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<li id="toc-Background_and_founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_and_founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background and founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizing_the_Big_Three" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizing_the_Big_Three"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Organizing the Big Three</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizing_the_Big_Three-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Postwar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>New leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_dissent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_dissent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Politics and dissent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_dissent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970-2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970-2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>1970-2010</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970-2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Early 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corruption_and_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption_and_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Corruption and reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption_and_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>2023 strike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical,_Office,_and_Professional_(TOP)_workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical,_Office,_and_Professional_(TOP)_workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Technical, Office, and Professional (TOP) workers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical,_Office,_and_Professional_(TOP)_workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leadership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary-Treasurers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary-Treasurers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Secretary-Treasurers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary-Treasurers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96" title="Аб’яднаны прафсаюз працоўных аўтамабільнай прамысловасці – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аб’яднаны прафсаюз працоўных аўтамабільнай прамысловасці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="United Auto Workers" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="United Auto Workers" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88" title="اتحادیه کارگران خودرو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتحادیه کارگران خودرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="United Auto Workers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Automobile_Workers" title="United Automobile Workers – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="United Automobile Workers" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Automobile_Workers" title="United Automobile Workers – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="United Automobile Workers" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%91" title="איגוד עובדי הרכב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איגוד עובדי הרכב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="United Auto Workers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%B1%B3%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E7%B5%84%E5%90%88" title="全米自動車労働組合 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="全米自動車労働組合" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="United Auto Workers" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="United Auto Workers" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Объединённый профсоюз рабочих автомобильной промышленности – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Объединённый профсоюз рабочих автомобильной промышленности" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="United Auto Workers" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Automobile_Workers" title="United Automobile Workers – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="United Automobile Workers" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Об'єднана профспілка автобудівників – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Об'єднана профспілка автобудівників" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BC%9A" title="美国汽车工人联合会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国汽车工人联合会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American labor union</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"UAW" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/UAW_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="UAW (disambiguation)">UAW (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">United Auto Workers</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div>International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Auto_Workers_(logo).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/United_Auto_Workers_%28logo%29.svg/220px-United_Auto_Workers_%28logo%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/United_Auto_Workers_%28logo%29.svg/330px-United_Auto_Workers_%28logo%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/United_Auto_Workers_%28logo%29.svg/440px-United_Auto_Workers_%28logo%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="317" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">UAW</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">August 26, 1935<span class="noprint">; 89 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1935-08-26</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>United States</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada</li></ul></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2022)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>391,000 (active)</li><li>580,000 (retired)<sup id="cite_ref-about_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shawn_Fain" title="Shawn Fain">Shawn Fain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Secessions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Auto_Workers" title="Canadian Auto Workers">Canadian Auto Workers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Labour_Congress" title="Canadian Labour Congress">Canadian Labour Congress</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IndustriALL_Global_Union" title="IndustriALL Global Union">IndustriALL Global Union</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revenue <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2020)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">$288 million<sup id="cite_ref-wsws_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsws-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2020)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">$1.027 billion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uaw.org/">uaw<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814260#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>United Auto Workers</b> (<b>UAW</b>), fully named <b>International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/American_labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="American labor union">American labor union</a> that represents workers in the United States (including <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">southern Ontario</a>, Canada. It was founded as part of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a> (CIO) in the 1930s and grew rapidly from 1936 to the 1950s. The <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">union</a> played a major role in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a> (president 1946–1970). It was known for gaining high wages and pensions for <a href="/wiki/Automobile_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile industry">automotive manufacturing workers</a>, but it was unable to unionize auto plants built by foreign-based car makers in the South after the 1970s, and it went into a steady decline in membership; reasons for this included increased <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a>, decreased use of labor, mismanagement, movements of manufacturing (including reaction to <a href="/wiki/NAFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="NAFTA">NAFTA</a>), and increased <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>. After a successful strike at the <a href="/wiki/Big_Three_automobile_manufacturers#United_States_and_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Three automobile manufacturers">Big Three</a> in 2023, the union organized its first foreign plant (<a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_and_unions#Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Volkswagen and unions">VW</a>) in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-NBC-VW_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC-VW-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UAW members in the 21st century work in industries including autos and auto parts, health care, casino gambling, and higher education. The union is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>. As of February 24, 2022, the UAW has more than 391,000 active members and more than 580,000 retired members in over 600 local unions and holds 1,150 contracts with some 1,600 employers.<sup id="cite_ref-about_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It holds assets amounting to just over $1<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion.<sup id="cite_ref-wsws_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsws-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Auto_Workers,_Strikes" title="Template:United Auto Workers, Strikes"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Auto_Workers,_Strikes" title="Template talk:United Auto Workers, Strikes"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Auto_Workers,_Strikes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Auto Workers, Strikes"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UAW_strikes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UAW</a> strikes</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1930s–1940s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flint_sit-down_strike" title="Flint sit-down strike">General Motors (Flint)</a> 1936-37</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_and_die_strike_of_1939" title="Tool and die strike of 1939">GM</a> 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Auto_Strike" title="Chrysler Auto Strike">Chrysler</a> 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Strike_of_1945" title="Ford Strike of 1945">Ford (Canada)</a> 1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945-46_United_Auto_Workers_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1945-46 United Auto Workers strike">GM</a> 1945-46</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_Chrysler_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1948 Chrysler strike (page does not exist)">Chrysler</a> 1948</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_Ford_Motor_Michigan_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 Ford Motor Michigan strike (page does not exist)">Ford (Michigan)</a> 1949</li></ul> <dl><dt>1950s–1960s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1950_International_Harvester_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1950 International Harvester strike (page does not exist)">International Harvester</a> 1950</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1950_Chrysler_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1950 Chrysler strike (page does not exist)">Chrysler</a> 1950</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_Ford_Motors_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 Ford Motors strike (page does not exist)">Ford</a> 1955</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_General_Motors_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 General Motors strike (page does not exist)">GM</a> 1955</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_International_Harvester_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 International Harvester strike (page does not exist)">International Harvester</a> 1955</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1958_Ford_Motors_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 Ford Motors strike (page does not exist)">Ford</a> 1958</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1958_Chrysler_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 Chrysler strike (page does not exist)">Chrysler</a> 1958</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1958_General_Motors_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 General Motors strike (page does not exist)">GM</a> 1958</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1958_International_Harvester_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 International Harvester strike (page does not exist)">International Harvester</a> 1958</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1961_General_Motors_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1961 General Motors strike (page does not exist)">GM</a> 1961</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1961_Ford_Motors_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1961 Ford Motors strike (page does not exist)">Ford</a> 1961</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_General_Motors_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1964 General Motors strike (page does not exist)">GM</a> 1964</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Ford_Motors_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 Ford Motors strike (page does not exist)">Ford</a> 1967</li></ul> <dl><dt>1970s–2000s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_General_Motors_Strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 General Motors Strike (page does not exist)">GM</a> 1970</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1973_Chrysler_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1973 Chrysler strike (page does not exist)">Chrysler</a> 1973</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1976_Ford_Motors_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1976 Ford Motors strike (page does not exist)">Ford</a> 1976</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1979_Caterpillar_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979 Caterpillar strike (page does not exist)">Caterpillar</a> 1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Harvester_strike_of_1979%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="International Harvester strike of 1979–1980">International Harvester</a> 1979-80</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986%E2%80%931987_John_Deere_strike" title="1986–1987 John Deere strike">John Deere</a> 1986-87</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996_General_Motors_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 General Motors strike (page does not exist)">GM</a> 