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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>First Invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Second Invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_attitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_attitude"> <div 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class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="চীন-নেপাল যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চীন-নেপাল যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_sino-nepalesa" title="Guerra sino-nepalesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra sino-nepalesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_du_Tibet_par_les_Gurkhas" title="Invasion du Tibet par les Gurkhas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Invasion du Tibet par les Gurkhas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%AD-%EB%84%A4%ED%8C%94_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="청-네팔 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="청-네팔 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="चीन-नेपाल युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीन-नेपाल युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_sino-nepalese" title="Guerra sino-nepalese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra sino-nepalese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasies_van_gurkha%27s_in_Tibet" title="Invasies van gurkha's in Tibet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Invasies van gurkha's in Tibet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E2%80%93%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4_/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="नेपाल –तिब्बत /चीन युद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नेपाल –तिब्बत /चीन युद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="清・ネパール戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="清・ネパール戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A8-%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3_%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7" title="ଚୀନ-ନେପାଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚୀନ-ନେପାଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin-Nepal_urushi" title="Sin-Nepal urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sin-Nepal urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="چین نیپال جنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چین نیپال جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_sino-nepalez" title="Războiul sino-nepalez – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul sino-nepalez" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Тибетско-непальская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тибетско-непальская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சீன நேபாளப் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீன நேபாளப் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%93%E7%88%BE%E5%96%80%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Invasion of Tibet by Nepalese Army and Chinese military intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the later war between Tibet and Nepal, see <a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Special:EditPage/Sino-Nepalese War">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sino-Nepalese+War%22">"Sino-Nepalese War"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sino-Nepalese+War%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sino-Nepalese+War%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sino-Nepalese+War%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sino-Nepalese+War%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sino-Nepalese+War%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Sino-Nepalese War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Magaer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Capture_of_Magaer.jpg/220px-Capture_of_Magaer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Capture_of_Magaer.jpg/330px-Capture_of_Magaer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Capture_of_Magaer.jpg/440px-Capture_of_Magaer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1788–1792</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Gorkha victory against Tibet in 1789<br />Qing victory against Gorkhas in 1792<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a187_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a187-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Stalemate near Nepal's <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a><br />Treaty of Betrawati<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_Imperial_China#Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tributaries of Imperial China">Nepal maintains diplomacy and pays tribute</a> to Qing Empire.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a></li></ul> <span data-sort-value="Sikkim"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/10px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="435" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gorkhalis</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fuk%27anggan" title="Fuk'anggan">Fuk'anggan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/8th_Dalai_Lama" title="8th Dalai Lama">8th Dalai Lama</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Rana_Bahadur_Shah" title="Rana Bahadur Shah">Rana Bahadur Shah</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahadur Shah of Nepal">Bahadur Shah</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Damodar_Pande" title="Damodar Pande">Damodar Pande</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Abhiman_Singh_Basnyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhiman Singh Basnyat">Abhiman Singh Basnyat</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kirtiman_Singh_Basnyat" title="Kirtiman Singh Basnyat">Kirtiman Singh Basnyat</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 10,000<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 5,000<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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Campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ten Great Campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ten_Great_Campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Ten Great Campaigns"><span class="wrap">Ten Great Campaigns</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Conquest of Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amursana#Revolt_against_the_Qing" title="Amursana">Amursana rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War_(1765%E2%80%931769)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Burmese War (1765–1769)">Sino-Burmese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchuan_campaigns" title="Jinchuan campaigns">Jinchuan campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen_rebellion" title="Lin Shuangwen rebellion">Lin Shuangwen rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BB%93i-%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a" title="Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa">Invasion of Đại Việt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Campaigns against the Gurkhas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Sino-Nepalese War</b> (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">नेपाल-चीन युद्ध</span>), also known as the <b>Sino-Gorkha War</b> and in Chinese as the <b>campaign of Gorkha</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">廓爾喀之役</span>), was a war fought between the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> of China and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> in the late 18th century following an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> by the Nepalese <a href="/wiki/Nepali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali people">Gorkhas</a>. It was initially fought between Gorkhas and Tibetan armies in 1788 over a trade dispute related to a long-standing problem of low-quality coins manufactured by Nepal for Tibet. The Nepalese Army under <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahadur Shah of Nepal">Bahadur Shah</a> plundered Tibet which was a <a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Qing protectorate</a> and Tibetans signed the Treaty of Kerung paying annual tribute to Nepal. However, Tibetans requested Chinese intervention and the Chinese imperial military forces under <a href="/wiki/Fuk%27anggan" title="Fuk'anggan">Fuk'anggan</a> were sent to Tibet and repulsed the Gurkhas from the Tibetan plateau in 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sino-Tibetan forces marched into Nepal up to <a href="/wiki/Nuwakot,_Nuwakot" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuwakot, Nuwakot">Nuwakot</a> (near Nepal's capital <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>) but faced a strong Nepalese counterattack. Thus, both countries signed the Treaty of Betrawati as a stalemate.<sup id="cite_ref-nepalarmytwo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nepalarmytwo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a187_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a187-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war ended with Nepal accepting terms dictated by China. Nepal became a <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tribute state</a> under Qing (<a href="/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_Imperial_China#Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tributaries of Imperial China">Nepal maintains diplomacy and pays tribute</a>). Nepal paid tribute to China in 1792, 1794, 1795, 1823, 1842 and 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Nepal and Tibet also agreed to accept the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of the Qing emperor. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tibet had been using Nepalese silver coins since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Malla_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malla (Nepal)">Malla</a> kings. When <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a> launched an economic blockade on the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a> during his unification campaign, <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Prakash_Malla" title="Jaya Prakash Malla">Jaya Prakash Malla</a> of Kathmandu faced an economic crisis which he tried to alleviate by minting low quality coins mixed with copper. After Prithvi Narayan Shah successfully conquered the Kathmandu Valley in 1769 and firmly established the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a> in Nepal, he reverted to minting pure silver coins. But by then the damage to the confidence of the Nepalese minted coins had already been done. The Tibetans demanded that all the impure coins in circulation be replaced by pure silver ones, a demand that would place a huge financial burden on the newly founded Shah dynasty. Prithvi Narayan Shah was not willing to bear such a huge loss in a matter for which he was not responsible, but was willing to vouch for the purity of the newly minted coins. Thus two kinds of coins were in circulation in the market. The case remained unresolved due to his demise in 1775, and the problem was inherited by successive rulers of Nepal. </p><p>By 1788, <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahadur Shah of Nepal">Bahadur Shah</a>, the youngest son of Prithivi Narayan Shah, and the uncle and regent of the minor king <a href="/wiki/Rana_Bahadur_Shah" title="Rana Bahadur Shah">Rana Bahadur Shah</a>, had inherited an aggravated coinage problem. On the plea of debased coins, Tibet had started to spread rumors that it was in a position to attack Nepal; and the Nepalese merchants in Tibet were likewise harassed. Another sore point in the Nepal-Tibet relationship was Nepal's decision to provide refuge to the 10th <a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a> <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a>, Mipam Chödrup Gyamtso, and his fourteen Tibetan followers. He had fled from Tibet to Nepal on religious and political grounds. Yet another cause for conflict was the low quality of salt being provided by Tibetans to Nepal, since in those days, all the <a href="/wiki/Tibet-Nepal_salt_trade_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibet-Nepal salt trade route">salt in Nepal came from Tibet</a>. A Nepalese delegation was sent to Tibet to resolve these issues, but the demands made by the Nepalese were rejected by the Tibetans. The Nepalese found the quarrel over coinage a good pretext to expand their kingdom and to raid the rich monasteries in Tibet. Thus, Nepal launched multi-directional attacks on Tibet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Invasion">First Invasion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First Invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damodar_Pande.