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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geology and geological history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology_and_geological_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Human history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_other_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_other_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Impact on other regions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_on_other_regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact on other regions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_other_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_in_monsoons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_monsoons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Role in monsoons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_monsoons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glaciology:_the_Ice_Age_and_at_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glaciology:_the_Ice_Age_and_at_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Glaciology: the Ice Age and at present</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Glaciology:_the_Ice_Age_and_at_present-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Glaciology: the Ice Age and at present subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Glaciology:_the_Ice_Age_and_at_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Frozen_biological_samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frozen_biological_samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Frozen biological samples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frozen_biological_samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tibetan Plateau</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogland_van_Tibet" title="Hoogland van Tibet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hoogland van Tibet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="هضبة التبت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هضبة التبت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandu_tibetanu" title="Pandu tibetanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pandu tibetanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_yaylas%C4%B1" title="Tibet yaylası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tibet yaylası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%AA_%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تیبت یایلاسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تیبت یایلاسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="তিব্বতীয় মালভূমি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তিব্বতীয় মালভূমি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chheng-Ch%C5%8Dng_Ko-g%C3%B4an" title="Chheng-Chōng Ko-gôan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chheng-Chōng Ko-gôan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Тибет таулығы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тибет таулығы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%E2%80%99%D0%B5" title="Тыбецкае нагор’е – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тыбецкае нагор’е" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%E2%80%99%D0%B5" title="Тыбэцкае нагор’е – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тыбэцкае нагор’е" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="तिब्बत के पठार – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तिब्बत के पठार" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Тибетско плато – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тибетско плато" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="བོད་ས་མཐོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བོད་ས་མཐོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altipl%C3%A0_del_Tibet" title="Altiplà del Tibet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Altiplà del Tibet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetsk%C3%A1_n%C3%A1horn%C3%AD_plo%C5%A1ina" title="Tibetská náhorní plošina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tibetská náhorní plošina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetanske_Plateau" title="Tibetanske Plateau – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tibetanske Plateau" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochland_von_Tibet" title="Hochland von Tibet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hochland von Tibet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiibeti_kiltmaa" title="Tiibeti kiltmaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tiibeti kiltmaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%98%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%84" title="Οροπέδιο του Θιβέτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οροπέδιο του Θιβέτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meseta_tibetana" title="Meseta tibetana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Meseta tibetana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeta_Altebena%C4%B5o" title="Tibeta Altebenaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tibeta Altebenaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeteko_goi-lautada" title="Tibeteko goi-lautada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tibeteko goi-lautada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="فلات تبت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلات تبت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_tib%C3%A9tain" title="Plateau tibétain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plateau tibétain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardchl%C3%A1r_na_Tib%C3%A9ide" title="Ardchlár na Tibéide – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ardchlár na Tibéide" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altiplano_do_T%C3%ADbet" title="Altiplano do Tíbet – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Altiplano do Tíbet" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%C3%A2ng-chh%C3%B2ng_K%C3%B4-ngi%C3%A8n" title="Chhiâng-chhòng Kô-ngièn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhiâng-chhòng Kô-ngièn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EA%B3%A0%EC%9B%90" title="티베트고원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="티베트고원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0" title="Տիբեթյան լեռնաշխարհ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիբեթյան լեռնաշխարհ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="तिब्बत का पठार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तिब्बत का पठार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetanska_visoravan" title="Tibetanska visoravan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tibetanska visoravan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataran_tinggi_Tibet" title="Dataran tinggi Tibet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dataran tinggi Tibet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADbeska_h%C3%A1sl%C3%A9ttan" title="Tíbeska hásléttan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tíbeska hásléttan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altopiano_del_Tibet" title="Altopiano del Tibet – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Altopiano del Tibet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הרמה הטיבטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרמה הטיבטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ტიბეტის მთიანეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიბეტის მთიანეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Тибет таулы қыраты – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тибет таулы қыраты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyanda_za_juu_za_Tibet" title="Nyanda za juu za Tibet – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nyanda za juu za Tibet" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83" title="Тибет тайпак тоосу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тибет тайпак тоосу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altissima_planities_Tibetana" title="Altissima planities Tibetana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Altissima planities Tibetana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetas_kalniene" title="Tibetas kalniene – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tibetas kalniene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeto_kalnynas" title="Tibeto kalnynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tibeto kalnynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="तिब्बती पठार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तिब्बती पठार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Тибетска Висорамнина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тибетска Висорамнина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A0%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF" title="തിബത്തൻ പീഠഭൂമി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തിബത്തൻ പീഠഭൂമി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="ტიბეტიშ ლაკადა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტიბეტიშ ლაკადა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penara_Tibet" title="Penara Tibet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penara Tibet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B2%D3%A9%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%B3" title="Төвөдийн өндөрлөг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төвөдийн өндөрлөг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetaans_Hoogland" title="Tibetaans Hoogland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tibetaans Hoogland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="तिब्बती पठार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तिब्बती पठार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="チベット高原 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チベット高原" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetplat%C3%A5et" title="Tibetplatået – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tibetplatået" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetplat%C3%A5et" title="Tibetplatået – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tibetplatået" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replanat_tibetan" title="Replanat tibetan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Replanat tibetan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_tog%CA%BBligi" title="Tibet togʻligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tibet togʻligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਤਿੱਬਤੀ ਪਠਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਿੱਬਤੀ ਪਠਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D9%B9%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تبت پٹھار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تبت پٹھار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wy%C5%BCyna_Tybeta%C5%84ska" title="Wyżyna Tybetańska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyżyna Tybetańska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planalto_Tibetano" title="Planalto Tibetano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Planalto Tibetano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platoul_Tibet" title="Platoul Tibet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Platoul