1996</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_General_Motors_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 General Motors strike (page does not exist)">GM</a> 1998</li></ul> <dl><dt>2000s–2020s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Freightliner_wildcat_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Freightliner wildcat strike">Freightliner</a> 2007</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_General_Motors_strike" title="2007 General Motors strike">GM</a> 2007</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_General_Motors_strike" title="2019 General Motors strike">GM</a> 2019</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_John_Deere_strike" title="2021 John Deere strike">John Deere</a> 2021</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Virginia_Volvo_Trucks_strike" title="2021 Virginia Volvo Trucks strike">Volvo (Virginia)</a> 2021</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_University_of_California_academic_workers%27_strike" title="2022 University of California academic workers' strike">University of California</a> 2022</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_HarperCollins_strike" title="2022–2023 HarperCollins strike">HarperCollins</a> 2022-23</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_United_Auto_Workers_strike" title="2023 United Auto Workers strike">GM, Ford, Stellantis</a> 2023</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_and_founding">Background and founding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background and founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For most of its history, the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> (AFL) had only focused on organizing skilled workers practicing specific trades, an approach known as <a href="/wiki/Craft_unionism" title="Craft unionism">craft unionism</a>. Most automobile workers were not skilled, so they were largely unorganized. This changed following the passage of the <a href="/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Industrial Recovery Act">National Industrial Recovery Act</a> in 1933. AFL president <a href="/wiki/William_Green_(labor_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Green (labor leader)">William Green</a> decided to begin an organizing drive among unskilled and semi-skilled workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1958249–250_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1958249–250-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Green planned to recruit workers at each factory into a temporary "federal labor union" (FLU), whose members would then be divided up amongst the AFL's various craft unions.<sup id="cite_ref-Toledo_Auto-Lite_Strike_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toledo_Auto-Lite_Strike-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sent William Collins to <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> to organize automobile workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein196994–95_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein196994–95-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collins' efforts were hampered by an insufficiently militant program, a lack of organizing funds, fear of retaliation among the workers, distrust from Black and foreign workers, and strong opposition from the automobile companies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1958253–260_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1958253–260-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1935 the majority of members had been recruited by militant local activists taking their own initiative at plants outside Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein196955_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein196955-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these militant local unions opposed the AFL's plan to divide their members into different craft unions. They began advocating for the immediate creation of an automobile workers' union <a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">covering the entire industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein1969359_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein1969359-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Toledo local led an unauthorized but successful strike against <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> (GM), the AFL caved to pressure and called for a convention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1958279–280_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1958279–280-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UAW's founding convention began on August 26, 1935 in Detroit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein1969374–379_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein1969374–379-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total membership of its constituent unions was 25,769.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1958280_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1958280-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AFL attempted to keep control of the union by pushing through a charter that denied the rank-and-file the right to elect their own officers. Militant local unions quickly managed to overturn that situation, and the struggle alienated the UAW from the AFL leadership. The UAW joined <a href="/wiki/John_L._Lewis" title="John L. Lewis">John L. Lewis</a>'s caucus of industrial unions, the Committee for Industrial Organization, in 1936. When the AFL expelled the industrial unions in 1938, it joined the new <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a> (CIO).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1965691–692_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1965691–692-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizing_the_Big_Three">Organizing the Big Three</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organizing the Big Three"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UAW's fortunes began to improve after it began organizing on an industrial basis. The union found rapid success with the <a href="/wiki/Sitdown_strike" title="Sitdown strike">sitdown strike</a>, a tactic where workers "sit down" at their work stations to occupy a factory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sitdown strikes enabled small numbers of workers to interrupt the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a> and stop production across an entire plant. Likewise, it projected power outwards from the factory across the entire supply chain: "just as a militant minority could stop production in an entire plant, so if the plant was a key link in an integrated corporate empire, its occupation could paralyze the corporation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilver200347_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilver200347-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After winning sitdown strikes at <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> (GM) plants in Atlanta and Kansas City, the UAW began to demand to represent General Motors workers nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1965691–692_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1965691–692-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their efforts culminated in the famous <a href="/wiki/Flint_sit-down_strike" title="Flint sit-down strike">Flint sit-down strike</a>, which began on December 30, 1936. By January 25, strikes and the effects of production shutdowns idled 150,000 workers at fifty General Motors plants from California to New York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1969210_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1969210-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strikers repelled the efforts of the police and <a href="/wiki/Michigan_National_Guard" title="Michigan National Guard">National Guard</a> to retake them. On February 11, 1937, General Motors agreed to bargain with the UAW, and eventually recognized the UAW as a bargaining agent under the newly adopted <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a>. This recognition marked a turning point in the growth of the UAW and organized labor unions more generally.<sup id="cite_ref-teachdemocracy.org_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teachdemocracy.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next month, auto workers at <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysler LLC">Chrysler</a> won recognition of the UAW as their representative in a sitdown strike. By mid-1937 the new union claimed 150,000 members and was spreading through the auto and parts manufacturing towns of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-depts.washington.edu_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-depts.washington.edu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> was the last of the "Big Three" automakers to recognize the UAW. Henry Ford and his security manager, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Bennett" title="Harry Bennett">Harry Bennett</a>, used brute force to keep the union out of Ford. They set up the Ford Service Department to spy on and intimidate workers. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Overpass" title="Battle of the Overpass">Battle of the Overpass</a>, Ford Service Department personnel beat union organizers in front of news photographers. Despite Ford's attempts to destroy them, photographs of the incident reached the press and helped turn public opinion against the company.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ford continued to refuse to sign a contract. The UAW's cause was hindered by its weakness with Black workers. Older Black workers felt loyalty to Henry Ford because he had hired and paid them well at a time when other auto companies would not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrueggemann2000_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrueggemann2000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, many feared that Black workers were being asked to risk their jobs but would be "pushed aside and ignored" once the union had secured their votes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bates_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bates-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took four years of organizing efforts for the UAW to win the right to represent Ford employees.<sup id="cite_ref-award_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-award-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 21, 1941, following a strike at Ford's <a href="/wiki/Ford_River_Rouge_complex" title="Ford River Rouge complex">Rouge plant</a>, a decisive majority of employees, including most Black employees, voted to join the UAW. The UAW extracted a better deal from Ford than from other automakers, including pay increases, a <a href="/wiki/Closed_shop" title="Closed shop">closed shop</a>, and rehiring of pro-union workers.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement also included a non-discrimination clause drafted by <a href="/wiki/Shelton_Tappes" title="Shelton Tappes">Shelton Tappes</a>, a Black foundryman who had served on the UAW negotiating team.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communists</a> provided many of the organizers and led some key union locals, especially Local 600 which represented the largest Ford plants. The Communist faction had some key positions in the union, including the directorship of the Washington office, the research department, and the legal office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle199528–29_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle199528–29-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a> at times cooperated closely with the Communists, but he and his allies formed strategically an anticommunist current within the UAW.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevinatz2002223–245_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevinatz2002223–245-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UAW discovered that it had to be able to uphold its side of a bargain if it was to be a successful bargaining agency with a corporation, which meant that wildcat strikes and disruptive behavior by union members had to be stopped by the union itself. According to one writer, many UAW members were extreme individualists who did not like being bossed around by company foremen or by union agents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1980_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1980-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaders of the UAW realized that they had to control the shop floor, as Reuther explained in 1939: "We must demonstrate that we are a disciplined, responsible organization; we not only have power, but that we have power under control.".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1997133_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1997133-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> dramatically changed the nature of the UAW's organizing. The UAW's executive board voted to make a "no strike" pledge to ensure that the war effort would not be hindered by strikes. A vehement minority opposed the decision, but the pledge was later reaffirmed by the membership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman201260–61,_68,_116–117,_215–217,_281_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman201260–61,_68,_116–117,_215–217,_281-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As war production ramped up and auto factories converted to tank building, the UAW organized new locals in these factories and airplane manufacturers across the country and hit a peak membership of over a million members in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-depts.washington.edu_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-depts.washington.edu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Hatcher" title="Lillian Hatcher">Lillian Hatcher</a> was appointed the first Black female international representative of the UAW.