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Damodar_Pande.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kaji_(Nepal)" title="Kaji (Nepal)">Kazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Damodar_Pande" title="Damodar Pande">Damodar Pande</a>, who led war with Tibetans that resulted in the Treaty of Kerung</figcaption></figure> <p>In the year 1788, <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahadur Shah of Nepal">Bahadur Shah</a> sent Gorkha troops under the joint command of <a href="/wiki/Damodar_Pande" title="Damodar Pande">Damodar Pande</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bam_Shah" title="Bam Shah">Bam Shah</a> to attack Tibet. The Gorkha troops entered Tibet through Kuti (<a href="/wiki/Nyalam_Town" title="Nyalam Town">Nyalam Town</a>) and reached as far as <a href="/wiki/Tashilhunpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashilhunpo">Tashilhunpo</a> (about 410 km. from Kuti). A fierce battle was fought at <a href="/wiki/Shelkar" title="Shelkar">Shikarjong</a> in which the Tibetans were badly defeated. The <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (tribe)">Sakya</a> Lama then requested the Gorkha troops to have peace talks. So the Gorkha troops left Shikarjong and went towards Kuti and Kerung (<a href="/wiki/Gyirong_County" title="Gyirong County">Gyirong</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Nepal_(with_Nepalese_Tibetan_war_expansions).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Greater_Nepal_%28with_Nepalese_Tibetan_war_expansions%29.png/400px-Greater_Nepal_%28with_Nepalese_Tibetan_war_expansions%29.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Greater_Nepal_%28with_Nepalese_Tibetan_war_expansions%29.png/600px-Greater_Nepal_%28with_Nepalese_Tibetan_war_expansions%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Greater_Nepal_%28with_Nepalese_Tibetan_war_expansions%29.png/800px-Greater_Nepal_%28with_Nepalese_Tibetan_war_expansions%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Territorial Expansions up to <a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a>/Digarcha</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> of China heard the news of the invasion of Tibet by Nepal, he sent a large troop of the Chinese army under the command of General Chanchu. Chanchu came to know the situation from the Tibetan Lamas. He decided to stay in Tibet till the dispute was settled. </p><p>The representatives of Tibet and Nepal met at Khiru in 1789 to have peace talks. In the talks Tibet was held responsible for the quarrel and were required to give compensation to Nepal for the losses incurred in the war. Tibet had also to pay tribute to Nepal a sum of Rs. 50,001 every year in return for giving back to Tibet all the territories acquired during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-nepalarmytwo_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nepalarmytwo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was called the <b>Treaty of Kerung</b>. The Nepalese representatives were given Rs. 50,001 as the first installment. So giving back the territories - Kerung, Kuti, Longa, Jhunga and Falak, they went back to Nepal. But Tibet refused to pay the tributes after the first year of the conclusion of the treaty. As a result, the war between Nepal and Tibet continued. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Invasion">Second Invasion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second Invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Tibet had refused to pay the tribute to Nepal, Bahadur Shah sent a troop under <a href="/wiki/Abhiman_Singh_Basnet" title="Abhiman Singh Basnet">Abhiman Singh Basnet</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kerunga" title="Kerunga">Kerung</a> and another troop under the command of <a href="/wiki/Damodar_Pande" title="Damodar Pande">Damodar Pande</a> to Kuti in 1791. Damodar Pande attacked Digarcha and captured the property of the monastery there. He also arrested the minister of <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tbrc.org/#!rid=P300">Dhoren Kazi</a> (Tib. Rdo ring Bstan 'dzin dpal 'byor, b.1760) and came back to Nepal. As soon as this news was heard by the Qianlong Emperor, he sent a strong troop of 10,000 soldiers (with a large proportion of Solon Ewenki soldiers) under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Fuk%27anggan" title="Fuk'anggan">Fuk'anggan</a> to defend Tibet. Fukanggan's forces reached Lhasa within sixty days, traversing nearly two thousand kilometres. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a> asked Nepal to return the property to Tibet which was looted at Digarcha. They also demanded them to give back <a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a> Lama who had taken asylum in Nepal. But Nepal turned a deaf ear to these demands. The Qing imperial army responded to Nepal with military intervention. The Qing forces marched along the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Trishuli_River" title="Trishuli River">Trishuli River</a> until they reached <a href="/wiki/Nuwakot_District" title="Nuwakot District">Nuwakot</a>. The Nepalese troops attempted to defend against the Qing attack, but were already faced with overwhelming odds. Heavy damage was inflicted on both sides and the Chinese army pushed the Gurkhas back to the inner hills close to the Nepali capital. However, a comprehensive defeat of the Gorkhali army could not be achieved. </p><p>At the same time, Nepal was dealing with military confrontations along two other fronts. The nation of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a> had begun incursions along Nepal's eastern border. Along the far-western side, the war with Garhwal continued. Within Nepal's own borders, the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Achham" class="mw-redirect" title="Achham">Achham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doti#History" title="Doti">Doti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jumla" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Jumla">Jumla</a> openly revolted. Thus the problems that Bahadur Shah faced made it much harder to defend against the Qing army. The anxious Bahadur Shah asked for ten artillery guns from the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>. Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Kirkpatrick_(East_India_Company_officer)" title="William Kirkpatrick (East India Company officer)">William Kirkpatrick</a> arrived in Kathmandu,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he informed the Nepalese the conditions of business treaty which he required the signing of before delivery of the weapons. Wary of what signing the treaty would entail, the deal fell through and the military situation became critical for Bahadur Shah. </p><p>After a series of successful battles by Qing where the Ghorkalis lost more than four thousand men, the Qing army had finally suffered a major setback when they tried to cross a monsoon-flooded Betrawati, close to a Gorkhali palace in Nuwakot. As the Qing troops had reached south of the Betravati river, near Nuwakot, it was difficult for the Nepalese troops to wait for them at Kathmandu. At Kathmandu, a Nepalese force of less than 200 soldiers attempted to resist the Qing troops at Betravati. On September 19, 1792, Nepalese troops launched a counterattack against the Qing forces encamped at Jitpurfedi. The Nepalese used a tactic where their soldiers carried lit torches in their hands, tying them to the branches of trees, and tying flaming torches on the horns of domestic animals and driving them towards the enemy. The Qing army suffered a defeat, but the loss failed to dislodge them from Nepal. </p><p>A stalemate ensued, and with their resources low and a looming uncertainty regarding how long they would be able to hold on in addition to the need to continue their expansion drive on the western frontier, the Gorkhalis signed a treaty on terms dictated by the Qing that required, among other obligations, Nepal to send tributes to the Qing emperor every five years. </p><p>On the 8th day of <a href="/wiki/Bhadra_(Nepali_calendar)" title="Bhadra (Nepali calendar)">Bhadra</a>, 10,000 Chinese troops advanced forward from Betrawati river. There were three forts past the Betrawati river namely; Chokde, Dudethumko, and Gerkhu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Gerkhu, the commanding officer was <a href="/wiki/Kaji_(Nepal)" title="Kaji (Nepal)">Kaji</a> <a href="/wiki/Kirtiman_Singh_Basnyat" title="Kirtiman Singh Basnyat">Kirtiman Singh Basnyat</a> and at Chokde, the commanding officer was <a href="/wiki/Kaji_(Nepal)" title="Kaji (Nepal)">Kaji</a> <a href="/wiki/Damodar_Pande" title="Damodar Pande">Damodar Pande</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were serious fightings around all the three forts and heavy repulse from Nepalese forces compelled Chinese troops to retreat to Betrawati river.