Tibet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Тибетское нагорье – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тибетское нагорье" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pllaja_Tibetiane" title="Pllaja Tibetiane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pllaja Tibetiane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="ටිබෙට් සානුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ටිබෙට් සානුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tibetan Plateau" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetsk%C3%A1_n%C3%A1horn%C3%A1_plo%C5%A1ina" title="Tibetská náhorná plošina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tibetská náhorná plošina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetanska_planota" title="Tibetanska planota – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tibetanska planota" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="بانی تبت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بانی تبت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetska_visoravan" title="Tibetska visoravan – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Tibetska visoravan" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiibetin_yl%C3%A4nk%C3%B6" title="Tiibetin ylänkö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiibetin ylänkö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetanska_h%C3%B6gplat%C3%A5n" title="Tibetanska högplatån – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tibetanska högplatån" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF" title="திபெத்திய பீடபூமி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திபெத்திய பீடபூமி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni_n_Tibit" title="Agni n Tibit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agni n Tibit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A0%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF" title="టిబెటన్ పీఠభూమి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టిబెటన్ పీఠభూమి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95" title="ที่ราบสูงทิเบต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ที่ราบสูงทิเบต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Platosu" title="Tibet Platosu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tibet Platosu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Тибетське плато – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тибетське плато" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B9_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="سطح مرتفع تبت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سطح مرتفع تبت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altipian_del_Tibet" title="Altipian del Tibet – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Altipian del Tibet" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_nguy%C3%AAn_Thanh_T%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Cao nguyên Thanh Tạng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cao nguyên Thanh Tạng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E8%97%8F%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="青藏高原 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="青藏高原" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpas_nga_Tibet" title="Umpas nga Tibet – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Umpas nga Tibet" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E8%97%8F%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="青藏高原 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="青藏高原" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%BA%B7%E8%97%8F%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="青康藏高原 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tibetan_Plateau&params=33_N_88_E_type:mountain_scale:12500000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°N</span> <span class="longitude">88°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33°N 88°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33; 88</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Plateau in Central, South and East Asia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Tibetan Plateau</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">青藏高原</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">Qīng–Zàng Gāoyuán</i></span>, Qinghai–Tibet Plateau)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Himalaya_composite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Himalaya_composite.jpg/272px-Himalaya_composite.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Himalaya_composite.jpg/408px-Himalaya_composite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Himalaya_composite.jpg/544px-Himalaya_composite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="981" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">The Tibetan Plateau lies between the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalayan</a> range to the south and the <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a> to the north. (Composite image)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">2,500 km (1,600 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">1,000 km (620 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">2,500,000 km<sup>2</sup> (970,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibet_and_surrounding_areas_topographic_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tibet_and_surrounding_areas_topographic_map.png/272px-Tibet_and_surrounding_areas_topographic_map.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tibet_and_surrounding_areas_topographic_map.png/408px-Tibet_and_surrounding_areas_topographic_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tibet_and_surrounding_areas_topographic_map.png/544px-Tibet_and_surrounding_areas_topographic_map.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1873" /></a></span><div>Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas above 1600 m</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="3" data-lat="33" data-lon="88" data-overlays="["_4a619ece5a7df0ca05411ff53fbdd3b417ad3813"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/3/33/88/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,33,88,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Tibetan_Plateau&revid=1276039544&groups=_4a619ece5a7df0ca05411ff53fbdd3b417ad3813" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,33,88,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Tibetan_Plateau&revid=1276039544&groups=_4a619ece5a7df0ca05411ff53fbdd3b417ad3813 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, Western <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, Northern <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, Southern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, Western <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)</a>, North and East <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, Norther <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, Northern <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, Northern <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a>)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a>)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a>)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> (Northern Nepal)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> (Eastern Tajikistan)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> (Southern Kyrgyzstan)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Range coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tibetan_Plateau&params=33_N_88_E_type:mountain_scale:12500000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°N</span> <span class="longitude">88°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33°N 88°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33; 88</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Tibetan Plateau</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Qinghai–Tibet Plateau</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>Qing–Zang Plateau</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a vast elevated <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> located at the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geographically, it is located to the north of <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, and to the south of <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a>. Geopolitically, it covers most of the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, western half of <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, Southern <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> provinces in <a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Indian regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahaul_and_Spiti_district" title="Lahaul and Spiti district">Lahaul and Spiti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>) as well as <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, northwestern <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>. It stretches approximately 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) north to south and 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi) east to west. It is the world's highest and largest <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> above sea level, with an area of 2,500,000 square kilometres (970,000 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an average elevation exceeding 4,500 metres (14,800 ft)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and being surrounded by imposing <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a> that harbor the world's two highest summits, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> and <a href="/wiki/K2" title="K2">K2</a>, the Tibetan Plateau is often referred to as "the <a href="/wiki/Roof_of_the_World" title="Roof of the World">Roof of the World</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tibetan Plateau contains the <a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">headwaters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basins</a> of most of the <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streams</a> and <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> in surrounding <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">regions</a>. This includes the three longest rivers in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a>). Its tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> and other geographical and ecological features serve as a "<a href="/wiki/Water_tower" title="Water tower">water tower</a>" storing water and maintaining <a href="/wiki/Streamflow" title="Streamflow">flow</a>. It is sometimes termed the <b><a href="/wiki/Third_Pole" title="Third Pole">Third Pole</a></b> because its <a href="/wiki/Ice_field" title="Ice field">ice fields</a> contain the largest reserve of fresh water outside the polar regions. The impact of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> on the Tibetan Plateau is of ongoing scientific interest.