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar">Postwar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Postwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers_strike_of_1945%E2%80%931946" class="mw-redirect" title="United Auto Workers strike of 1945–1946">United Auto Workers strike of 1945–1946</a></div> <p>The UAW struck GM for 113 days, beginning in November 1945, demanding a greater voice in management. GM would pay higher wages but refused to consider power sharing; the union finally settled with an eighteen-and-a-half-cent wage increase but little more. The UAW went along with GM in return for an ever-increasing packages of wage and benefit hikes through collective bargaining, with no help from the government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_leadership">New leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a> won the election for president at the UAW's constitutional convention in 1946 and served until his death in an airplane accident in May 1970. Reuther led the union during one of the most prosperous periods for workers in U.S. history. Immediately after the war, left-wing elements demanded "30–40", which is a 30-hour week for 40 hours pay. Reuther rejected 30–40 and decided to concentrate on total annual wages, displaying a new corporatist mentality that accepted management's argument that shorter hours conflicted with wage increases and other job benefits and abandoning the old confrontational syndicalist position that shorter hours drove up wages and protected against unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECutler2004125–139_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECutler2004125–139-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UAW delivered contracts for his membership through negotiation. Reuther would pick one of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Three_automobile_manufacturers#United_States_and_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Three automobile manufacturers">Big Three</a> automakers (<a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>), and if it did not offer concessions, he would strike it and let the other two absorb its sales. Besides high hourly wage rates and paid vacations, in 1950, Reuther negotiated an industry first contract with General Motors known as <a href="/wiki/Reuther%27s_Treaty_of_Detroit" title="Reuther's Treaty of Detroit">Reuther's Treaty of Detroit</a>. The UAW negotiated employer-funded pensions at Chrysler, medical insurance at GM, and in 1955 supplementary unemployment benefits at Ford. Many smaller suppliers followed suit with benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reuther tried to negotiate lower automobile prices for the consumer with each contract, with limited success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1997_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1997-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An agreement on profit sharing with <a href="/wiki/American_Motors_Corporation" title="American Motors Corporation">American Motors</a> led nowhere, because profits were small at this minor player. The UAW expanded its scope to include workers in other major industries such as the <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> and agricultural-implement industries. </p><p>The UAW disaffiliated from the AFL–CIO on July 1, 1968, after Reuther and AFL–CIO President <a href="/wiki/George_Meany" title="George Meany">George Meany</a> could not come to agreement on a wide range of policy issues or reforms to AFL–CIO governance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1997_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1997-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 24, 1968, just days after the UAW disaffiliation, <a href="/wiki/Teamsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Teamsters">Teamsters</a> General President <a href="/wiki/Frank_Fitzsimmons" title="Frank Fitzsimmons">Frank Fitzsimmons</a> and Reuther formed the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Labor_Action" title="Alliance for Labor Action">Alliance for Labor Action</a> as a new <a href="/wiki/National_trade_union_center" title="National trade union center">national trade union center</a> to organize unorganized workers and pursue leftist political and social projects.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meany denounced the ALA as a <a href="/wiki/Dual_unionism" title="Dual unionism">dual union</a>, although Reuther argued it was not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1997_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1997-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard2004_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2004-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Alliance's initial program was ambitious.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reuther's death in a plane crash on May 9, 1970, near <a href="/wiki/Black_Lake_(Michigan)" title="Black Lake (Michigan)">Black Lake, Michigan</a>, dealt a serious blow to the Alliance, and the group halted operations in July 1971 after the Auto Workers (almost bankrupt from a lengthy strike at <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>) was unable to continue to fund its operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1997_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1997-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948, the UAW founded the radio station <a href="/wiki/WDET" class="mw-redirect" title="WDET">WDET</a> 101.9 FM in Detroit. It was sold to <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a> for $1 in 1952.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_and_dissent">Politics and dissent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Politics and dissent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UAW leadership supported the programs of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="New Deal Coalition">New Deal Coalition</a>, strongly supported civil rights, and strongly supported Lyndon Johnson's <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle199528–29_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle199528–29-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UAW became strongly anti-communist after it expelled its Communist leaders in the late 1940s following the <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act" title="Taft–Hartley Act">Taft–Hartley Act</a>, and supported the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and opposed the antiwar Democratic candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle19957,_32_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle19957,_32-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to political scientist Charles Williams, the UAW used the rhetoric of civic or liberal nationalism to fight for the rights of Black workers and other workers of color between the 1930s and 1970s. At the same time, it used this rhetoric to simultaneously rebuff the demands and limit the organizing efforts of Black workers seeking to overcome institutional racial hierarchies in the workplace, housing, and the UAW. The UAW leadership denounced these demands and efforts as antidemocratic and anti-American. Three examples, Williams argues, show how the UAW's use of working class nationalism functioned as a counter subversive tradition within American liberalism: the UAW campaign at the Ford plant in <a href="/wiki/Dearborn,_Michigan" title="Dearborn, Michigan">Dearborn, Michigan</a>, in the late 1930s, the 1942 conflict in Detroit over the black occupancy of the <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a> housing project, and the responses of the UAW under the conservative leadership of Reuther to the demands of Black workers for representation in UAW leadership between the mid-1940s and the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2005_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See also <a href="/wiki/League_of_Revolutionary_Black_Workers" title="League of Revolutionary Black Workers">League of Revolutionary Black Workers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dodge_Revolutionary_Union_Movement" title="Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement">Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement</a> for the history of Black workers who questioned the corrupt leadership of the UAW in the 1960s and the 1970s. </p><p>The UAW was the most instrumental outside financial and operational supporter of the first <a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a> in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-grist.org_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grist.org-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-time.com_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time.com-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-therumpus.net_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-therumpus.net-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Denis_Hayes" title="Denis Hayes">Denis Hayes</a>, Earth Day's first national coordinator, "Without the UAW, the first Earth Day would have likely flopped!"<sup id="cite_ref-grist.org_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grist.org-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970-2010">1970-2010</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1970-2010"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Oil_embargo_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil embargo crisis">oil embargo</a>, rising fuel prices caused the U.S. auto makers to lose market share to foreign manufacturers who placed more emphasis on fuel efficiency. This started years of layoffs and wage reductions, and the UAW found itself in the position of giving up many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2022)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> of the benefits it had won for workers over the decades.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By the early 1980s, auto producing states, especially in the Midwestern United States and Canada, had been impacted economically from losses in jobs and income. This peaked with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chrysler#The_1980s" title="History of Chrysler">near-bankruptcy of Chrysler</a> in 1979. In 1985 the union's Canadian division disaffiliated from the UAW over a dispute regarding negotiation tactics and formed the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Auto_Workers" title="Canadian Auto Workers">Canadian Auto Workers</a> as an independent union. Specifically the Canadian division claimed they were being used to pressure the companies for extra benefits, which went mostly to the American members.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The UAW saw a loss of membership after the 1970s. Membership topped 1.5 million in 1979, falling to 540,000 in 2006. With the <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s recession">late-2000s recession</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%9310" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry crisis of 2008–10">automotive industry crisis of 2008–10</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Chapter_11_reorganization" title="General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization">GM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Chapter_11_reorganization" title="Chrysler Chapter 11 reorganization">Chrysler</a> filed for <a href="/wiki/Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code" title="Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code">Chapter 11</a> reorganization. Membership fell to 390,000 active members in 2010, with more than 600,000 retired members covered by pension and medical care plans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_21st_century">Early 21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UAW has been credited for aiding in the auto industry rebound in the 21st century and blamed for seeking generous benefit packages in the past which in part led to the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%9310" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry crisis of 2008–10">automotive industry crisis of 2008–10</a>. UAW workers receiving generous benefit packages when compared with those working at non-union Japanese auto assembly plants in the U.S., had been cited as a primary reason for the cost differential before the 2009 restructuring. In a November 2008 <i>New York Times</i> editorial, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ross_Sorkin" title="Andrew Ross Sorkin">Andrew Ross Sorkin</a> claimed that the average UAW worker was paid $70 per hour, including health and pension costs, while Toyota workers in the US receive $10 to $20 less.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UAW asserts that most of this labor cost disparity comes from legacy pension and healthcare benefits to retired members, of which the Japanese automakers have none. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Big_Three_automobile_manufacturers#United_States_and_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Three automobile manufacturers">Big Three</a> already sold each of their cars for about $2,500 less than equivalent cars from Japanese companies, analysts at the International Motor Vehicle Program said.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2007 GM Annual Report, typical autoworkers earned a base wage of approximately $28 per hour. Following the 2007 National Agreement, the base starting wage was lowered to about $15 per hour.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second-tier wage of $14.50 an hour, which applies only to newly hired workers, is lower than the average wage in non-union auto companies in the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the benefits negotiated by the United Auto Workers was the former jobs bank program, under which laid-off members once received 95 percent of their take-home pay and benefits. More than 12,000 UAW members were paid this benefit in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2008, the UAW agreed to suspend the program as a concession to help U.S. automakers during the auto industry crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UAW leadership granted concessions to its unions in order to win labor peace, a benefit not calculated by the UAW's many critics.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UAW has claimed that the primary cause of the automotive sector's weakness was substantially more expensive fuel costs linked to the <a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2003-2008 oil crisis</a> which caused customers to turn away from large <a href="/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport utility vehicles">sport utility vehicles</a> (SUVs) and <a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">pickup trucks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the main market of the American Big Three. In 2008, the situation became critical because the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> significantly impaired the ability of consumers to purchase automobiles.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Big Three also based their respective market strategies on fuel-inefficient SUVs, and suffered from lower quality perception (vis-a-vis automobiles manufactured by Japanese or European car makers). Accordingly, the Big Three directed vehicle development focused on light trucks (which had better profit margins) in order to offset the considerably higher labor costs, falling considerably behind in the sedan market segments to Japanese and European automakers.