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Betrawati bridge, the Chinese General Tung Thyang began to punish retreating Chinese soldiers with severe injuries resulting in their death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the Chinese officers who retreated beyond the Betrawati river were punished with injury to their nose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The action of the Chinese General demotivated the troops and increase rapid desertion and retreat through other routes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Chinese troops died falling from hills into river and others from the bullets and arrows from Nepalese side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1000 or 1200 Chinese troops were killed in the manner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a187_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a187-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese General Tung Thyang lost all hopes of attacking the Nepalese forces and decided to conclude a treaty with Nepal through his letter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a187_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a187-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter from Tung Thyang reached the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nepal" title="Government of Nepal">government of Nepal</a>. In reply, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nepal" title="Government of Nepal">government of Nepal</a> issued a royal order deputing Kaji <a href="/wiki/Damodar_Pande" title="Damodar Pande">Damodar Pande</a> to conclude a treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Chinese Emperor</a> to prevent further hostility and maintain peace with the Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a187_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a187-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The royal order issued by King <a href="/wiki/Rana_Bahadur_Shah" title="Rana Bahadur Shah">Rana Bahadur Shah</a> to Kaji <a href="/wiki/Damodar_Pande" title="Damodar Pande">Damodar Pande</a> on <a href="/wiki/Thursday" title="Thursday">Thursday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhadra_(Nepali_calendar)" title="Bhadra (Nepali calendar)">Bhadra</a> Sudi 13, 1849 (September 1792) is detailed below: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From King <a href="/wiki/Rana_Bahadur_Shah" title="Rana Bahadur Shah">Rana Bahadur Shah</a>, </p><p>To <a href="/wiki/Damodar_Pande" title="Damodar Pande">Damodar Pande</a>. </p><p>Greetings. All is well here. We desire the same there. The news here is good. The <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Chinese Emperor</a> is not insignificant. He is a great Emperor. We could have repulsed them with the blessing of (Goddess <a href="/wiki/Shri" title="Shri">Shri</a> <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>) when they came here this time. But it will not be good for the future to maintain hostility with the Emperor. He too desires to conclude a treaty, and that is what we too desire. Tung Thwang has sent a letter asking that one of the four <a href="/wiki/Kaji_(Nepal)" title="Kaji (Nepal)">Kajis</a> be sent with letters and present to offer his respects to the Chinese Emperor. <a href="/wiki/Kaji_(Nepal)" title="Kaji (Nepal)">Kajis</a> used to be sent formally to conclude treaties with Tanahu and Lamjung. We realize at present that it will not be proper for us not to depute a Kaji to the Emperor. When the matter was discussed with the other Kajis here, they said that <a href="/wiki/Damodar_Pande" title="Damodar Pande">Damdhar(Damodar) Pande</a>, the recipient of Birta (land) grants and senior-most Kaji, should go. So you have to fo. If there is any delay, (the interests) of the State will be harmed. You should therefore depart from there. So far as instructions are concerned, you are a <a href="/wiki/Pande_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pande dynasty">Pande</a> of our court. You are not ignorant of (matters) which will benefit the State and bring you credit. You know (such matters). In this respect, act according to your discretion. Submit a reply to this soon, within 1 ghadi (24 minutes) after you receive this royal order. Delay will be harmful. </p><p> Dated <a href="/wiki/Thursday" title="Thursday">Thursday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhadra_(Nepali_calendar)" title="Bhadra (Nepali calendar)">Bhadra</a> Sudi 13, 1849 (September 1792) at Kantipur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970b98_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1970b98-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victory_banquet_at_the_Ziguangge_(Hall_of_Purple_Glaze).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Victory_banquet_at_the_Ziguangge_%28Hall_of_Purple_Glaze%29.jpg/209px-Victory_banquet_at_the_Ziguangge_%28Hall_of_Purple_Glaze%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Victory_banquet_at_the_Ziguangge_%28Hall_of_Purple_Glaze%29.jpg/314px-Victory_banquet_at_the_Ziguangge_%28Hall_of_Purple_Glaze%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Victory_banquet_at_the_Ziguangge_%28Hall_of_Purple_Glaze%29.jpg/418px-Victory_banquet_at_the_Ziguangge_%28Hall_of_Purple_Glaze%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption> The Qing celebration of consolidation of Tibet after the Gurkha Campaign (Nepal) 1792</figcaption></figure> <p>The Qing general Fuk'anggan then sent a proposal to the Government of Nepal for ratifying a peace treaty. Bahadur Shah also wanted to have cordial relations with the Qing. He readily accepted the proposal and they concluded a friendly treaty at Betravati on 2 October 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms of the treaty were as follows: </p> <ol><li>Both Nepal and Tibet will accept the suzerainty of the Qing emperor.</li> <li>The Government of Tibet will pay the compensation of the property of the Nepalese merchants which were looted by the Tibetans at Lhasa.</li> <li>The Nepali citizens will have the right to visit, trade, and establish industries in any part of Tibet and China.</li> <li>In case of any dispute between Nepal and Tibet, the Qing government will intervene and settle the dispute at the request of both the countries.</li> <li>The Qing will help Nepal defend against any external aggression.</li> <li>Both Nepal and Tibet will have to send a delegation to pay tribute to the Imperial Court in China every five years.</li> <li>In return, the Qing emperor will also send friendly gifts to both the countries and the people who carry the tribute will be treated as important guests and will be provided every facility.</li></ol> <p>While Tibet came under greater control of the Qing after the war, Nepal still retained its autonomy, but had to subordinate to Qing dynasty terms and present tribute to China every 5 year. However the weakening of the Qing dynasty during the 19th century led to the disregard of this treaty. For instance, during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a> of 1814–16, when the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> launched an invasion of Nepal, not only did China fail to help her feudatory in that conflict, but it also failed to prevent the cession of Nepalese territory to <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">the Company</a>. Similarly, during another <a href="/wiki/Nepalese-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese-Tibetan War">Nepalese-Tibetan War</a> of 1855–56, China was conspicuously absent. The Qing were not particularly interested in ruling Nepal; their war was primarily aimed at consolidating their control of Tibet which, in turn, was related to military strategy throughout Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 3rd Nepalese-Tibetan war, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali</a> had been made. The first attempt of the treaty failed with China. The second term of treaty succeeded with all side agreeing. The Nepalese paid their last tribute in 1865 and ended any form of submission to China.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Owing to their ethnic ties to Tibet, the <a href="/wiki/Bhutia" title="Bhutia">Bhutia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamang_people" title="Tamang people">Tamang</a> communities of Nepal suffered discrimination as a consequence of Nepal's wars against Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_attitude">Subsequent attitude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subsequent attitude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a> expressed his attitude on the Sino-Nepalese War in a letter to King <a href="/wiki/Girvan_Yuddha_Bikram_Shah" title="Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah">Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah</a>. He wrote,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinsep1825457–458_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrinsep1825457–458-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Through the influence of your good fortune, and that of your ancestors, no one has yet been able to cope with the state of Nepal. The Chinese once made war upon us, but were reduced to seek peace.</i></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paintings and engravings from a series commissioned by the Qianlong emperor and depicting the "Gurkha Campaign": </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Camu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Capture of Camu (village southeast of Zongga)"><img alt="Capture of Camu (village southeast of Zongga)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Capture_of_Camu.jpg/180px-Capture_of_Camu.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Capture_of_Camu.jpg/270px-Capture_of_Camu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Capture_of_Camu.jpg/360px-Capture_of_Camu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="619" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Capture of Camu (village southeast of <a href="/wiki/Zongga" class="mw-redirect" title="Zongga">Zongga</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Magaer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Capture of Magaer (village northwest of Gyirong Town)"><img alt="Capture of Magaer (village northwest of Gyirong Town)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Capture_of_Magaer.jpg/180px-Capture_of_Magaer.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Capture_of_Magaer.jpg/270px-Capture_of_Magaer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Capture_of_Magaer.jpg/360px-Capture_of_Magaer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Capture of Magaer (village northwest of <a href="/wiki/Gyirong_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyirong Town">Gyirong Town</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Jilong.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Capture of Jilong (Gyirong Town)"><img alt="Capture of Jilong (Gyirong Town)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Capture_of_Jilong.jpg/180px-Capture_of_Jilong.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Capture_of_Jilong.jpg/270px-Capture_of_Jilong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Capture_of_Jilong.jpg/360px-Capture_of_Jilong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="609" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Capture of Jilong (<a href="/wiki/Gyirong_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyirong Town">Gyirong Town</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Resuoqiao.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Capture of Resuoqiao (Rasuwa bridge)"><img alt="Capture of Resuoqiao (Rasuwa bridge)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Capture_of_Resuoqiao.jpg/180px-Capture_of_Resuoqiao.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Capture_of_Resuoqiao.jpg/270px-Capture_of_Resuoqiao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Capture_of_Resuoqiao.jpg/360px-Capture_of_Resuoqiao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="615" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Capture of Resuoqiao (<a href="/wiki/Rasuwa_Fort" title="Rasuwa Fort">Rasuwa bridge</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Xiebulu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Capture of Xiebulu (Syaphru)"><img alt="Capture of Xiebulu (Syaphru)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Capture_of_Xiebulu.jpg/180px-Capture_of_Xiebulu.