4%81riu_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Ōhāriu (New Zealand electorate)">Ōhāriu</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Parker_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="David Parker (New Zealand politician)">David Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow-Jean_Prime" title="Willow-Jean Prime">Willow-Jean Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priyanca_Radhakrishnan" title="Priyanca Radhakrishnan">Priyanca Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Rurawhe" title="Adrian Rurawhe">Adrian Rurawhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Russell" title="Deborah Russell">Deborah Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Salesa" title="Jenny Salesa">Jenny Salesa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Panmure-%C5%8Ct%C4%81huhu" title="Panmure-Ōtāhuhu">Panmure-Ōtāhuhu</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemauga_Lydia_Sosene" title="Lemauga Lydia Sosene">Lemauga Lydia Sosene</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ngere_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Māngere (New Zealand electorate)">Māngere</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushla_Tangaere-Manuel" title="Cushla Tangaere-Manuel">Cushla Tangaere-Manuel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Ikaroa-R%C4%81whiti" title="Ikaroa-Rāwhiti">Ikaroa-Rāwhiti</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinetti" title="Jan Tinetti">Jan Tinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Twyford" title="Phil Twyford">Phil Twyford</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Te_Atat%C5%AB_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Te Atatū (New Zealand electorate)">Te Atatū</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangi_Utikere" title="Tangi Utikere">Tangi Utikere</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Palmerston_North_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Palmerston North (New Zealand electorate)">Palmerston North</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Verrall" title="Ayesha Verrall">Ayesha Verrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Webb" title="Duncan Webb">Duncan Webb</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Central" title="Christchurch Central">Christchurch Central</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_White_(politician)" title="Helen White (politician)">Helen White</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Mount_Albert_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Mount Albert (New Zealand electorate)">Mount Albert</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Williams" title="Arena Williams">Arena Williams</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Manurewa_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Manurewa (New Zealand electorate)">Manurewa</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megan_Woods" title="Megan Woods">Megan Woods</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Wigram_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Wigram (New Zealand electorate)">Wigram</a>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;">Related organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_Vision" title="City Vision">City Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_People%27s_Choice_(political_ticket)" title="The People's Choice (political ticket)">The People's Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_Street_Labour" title="Princes Street Labour">Princes Street Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Labour" title="Rainbow Labour">Rainbow Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81tana" title="Rātana">Rātana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VicLabour" title="VicLabour">VicLabour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Young_Labour" title="New Zealand Young Labour">Young Labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#D82A20; color:white;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;">History and related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal%E2%80%93Labour_(New_Zealand)" title="Liberal–Labour (New Zealand)">Liberal–Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Unity_Conferences" title="Labour Unity Conferences">Labour Unity Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_affair" title="Lee affair">Lee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Budget_(New_Zealand)" title="Black Budget (New Zealand)">Black Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Affair" title="Mason Affair">Mason Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Time_(New_Zealand_campaign)" title="It's Time (New Zealand campaign)">It's Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Rowling" title="Citizens for Rowling">Citizens for Rowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyle_Affair" title="Moyle Affair">Moyle Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Chip_Brigade" title="Fish and Chip Brigade">Fish and Chip Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_loan_affair" title="Māori loan affair">Māori loan affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backbone_club" title="Backbone club">Backbone club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closing_the_Gaps" title="Closing the Gaps">Closing the Gaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helengrad" title="Helengrad">Helengrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corngate" class="mw-redirect" title="Corngate">Corngate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_foreshore_and_seabed_controversy" title="New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy">Foreshore and seabed controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KiwiSaver" title="KiwiSaver">KiwiSaver</a></li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;">Labour governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="First Labour Government of New Zealand">First</a> (1935–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Second Labour Government of New Zealand">Second</a> (1957–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Third Labour Government of New Zealand">Third</a> (1972–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand">Fourth</a> (1984–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand">Fifth</a> (1999–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Sixth Labour Government of New Zealand">Sixth</a> (2017–23)</li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;">Shadow cabinets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Norman_Kirk" title="Shadow Cabinet of Norman Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Bill_Rowling" title="Shadow Cabinet of Bill Rowling">Rowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_David_Lange" title="Shadow Cabinet of David Lange">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Mike_Moore" title="Shadow Cabinet of Mike Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Helen_Clark" title="Shadow Cabinet of Helen Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Phil_Goff" title="Shadow Cabinet of Phil Goff">Goff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_David_Shearer" title="Shadow Cabinet of David Shearer">Shearer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_David_Cunliffe" title="Shadow Cabinet of David Cunliffe">Cunliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Andrew_Little" title="Shadow Cabinet of Andrew Little">Little</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Jacinda_Ardern" title="Shadow Cabinet of Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Chris_Hipkins" title="Shadow Cabinet of Chris Hipkins">Hipkins</a></li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;">Predecessor parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Liberal_Party" title="New Zealand Liberal Party">New Zealand Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Socialist_Party" title="New Zealand Socialist Party">New Zealand Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Political_Labour_League" title="Independent Political Labour League">Independent Political Labour League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party_(1910)" title="New Zealand Labour Party (1910)">New Zealand Labour Party (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Labour_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="United