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UAW has tried to expand membership by organizing the employees outside of the Big Three. In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Bob_King_(labor_leader)" title="Bob King (labor leader)">Bob King</a> hired <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bensinger" title="Richard Bensinger">Richard Bensinger</a> to organize Japanese, Korean, and German transplant factories in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_and_unions#United_States" title="Volkswagen and unions">Volkswagen_and_unions § United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tesla_and_unions#United_States" title="Tesla and unions">Tesla and unions § United States</a></div> <p>In a representational election following a majority of the workers signing cards asking for UAW representation, in February 2014 workers at Volkswagen's <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga">Chattanooga</a>, Tennessee plant narrowly voted down the union 712 to 626.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the UAW organized a <a href="/wiki/Members-only_unionism" title="Members-only unionism">minority union</a> Local 42,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was voluntary and does not collect dues. After the close vote against the UAW, Volkswagen announced a new policy allowing groups representing at least 15% of the workforce to participate in meetings, with higher access tiers for groups representing 30% and 45% of employees.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prompted anti-UAW workers who opposed the first vote to form a rival union, the American Council of Employees.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2014 the UAW was certified as representing more than 45% of employees.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The union engages in Michigan state politics. President King was a vocal opponent of the right-to-work legislation that passed over the objection of organized labor in December 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UAW also remains a major player in the state Democratic Party.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2020, the Detroit United Auto Workers union announced that after discussion with the leaders of <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Chrysler_Automobiles" title="Fiat Chrysler Automobiles">Fiat Chrysler Automobiles</a>, the carmakers would partially shut down factories on a "rotating" basis to combat the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though primarily known for autoworkers, academic staff comprised one quarter of UAW membership in 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/2022_University_of_California_academic_workers%27_strike" title="2022 University of California academic workers' strike">2022 University of California academic workers' strike</a> achieved higher pay for that UAW affiliate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption_and_reform">Corruption and reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Corruption and reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A corruption probe by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a> against UAW and 3 Fiat Chrysler executives was conducted during 2020 regarding several charges such as <a href="/wiki/Racket_(crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Racket (crime)">racketeering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It resulted in convictions of 12 union officials and 3 Fiat Chrysler executives, including two former Union Presidents, UAW paying back over $15 million in improper chargebacks to worker training centers, payment of $1.5 million to the IRS to settle tax issues, commitment to independent oversight for six years, and a referendum that reformed the election mode for leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "One Member One Vote" referendum vote in 2022 determined that UAW members could directly elect the members of the UAW International Executive Board (IEB), the highest ruling body of the UAW.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shawn_Fain" title="Shawn Fain">Shawn Fain</a> was elected president in March 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-FainElected_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FainElected-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_strike">2023 strike</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2023 strike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/2023_United_Auto_Workers_strike" title="2023 United Auto Workers strike">A strike against all big three automakers</a> began on September 15, 2023, for the first time in UAW history.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After nearly a month and a half of strikes, UAW was able to reach an agreement with all three carmakers after securing record concessions from them.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the success of the strike, in November 2023, the UAW announced that it was launching a simultaneous campaign to unionize 150,000 workers at other automakers with plants in the United States: BMW, Honda, Hyundai, Lucid, Mazda, Mercedes, Nissan, Rivian, Subaru, <a href="/wiki/Tesla_and_unions#United_States" title="Tesla and unions">Tesla</a>, Toyota, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_and_unions#Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Volkswagen and unions">Volkswagen</a>, and Volvo. The UAW represented 145,000 at GM, Ford & Stellantis.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volkswagen_union_election.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Volkswagen_union_election.jpg/220px-Volkswagen_union_election.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Volkswagen_union_election.jpg/330px-Volkswagen_union_election.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Volkswagen_union_election.jpg/440px-Volkswagen_union_election.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_and_unions#United_States" title="Volkswagen and unions">Volkswagen workers</a> celebrating in <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga, TN</a> after a successful UAW vote on April 19, 2024.</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 2024, after two failed attempts, 73% of <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_and_unions#Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Volkswagen and unions">workers at the Volkswagen (VW) Chattanooga, Tennessee plant voted</a> to join the UAW,<sup id="cite_ref-NBC-VW_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC-VW-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the union's first victory in <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">the South</a> outside Detroit's Big Three.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical,_Office,_and_Professional_(TOP)_workers"><span id="Technical.2C_Office.2C_and_Professional_.28TOP.29_workers"></span>Technical, Office, and Professional (TOP) workers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Technical, Office, and Professional (TOP) workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>District 65, a former affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/Retail,_Wholesale_and_Department_Store_Union" title="Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union">Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union</a> that included as a predecessor the <a href="/wiki/United_Office_and_Professional_Workers_of_America" title="United Office and Professional Workers of America">United Office and Professional Workers of America</a>, merged into the UAW in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the 6,500 postdoctoral scholars (postdocs) at the ten campuses of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>, who, combined, account for 10% of the postdocs in the US, voted to affiliate with the UAW, creating the largest <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher_unionization" title="Postdoctoral researcher unionization">union for postdoctoral scholars</a> in the country: <a href="/wiki/UAW_Local_5810" title="UAW Local 5810">UAW Local 5810</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expansion of UAW to academic circles, postdoctoral researchers in particular, was significant in that the move helped secure advances in pay that made unionized academic researchers among the best compensated in the country in addition to gaining unprecedented rights and protections.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidents">Presidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Symbols</dt></dl> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_††"><a href="#ref_††"><b><sup>†</sup></b></a></span> Died in office </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>List of presidents of the UAW </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="col"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable">Portrait </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Name </th> <th colspan="3" scope="col">Term of office </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable"><abbr title="Reference(s)">Ref.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">Took office </th> <th scope="col">Left office </th> <th scope="col">Time in office </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Dillon, Francis J."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_J._Dillon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis J. Dillon (page does not exist)">Francis J. Dillon</a></span></span></span> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001935-08-29-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">29 August 1935</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001936-04-27-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">27 April 1936</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002242000000000000♠"></span>242 days </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Homer_Martin_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Homer Martin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Homer_Martin_cropped.jpg/90px-Homer_Martin_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Homer_Martin_cropped.jpg/135px-Homer_Martin_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Homer_Martin_cropped.jpg/180px-Homer_Martin_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5451" data-file-height="6433" /></a></span> </td> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Martin, Homer"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Homer_Martin_(labor_leader)" title="Homer Martin (labor leader)">Homer Martin</a></span></span></span> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001936-04-27-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">27 April 1936</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001939-01-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">20 January 1939</span><br /><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002998000000000000♠"></span>2 years, 268 days </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:RJ_Thomas_(cropped).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="RJ Thomas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RJ_Thomas_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-90px-RJ_Thomas_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RJ_Thomas_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-135px-RJ_Thomas_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RJ_Thomas_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-180px-RJ_Thomas_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8126" data-file-height="6657" /></a></span> </td> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Thomas, R. J."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/R._J._Thomas" title="R. J. Thomas">R. J. Thomas</a></span></span></span> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001939-01-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">20 January 1939</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001946-03-27-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">27 March 1946</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003262300000000000♠"></span>7 years, 66 days </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Reuther.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Walter Reuther" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Walter_Reuther.jpg/90px-Walter_Reuther.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Walter_Reuther.jpg/135px-Walter_Reuther.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Walter_Reuther.jpg/180px-Walter_Reuther.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2914" /></a></span> </td> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Reuther, Walter"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></span></span></span> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001946-03-27-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">27 March 1946</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001970-05-09-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">9 May 1970</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_††"><a href="#endnote_††">[†]</a></sup> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003880900000000000♠"></span>24 years, 43 days </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ReutherElection_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReutherElection-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_F._Woodcock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Leonard Woodcock" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Leonard_F._Woodcock.jpg/90px-Leonard_F._Woodcock.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Leonard_F._Woodcock.jpg/135px-Leonard_F._Woodcock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Leonard_F._Woodcock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> </td> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Woodcock, Leonard"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woodcock" title="Leonard Woodcock">Leonard Woodcock</a></span></span></span> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001970-05-22-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">22 May 1970</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001977-05-19-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">19 May 1977</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003255400000000000♠"></span>6 years, 362 days </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FraserElected_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FraserElected-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_Fraser,_ca._1981.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Douglas Fraser" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Douglas_Fraser%2C_ca._1981.jpeg/90px-Douglas_Fraser%2C_ca._1981.jpeg" decoding="async" width="90" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Douglas_Fraser%2C_ca._1981.jpeg/135px-Douglas_Fraser%2C_ca._1981.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Douglas_Fraser%2C_ca._1981.jpeg/180px-Douglas_Fraser%2C_ca._1981.