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Capture_of_Xiebulu.jpg/270px-Capture_of_Xiebulu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Capture_of_Xiebulu.jpg/360px-Capture_of_Xiebulu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Capture of Xiebulu (<a href="/wiki/Syaphru" title="Syaphru">Syaphru</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_battle_at_the_mountain_Dongjiao.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The battle at the mountain Dongjiao (Dhunche)"><img alt="The battle at the mountain Dongjiao (Dhunche)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_battle_at_the_mountain_Dongjiao.jpg/180px-The_battle_at_the_mountain_Dongjiao.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_battle_at_the_mountain_Dongjiao.jpg/270px-The_battle_at_the_mountain_Dongjiao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_battle_at_the_mountain_Dongjiao.jpg/360px-The_battle_at_the_mountain_Dongjiao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The battle at the mountain Dongjiao (<a href="/wiki/Dhunche" title="Dhunche">Dhunche</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Palanggu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Capture of Palanggu (Phalangu Khola or Falakhu river, a.k.a. Betrawati river)"><img alt="Capture of Palanggu (Phalangu Khola or Falakhu river, a.k.a. Betrawati river)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Capture_of_Palanggu.jpg/180px-Capture_of_Palanggu.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Capture_of_Palanggu.jpg/270px-Capture_of_Palanggu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Capture_of_Palanggu.jpg/360px-Capture_of_Palanggu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="612" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Capture of Palanggu (Phalangu Khola or Falakhu river, a.k.a. Betrawati river)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victory_banquet_at_the_Ziguangge_(Hall_of_Purple_Glaze).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Victory banquet at the Ziguangge (Hall of Purple Glaze) in Zhongnanhai, Beijing"><img alt="Victory banquet at the Ziguangge (Hall of Purple Glaze) in Zhongnanhai, Beijing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Victory_banquet_at_the_Ziguangge_%28Hall_of_Purple_Glaze%29.jpg/180px-Victory_banquet_at_the_Ziguangge_%28Hall_of_Purple_Glaze%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Victory_banquet_at_the_Ziguangge_%28Hall_of_Purple_Glaze%29.jpg/270px-Victory_banquet_at_the_Ziguangge_%28Hall_of_Purple_Glaze%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Victory_banquet_at_the_Ziguangge_%28Hall_of_Purple_Glaze%29.jpg/360px-Victory_banquet_at_the_Ziguangge_%28Hall_of_Purple_Glaze%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="622" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Victory banquet at the Ziguangge (Hall of Purple Glaze) in <a href="/wiki/Zhongnanhai" title="Zhongnanhai">Zhongnanhai</a>, Beijing</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet under Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Ten Great Campaigns">Ten Great Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese–Tibetan War">Nepalese–Tibetan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a187-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a187_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a187_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a187_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a187_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a187_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRegmi1970a">Regmi 1970a</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qUnJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16"><i>Death and Dying in Northeast India</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780980045956" title="Special:BookSources/9780980045956"><bdi>9780980045956</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+Dying+in+Northeast+India&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780980045956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqUnJEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nepalarmytwo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nepalarmytwo_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nepalarmytwo_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=two">"Tibetan and Nepalese Conflict"</a>. Official website of Nepal Army.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tibetan+and+Nepalese+Conflict&rft.pub=Official+website+of+Nepal+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepalarmy.mil.np%2Fhistory.php%3Fpage%3Dtwo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gundry, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xDUFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA609">"Nepal," pp. 609-610.</a></i>, p. 609, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick1811" class="citation book cs1">Kirkpatrick, Colonel (1811). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ijxAAAAAYAAJ"><i>An Account of the Kingdom of Nepaul</i></a>. London: William Miller<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Account+of+the+Kingdom+of+Nepaul&rft.pub=London%3A+William+Miller&rft.date=1811&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=Colonel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_ijxAAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970a186_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRegmi1970a">Regmi 1970a</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi1970b98-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi1970b98_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRegmi1970b">Regmi 1970b</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharya2013" class="citation cs2">Acharya, Baburam (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UWQtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT25"><i>The Bloodstained Throne: Struggles for Power in Nepal (1775-1914)</i></a>, Penguin Books Limited, pp. 25, 209, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-204-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-204-7"><bdi>978-93-5118-204-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloodstained+Throne%3A+Struggles+for+Power+in+Nepal+%281775-1914%29&rft.pages=25%2C+209&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-204-7&rft.aulast=Acharya&rft.aufirst=Baburam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUWQtAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Perdue, <i>China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia</i> (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd T. Lewis, <i>Newars and Tibetans in the Kathmandu Valley. Ethnic Boundaries and Religious History</i> (Columbia University: Journal of Asian and African Studies, No. 38, 1989).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrinsep1825457–458-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinsep1825457–458_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrinsep1825">Prinsep 1825</a>, pp. 457–458.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulnois1989" class="citation journal cs1">Boulnois, L. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/kailash/pdf/kailash_15_0102_03.pdf">"Chinese Maps and Prints on the Tibet-Gorkha War of 1788-92"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kailash: A Journal of Himalayan Studies</i>. <b>15</b> (1, 2). Kathmandu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kailash%3A+A+Journal+of+Himalayan+Studies&rft.atitle=Chinese+Maps+and+Prints+on+the+Tibet-Gorkha+War+of+1788-92&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1%2C+2&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Boulnois&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fkailash%2Fpdf%2Fkailash_15_0102_03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMote1999" class="citation book cs1">Mote, F.W. (1999). <i>Imperial China 900-1800</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 936–939. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674012127" title="Special:BookSources/9780674012127"><bdi>9780674012127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China+900-1800&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=936-939&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780674012127&rft.aulast=Mote&rft.aufirst=F.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinsep1825" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thoby_Prinsep" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thoby Prinsep">Prinsep, Henry Thoby</a> (1825), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq1jAAAAMAAJ"><i>History of the political and military transactions in India during the administration of the Marquess of Hastings, 1813–1823, Vol 1</i></a>, vol. 1, London: Kingsbury, Parbury & Allen</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+political+and+military+transactions+in+India+during+the+administration+of+the+Marquess+of+Hastings%2C+1813%E2%80%931823%2C+Vol+1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kingsbury%2C+Parbury+%26+Allen&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Prinsep&rft.aufirst=Henry+Thoby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTq1jAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1971" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Leo E. (1971). <i>Nepal; strategy for survival</i>. University of California Press. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789994655120" title="Special:BookSources/9789994655120"><bdi>9789994655120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepal%3B+strategy+for+survival&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9789994655120&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Leo+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegmi1970a" class="citation journal cs1">Regmi, Mahesh C., ed. (1970a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=regmi;cc=regmi;idno=002regmi;view=image;seq=177">"An official Nepali account of the Nepal-China War"</a>. <i>Regmi Research Series</i>. <b>2</b> (8). Kathmandu: 177–188<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regmi+Research+Series&rft.atitle=An+official+Nepali+account+of+the+Nepal-China+War&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=177-188&rft.date=1970&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dregmi%3Bcc%3Dregmi%3Bidno%3D002regmi%3Bview%3Dimage%3Bseq%3D177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegmi1970b" class="citation cs2">Regmi, Mahesh C., ed. (April 1, 1970b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_02.pdf">"Nepali Envoy to China, 1792"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Regmi Research Series</i>, <b>2</b> (4): 98</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regmi+Research+Series&rft.atitle=Nepali+Envoy+to+China%2C+1792&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=98&rft.date=1970-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fregmi%2Fpdf%2FRegmi_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbuTurnbull1972" class="citation book cs1">Norbu, Thubten Jigme; Turnbull, Colin (1972). <i>Tibet: Its History, Religion and People</i> (1st ed.). Penguin Books. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140213829" title="Special:BookSources/9780140213829"><bdi>9780140213829</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet%3A+Its+History%2C+Religion+and+People&rft.pages=368&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780140213829&rft.aulast=Norbu&rft.aufirst=Thubten+Jigme&rft.au=Turnbull%2C+Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1972" class="citation book cs1">Stein, R.A. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tibetancivilizationsteinr.a._223_j"><i>Tibetan Civilization</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tibetancivilizat00rste/page/n95">88</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804709017" title="Special:BookSources/0804709017"><bdi>0804709017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Civilization&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0804709017&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftibetancivilizationsteinr.a._223_j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUprety1996" class="citation journal cs1">Uprety, Prem (June 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3126%2Ftuj.v19i1.3970">"Treaties between Nepal and her neighbors: A historical perspective"</a>. <i>Tribhuvan University Journal</i>. <b>19</b> (1st). Kathmandu: 15–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3126%2Ftuj.v19i1.3970">10.3126/tuj.v19i1.3970</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tribhuvan+University+Journal&rft.atitle=Treaties+between+Nepal+and+her+neighbors%3A+A+historical+perspective&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1st&rft.pages=15-24&rft.date=1996-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3126%2Ftuj.v19i1.3970&rft.aulast=Uprety&rft.aufirst=Prem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3126%252Ftuj.v19i1.3970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Nepalese+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wright, Daniel, <i>History of Nepal</i>. New Delhi-Madras, Asian Educational Services, 1990</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Nepalese_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111210013029/http://www.infoclub.com.np/nepal/history/">The History of Nepal: Expansion of Nepal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220102904/http://nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=three">History of Nepalese Army: Nepal-Tibet War</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Qing_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Qing_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="History of the Qing dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1616–1683)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification" title="Jurchen unification">Jurchen unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Grievances" title="Seven Grievances">Seven Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Later Jin invasion of Joseon">Later Jin invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Qing invasion of Joseon">Qing invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass" title="Battle of Shanhai Pass">Battle of Shanhai Pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Clearance" title="Great Clearance">Great Clearance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penghu" title="Battle of Penghu">Battle of Penghu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories" title="Revolt of the Three Feudatories">Revolt of the Three Feudatories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1683–1799)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Ten Great Campaigns">Ten Great Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1735%E2%80%931736)" title="Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)">Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War" title="Sino-Burmese War">Sino-Burmese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen_rebellion" title="Lin Shuangwen rebellion">Lin Shuangwen rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BB%93i-%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a" title="Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa">Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1795%E2%80%931806)" title="Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)">Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">19th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1801–1900)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Trigrams_uprising_of_1813" title="Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813">Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_war" title="Dogra–Tibetan war">Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian_Rebellion" title="Nian Rebellion">Nian Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931856)" title="Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)">Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Swords_Society" title="Small Swords Society">Small Swords Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931873)" title="Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)">Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punti%E2%80%93Hakka_Clan_Wars" title="Punti–Hakka Clan Wars">Punti–Hakka Clan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Restoration" title="Tongzhi Restoration">Tongzhi Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudan_incident" title="Mudan incident">Mudan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margary_Affair" title="Margary Affair">Margary Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Chinese_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%931879" title="Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879">Northern Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindandao_incident" title="Jindandao incident">Jindandao incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongche_Shangshu_movement" title="Gongche Shangshu movement">Gongche Shangshu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic" title="Third plague pandemic">Third plague pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lanterns_(Boxer_Uprising)" title="Red Lanterns (Boxer Uprising)">Red Lanterns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_decree_of_declaration_of_war_against_foreign_powers" title="Imperial decree of declaration of war against foreign powers">Declaration of war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">20th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1901–1912)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Qing_reforms" title="Late Qing reforms">Late Qing reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">1905 Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preparative_Constitutionalism" title="Preparative Constitutionalism">Preparative Constitutionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_parliamentary_election" title="1909 Chinese parliamentary election">1909 Parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_provincial_elections" title="1909 Chinese provincial elections">1909 Provincial Assembly elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_plague" title="Manchurian plague">Manchurian plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Movement" title="Railway Protection Movement">Railway Protection Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuchang_Uprising" title="Wuchang Uprising">Wuchang Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">Mongolian Revolution of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution_in_Xinjiang" title="1911 Revolution in Xinjiang">1911 Revolution in Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Edict_of_the_Abdication_of_the_Qing_Emperor" title="Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor">Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Favourable_Treatment_of_the_Great_Qing_Emperor_after_His_Abdication" title="Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication">Articles of Favourable Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Government of the Qing dynasty">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Qing_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)">Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultative Bureau">Consultative Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_of_Solid_Gold" title="Cup of Solid Gold">Cup of Solid Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty">Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da-Qing_Bank" title="Da-Qing Bank">Da-Qing Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers" title="Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers">Deliberative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty">Diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Flag of the Qing dynasty">Flag of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Legal_Code" title="Great Qing Legal Code">Great Qing Legal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Department" title="Imperial Household Department">Imperial Household Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Posts_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Posts and Communications">Ministry of Posts and Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Gates_Infantry_Commander" title="Nine Gates Infantry Commander">Nine Gates Infantry Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Provincial governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_military_commander" title="Provincial military commander">Provincial military commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Constitution_(1908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of the Constitution (1908)">Principles of the Constitution (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejen" title="Ejen">Ejen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_in_China" title="Viceroys in China">Viceroys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Zhili" title="Viceroy of Zhili">Zhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Shaan-Gan" title="Viceroy of Shaan-Gan">Shaan-Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangjiang" title="Viceroy of Liangjiang">Liangjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Huguang" title="Viceroy of Huguang">Huguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Sichuan" title="Viceroy of Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Min-Zhe" title="Viceroy of Min-Zhe">Min-Zhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangguang" title="Viceroy of Liangguang">Liangguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Yun-Gui" title="Viceroy of Yun-Gui">Yun-Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_the_Three_Eastern_Provinces" title="Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces">Three Eastern Provinces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen">Zongli Yamen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Military of the Qing dynasty">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ever_Victorious_Army" title="Ever Victorious Army">Ever Victorious Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Standard_Army" title="Green Standard Army">Green Standard Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Qing dynasty)">Imperial Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_Battalion" title="Firearm Battalion">Firearm Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Field_Force" title="Peking Field Force">Peking Field Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Army" title="New