<sup id="cite_ref-FT83013_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT83013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Plateau&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tibetan Plateau is surrounded by the massive mountain ranges<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/High-mountain_Asia" title="High-mountain Asia">high-mountain Asia</a>. The plateau is bordered to the south by the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">inner Himalayan range</a>, to the north by the <a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a>, which separate it from the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, and to the northeast by the <a href="/wiki/Qilian_Mountains" title="Qilian Mountains">Qilian Mountains</a>, which separate the plateau from the <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a>. To the east and southeast the plateau gives way to the forested gorge and ridge geography of the mountainous headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Salween_River" title="Salween River">Salween</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> rivers in northwest <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Hengduan_Mountains" title="Hengduan Mountains">Hengduan Mountains</a>). In the west, the curve of the rugged <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> range of northern <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> embraces the plateau. The <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> originates in the western Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Manasarovar" title="Lake Manasarovar">Lake Manasarovar</a>. </p><p>The Tibetan Plateau is bounded in the north by a broad escarpment where the altitude drops from around 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) over a horizontal distance of less than 150 kilometres (93 mi). Along the escarpment is a range of mountains. In the west, the <a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a> separate the plateau from the Tarim Basin. About halfway across the Tarim the bounding range becomes the <a href="/wiki/Altyn-Tagh" title="Altyn-Tagh">Altyn-Tagh</a> and the Kunluns, by convention, continue somewhat to the south. In the 'V' formed by this split is the western part of the <a href="/wiki/Qaidam_Basin" title="Qaidam Basin">Qaidam Basin</a>. The Altyn-Tagh ends near the Dangjin pass on the <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>–<a href="/wiki/Golmud" title="Golmud">Golmud</a> road. To the west are short ranges called the Danghe, Yema, Shule, and Tulai Nanshans. The easternmost range is the Qilian Mountains. The line of mountains continues east of the plateau as the <a href="/wiki/Qinling" title="Qinling">Qinling</a>, which separates the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Plateau" title="Ordos Plateau">Ordos Plateau</a> from Sichuan. North of the mountains runs the Gansu or <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a> which was the main silk-road route from <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a> to the West. </p><p>The plateau is a high-altitude arid <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> interspersed with mountain ranges and large <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish</a> lakes. Annual precipitation ranges from 100 to 300 millimetres (3.9 to 11.8 in) and falls mainly as <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>. The southern and eastern edges of the steppe have grasslands that can sustainably support populations of nomadic herdsmen, although frost occurs for six months of the year. <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">Permafrost</a> occurs over extensive parts of the plateau. Proceeding to the north and northwest, the plateau becomes progressively higher, colder, and drier, until reaching the remote <a href="/wiki/Changtang" title="Changtang">Changtang</a> region in the northwestern part of the plateau. Here the average altitude exceeds 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) and winter temperatures can drop to −40 °C (−40 °F). As a result of this extremely inhospitable environment, the Changtang region (together with the adjoining Kekexili region) is the least populous region in Asia and the third least populous area in the world after Antarctica and northern Greenland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology_and_geological_history">Geology and geological history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Plateau&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology and geological history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamdrok_Lake,_Tibet_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Yamdrok_Lake%2C_Tibet_2.jpg/260px-Yamdrok_Lake%2C_Tibet_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Yamdrok_Lake%2C_Tibet_2.jpg/390px-Yamdrok_Lake%2C_Tibet_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Yamdrok_Lake%2C_Tibet_2.jpg/520px-Yamdrok_Lake%2C_Tibet_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yamdrok_Lake" title="Yamdrok Lake">Yamdrok Lake</a> is one of the four largest lakes in Tibet. All four lakes are considered sacred <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> sites in the local tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Seibert_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seibert-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Plateau&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Himalayas" title="Geology of the Himalayas">Geology of the Himalayas</a></div> <p>The geological history of the Tibetan Plateau is closely related to that of the Himalayas. The Himalayas belong to the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine Orogeny</a> and are therefore among the younger mountain ranges on the planet, consisting mostly of uplifted <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a>. Their formation is a result of a <a href="/wiki/Continental_collision" title="Continental collision">continental collision</a> or <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogeny</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">convergent boundary</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian Plate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a>. </p><p>The collision began in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Upper Cretaceous</a> period about 70 million years ago, when the north-moving <a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian Plate</a>, moving at about 15 cm (6 in) per year, collided with the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a>. About 50 million years ago, this fast-moving Indo-Australian plate had completely closed the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a>, the existence of which has been determined by <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> settled on the ocean floor, and the <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a> that fringed its edges. Since these sediments were light, they crumpled into mountain ranges rather than sinking to the floor. During this early stage of its formation in the Late Palaeogene, Tibet consisted of a deep palaeovalley bounded by multiple mountain ranges rather than the more topographically uniform elevated flatland that it is today.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tibetan Plateau's mean elevation continued to vary since its initial uplift in the Eocene; isotopic records show the plateau's altitude was around 3,000 metres above sea level around the Oligocene-Miocene boundary and that it fell by 900 metres between 25.5 and 21.6 million years ago, attributable to tectonic unroofing from east–west extension or to erosion from climatic weathering. The plateau subsequently rose by 500 to 1,000 metres between 21.6 and 20.4 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewel-Toned_Lakes_of_the_Qinghai-Tibet_Plateau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Jewel-Toned_Lakes_of_the_Qinghai-Tibet_Plateau.jpg/240px-Jewel-Toned_Lakes_of_the_Qinghai-Tibet_Plateau.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Jewel-Toned_Lakes_of_the_Qinghai-Tibet_Plateau.jpg/360px-Jewel-Toned_Lakes_of_the_Qinghai-Tibet_Plateau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Jewel-Toned_Lakes_of_the_Qinghai-Tibet_Plateau.jpg/480px-Jewel-Toned_Lakes_of_the_Qinghai-Tibet_Plateau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7940" data-file-height="7740" /></a><figcaption>Natural-colour satellite image of the Tibetan Plateau.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Palaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeobotany">Palaeobotanical</a> evidence indicates that the Nujiang Suture Zone and the Yarlung-Zangpo Suture Zone remained tropical or subtropical <a href="/wiki/Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowland">lowlands</a> until the latest <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Early_Miocene" title="Early Miocene">Early Miocene</a>, enabling biotic interchange across Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-LiuEtAl2019_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuEtAl2019-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The age of east–west grabens in the Lhasa and Himalaya terranes suggests that the plateau's elevation was close to its modern altitude by around 14 to 8 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erosion rates in Tibet decreased significantly around 10 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indo-Australian plate continues to be driven horizontally below the Tibetan Plateau, which forces the plateau to move upwards; the plateau is still <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">rising</a> at a rate of approximately 5 mm (0.2 in) per year (although erosion reduces the actual increase in height).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the Tibetan Plateau is of relatively low relief. The cause of this is debated among geologists. Some argue that the Tibetan Plateau is an uplifted <a href="/wiki/Peneplain" title="Peneplain">peneplain</a> formed at low altitude, while others argue that the low relief stems from <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">infill</a> of topographic depressions that occurred at already high elevations.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current tectonics of the plateau are also debated. The best-regarded explanations are provided by the block model and the alternative continuum model. According to the former, the crust of the plateau is formed of several blocks with little internal deformation separated by major <a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike-slip fault">strike-slip faults</a>. In the latter, the plateau is affected by distributed deformation resulting from flow within the crust.