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1136" /></a></span> </td> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Fraser, Douglas"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fraser" title="Douglas Fraser">Douglas Fraser</a></span></span></span> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001977-05-19-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">19 May 1977</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001983-05-19-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">19 May 1983</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003219100000000000♠"></span>6 years, 0 days </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FraserElected_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FraserElected-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BieberElected_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BieberElected-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td> </td> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Bieber, Owen"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Bieber" title="Owen Bieber">Owen Bieber</a></span></span></span> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001983-05-19-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">19 May 1983</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001995-06-11-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">11 June 1995</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003440600000000000♠"></span>12 years, 23 days </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-BieberElected_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BieberElected-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YokichElected_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YokichElected-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Yokich, Stephen"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Yokich" title="Stephen Yokich">Stephen Yokich</a></span></span></span> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001995-06-11-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">11 June 1995</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002002-06-05-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">5 June 2002</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003255100000000000♠"></span>6 years, 359 days </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-YokichElected_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YokichElected-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GettelfingerElected_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GettelfingerElected-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gettelfinger,_Ron_(2007).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ron Gettelfinger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gettelfinger%2C_Ron_%282007%29.jpg/90px-Gettelfinger%2C_Ron_%282007%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gettelfinger%2C_Ron_%282007%29.jpg/135px-Gettelfinger%2C_Ron_%282007%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gettelfinger%2C_Ron_%282007%29.jpg/180px-Gettelfinger%2C_Ron_%282007%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="901" /></a></span> </td> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Gettelfinger, Ron"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Gettelfinger" title="Ron Gettelfinger">Ron Gettelfinger</a></span></span></span> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002002-06-05-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">5 June 2002</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002010-06-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">16 June 2010</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003293300000000000♠"></span>8 years, 11 days </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-GettelfingerElected_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GettelfingerElected-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KingElected_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KingElected-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bob_King_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bob King" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bob_King_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg/90px-Bob_King_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bob_King_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg/135px-Bob_King_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bob_King_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg/180px-Bob_King_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3639" data-file-height="2915" /></a></span> </td> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="King, Bob"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Bob_King_(labor_leader)" title="Bob King (labor leader)">Bob King</a></span></span></span> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002010-06-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">16 June 2010</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002014-06-05-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">5 June 2014</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003145000000000000♠"></span>3 years, 354 days </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-KingElected_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KingElected-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WilliamsElected_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamsElected-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td> </td> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Williams, Dennis"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Williams_(unionist)" title="Dennis Williams (unionist)">Dennis Williams</a></span></span></span> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002014-06-05-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">5 June 2014</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002018-06-14-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">14 June 2018</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003147000000000000♠"></span>4 years, 9 days </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-WilliamsElected_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamsElected-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GaryElected_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GaryElected-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td> </td> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Jones, Gary"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Jones_(unionist)" title="Gary Jones (unionist)">Gary Jones</a></span></span></span> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002018-06-14-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">14 June 2018</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002019-11-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">20 November 2019</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002524000000000000♠"></span>1 year, 159 days </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-GaryElected_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GaryElected-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td> </td> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Gamble, Rory"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Rory_Gamble" title="Rory Gamble">Rory Gamble</a></span></span></span> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002019-12-05-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">5 December 2019</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002021-06-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">30 June 2021</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002573000000000000♠"></span>1 year, 207 days </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ray_Curry_2022_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ray Curry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ray_Curry_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Ray_Curry_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ray_Curry_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Ray_Curry_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ray_Curry_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Ray_Curry_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="395" /></a></span> </td> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Curry, Ray"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Curry" title="Ray Curry">Ray Curry</a></span></span></span> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002021-07-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 July 2021</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002023-03-26-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">26 March 2023</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002633000000000000♠"></span>1 year, 268 days </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FainElected_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FainElected-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Shawn_Fain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shawn Fain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Shawn_Fain.jpg/90px-Shawn_Fain.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Shawn_Fain.jpg/135px-Shawn_Fain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Shawn_Fain.jpg/180px-Shawn_Fain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="1991" /></a></span> </td> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Fain, Shawn"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Shawn_Fain" title="Shawn Fain">Shawn Fain</a></span></span></span> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002023-03-26-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">26 March 2023</span> </td> <td>Incumbent </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002609000000000000♠"></span>1 year, 243 days </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FainElected_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FainElected-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary-Treasurers">Secretary-Treasurers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Secretary-Treasurers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>1935: Ed Hall</dd> <dd>1936: <a href="/wiki/George_Addes" title="George Addes">George Addes</a></dd> <dd>1947: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Mazey" title="Emil Mazey">Emil Mazey</a></dd> <dd>1980: <a href="/wiki/Ray_Majerus" title="Ray Majerus">Ray Majerus</a></dd> <dd>1988: Bill Casstevens</dd> <dd>1995: Roy Wyse</dd> <dd>2002: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bunn" title="Elizabeth Bunn">Elizabeth Bunn</a></dd> <dd>2010: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Williams_(unionist)" title="Dennis Williams (unionist)">Dennis Williams</a></dd> <dd>2014: Gary Casteel</dd> <dd>2018: <a href="/wiki/Ray_Curry" title="Ray Curry">Ray Curry</a></dd> <dd>2021: Frank Stuglin</dd> <dd>2022: Margaret Mock</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/28px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/42px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/56px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Organized labour">Organized labour portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoworker_Caravan" title="Autoworker Caravan">Autoworker Caravan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Final_Offer" title="Final Offer">Final Offer</a></i> – documentary showing the 1984 UAW/CAW contract negotiations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_E._Bates" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon E. Bates">Leon E. Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Auto_Workers_local_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United Auto Workers local unions">List of United Auto Workers local unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Freightliner_wildcat_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Freightliner wildcat strike">2007 Freightliner wildcat strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_General_Motors_strike" title="2007 General Motors strike">2007 General Motors strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_General_Motors_strike" title="2019 General Motors strike">2019 General Motors strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communists_in_the_United_States_Labor_Movement_(1919%E2%80%931937)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1919–1937)">Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1919–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communists_in_the_United_States_Labor_Movement_(1937%E2%80%931950)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1937–1950)">Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1937–1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_labor_unions" title="Women in labor unions">Women in labor unions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For Dillon's appointment, see <a href="#CITEREFBernstein1969">Bernstein 1969</a>, p. 379 and <a href="#CITEREFKraus1993">Kraus 1993</a>, p. 124</li><li>For his replacement, see <a href="#CITEREFBernstein1969">Bernstein 1969</a>, p. 507</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The CIO placed the UAW under effective <a href="/wiki/Receivership" title="Receivership">receivership</a> on 16 September 1938 and Martin lost his control over the union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein1969566_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein1969566-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After continued disputes with the CIO, Martin broke with the organization, splitting the UAW. Most locals remained loyal to the CIO and formed the UAW-CIO under RJ Thomas. The minority loyal to Martin went on to re-affiliate with the AFL, forming the UAW-AFL.