Army">New Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushenying" title="Hushenying">Hushenying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuishiying" title="Shuishiying">Shuishiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuwei_Corps" title="Wuwei Corps">Wuwei Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Ying" title="Yong Ying">Yong Ying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Army" title="Chu Army">Chu Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai_Army" title="Huai Army">Huai Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Navy" title="Imperial Chinese Navy">Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Special regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mongolia_during_Qing" title="Administrative divisions of Mongolia during Qing">Administrative divisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Timeline of Xinjiang under Qing rule">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guest_House_of_Imperial_Envoys" title="Guest House of Imperial Envoys">Guest House of Imperial Envoys</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces &<br />mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetu_Ala" title="Hetu Ala">Hetu Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Palace" title="Mukden Palace">Mukden Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace" title="Old Summer Palace">Old Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qing_tombs" title="Eastern Qing tombs">Eastern Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qing_tombs" title="Western Qing tombs">Western Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuling_Mausoleum" title="Fuling Mausoleum">Fuling Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mausoleum_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)">Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society &<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_School_of_Thought" title="Changzhou School of Thought">Changzhou School of Thought</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Classics_Collection_of_Ancient_China" title="Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China">Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibao" title="Dibao">Dibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Economy of the Qing dynasty">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Qing_dynasty%27s_economic_performance" title="Criticism of Qing dynasty's economic performance">performance criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary" title="Kangxi Dictionary">Kangxi Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaozheng" title="Kaozheng">Kaozheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_inquisition" title="Literary inquisition">Literary inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Han_Imperial_Feast" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu Han Imperial Feast">Manchu Han Imperial Feast</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peiwen_Yunfu" title="Peiwen Yunfu">Peiwen Yunfu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentaglot_Dictionary" title="Pentaglot Dictionary">Pentaglot Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing official headwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_poetry" title="Qing poetry">Qing poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Tang_Poems" title="Complete Tang Poems">Complete Tang Poems</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">Queue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Researches_on_Manchu_Origins" title="Researches on Manchu Origins">Researches on Manchu Origins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Edict_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor" title="Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor">Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Shamanism during the Qing dynasty">Shamanism during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Islam during the Qing dynasty">Islam during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu" title="Siku Quanshu">Complete Library of the Four Treasuries</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu_Zongmu_Tiyao" title="Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao">Annotated Bibliography</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_China_before_the_People%27s_Republic#Qing_dynasty" title="List of treaties of China before the People's Republic">Treaties</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta_(1727)" title="Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)">Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">Unequal treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chefoo_Convention" title="Chefoo Convention">Chefoo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tientsin" title="Convention of Tientsin">Convention of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%E2%80%93Lobanov_Treaty" title="Li–Lobanov Treaty">Li–Lobanov Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Treaty_of_Peking" title="Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking">Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aigun" title="Treaty of Aigun">Treaty of Aigun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Bogue" title="Treaty of the Bogue">Treaty of the Bogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Canton" title="Treaty of Canton">Treaty of Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kulja" title="Treaty of Kulja">Treaty of Kulja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1881)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tarbagatai" title="Treaty of Tarbagatai">Treaty of Tarbagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">Treaty of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia" title="Treaty of Wanghia">Treaty of Wanghia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Whampoa" title="Treaty of Whampoa">Treaty of Whampoa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_coinage" title="Qing dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhiqian" title="Zhiqian">Zhiqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Tongbao" title="Kangxi Tongbao">Kangxi Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Tongbao" title="Qianlong Tongbao">Qianlong Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongqian" title="Hongqian">Hongqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Copper_Coin" title="Great Qing Copper Coin">Great Qing Copper Coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Gold_Coin" title="Great Qing Gold Coin">Great Qing Gold Coin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Paper_money_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Paper money of the Qing dynasty">Paper money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Treasure_Note" title="Great Qing Treasure Note">Great Qing Treasure Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubu_Guanpiao" title="Hubu Guanpiao">Hubu Guanpiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Da_Qing_Bank" title="Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank">Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisin_Gioro" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin Gioro">Aisin Gioro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">Anti-Qing sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_System" title="Canton System">Canton System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing" title="Draft History of Qing">Draft History of Qing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qing_(People%27s_Republic)" title="History of Qing (People's Republic)">History of Qing (People's Republic)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Legacy of the Qing dynasty">Legacy of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Names of the Qing dynasty">Names of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_late_anti-Qing_rebellions" title="Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions">Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_ports" title="Treaty ports">Treaty ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Palisade" title="Willow Palisade">Willow Palisade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tibet_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibet_topics" title="Template:Tibet topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibet_topics" title="Template talk:Tibet topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibet_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibet topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tibet_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Tibet-related_articles" title="Index of Tibet-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tibetan_history" title="Timeline of Tibetan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Tibet" title="List of rulers of Tibet">List of rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Historical money</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Prehistory <span style="font-size:85%;">(Neolithic)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung">Zhangzhung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_dynasty" title="Yarlung dynasty">Yarlung dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(7th–9th century)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="Timeline of the Tibetan Empire">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Tibet" title="List of emperors of Tibet">List of emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_L%C3%B6nchen_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="List of Lönchen of the Tibetan Empire">Lönchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Relations with Tang <span style="font-size:85%;">(618–907)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">Era of Fragmentation <span style="font-size:85%;">(9th–13th century)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge">Guge kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsongkha" title="Tsongkha">Tsongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Song–Tibet relations">Relations with Song <span style="font-size:85%;">(960–1279)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Yuan dynasty rule <span style="font-size:85%;">(1270–1350)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty" title="Phagmodrupa dynasty">Phagmodrupa dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Relations with Ming <span style="font-size:85%;">(1368–1644)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpungpa" title="Rinpungpa">Rinpungpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsangpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag">Kashag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Qing dynasty rule <span style="font-size:85%;">(1720–1912)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of Qing ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Post-Qing to 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Army" title="Tibetan Army">Tibetan Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet_(1950%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Tibet (1950–present)">People's Republic of China (PRC) rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">PRC annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">political leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Wars and<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_attack_on_Songzhou" title="Tibetan attack on Songzhou">Tibetan attack on Songzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dafei_River" title="Battle of Dafei