<sup id="cite_ref-Shi_etal_2016_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shi_etal_2016-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Plateau&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YangpachenValley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/YangpachenValley.jpg/220px-YangpachenValley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/YangpachenValley.jpg/330px-YangpachenValley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/YangpachenValley.jpg/440px-YangpachenValley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yangbajain" title="Yangbajain">Yangbajain</a> valley to the north of <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Tibetan Plateau supports a variety of ecosystems, most of them classified as <a href="/wiki/Montane" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane">montane</a> grasslands. While parts of the plateau feature an <a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">alpine tundra</a>-like environment, other areas feature monsoon-influenced shrublands and forests. <a href="/wiki/Species_diversity" title="Species diversity">Species diversity</a> is generally reduced on the plateau due to the elevation and low precipitation. The Tibetan Plateau hosts the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan wolf">Tibetan wolf</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and species of <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">snow leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">wild yak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiang" title="Kiang">wild ass</a>, cranes, vultures, hawks, geese, snakes, and <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a>. One notable animal is the <a href="/wiki/Euophrys_omnisuperstes" title="Euophrys omnisuperstes">high-altitude jumping spider</a>, that can live at elevations of over 6,500 metres (21,300 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">Ecoregions</a> found on the Tibetan Plateau, as defined by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a>, are as follows: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Pamir_alpine_desert_and_tundra" title="Pamir alpine desert and tundra">Pamir alpine desert and tundra</a> covers the western end of the Tibetan Plateau where it transitions to the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/North_Tibetan_Plateau%E2%80%93Kunlun_Mountains_alpine_desert" title="North Tibetan Plateau–Kunlun Mountains alpine desert">North Tibetan Plateau–Kunlun Mountains alpine desert</a> covers the northwestern limits of the Tibetan Plateau along the <a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Karakoram%E2%80%93West_Tibetan_Plateau_alpine_steppe" title="Karakoram–West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe">Karakoram–West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe</a> covers the westernmost parts of the Tibetan Plateau and <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows" title="Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows">Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows</a> on the edges mountains bordering the extreme west of the Tibetan Plateau</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Plateau_alpine_steppe" title="Central Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe">Central Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe</a> covers most of the central portions of the Tibetan Plateau and the eastern <a href="/wiki/Changtang" title="Changtang">Changtang</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows" title="Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows">Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows</a> covers the southwestern plateau in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garuda Valley (page does not exist)">Garuda Valley</a> region</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Qaidam_Basin_semi-desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaidam Basin semi-desert">Qaidam Basin semi-desert</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Qaidam_Basin" title="Qaidam Basin">Qaidam Basin</a> on the northern Tibetan Plateau</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Qilian_Mountains_subalpine_meadows" title="Qilian Mountains subalpine meadows">Qilian Mountains subalpine meadows</a> covering the <a href="/wiki/Qilian_Mountains" title="Qilian Mountains">Qilian Mountains</a> in the northernmost portions of the plateau</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Qilian_Mountains_conifer_forests" title="Qilian Mountains conifer forests">Qilian Mountains conifer forests</a> covering parts of the mountain ranges in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau_alpine_shrublands_and_meadows" title="Tibetan Plateau alpine shrublands and meadows">Tibetan Plateau alpine shrublands and meadows</a> covering a swath of the central and northeastern Tibetan Plateau</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_arid_steppe" title="Yarlung Tsangpo arid steppe">Yarlung Tsangpo arid steppe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo" title="Yarlung Tsangpo">Yarlung Tsangpo</a> river Valley, where most of the permanent human population on the Tibetan Plateau lives</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows" title="Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows">Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows</a> cover the southern Tibetan Plateau on the north side of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomads_near_Namtso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nomads_near_Namtso.jpg/220px-Nomads_near_Namtso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nomads_near_Namtso.jpg/330px-Nomads_near_Namtso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nomads_near_Namtso.jpg/440px-Nomads_near_Namtso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Pastoral nomads camping near <a href="/wiki/Namtso" title="Namtso">Namtso</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Tibet_shrub_and_meadows" title="Southeast Tibet shrub and meadows">Southeast Tibet shrub and meadows</a> cover the southeastern and eastern parts of the plateau and are generally rainier than the other high-altitude Tibetan Plateau regions</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forests" title="Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests">Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests</a> reach up mountain valleys in the southern plateau and contain some of the highest altitude forests in the world</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nujiang_Lancang_Gorge_alpine_conifer_and_mixed_forests" title="Nujiang Lancang Gorge alpine conifer and mixed forests">Nujiang Lancang Gorge alpine conifer and mixed forests</a> cover the mountain valleys that reach 500 km (310 mi) into the southeastern Tibetan Plateau</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hengduan_Mountains_subalpine_conifer_forests" title="Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests">Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests</a> cover the southeasternmost mountain valleys on the plateau</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Qionglai%E2%80%93Minshan_conifer_forests" title="Qionglai–Minshan conifer forests">Qionglai–Minshan conifer forests</a> cover the eastern edges of the plateau and are the densest forests to be found anywhere on the Tibetan Plateau</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_history">Human history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Plateau&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Human history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aba_County_Aba_Prefecture_Sichuan_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Aba_County_Aba_Prefecture_Sichuan_China.jpg/220px-Aba_County_Aba_Prefecture_Sichuan_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Aba_County_Aba_Prefecture_Sichuan_China.jpg/330px-Aba_County_Aba_Prefecture_Sichuan_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Aba_County_Aba_Prefecture_Sichuan_China.jpg/440px-Aba_County_Aba_Prefecture_Sichuan_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> and houses outside the town of <a href="/wiki/Ngawa_Town" title="Ngawa Town">Ngawa</a>, on the Tibetan Plateau.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">History of Tibet</a></div> <p>Extinct humans (<a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a>) lived on the Tibetan plateau from around 200,000 to 40,000 years ago, according to a study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">Nomads</a> on the Tibetan Plateau and in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> are the remainders of nomadic practices historically once widespread in Asia and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pastoral nomads constitute about 40% of the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a> population.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of nomadic peoples on the plateau is predicated on their adaptation to survival on the world's <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> by raising livestock rather than crops, which are unsuitable to the terrain. Archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest human occupation of the plateau occurred between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since colonization of the Tibetan Plateau, Tibetan culture has adapted and flourished in the western, southern, and eastern regions of the plateau. The northern portion, the <a href="/wiki/Changtang" title="Changtang">Changtang</a>, is generally too high and cold to support permanent population.<sup id="cite_ref-historical_atlas_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historical_atlas-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most notable civilizations to have developed on the Tibetan Plateau is the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> from the 7th century to the 9th century AD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_other_regions">Impact on other regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Plateau&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Impact on other regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TibetplateauA2002144.0440.500m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/TibetplateauA2002144.0440.500m.jpg/220px-TibetplateauA2002144.0440.500m.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/TibetplateauA2002144.0440.500m.jpg/330px-TibetplateauA2002144.0440.500m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/TibetplateauA2002144.0440.500m.jpg/440px-TibetplateauA2002144.0440.500m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>NASA satellite image of the south-eastern area of Tibetan Plateau. <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a> is in the lower right.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_monsoons">Role in monsoons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Plateau&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Role in monsoons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a></div> <p>Monsoons are caused by the different amplitudes of surface temperature seasonal cycles between land and oceans. This differential warming occurs because heating rates differ between land and water. Ocean heating is distributed vertically through a "mixed layer" that may be 50 meters deep through the action of wind and buoyancy-generated <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a>, whereas the land surface conducts heat slowly, with the seasonal signal penetrating only a meter or so. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity" title="Specific heat capacity">specific heat capacity</a> of liquid water is significantly greater than that of most materials that make up land. Together, these factors mean that the heat capacity of the layer participating in the seasonal cycle is much larger over the oceans than over land, with the consequence that the land warms and cools faster than the ocean. In turn, air over the land warms faster and reaches a higher temperature than does air over the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-Oracle_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oracle-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The warmer air over land tends to rise, creating an area of <a href="/wiki/Low_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Low pressure">low pressure</a>. The pressure anomaly then causes a steady wind to blow toward the land, which brings the moist air over the ocean surface with it. Rainfall is then increased by the presence of the moist ocean air. The rainfall is stimulated by a variety of mechanisms, such as low-level air being lifted upwards by mountains, surface heating, convergence at the surface, divergence aloft, or from storm-produced outflows near the surface. When such lifting occurs, the air cools due to expansion in lower pressure, which in turn produces <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a> and precipitation. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himalayas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Himalayas.jpg/220px-Himalayas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Himalayas.jpg/330px-Himalayas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Himalayas.jpg/440px-Himalayas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="1998" /></a><figcaption>The Himalayas as seen from space looking south from over the Tibetan Plateau.</figcaption></figure> <p>In winter, the land cools off quickly, but the ocean maintains the heat longer. The hot air over the ocean rises, creating a low-pressure area and a breeze from land to ocean while a large area of drying high pressure is formed over the land, increased by wintertime cooling.<sup id="cite_ref-Oracle_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oracle-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monsoons are similar to <a href="/wiki/Sea_breezes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea breezes">sea and land breezes</a>, a term usually referring to the localized, <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_cycle" title="Diurnal cycle">diurnal cycle</a> of circulation near coastlines everywhere, but they are much larger in scale, stronger and seasonal.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seasonal monsoon wind shift and weather associated with the heating and cooling of the Tibetan plateau is the strongest such monsoon on Earth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glaciology:_the_Ice_Age_and_at_present">Glaciology: the Ice Age and at present</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Plateau&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Glaciology: the Ice Age and at present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Ice"></span><span class="anchor" id="Glaciology"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibet_Midui_Glacier,Autumn_colour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tibet_Midui_Glacier%2CAutumn_colour.jpg/220px-Tibet_Midui_Glacier%2CAutumn_colour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tibet_Midui_Glacier%2CAutumn_colour.jpg/330px-Tibet_Midui_Glacier%2CAutumn_colour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tibet_Midui_Glacier%2CAutumn_colour.jpg/440px-Tibet_Midui_Glacier%2CAutumn_colour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>Midui Glacier in <a href="/wiki/Nyingchi" title="Nyingchi">Nyingchi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Today, Tibet is an important heating surface of the atmosphere. However, during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>, an approximately 2,400,000 square kilometres (930,000 sq mi) ice sheet covered the plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-K1999_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K1999-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its great extent, this glaciation in the subtropics was an important element of <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a>. With a much lower latitude, the ice in Tibet reflected at least four times more radiation energy per unit area into space than ice at higher <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a>. Thus, while the modern plateau heats the overlying atmosphere, during the Last Ice Age it helped to cool it.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This cooling had multiple effects on regional climate. Without the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_low" title="Thermal low">thermal low</a> pressure caused by the heating, there was no <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. This lack of monsoon caused <a href="/wiki/Pluvial" title="Pluvial">extensive rainfall</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a>, more dust deposited into the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, and a lowering of the <a href="/wiki/Life_zone" title="Life zone">biotic life zones</a> on the Indian subcontinent. Animals responded to this shift in climate, with the <a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">Javan rusa</a> migrating into India.<sup id="cite_ref-K2001_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K2001-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the glaciers in Tibet created <a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake" title="Glacial lake">meltwater lakes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Qaidam_Basin" title="Qaidam Basin">Qaidam Basin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a>, despite the strong evaporation caused by the low latitude. <a href="/wiki/Rock_flour" title="Rock flour">Silt</a> and clay from the glaciers accumulated in these lakes; when the lakes dried at the end of the ice age, the silt and clay were <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">blown</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Katabatic_wind" title="Katabatic wind">downslope wind</a> off the Plateau. These airborne fine grains produced the enormous amount of <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a> in the Chinese lowlands.<sup id="cite_ref-K2001_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K2001-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frozen_biological_samples">Frozen biological samples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Plateau&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Frozen biological samples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhong-2021_Guliya_ice_cap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Zhong-2021_Guliya_ice_cap.png/220px-Zhong-2021_Guliya_ice_cap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Zhong-2021_Guliya_ice_cap.png/330px-Zhong-2021_Guliya_ice_cap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Zhong-2021_Guliya_ice_cap.png/440px-Zhong-2021_Guliya_ice_cap.png 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>The location where ice core was taken, and the age of the dead microorganisms found at different depths.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ice of the plateau provides a valuable window to the past. In 2015, researchers studying the Plateau reached the top of the Guliya <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a>, with ice thickness of 310 m (1,020 ft), and drilled to a depth of 50 m (160 ft) in order to recover <a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">ice core</a> samples. Due to the extremely low <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> in those 15,000-year-old samples, it had taken around 5 years of research to extract 33 viruses, of which 28 were new to science. None had survived the extraction process. <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">Phylogenetic</a> analysis suggests those viruses infected <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> or other microorganisms.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Plateau&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></div> <p>The Tibetan Plateau contains the world's third-largest store of ice. Qin Dahe, the former head of the <a href="/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration" title="China Meteorological Administration">China Meteorological Administration</a>, issued the following assessment in 2009: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Temperatures are rising four times faster than elsewhere in China, and the Tibetan glaciers are retreating at a higher speed than in any other part of the world. In the short term, this will cause lakes to expand and bring floods and mudflows. In the long run, the glaciers are vital lifelines for Asian rivers, including the <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>. Once they vanish, water supplies in those regions will be in peril.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The Tibetan Plateau contains the largest area of low-<a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> glaciers and is particularly vulnerable to global warming. Over the past five decades, 80% of the glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau have retreated, losing 4.5% of their combined areal coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This region is also liable to suffer damages from permafrost thaw caused by climate change. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ran_2022_QTP_Permafrost_damages_2050.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ran_2022_QTP_Permafrost_damages_2050.png/220px-Ran_2022_QTP_Permafrost_damages_2050.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ran_2022_QTP_Permafrost_damages_2050.png/330px-Ran_2022_QTP_Permafrost_damages_2050.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ran_2022_QTP_Permafrost_damages_2050.png/440px-Ran_2022_QTP_Permafrost_damages_2050.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>Detailed map of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau infrastructure at risk from permafrost thaw under the SSP2-4.5 scenario.</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Infrastructure" title="Permafrost">Permafrost § Infrastructure</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Permafrost&action=edit#Infrastructure">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> Outside of the Arctic, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinghai–Tibet Plateau">Qinghai–Tibet Plateau</a> (sometimes known as "the Third Pole"), also has an extensive permafrost area. It is warming at twice the global average rate, and 40% of it is already considered "warm" permafrost, making it particularly unstable. Qinghai–Tibet Plateau has a population of over 10 million people – double the population of permafrost regions in the Arctic – and over 1 million m<sup>2</sup> of buildings are located in its permafrost area, as well as 2,631 km of <a href="/wiki/Power_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Power line">power lines</a>, and 580 km of railways.<sup id="cite_ref-Permafrost_Ran2022_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Permafrost_Ran2022-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also 9,389 km of roads, and around 30% are already sustaining damage from permafrost thaw.