Labour Party (New Zealand)">United Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Social Democratic Party (New Zealand)">Social Democratic Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Order_of_New_Zealand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Order_of_New_Zealand" title="Template:Order of New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Order_of_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Order of New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Order_of_New_Zealand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Order of New Zealand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Order_of_New_Zealand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_New_Zealand" title="Order of New Zealand">Members of the Order of New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiri_Te_Kanawa" title="Kiri Te Kanawa">Kiri Te Kanawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bolger" title="Jim Bolger">Jim Bolger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Geering" title="Lloyd Geering">Lloyd Geering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Keith" title="Kenneth Keith">Kenneth Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_McKinnon" title="Don McKinnon">Don McKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Charles_(golfer)" title="Bob Charles (golfer)">Bob Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Wendt" title="Albert Wendt">Albert Wendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Carter_(businessman)" title="Ron Carter (businessman)">Ron Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gluckman" title="Peter Gluckman">Peter Gluckman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_McCaw" title="Richie McCaw">Richie McCaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Cowley" title="Joy Cowley">Joy Cowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Durie_(psychiatrist)" title="Mason Durie (psychiatrist)">Mason Durie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Salmond" title="Anne Salmond">Anne Salmond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Additional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Duffy_(Australian_politician)" title="Michael Duffy (Australian politician)">Michael Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._K._Stead" title="C. K. Stead">C. K. Stead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bazley" title="Margaret Bazley">Margaret Bazley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvina_Major" title="Malvina Major">Malvina Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Cartwright" title="Silvia Cartwright">Silvia Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipene_O%27Regan" title="Tipene O'Regan">Tipene O'Regan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deceased</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Nordmeyer" title="Arnold Nordmeyer">Arnold Nordmeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._E._Beeby" title="C. E. Beeby">C. E. Beeby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Atairangikaahu" title="Te Atairangikaahu">Te Atairangikaahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonja_Davies" title="Sonja Davies">Sonja Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Knox" title="Jim Knox">Jim Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Turnovsky" title="Frederick Turnovsky">Frederick Turnovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Matthews_(microbiologist)" title="Richard Matthews (microbiologist)">Richard Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Lilburn" title="Douglas Lilburn">Douglas Lilburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Blundell" title="June Blundell">June Blundell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuhuia_Bennett" title="Manuhuia Bennett">Manuhuia Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lang_(public_servant)" title="Henry Lang (public servant)">Henry Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whina_Cooper" title="Whina Cooper">Whina Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Somerville" title="Jack Somerville">Jack Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whetu_Tirikatene-Sullivan" title="Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan">Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mahy" title="Margaret Mahy">Margaret Mahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Dell" title="Miriam Dell">Miriam Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCarthy_(judge)" title="Thaddeus McCarthy (judge)">Thaddeus McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_McKenzie" title="Roy McKenzie">Roy McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Warren" title="Miles Warren">Miles Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fletcher_Jnr" title="James Fletcher Jnr">James Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lichter" title="Ivan Lichter">Ivan Lichter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Whiting" title="Cliff Whiting">Cliff Whiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Douglas" title="Ken Douglas">Ken Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Moore_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)">Mike Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Williams_(cardinal)" title="Thomas Williams (cardinal)">Thomas Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">Alan MacDiarmid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hunt_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Jonathan Hunt (New Zealand politician)">Jonathan Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Blumhardt" title="Doreen Blumhardt">Doreen Blumhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Halberg" title="Murray Halberg">Murray Halberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hotere" title="Ralph Hotere">Ralph Hotere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Additional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Powles" title="Guy Powles">Guy Powles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Curnow" title="Allen Curnow">Allen Curnow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Frame" title="Janet Frame">Janet Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lydiard" title="Arthur Lydiard">Arthur Lydiard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Ballin" title="Ann Ballin">Ann Ballin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cooke,_Baron_Cooke_of_Thorndon" title="Robin Cooke, Baron Cooke of Thorndon">Robin Cooke, Baron Cooke of Thorndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_K%C4%81wharu" title="Hugh Kāwharu">Hugh Kāwharu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reeves" title="Paul Reeves">Paul Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Woodhouse" title="Owen Woodhouse">Owen Woodhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Lochore" title="Brian Lochore">Brian Lochore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Tizard" title="Catherine Tizard">Catherine Tizard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Honorary members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shridath_Ramphal" title="Shridath Ramphal">Shridath Ramphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Pickering_(rocket_scientist)" title="Bill Pickering (rocket scientist)">Bill Pickering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anti-nuclear_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Template:Anti-nuclear movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Template talk:Anti-nuclear movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-nuclear movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anti-nuclear_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protests <br /> and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_organizations" title="Anti-nuclear organizations">Anti-nuclear organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti%E2%80%93nuclear_power_groups" title="List of anti–nuclear power groups">Anti-nuclear power groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_protests" title="Anti-nuclear protests">Anti-nuclear protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Lawyers_against_Nuclear_Arms" title="International Association of Lawyers against Nuclear Arms">International Association of Lawyers against Nuclear Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_against_Nuclear_Tests" title="International