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein1969568_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein1969568-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martin resigned as president of the splinter organization in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For Martin's election, see <a href="#CITEREFBernstein1969">Bernstein 1969</a>, p. 507</li><li>For his replacement, see <a href="#CITEREFBernstein1969">Bernstein 1969</a>, p. 568</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For Thomas' appointment, see <a href="#CITEREFBernstein1969">Bernstein 1969</a>, p. 568</li><li>For his defeat, see <sup id="cite_ref-ReutherElection_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReutherElection-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-about-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-about_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uaw.org/about/">"About"</a>. United Auto Workers. Retrieved February 24, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsws-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wsws_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsws_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2021/04/02/uawi-a02.html">"United Auto Workers executives received massive payout in 2020 as COVID-19 ravaged auto plants"</a>. <i>World Socialist Web Site</i>. April 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Socialist+Web+Site&rft.atitle=United+Auto+Workers+executives+received+massive+payout+in+2020+as+COVID-19+ravaged+auto+plants&rft.date=2021-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2021%2F04%2F02%2Fuawi-a02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBC-VW-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NBC-VW_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBC-VW_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/tennessee-volkswagen-workers-vote-join-uaw-historic-win-union-rcna148656">"Volkswagen workers in Tennessee vote to join UAW in historic win for union"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. April 20, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Volkswagen+workers+in+Tennessee+vote+to+join+UAW+in+historic+win+for+union&rft.date=2024-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-news%2Ftennessee-volkswagen-workers-vote-join-uaw-historic-win-union-rcna148656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1958249–250-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1958249–250_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1958">Fine 1958</a>, pp. 249–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toledo_Auto-Lite_Strike-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Toledo_Auto-Lite_Strike_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ufcw324.org/toledo-auto-lite-strike">"Toledo Auto-Lite Strike"</a>. ufcw324.org. January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327172244/https://ufcw324.org/toledo-auto-lite-strike/">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toledo+Auto-Lite+Strike&rft.pub=ufcw324.org&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fufcw324.org%2Ftoledo-auto-lite-strike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein196994–95-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein196994–95_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernstein1969">Bernstein 1969</a>, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1958253–260-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1958253–260_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1958">Fine 1958</a>, pp. 253–260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein196955-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein196955_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernstein1969">Bernstein 1969</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein1969359-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein1969359_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernstein1969">Bernstein 1969</a>, p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1958279–280-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1958279–280_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1958">Fine 1958</a>, pp. 279–280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein1969374–379-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein1969374–379_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernstein1969">Bernstein 1969</a>, pp. 374–379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1958280-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1958280_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1958">Fine 1958</a>, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1965691–692-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1965691–692_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1965691–692_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1965">Fine 1965</a>, pp. 691–692.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2009-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer2009_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyer2009">Meyer 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilver200347-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilver200347_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilver2003">Silver 2003</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1969210-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1969210_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1969">Fine 1969</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-teachdemocracy.org-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-teachdemocracy.org_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teachdemocracy.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-1-4-a-sit-down-strike.html#:~:text=Finally%2C%20on%20February%2011%2C%20GM,production%20of%20cars%20moving%20again.">"Sit-Down Strike!"</a>. <i>teachdemocracy.org</i>. CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS FOUNDATION. <q>The sit-downers had won a great victory, not only for themselves but for the entire labor movement in the United States</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=teachdemocracy.org&rft.atitle=Sit-Down+Strike%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteachdemocracy.org%2Fbill-of-rights-in-action%2Fbria-1-4-a-sit-down-strike.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DFinally%252C%2520on%2520February%252011%252C%2520GM%2Cproduction%2520of%2520cars%2520moving%2520again.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-depts.washington.edu-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-depts.washington.edu_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-depts.washington.edu_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/moves/CIO_UAW_locals.shtml">"UAW locals map - Mapping American Social Movements"</a>. <i>depts.washington.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=depts.washington.edu&rft.atitle=UAW+locals+map+-+Mapping+American+Social+Movements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fmoves%2FCIO_UAW_locals.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2013" class="citation news cs1">King, Gilbert (April 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-ford-motor-company-won-a-battle-and-lost-ground-45814533/">"How the Ford Motor Company Won a Battle and Lost Ground"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Magazine">Smithsonian Magazine</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002052031/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-ford-motor-company-won-a-battle-and-lost-ground-45814533/">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+the+Ford+Motor+Company+Won+a+Battle+and+Lost+Ground&rft.date=2013-04-30&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fhow-the-ford-motor-company-won-a-battle-and-lost-ground-45814533%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrueggemann2000-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrueggemann2000_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrueggemann2000">Brueggemann 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bates-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bates_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates,_Beth_Tompkins2012" class="citation book cs1">Bates, Beth Tompkins (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oJG8D5cKjD0C"><i>The Making of Black Detroit in the Age of Henry Ford</i></a>. USA: University of North Carolina Press. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807837450" title="Special:BookSources/9780807837450"><bdi>9780807837450</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The provisions of this contract shall apply to all employees covered by this agreement, without discrimination on account of race, color, national origin, sex, or creed.' Clause No. 78, the antidiscrimination clause, was the handiwork of Shelton Tappes, a member of the negotiation team.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Black+Detroit+in+the+Age+of+Henry+Ford&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780807837450&rft.au=Bates%2C+Beth+Tompkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoJG8D5cKjD0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-award-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-award_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischerFischer2010" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich; Fischer, Erika J., eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W5lsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4"><i>Press Photography Award 1942–1998: From Joe Rosenthal and Horst Faas to Moneta Sleet and Stan Grossfeld</i></a>. Vol. 14. <a href="/wiki/DeGruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="DeGruyter">DeGruyter</a>. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783598301841" title="Special:BookSources/9783598301841"><bdi>9783598301841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Press+Photography+Award+1942%E2%80%931998%3A+From+Joe+Rosenthal+and+Horst+Faas+to+Moneta+Sleet+and+Stan+Grossfeld&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=DeGruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783598301841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW5lsDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyc-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyc_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ford-uaw-contract">"Ford UAW contract"</a>. Encyclopedia.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2024</span>. <q>The UAW was ultimately able to secure better contractual terms with Ford than had been possible with other employers. Wages were increased as promised, with increased pay for night shift workers and time-and-a-half provided for overtime pay. An estimated 4,000 workers who had been dismissed for union activity were rehired with back pay. Notably, all members of the Service Department were now required to wear uniforms on the job. The union was also provided with a closed shop and a checkoff. Ford also agreed to affix the union label to its cars. The contract was considered a model and the most liberal of its day. Ford ordered Bennett to sign the contract, which he did on 20 June 1941.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ford+UAW+contract&rft.pub=Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhistory%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fford-uaw-contract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevins, Allan and Hill, Frank Ernest <i>Ford: Decline and Rebirth 1933–1962</i> (1963), p. 140–141, 164–167, 233–242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle199528–29-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle199528–29_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle199528–29_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle1995">Boyle 1995</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevinatz2002223–245-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevinatz2002223–245_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDevinatz2002">Devinatz 2002</a>, pp. 223–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1980-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1980_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLichtenstein1980">Lichtenstein 1980</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1997133-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1997133_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLichtenstein1997">Lichtenstein 1997</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman201260–61,_68,_116–117,_215–217,_281-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman201260–61,_68,_116–117,_215–217,_281_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerman2012">Herman 2012</a>, pp. 60–61, 68, 116–117, 215–217, 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.wayne.edu/repositories/2/resources/1650">"Collection: UAW Women's Department: Lillian Hatcher Records | ArchivesSpace@Wayne"</a>. <i>archives.wayne.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.wayne.edu&rft.atitle=Collection%3A+UAW+Women%27s+Department%3A+Lillian+Hatcher+Records+%7C+ArchivesSpace%40Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.wayne.edu%2Frepositories%2F2%2Fresources%2F1650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECutler2004125–139-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECutler2004125–139_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCutler2004">Cutler 2004</a>, pp. 125–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkley1995" class="citation news cs1">Brinkley, Alan (December 17, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306094736/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/17/books/last-of-his-kind.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"The Last of His Kind"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/17/books/last-of-his-kind.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">the original</a> on March 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Last+of+His+Kind&rft.date=1995-12-17&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F12%2F17%2Fbooks%2Flast-of-his-kind.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26src%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1997-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1997_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1997_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1997_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELichtenstein1997_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLichtenstein1997">Lichtenstein 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanson1968" class="citation news cs1">Janson, Donald (July 24, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1968/07/24/archives/uaw-and-teamsters-form-alliance.html">"U.A.W. and Teamsters Form Alliance"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.A.W.+and+Teamsters+Form+Alliance&rft.date=1968-07-24&rft.aulast=Janson&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1968%2F07%2F24%2Farchives%2Fuaw-and-teamsters-form-alliance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStetson1969" class="citation news cs1">Stetson, Damon (May 27, 1969). 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June 6, 1969.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081214133441/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,941703,00.html">Archived</a> December 14, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2004-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard2004_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnard2004">Barnard 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStetson1969" class="citation news cs1">Stetson, Damon (May 28, 1969). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Free+Press&rft.atitle=UAW+President+Gary+Jones+resigning+as+board+moves+to+oust+him+and+Director+Vance+Pearson&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Eric+D.