<sup id="cite_ref-Permafrost_Hjort2022_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Permafrost_Hjort2022-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates suggest that under the scenario most similar to today, <a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">SSP2-4.5</a>, around 60% of the current infrastructure would be at high risk by 2090 and simply maintaining it would cost $6.31 billion, with adaptation reducing these costs by 20.9% at most. Holding the global warming to 2 °C (3.6 °F) would reduce these costs to $5.65 billion, and fulfilling the optimistic <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> target of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) would save a further $1.32 billion. In particular, fewer than 20% of railways would be at high risk by 2100 under 1.5 °C (2.7 °F), yet this increases to 60% at 2 °C (3.6 °F), while under SSP5-8.5, this level of risk is met by mid-century.<sup id="cite_ref-Permafrost_Ran2022_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Permafrost_Ran2022-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Plateau&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyantse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gyantse.jpg/220px-Gyantse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gyantse.jpg/330px-Gyantse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gyantse.jpg/440px-Gyantse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3642" data-file-height="2438" /></a><figcaption>The old town of <a href="/wiki/Gyantse" title="Gyantse">Gyantse</a> and surrounding fields.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_Har_block" title="Bayan Har block">Bayan Har block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tibet" title="Geography of Tibet">Geography of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Himalayas" title="Geology of the Himalayas">Geology of the Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet (1912–1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_culture" title="Tibetan culture">Tibetan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Tibetan sovereignty debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Tibetan diaspora</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Plateau&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བོད་ས་མཐོ།</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>bod sa mtho</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: တိဘက်ကုန်းပြင်မြင့်; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">青藏高原</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Qīng–Zàng Gāoyuán</span></i>; or as the <b>Himalayan Plateau</b> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Plateau&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Plateau&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWangLiXuYu2016" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Zhaoyin; Li, Zhiwei; Xu, Mengzhen; Yu, Guoan (30 March 2016). <i>River Morphodynamics and Stream Ecology of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau</i>. CRC Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=River+Morphodynamics+and+Stream+Ecology+of+the+Qinghai-Tibet+Plateau&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016-03-30&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Zhaoyin&rft.au=Li%2C+Zhiwei&rft.au=Xu%2C+Mengzhen&rft.au=Yu%2C+Guoan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesLiuWooKung2012" class="citation book cs1">Jones, J.A.; Liu, Changming; Woo, Ming-Ko; Kung, Hsiang-Te (6 December 2012). <i>Regional Hydrological Response to Climate Change</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 360.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Hydrological+Response+to+Climate+Change&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft.au=Liu%2C+Changming&rft.au=Woo%2C+Ming-Ko&rft.au=Kung%2C+Hsiang-Te&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/campus/research-by-india-and-usa-in-himalayan-region">"हिमालयी क्षेत्र में जीवन यापन पर रिसर्च करेंगे अमेरिका और भारत"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amarujala.com%2Fshimla%2Fcampus%2Fresearch-by-india-and-usa-in-himalayan-region&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/facebook-stories-of-strength-2019/in-little-tibet-a-story-of-how-a-displaced-people-rebuilt-life-in-a-distant-land/">"In Little Tibet, a story of how displaced people rebuilt life in a distant land"</a>. 18 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Little+Tibet%2C+a+story+of+how+displaced+people+rebuilt+life+in+a+distant+land&rft.date=2020-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Ffacebook-stories-of-strength-2019%2Fin-little-tibet-a-story-of-how-a-displaced-people-rebuilt-life-in-a-distant-land%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Illustrated Atlas of the World</i> (1986) Rand McNally & Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-528-83190-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-528-83190-9">0-528-83190-9</a> pp. 164–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Atlas of World History</i> (1998 ) HarperCollins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7230-1025-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7230-1025-0">0-7230-1025-0</a> p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dannyreviews.com/h/Tibetan_Empire.html">"The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia (Christopher Beckwith)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Results of Investigations into High Mountain Geomorphology, Paleo-Glaciology and Climatology of the Pleistocene". <i>GeoJournal</i>. <b>47</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1007039510460">10.1023/A:1007039510460</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128089823">128089823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeoJournal&rft.atitle=Tibet+and+High+Asia+V.+Results+of+Investigations+into+High+Mountain+Geomorphology%2C+Paleo-Glaciology+and+Climatology+of+the+Pleistocene&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1007039510460&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128089823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kuhle&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span> See chapter entitled: "Reconstruction of an approximately complete Quaternary Tibetan Inland Glaciation between the Mt. 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Streletskiy, Dmitry; Doré, Guy; Wu, Qingbai; Bjella, Kevin; Luoto, Miska (11 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe2022101962575">"Impacts of permafrost degradation on infrastructure"</a>. <i>Nature Reviews Earth & Environment</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">24–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NRvEE...3...24H">2022NRvEE...3...24H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43017-021-00247-8">10.1038/s43017-021-00247-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10138%2F344541">10138/344541</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245917456">245917456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Earth+%26+Environment&rft.atitle=Impacts+of+permafrost+degradation+on+infrastructure&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2022-01-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10138%2F344541&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245917456%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs43017-021-00247-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NRvEE...3...24H&rft.aulast=Hjort&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Streletskiy%2C+Dmitry&rft.au=Dor%C3%A9%2C+Guy&rft.au=Wu%2C+Qingbai&rft.au=Bjella%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Luoto%2C+Miska&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.fi%2Furn%3Anbn%3Afi-fe2022101962575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Plateau&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkirk1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hopkirk" title="Peter Hopkirk">Hopkirk, Peter</a> (1983). <i>Trespassers on the Roof of the World: The Secret Exploration of Tibet</i>. J. P. Tarcher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87477-257-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87477-257-9"><bdi>978-0-87477-257-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trespassers+on+the+Roof+of+the+World%3A+The+Secret+Exploration+of+Tibet&rft.pub=J.+P.+Tarcher&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-87477-257-9&rft.aulast=Hopkirk&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrantinghamXing2006" class="citation journal cs1">Brantingham, P. J. & Xing, G. (2006). "Peopling of the northern Tibetan Plateau". <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>38</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">387–</span>414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438240600813301">10.1080/00438240600813301</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13534630">13534630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Peopling+of+the+northern+Tibetan+Plateau&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E387-%3C%2Fspan%3E414&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438240600813301&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13534630%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brantingham&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft.au=Xing%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Plateau&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tibetan_Plateau" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiasociety.org/onthinnerice">ON THINNER ICE 如履薄冰 (by GRIP, Asia Society and MediaStorm)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thethirdpole.net">The Third Pole: Understanding Asia's Water Crisis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020724112745/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/michael.magee/awwls/00/wls104.html">The End of Earth's Summer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4q_XoMACOxkC&pg=PA62">Long Rivers and Distant Sources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1996/96EO00264.shtml">"Roof of the Earth" Offers Clues About How Our Planet Was Shaped</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121031061655/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1996/96EO00264.shtml">Archived</a> 31 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plateauperspectives.org/">Plateau Perspectives (international NGO)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030721043521/http://www.mala.bc.ca/~earles/tibet-uplift-feb03.htm">Leaf morphology and the timing of the rise of the Tibetan Plateau</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060319115440/http://weather.msn.com/local.aspx?wealocations=wc:CHXX0331">"Weather in the eastern Chang Tang"</a>. Archived from the original on 19 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weather+in+the+eastern+Chang+Tang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweather.msn.com%2Flocal.aspx%3Fwealocations%3Dwc%3ACHXX0331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510185558/http://www.plateauperspectives.org/tibetan_PAs.htm">Protected areas of the Tibetan Plateau region</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/pa1011">"North Tibetan Plateau-Kunlun Mountains alpine desert"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=North+Tibetan+Plateau-Kunlun+Mountains+alpine+desert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fpa1011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetan+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianart.com/exhibitions/miller/index.html">Photos of Tibetan nomads</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970501040126/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/EOSsokhabi.html">"Roof of the Earth" Offers Clues About How Our Planet Was Shaped</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150201221817/http://www.thirdpolecast.com/">Contemporary lifestyle and language learning center from Tibet lhasa, the official language of Tibetan. podcast.