River">Battle of Dafei River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Mongol invasions of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dartsedo" title="Battle of Dartsedo">Battle of Dartsedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Salween_River" title="Battle of the Salween River">Battle of the Salween River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchuan_campaigns" title="Jinchuan campaigns">Jinchuan campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Dogra–Tibetan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal-Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_War" title="Qinghai–Tibet War">Qinghai–Tibet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Japanese_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet">1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamdo" title="Battle of Chamdo">Battle of Chamdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Protests and uprisings since 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation_protests_by_Tibetans_in_China" title="Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China">Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Frontier_Force" title="Special Frontier Force">Special Frontier Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Chronicles#Treaty_of_Tingmosgang_(1684)" title="Ladakh Chronicles">Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Calcutta" title="Convention of Calcutta">Convention of Calcutta (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Lhasa" title="Convention of Lhasa">Treaty of Lhasa (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship_and_alliance_between_the_Government_of_Mongolia_and_Tibet" title="Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet">Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Convention" title="Simla Convention">Simla Accord (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Point_Agreement" title="Seventeen Point Agreement">Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_Agreement_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Indian Agreement 1954">Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70,000_Character_Petition" title="70,000 Character Petition">70,000 Character Petition (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorandum_on_Genuine_Autonomy" title="Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy">Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tibet" title="Geography of Tibet">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Tibet" title="Category:Flora of Tibet">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Tibet" title="Category:Fauna of Tibet">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Tibet" title="Category:Environment of Tibet">Environment</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Tibet" title="Category:Mountains of Tibet">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Kailash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhotse" title="Lhotse">Lhotse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Changtse" title="Changtse">Changtse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namcha_Barwa" title="Namcha Barwa">Namcha Barwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggula_Mountains" title="Tanggula Mountains">Tanggula</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rivers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo" title="Yarlung Tsangpo">Yarlung Tsangpo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_Grand_Canyon" title="Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier" title="Rongbuk Glacier">Rongbuk Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changtang" title="Changtang">Changtang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Tang_Nature_Reserve" title="Chang Tang Nature Reserve">Nature Reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_Tibet" title="Category:Valleys of Tibet">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Traditional regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Ü-Tsang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region <span style="font-size:85%;">(TAR)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration">Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Tibet" title="Etymology of Tibet">Etymology of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tibet" title="Foreign relations of Tibet">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tibet" title="LGBT rights in Tibet">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_and_priest_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron and priest relationship">Patron and priest relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Area_(administrative_division)" title="Tibet Area (administrative division)">Tibet Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Tibet_controversy" title="Serfdom in Tibet controversy">Serfdom controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serfs%27_Emancipation_Day" title="Serfs' Emancipation Day">Serfs' Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Sovereignty debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Tibetan_program" title="CIA Tibetan program">CIA Tibetan program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="India–Tibet relations">India–Tibet relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibet#Government" title="Tibet">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region#Government" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Regional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Government_of_Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region">TAR People's Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region_People%27s_Congress" title="Tibet Autonomous Region People's Congress">TAR People's Congress</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tibet" title="Economy of Tibet">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Tibet" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Tibet">Postage and postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_109" title="China National Highway 109">Qinghai-Tibet Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_railway" title="Qinghai–Tibet railway">Qinghai–Tibet railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tibet" title="Education in Tibet">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tibet" title="Religion in Tibet">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dpon-chen" title="Dpon-chen">Dpon-chen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dalai_Lamas" title="List of Dalai Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamo_La-tso" title="Lhamo La-tso">Lhamo La-tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Panchen_Lamas" title="List of Panchen Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Social classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changpa" title="Changpa">Changpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_people" title="Yolmo people">Yolmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Names</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Tibet">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_rug" title="Tibetan rug">rugs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tsakli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan tsakli">tsakli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_on_Tibetan_Buddhist_monasteries" title="Murals on Tibetan Buddhist monasteries">wall murals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Tibet" title="Emblem of Tibet">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tibet" title="Flag of Tibet">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Tibet" title="List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet">Historical and cultural sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khata" title="Khata"><i>Khata</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ceremonial scarf)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_literature" title="Tibetan literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Annals" title="Tibetan Annals">Annals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan_Chronicle" title="Old Tibetan Chronicle">Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_writers" title="List of Tibetan writers">writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tibet" title="Music of Tibet">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetology" title="Tibetology">Tibetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tibet" title="Outline of Tibet">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Tibet-related_articles" title="Index of Tibet-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tibet" title="Category:Tibet">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nepal_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nepal_topics" title="Template:Nepal topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nepal_topics" title="Template talk:Nepal topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nepal_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nepal topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nepal_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrabahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrabahu">Bhadrabahu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_Buddha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (mother of Buddha)">Maya (mother of Buddha)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kirata kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalamber">Yalamber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">Lichchhavi rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manadeva" title="Manadeva">Manadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amshuverma" title="Amshuverma">Amshuverma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrikuti" title="Bhrikuti">Bhrikuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araniko" title="Araniko">Araniko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Medieval<br />and<br />modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arimalla" title="Arimalla">Arimalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa kingdom">Khasa kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baise_Rajya" title="Baise Rajya">Baise Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaubisi_Rajya" title="Chaubisi Rajya">Chaubisi Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Mandala" title="Nepal Mandala"> Newa kingdoms</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Early Shah rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Pande" title="Kalu Pande">Kalu Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Nepal" title="List of monarchs of Nepal">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sino-Nepal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kot_massacre" title="Kot massacre">Kot massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Jung Bahadur Rana">Jung Bahadur Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Tibetan War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamjang_and_Kaski" title="Lamjang and Kaski">Lamjang and Kaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_of_Nepal" title="Tribhuvan of Nepal">Tribhuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Britain_Treaty_of_1923" title="Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923">Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Rana and <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nepalese_revolution" title="1951 Nepalese revolution">1951 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Village_National_Campaign" title="Back to the Village National Campaign">Back to the Village campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Multi-party democracy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">Jana Andolan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Royal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nepal_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Nepal coup d'état">2005 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">Jana Andolan II</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 earthquake - <a href="/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="April 2015 Nepal earthquake">April</a> - <a href="/wiki/May_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="May 2015 Nepal earthquake">May</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal" title="Geography of Nepal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Nepal" title="List of mountains in Nepal">Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kanchenjunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalu" title="Makalu">Makalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaslu" title="Manaslu">Manaslu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna" title="Annapurna">Annapurna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal" title="List of cities in Nepal">Cities of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Terai_Valleys_of_Nepal" title="Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal">Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor <span style="font-size:85%;">(Chicken's Neck)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Nepal" title="List of rivers of Nepal">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arun_River,_China-Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arun River, China-Nepal">Arun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Karnali <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ghaghara)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Koshi River">Koshi <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kosi)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Narayani <span style="font-size:85%;">(Gandaki)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Rapti_River" title="West Rapti River">West Rapti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Nepal" title="Environmental issues in Nepal">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nepal" title="Climate change in Nepal">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Nepal" title="Deforestation in Nepal">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Nepal" title="List of protected areas of Nepal">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Nepal" title="Wildlife of Nepal">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" title="Politics of Nepal">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nepal" title="Elections in Nepal">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nepal" title="Foreign relations of Nepal">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Armed_Forces" title="Nepalese Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(Nepal)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (Nepal)">Chief of the Army Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Nepal" title="Federal Parliament of Nepal">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Assembly (Nepal)">Provincial assemblies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nepal" title="List of political parties in Nepal">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Nepal" title="List of heads of state of Nepal">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nepal" title="President of Nepal">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Nepal" title="Vice President of Nepal">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Nepal" title="List of prime ministers of Nepal"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Nepal" title="Council of Ministers of Nepal">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nepal" title="Supreme Court of Nepal">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Nepal" title="Chief Justice of Nepal">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nepal" title="Administrative divisions of Nepal">Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Nepal" title="List of districts of Nepal">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Provinces of Nepal">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nepal" title="Municipalities of Nepal">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunpalika" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaunpalika">Rural Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal" title="List of cities in Nepal">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatpur,_Nepal" title="Bharatpur, Nepal">Bharatpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biratnagar" title="Biratnagar">Biratnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgunj" title="Birgunj">Birgunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damak" class="mw-redirect" title="Damak">Damak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetauda" title="Hetauda">Hetauda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itahari" title="Itahari">Itahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janakpurdham" class="mw-redirect" title="Janakpurdham">Janakpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu <span style="font-size:85%;">(capital)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitpur,_Nepal" title="Lalitpur, Nepal">Lalitpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalgunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nepal" title="Agriculture in Nepal">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nepal" title="Energy in Nepal">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Nepal" title="Child labour in Nepal">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Nepal" title="List of companies of Nepal">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Free_Trade_Area" title="South Asian Free Trade Area">South Asian Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rupee" title="Nepalese rupee">Rupee <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Nepal" title="Squatting in Nepal">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nepal" title="Telecommunications in Nepal">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nepal" title="Tourism in Nepal">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nepal" title="Transport in Nepal">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Nepal" title="Labour in Nepal">Workforce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nepal" title="Culture of Nepal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nepal_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nepal" title="Demographics of Nepal">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas/Gorkhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Nepal" title="International rankings of Nepal">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Nepal">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy" title="Nepal Academy">Nepal Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Nepal Academy of Fine Arts">Nepal Academy of Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis" title="Nepalis">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Nepal" title="Ethnic groups in Nepal">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nepal" title="Public holidays in Nepal">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Nepal" title="Sports in Nepal">Sport</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Nepal" title="List of festivals in Nepal">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashain" title="Dashain">Dashain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihar_(festival)" title="Tihar (festival)">Tihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohani" title="Mohani">Mohani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanti_(festival)" title="Swanti (festival)"> Swonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipankha_Yatra" title="Dipankha Yatra">Dipankha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim holidays">Eid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yomari_punhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yomari punhi">Yomari Punhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadhimai_festival" title="Gadhimai festival">Gadhimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_Jayanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Jayanti">Buddha Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhauli" title="Udhauli">Udhauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubhauli" title="Ubhauli">Ubhauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalpo_Lhosar" title="Gyalpo Lhosar">Gyalpo Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamu_Lhosar" title="Tamu Lhosar">Tamu Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonam_Lhosar" title="Sonam Lhosar">Sonam Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasok_Tangnam" title="Chasok Tangnam">Chasok Tangnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhechu" title="Chhechu">Chhechu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatra (Nepal)">Jatra</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Celebrations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Celebrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nwaran" title="Nwaran">Nwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasni_(celebration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasni (celebration)">Pasni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Bratabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihi" title="Ihi">Ihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahra_ceremony" title="Bahra ceremony"> Bahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha" title="Śrāddha">Shraddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nepal" title="Abortion in Nepal">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-hunts_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunts in Nepal">Witch-hunts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nepal" title="Capital punishment in Nepal">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nepal" title="Health in Nepal">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nepal" title="Human rights in Nepal">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Nepal" title="Intersex rights in Nepal">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nepal">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Nepal" title="Women's rights in Nepal">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nepal" title="Human trafficking in Nepal">Human trafficking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Nepal" title="Bibliography of Nepal">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nepal" title="Category:Nepal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Nepalese_War&oldid=1252751051">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Nepalese_War&oldid=1252751051</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1789" title="Category:Conflicts in 1789">Conflicts in 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