Day against Nuclear Tests">International Day against Nuclear Tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayors_for_Peace" title="Mayors for Peace">Mayors for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Information_and_Resource_Service" title="Nuclear Information and Resource Service">Nuclear Information and Resource Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Desert_Experience" title="Nevada Desert Experience">Nevada Desert Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Action#Nuclear_Weapons_Freeze_Campaign" title="Peace Action">Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Action" title="Peace Action">Peace Action and SANE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_for_Social_Responsibility" title="Physicians for Social Responsibility">Physicians for Social Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembina_Institute" title="Pembina Institute">Pembina Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortir_du_nucl%C3%A9aire_(France)" title="Sortir du nucléaire (France)">Sortir du nucléaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Uranium_Hearing" title="World Uranium Hearing">World Uranium Hearing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Australia" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Austria" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Canada" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_France" title="Anti-nuclear movement in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India#Anti-nuclear_protests" title="Nuclear power in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_power_movement_in_Japan" title="Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Kazakhstan" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nuclear-free_zone" title="New Zealand nuclear-free zone">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_Philippines" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Russia" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koeberg_Alert" title="Koeberg Alert">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_South_Korea" title="Anti-nuclear movement in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Spain" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Switzerland" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Taiwan#Post-Fukushima" title="Nuclear power in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_chain_against_nuclear_plant_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Human chain against nuclear plant in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tadatoshi_Akiba" title="Tadatoshi Akiba">Tadatoshi Akiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Berrigan" title="Daniel Berrigan">Daniel Berrigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bigelow" title="Albert Bigelow">Albert Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Caldicott" title="Helen Caldicott">Helen Caldicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Cousins" title="Norman Cousins">Norman Cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Edwards_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Edwards (scientist)">Gordon Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Forsberg" title="Randall Forsberg">Randall Forsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gofman" title="John Gofman">John Gofman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Green_(activist)" title="Jim Green (activist)">Jim Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gunter" title="Paul Gunter">Paul Gunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobuto_Hosaka" title="Nobuto Hosaka">Nobuto Hosaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Hudson" title="Jackie Hudson">Jackie Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Hudson_(activist)" title="Kate Hudson (activist)">Kate Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Kopreitan" title="Ole Kopreitan">Ole Kopreitan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amory_Lovins" title="Amory Lovins">Amory Lovins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lown" title="Bernard Lown">Bernard Lown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Caroline Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freda_Meissner-Blau" title="Freda Meissner-Blau">Freda Meissner-Blau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Minor" title="Gregory Minor">Gregory Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pentz" title="Mike Pentz">Mike Pentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">C. F. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Roche" title="Adi Roche">Adi Roche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Scheer" title="Jens Scheer">Jens Scheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Schell" title="Jonathan Schell">Jonathan Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Weeramantry" title="Christopher Weeramantry">Christopher Weeramantry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_nuclear_issues" title="List of books about nuclear issues">Books about nuclear issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_nuclear_issues" title="List of films about nuclear issues">Films about nuclear issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_holocaust_fiction" title="List of nuclear holocaust fiction">Nuclear holocaust fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_in_popular_culture" title="Nuclear weapons in popular culture">Nuclear weapons in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Songs_about_nuclear_war_and_weapons" title="Category:Songs about nuclear war and weapons">Songs about nuclear war and weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretariat_19" title="Defence Secretariat 19">Defence Secretariat 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="France and weapons of mass destruction">France and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_Manifesto" title="Göttingen Manifesto">Göttingen Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_anti-nuclear_movement" title="History of the anti-nuclear movement">History of the anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_opinion_on_the_Legality_of_the_Threat_or_Use_of_Nuclear_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons">Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nuclear_disasters_and_radioactive_incidents" title="Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents">Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainau_Declaration" title="Mainau Declaration">Mainau Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-Free_Future_Award" title="Nuclear-Free Future Award">Nuclear-Free Future Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-free_zone" title="Nuclear-free zone">Nuclear-free zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate" title="Nuclear power debate">Nuclear power debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out" title="Nuclear power phase-out">Nuclear power phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_convention" title="Nuclear weapons convention">Nuclear weapons convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_debate" title="Nuclear weapons debate">Nuclear weapons debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">Peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn_Peace_Medal" title="Otto Hahn Peace Medal">Otto Hahn Peace Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_camp" title="Peace camp">Peace camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%E2%80%93Einstein_Manifesto" title="Russell–Einstein Manifesto">Russell–Einstein Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Sun" title="Smiling Sun">Smiling Sun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bomb_(film)" title="The Bomb (film)">The Bomb</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367589#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367589#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgRTT9rPyHP6jwKMgB9Dq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/132000695">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85112955">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12309521g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12309521g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00470092">Japan</a></span></li><li><span 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