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.exploretibet.com/tibetan-history/">Tibetan History</a>-The true history of any region cannot be fully understood without knowing the basic characteristics of a region and of its inhabitants</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tibetan_history" title="Timeline of Tibetan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Tibet" title="List of rulers of Tibet">List of rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Historical money</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Prehistory <span style="font-size:85%;">(Neolithic)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung">Zhangzhung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_dynasty" title="Yarlung dynasty">Yarlung dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(7th–9th century)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="Timeline of the Tibetan Empire">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Tibet" title="List of emperors of Tibet">List of emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_L%C3%B6nchen_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="List of Lönchen of the Tibetan Empire">Lönchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Relations with Tang <span style="font-size:85%;">(618–907)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">Era of Fragmentation <span style="font-size:85%;">(9th–13th century)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge">Guge kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsongkha" title="Tsongkha">Tsongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Song–Tibet relations">Relations with Song <span style="font-size:85%;">(960–1279)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Yuan dynasty rule <span style="font-size:85%;">(1270–1350)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty" title="Phagmodrupa dynasty">Phagmodrupa dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Relations with Ming <span style="font-size:85%;">(1368–1644)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpungpa" title="Rinpungpa">Rinpungpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsangpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag">Kashag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Qing dynasty rule <span style="font-size:85%;">(1720–1912)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of Qing ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Post-Qing to 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Army" title="Tibetan Army">Tibetan Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet_(1950%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Tibet (1950–present)">People's Republic of China (PRC) rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">PRC annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">political leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Wars and<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_attack_on_Songzhou" title="Tibetan attack on Songzhou">Tibetan attack on Songzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dafei_River" title="Battle of Dafei River">Battle of Dafei River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Mongol invasions of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dartsedo" title="Battle of Dartsedo">Battle of Dartsedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Salween_River" title="Battle of the Salween River">Battle of the Salween River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchuan_campaigns" title="Jinchuan campaigns">Jinchuan campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Dogra–Tibetan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_War" title="Qinghai–Tibet War">Qinghai–Tibet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Japanese_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet">1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamdo" title="Battle of Chamdo">Battle of Chamdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Protests and uprisings since 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation_protests_by_Tibetans_in_China" title="Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China">Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Frontier_Force" title="Special Frontier Force">Special Frontier Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Chronicles#Treaty_of_Tingmosgang_(1684)" title="Ladakh Chronicles">Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Calcutta" title="Convention of Calcutta">Convention of Calcutta (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Lhasa" title="Convention of Lhasa">Treaty of Lhasa (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship_and_alliance_between_the_Government_of_Mongolia_and_Tibet" title="Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet">Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Convention" title="Simla Convention">Simla Accord (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Point_Agreement" title="Seventeen Point Agreement">Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_Agreement_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Indian Agreement 1954">Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70,000_Character_Petition" title="70,000 Character Petition">70,000 Character Petition (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorandum_on_Genuine_Autonomy" title="Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy">Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tibet" title="Geography of Tibet">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Tibet" title="Category:Flora of Tibet">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Tibet" title="Category:Fauna of Tibet">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Tibet" title="Category:Environment of Tibet">Environment</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Tibet" title="Category:Mountains of Tibet">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Kailash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhotse" title="Lhotse">Lhotse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Changtse" title="Changtse">Changtse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namcha_Barwa" title="Namcha Barwa">Namcha Barwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggula_Mountains" title="Tanggula Mountains">Tanggula</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rivers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo" title="Yarlung Tsangpo">Yarlung Tsangpo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_Grand_Canyon" title="Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier" title="Rongbuk Glacier">Rongbuk Glacier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tibetan Plateau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changtang" title="Changtang">Changtang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Tang_Nature_Reserve" title="Chang Tang Nature Reserve">Nature Reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_Tibet" title="Category:Valleys of Tibet">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Traditional regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Ü-Tsang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region <span style="font-size:85%;">(TAR)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration">Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Tibet" title="Etymology of Tibet">Etymology of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tibet" title="Foreign relations of Tibet">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tibet">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_and_priest_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron and priest relationship">Patron and priest relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Area_(administrative_division)" title="Tibet Area (administrative division)">Tibet Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Tibet_controversy" title="Serfdom in Tibet controversy">Serfdom controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serfs%27_Emancipation_Day" title="Serfs' Emancipation Day">Serfs' Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Sovereignty debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Tibetan_program" title="CIA Tibetan program">CIA Tibetan program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="India–Tibet relations">India–Tibet relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibet#Government" title="Tibet">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region#Government" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Regional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Government_of_Tibet_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region">TAR People's Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region_People%27s_Congress" title="Tibet Autonomous Region People's Congress">TAR People's Congress</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tibet" title="Economy of Tibet">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Tibet" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Tibet">Postage and postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_109" title="China National Highway 109">Qinghai-Tibet Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_railway" title="Qinghai–Tibet railway">Qinghai–Tibet railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tibet" title="Education in Tibet">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tibet" title="Religion in Tibet">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dpon-chen" title="Dpon-chen">Dpon-chen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dalai_Lamas" title="List of Dalai Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamo_La-tso" title="Lhamo La-tso">Lhamo La-tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Panchen_Lamas" title="List of Panchen Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Social classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changpa" title="Changpa">Changpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_people" title="Yolmo people">Yolmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Names</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Tibet">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_rug" title="Tibetan rug">rugs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tsakli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan tsakli">tsakli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_on_Tibetan_Buddhist_monasteries" title="Murals on Tibetan Buddhist monasteries">wall murals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Tibet" title="Emblem of Tibet">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tibet" title="Flag of Tibet">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Tibet" title="List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet">Historical and cultural sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khata" title="Khata"><i>Khata</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ceremonial scarf)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_literature" title="Tibetan literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Annals" title="Tibetan Annals">Annals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan_Chronicle" title="Old Tibetan Chronicle">Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_writers" title="List of Tibetan writers">writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tibet" title="Music of Tibet">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetology" title="Tibetology">Tibetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tibet" title="Outline of Tibet">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Tibet-related_articles" title="Index of Tibet-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tibet" title="Category:Tibet">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plateaus_of_China49" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plateaus_of_China" title="Template:Plateaus of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plateaus_of_China" title="Template talk:Plateaus of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plateaus_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plateaus of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plateaus_of_China49" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Plateaus_of_China" title="Category:Plateaus of China">Plateaus of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loess_Plateau" title="Loess Plateau">Loess Plateau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hetao" title="Hetao">Hetao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhang_Plains" title="Wuzhang Plains">Wuzhang Plains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashang_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashang Plateau">Bashang Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tibetan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan-Guizhou_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau">Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_topics778" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_topics" title="Template:Geography topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_topics" title="Template talk:Geography topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_topics778" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Glossary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geography" title="History of geography">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_geography" title="Philosophy of geography">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles" title="Index of geography articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">Human</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_geography" title="Behavioral geography">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_geography" title="Cognitive geography">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_geography" title="Critical geography">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_geographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal geographies">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_geographies" title="Children's geographies">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_geography" title="Agricultural geography">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_geography" title="Cyber geography">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_geography" title="Development geography">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_finance" title="Geography of finance">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_economic_geography" title="Historical economic geography">Histo-economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_geography" title="Labor geography">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomarketing" title="Geomarketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_geography" title="Retail geography">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_economic_geography" title="Theoretical economic geography">Theoretical economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_geography" title="Transport geography">Transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_geography" title="Language geography">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geolinguistics" title="Geolinguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_geography" title="Music geography">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_geography" title="Vernacular geography">Vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_geography" title="Moral geography">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogeography" title="Psychogeography">Psychological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_geography" title="Emotional geography">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neogeography" title="Neogeography">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_space" title="Sexuality and space">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_geography" title="Religion and geography">Religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_food" title="Geography of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_geography" title="Health geography">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_geographies" title="Imagined geographies">Imagined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_geography" title="Internet geography">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_geopolitics" title="Critical geopolitics">Critical geopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_geography" title="Electoral geography">Electoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_geography" title="Strategic geography">Strategic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_geography" title="Military geography">Military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_geography" title="Population geography">Population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_geography" title="Settlement geography">Settlement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_geography" title="Regional geography">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_geography" title="Music geography">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_geography" title="Transport geography">Transport</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_geography" title="Social geography">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_geography" title="Tourism geography">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_geography" title="Tropical geography">Tropical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoogeography" title="Zoogeography">Zoogeography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">Atmospheric science</a> / <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Environmental science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pedology" title="Pedology">Pedology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edaphology" title="Edaphology">Edaphology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_science" title="Quaternary science">Quaternary science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_geography" title="Technical geography">Technical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodesign" title="Geodesign">Geodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoinformatics" title="Geoinformatics">Geoinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_science" title="Geographic information science">Geographic information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_geography" title="Statistical geography">Statistical geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">Integrated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Environmental social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geography#Tasks_and_tools_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">Techniques and tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_geography" title="Quantitative geography">Quantitative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cartography" title="Computer cartography">Computer cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_mapping" title="Web mapping">Web mapping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_GIS" title="Distributed GIS">Distributed GIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_GIS" title="Internet GIS">Internet GIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_GIS" title="Web GIS">Web GIS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_modelling" title="Geologic modelling">Geologic modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomathematics" title="Geomathematics">Geomathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostatistics" title="Geostatistics">Geostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_algebra" title="Map algebra">Map algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participant_observation" title="Participant observation">Participant observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">Photogrammetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">Remote sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical survey">Statistical survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">Surveying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_change_modeling" title="Land change modeling">Land change modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_geography" title="Qualitative geography">Qualitative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopoetics" title="Geopoetics">Geopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview (research)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey (human research)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographic_data_and_information_organizations" title="Category:Geographic data and information organizations">Geographic data and information organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geographical_societies" title="List of geographical societies">Geographical societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geoscience_organizations" title="List of geoscience organizations">Geoscience societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_mapping_agency" title="National mapping agency">National mapping agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_education" title="Category:Geography education">Geography education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geo-literacy" title="Geo-literacy">Geo-literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographers_on_Film" title="Geographers on Film">Geographers on Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Geography_Olympiad" title="International Geography Olympiad">International Geography Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Geographic_Education" title="National Council for Geographic Education">National Council for Geographic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_citizenship" title="Spatial citizenship">Spatial citizenship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 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