&rft.au=Howard%2C+Phoebe+Wall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freep.com%2Fstory%2Fmoney%2Fcars%2F2019%2F11%2F20%2Fuaw-president-gary-jones%2F4252071002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooker2019" class="citation news cs1">Booker, Brakkton (December 5, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/12/05/785162501/uaw-names-rory-gamble-as-president-the-first-african-american-to-lead-union">"UAW Names Rory Gamble As President, The First African American To Lead Union"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=UAW+Names+Rory+Gamble+As+President%2C+The+First+African+American+To+Lead+Union&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.aufirst=Brakkton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F12%2F05%2F785162501%2Fuaw-names-rory-gamble-as-president-the-first-african-american-to-lead-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnitkoff2021" class="citation news cs1">Snitkoff, Edward (June 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fordauthority.com/2021/06/uaw-president-rory-gamble-announces-retirement/">"UAW President Rory Gamble Announces Retirement"</a>. <i>Ford Authority</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ford+Authority&rft.atitle=UAW+President+Rory+Gamble+Announces+Retirement&rft.date=2021-06-25&rft.aulast=Snitkoff&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffordauthority.com%2F2021%2F06%2Fuaw-president-rory-gamble-announces-retirement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoote2021" class="citation news cs1">Foote, Brett (June 28, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fordauthority.com/2021/06/ray-curry-selected-to-replace-rory-gamble-as-uaw-president/">"Ray Curry Selected To Replace Rory Gamble As UAW President"</a>. <i>Ford Authority</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ford+Authority&rft.atitle=Ray+Curry+Selected+To+Replace+Rory+Gamble+As+UAW+President&rft.date=2021-06-28&rft.aulast=Foote&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffordauthority.com%2F2021%2F06%2Fray-curry-selected-to-replace-rory-gamble-as-uaw-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew1979" class="citation journal cs1">Andrew, William D. (1979). "Factionalism and anti‐communism: Ford local 600". <i>Labor History</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 227–255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labor+History&rft.atitle=Factionalism+and+anti%E2%80%90communism%3A+Ford+local+600&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-255&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/28/business/28cnd-union.html">"Drop in U.A.W. Rolls Reflects Automakers' Problems"</a>. Associated Press. March 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Drop+in+U.A.W.+Rolls+Reflects+Automakers%27+Problems&rft.date=2008-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F28%2Fbusiness%2F28cnd-union.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabson1988" class="citation journal cs1">Babson, Steve (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20173119">"Class, Craft, and Culture: Tool and Die Makers and the Organization of the UAW"</a>. <i>Michigan Historical Review</i>: 33–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Class%2C+Craft%2C+and+Culture%3A+Tool+and+Die+Makers+and+the+Organization+of+the+UAW&rft.pages=33-55&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Babson&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20173119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabson1991" class="citation book cs1">Babson, Steve (1991). <i>Building the union: skilled workers and Anglo-Gaelic immigrants in the rise of the UAW</i>. Rutgers University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+the+union%3A+skilled+workers+and+Anglo-Gaelic+immigrants+in+the+rise+of+the+UAW&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Babson&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span>; on the Irish tool and die makers who led the UAW at Ford plant</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard2004" class="citation book cs1">Barnard, John (2004). <i>American vanguard: the United Auto Workers during the Reuther years, 1935-1970</i>. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2947-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2947-4"><bdi>978-0-8143-2947-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+vanguard%3A+the+United+Auto+Workers+during+the+Reuther+years%2C+1935-1970&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2947-4&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard1983" class="citation book cs1">Barnard, John (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0316081418"><i>Walter Reuther and the rise of the auto workers</i></a>. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316081429" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316081429"><bdi>978-0316081429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Reuther+and+the+rise+of+the+auto+workers&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0316081429&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_0316081418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein1969" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Irving (1969). <i>A History of the American Worker: Turbulent Years</i>. Houghton Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+American+Worker%3A+Turbulent+Years&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bernstein, Barton J. "Walter Reuther and the General Motors Strike of 1945-1946" <i>Michigan History</i> (1965) 49#3 pp 260–277.</li> <li>Borden, Timothy G. " 'Toledo is a good town for working people': Richard T. Gosser and the UAW's fight for pensions." <i>Michigan Historical Review</i> 26.1 (2000): 44–67.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Boyle_(historian)" title="Kevin Boyle (historian)">Boyle, Kevin</a> (1995). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/uawheydayofameri00boyl"><i>The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 1945–1968</i></a></span>. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8538-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8538-1"><bdi>978-0-8014-8538-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+UAW+and+the+Heyday+of+American+Liberalism%2C+1945%E2%80%931968&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8538-1&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fuawheydayofameri00boyl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bromsen, Amy. "'They all sort of disappeared': The Early Cohort of UAW Women Leaders," <i>Michigan Historical Review</i> (2011) 37#1 pp 5–39.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrueggemann2000" class="citation journal cs1">Brueggemann, John (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3097199">"The Power and Collapse of Paternalism: The Ford Motor Company and Black Workers, 1937-1941"</a>. <i>Social Problems</i>. <b>47</b> (2): 220–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3097199">10.2307/3097199</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3097199">3097199</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2024</span>. <q>In 1937, over 84,096 workers worked at the massive River Rouge plant. Almost half of all black auto workers were employed there-9,825 workers or 12 percent of the Rouge work force....black autoworkers had scant opportunities for work with other employers. Whereas, the FMC established an interracial workforce that had functioned in accord since the early 1920s, other companies largely excluded blacks. General Motors employed some 2,500 blacks (out of 100,000 employees) and Chrysler employed 2,000 blacks (out of 50,000</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Problems&rft.atitle=The+Power+and+Collapse+of+Paternalism%3A+The+Ford+Motor+Company+and+Black+Workers%2C+1937-1941&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=220-240&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3097199&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3097199%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brueggemann&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3097199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Buffa, Dudley W. <i>Union power and American democracy: the UAW and the Democratic Party, 1972-83</i> (1984) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unionpowerameric00buff">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler2004" class="citation book cs1">Cutler, Jonathan (2004). <i>Labor's time: shorter hours, the UAW, and the struggle for American unionism</i>. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1592132478" title="Special:BookSources/978-1592132478"><bdi>978-1592132478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labor%27s+time%3A+shorter+hours%2C+the+UAW%2C+and+the+struggle+for+American+unionism&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Temple+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1592132478&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevinatz2002" class="citation journal cs1">Devinatz, Victor G. (2002). "Reassessing the Historical UAW: Walter Reuther's Affiliation with the Communist Party and Something of its Meaning - a Document of Party Involvement, 1939". <i>Labour</i> (49): 223–245. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0700-3862">0700-3862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labour&rft.atitle=Reassessing+the+Historical+UAW%3A+Walter+Reuther%27s+Affiliation+with+the+Communist+Party+and+Something+of+its+Meaning+-+a+Document+of+Party+Involvement%2C+1939&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=223-245&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0700-3862&rft.aulast=Devinatz&rft.aufirst=Victor+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1958" class="citation journal cs1">Fine, Sidney (1958). "The Origins of the United Automobile Workers". <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 249–282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+United+Automobile+Workers&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=249-282&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1965" class="citation journal cs1">Fine, Sidney (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1845938">"The General Motors Sit-Down Strike: A Re-examination"</a>. <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>70</b> (3): 691–713. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1845938">10.2307/1845938</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1845938">1845938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+General+Motors+Sit-Down+Strike%3A+A+Re-examination&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=691-713&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1845938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1845938%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1845938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1969" class="citation book cs1">Fine, Sidney (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sitdowngeneralmo0000unse"><i>Sit-down: the General Motors Strike of 1936-1937</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-32948-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-32948-9"><bdi>978-0-472-32948-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sit-down%3A+the+General+Motors+Strike+of+1936-1937&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-472-32948-9&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsitdowngeneralmo0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fink, Gary M. ed. <i>Labor unions</i> (Greenwood, 1977) pp. 23–26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laborunions00fink">online</a></li> <li>Friedlander, Peter. <i>The Emergence of a UAW Local, 1936-1939 : A Study in Class and Culture</i> (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emergenceofuawlo0000frie">online</a></li> <li>Gabin, Nancy. " 'They Have Placed a Penalty on Womanhood': The Protest Actions of Women Auto Workers in Detroit-Area UAW Locals, 1945-1947." <i>Feminist Studies</i> 8.2 (1982): 373–398. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177568">online</a></li> <li>Gindin, Sam. <i>The Canadian auto workers: The birth and transformation of a union</i> (James Lorimer & Company, 1995); a part of UAW until 1985</li> <li>Goode, Bill. <i>Infighting in the UAW: The 1946 Election and the Ascendancy of Walter Reuther</i> (Greenwood, 1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/infightinginuaw10000good">online</a> also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/labstuj22&div=14&id=&page=">online review</a>;</li> <li>Halpern, Martin. <i>UAW Politics in the Cold War Era</i> (SUNY Press, 1988) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/uawpoliticsincol0000halp">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2012" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Arthur (2012). <i>Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II</i>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6964-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6964-4"><bdi>978-1-4000-6964-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom%27s+Forge%3A+How+American+Business+Produced+Victory+in+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6964-4&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jackson, John H. <i>Progress the U.A.W. and the Automobile: Industry the Past 70 Years</i> (2003), for secondary schools.</li> <li>Katz, Harry C. "The US automobile collective bargaining system in transition." <i>British journal of industrial relations</i> 22.2 (1984): 205–217.</li> <li>Kornhauser, Arthur; Sheppard, Harold L.; and Mayer, Albert J. <i>When Labor Votes: A Study of Auto Workers</i>. (1956)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraus1993" class="citation book cs1">Kraus, Henry (1993). <i>Heroes of Unwritten Story</i>. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroes+of+Unwritten+Story&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lewis-Colman, David M. <i>Race against Liberalism: Black Workers and the UAW in Detroit</i> (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Race-against-Liberalism-Workers-American/dp/0252075056/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtenstein1980" class="citation journal cs1">Lichtenstein, Nelson (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113035005/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1890412">"Auto Worker Militancy and the Structure of Factory Life, 1937-1955"</a>. <i>The Journal of American History</i>. <b>67</b> (2): 335–353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1890412">10.2307/1890412</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1890412">the original</a> on January 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Auto+Worker+Militancy+and+the+Structure+of+Factory+Life%2C+1937-1955&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=335-353&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1890412&rft.aulast=Lichtenstein&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1890412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtenstein,_Nelson1985" class="citation cs2">Lichtenstein, Nelson (1985), "UAW bargaining strategy and shop-floor conflict", <i>Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society</i>, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 360–381, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-232X.1985.tb01037.x">10.1111/j.1468-232X.1985.tb01037.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+Relations%3A+A+Journal+of+Economy+and+Society&rft.atitle=UAW+bargaining+strategy+and+shop-floor+conflict&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=360-381&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-232X.1985.tb01037.x&rft.au=Lichtenstein%2C+Nelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lichtenstein, Nelson and Meyer, Stephen, eds. <i>On the Line: Essays in the History of Auto Work</i>. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252060151" title="Special:BookSources/9780252060151">9780252060151</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17509747">17509747</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtenstein1997" class="citation book cs1">Lichtenstein, Nelson (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walterreuthermos00lich"><i>Walter Reuther: the most dangerous man in Detroit</i></a>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06626-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06626-9"><bdi>978-0-252-06626-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Reuther%3A+the+most+dangerous+man+in+Detroit&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06626-9&rft.aulast=Lichtenstein&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwalterreuthermos00lich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Meier, August, and Elliott M. Rudwick. <i>Black Detroit and the rise of the UAW</i> (1979) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackdetroitrise00meie">online</a></li> <li>Mettler, Matthew M. "A Workers' Cold War in the Quad Cities: The Fate of Labor Militancy in the Farm Equipment Industry, 1949–1955." <i>Annals of Iowa</i> 68.4 (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/article/id/6037/download/pdf/">online</a>; UAW successfully raids an expelled Communist union.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2009" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Rachel (2009). "The Rise and Fall of the Sit-Down Strike". In Brenner, A.; Day, B.; Ness, I. (eds.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History</i>. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 204–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2645-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2645-5"><bdi>978-0-7656-2645-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Sit-Down+Strike&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Strikes+in+American+History&rft.pages=204-215&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-2645-5&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Morritt, Brett Theodore. "Systems of Male Privilege: The Industrial Relations Policies of the Ford Motor Company in the 1940s." <i>Enterprise & Society</i> (2021): 1-28.</li> <li>Sherk, J. "UAW Workers Actually Cost the Big Three Automakers $70 an Hour." December 8, 2008. <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308045207/http://www.heritage.org/research/economy/wm2162.cfm">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver2003" class="citation book cs1">Silver, Beverly J. (2003). <i>Forces of labor: workers' movements and globalization since 1870</i>. Cambridge studies in comparative politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81751-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81751-6"><bdi>978-0-521-81751-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forces+of+labor%3A+workers%27+movements+and+globalization+since+1870&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+studies+in+comparative+politics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81751-6&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Beverly+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Silvia, Stephen J. "The United Auto Workers' Attempts to Unionize Volkswagen Chattanooga." <i>ILR Review</i> 71.3 (2018): 600-624.</li> <li>Smith, Mike. " 'Let's Make Detroit a Union Town': The History of Labor and the Working Class in the Motor City." <i>Michigan Historical Review</i> (2001): 157-173. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20173931">online</a></li> <li>* Steigerwald, David. "Walter Reuther, the UAW, and the dilemmas of automation," <i>Labor History</i> (2010) 51#3 pp 429–453.</li> <li>Sugrue, Thomas J. ""Forget about Your Inalienable Right to Work": Deindustrialization and Its Discontents at Ford, 1950–1953." <i>International Labor and Working-Class History</i> 48 (1995): 112-130.</li> <li>Tillman, Ray M. "Reform Movement in the Teamsters and United Auto Workers." In <i>The Transformation of U.S. Unions: Voices, Visions, and Strategies from the Grassroots.</i> ed by Michael S. Cummings and Ray Tillman. (1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-813-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-813-9">978-1-55587-813-9</a>.</li> <li>Weekley, Thomas L. <i>United we stand : the unprecedented story of the GM-UAW quality partnership</i> (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedwestandunp0000week">online</a></li> <li>Wells, Donald M. "Origins of Canada's Wagner Model of Industrial Relations: The United Auto Workers in Canada and the Suppression of 'Rank and File' Unionism, 1936-1953." <i>Canadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers canadiens de sociologie</i> (1995): 193–225. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3341005">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Charles (2005). "The Racial Politics of Progressive Americanism: New Deal Liberalism and the Subordination of Black Workers in the UAW". <i>Studies in American Political Development</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 75–97. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0898-588X">0898-588X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+American+Political+Development&rft.atitle=The+Racial+Politics+of+Progressive+Americanism%3A+New+Deal+Liberalism+and+the+Subordination+of+Black+Workers+in+the+UAW&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-97&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0898-588X&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2010" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Charles (2010). "Reconsidering CIO Political Culture: Briggs Local 212 and the Sources of Militancy in the Early UAW". <i>Labor</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 17–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labor&rft.atitle=Reconsidering+CIO+Political+Culture%3A+Briggs+Local+212+and+the+Sources+of+Militancy+in+the+Early+UAW&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=17-43&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2012" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Charles (2012). "Americanism and anti-communism: the UAW and repressive liberalism before the red scare". <i>Labor History</i>. <b>53</b> (4): 495–515.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labor+History&rft.atitle=Americanism+and+anti-communism%3A+the+UAW+and+repressive+liberalism+before+the+red+scare&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=495-515&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Auto+Workers" class="Z3988"></span>; focus on Local 212 president Emil Mazey</li> <li>Zieger, Robert H. <i>The CIO, 1935–1955</i>.. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2182-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2182-4">978-0-8078-2182-4</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Christman, Henry M. ed. <i>Walter P. Reuther: Selected Papers</i>. (1961 ) Paperback ed. Kessinger Publishing Company, 2007.</li> <li>Plug, Warner W., and Leonard Woodcock. <i>The UAW in pictures</i> (1971)</li> <li>Reuther, Victor. <i>The Brothers Reuther and The Story of the UAW: A Memoir</i> (1976)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Auto_Workers&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uaw.org/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814260#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080317160749/http://www.caw.ca/whoweare/ourhistory/cawhistory/index.html">"History of the Canadian Auto Workers." Canadian Auto Workers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031005225524/http://www.reuther.wayne.edu/exhibits/sitdown.html">"The Great Flint Sitdown Strike." Walter Reuther Library, Wayne State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2010/6/22/newly_elected_united_auto_workers_president">Newly Elected UAW President Bob King on Reversing the Erosion of Workers' Rights</a> - video report by <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hGfZBaFHwo">Finally Got the News</a></i>, a documentary that reveals the activities of the League of Revolutionary Black Workers inside and outside the auto factories of Detroit</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Auto_Workers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Auto_Workers" title="Template:United Auto Workers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Auto_Workers" title="Template talk:United Auto Workers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Auto_Workers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Auto Workers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Auto_Workers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Auto Workers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I.E._America_Radio_Network" title="I.E. America Radio Network">I.E. America Radio Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union,_Allied_Industrial_Workers_of_America" title="International Union, Allied Industrial Workers of America">International Union, Allied Industrial Workers of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAW-Ford_University" title="UAW-Ford University">UAW-Ford University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDET-FM" title="WDET-FM">WDET-FM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UAW-Ford_National_Programs_Center" title="UAW-Ford National Programs Center">UAW-Ford National Programs Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strikes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flint_sit-down_strike" title="Flint sit-down strike">1936–1937 Flint sit-down strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_and_die_strike_of_1939" title="Tool and die strike of 1939">1939 tools and die strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Auto_Strike" title="Chrysler Auto Strike">1939 Chrysler Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Strike_of_1945" title="Ford Strike of 1945">1945 Ford Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945%E2%80%931946_General_Motors_strike" title="1945–1946 General Motors strike">1945–1946 General Motors strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_International_Harvester_strike" title="1979–1980 International Harvester strike">1979–1980 International Harvester strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986%E2%80%931987_John_Deere_strike" title="1986–1987 John Deere strike">1986–1987 John Deere strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_General_Motors_strike" title="2007 General Motors strike">2007 General Motors strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_General_Motors_strike" title="2019 General Motors strike">2019 General Motors strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_John_Deere_strike" title="2021 John Deere strike">2021 John Deere strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Virginia_Volvo_Trucks_strike" title="2021 Virginia Volvo Trucks strike">2021 Volvo strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_HarperCollins_strike" title="2022–2023 HarperCollins strike">2022–2023 HarperCollins strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_United_Auto_Workers_strike" title="2023 United Auto Workers strike">2023 Ford-GM-Stellantis strike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_and_unions" title="Tesla and unions">Tesla and unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_and_unions" title="Volkswagen and unions">Volkswagen and unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="AFL-CIO" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AFL-CIO" title="Template:AFL-CIO"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AFL-CIO" title="Template talk:AFL-CIO"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AFL-CIO" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AFL-CIO"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="AFL-CIO" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/AFL-CIO" title="AFL-CIO">AFL-CIO </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Meany" title="George Meany">George Meany</a> (1955–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Kirkland" title="Lane Kirkland">Lane Kirkland</a> (1979–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Donahue" title="Thomas R. Donahue">Thomas R. Donahue</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)" title="John Sweeney (labor leader)">John J. Sweeney</a> (1995–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trumka" title="Richard Trumka">Richard Trumka</a> (2009–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Shuler" title="Liz Shuler">Liz Shuler</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_America%27s_Building_Trades_Unions" title="North America's Building Trades Unions">Building Trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Trades_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Maritime Trades Department, AFL–CIO">Maritime Trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_Trades_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Metal Trades Department, AFL–CIO">Metal Trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Professional_Employees,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Department for Professional Employees, AFL–CIO">Professional Employees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Trades_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Transportation Trades Department, AFL–CIO">Transportation Trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Label_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Union Label Department, AFL–CIO">Union Label</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituency groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph_Institute" title="A. Philip Randolph Institute">A. Philip Randolph Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Retired_Americans" title="Alliance for Retired Americans">Alliance for Retired Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Pacific_American_Labor_Alliance" title="Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance">Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Black_Trade_Unionists" title="Coalition of Black Trade Unionists">Coalition of Black Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Labor_Union_Women" title="Coalition of Labor Union Women">Coalition of Labor Union Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Council_for_Latin_American_Advancement" title="Labor Council for Latin American Advancement">Labor Council for Latin American Advancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_at_Work" title="Pride at Work">Pride at Work</a></li> <li>Union Veterans Council</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allied organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Labor_Communications_Association" title="International Labor Communications Association">International Labor Communications Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Center" title="Solidarity Center">Solidarity Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_for_America_Institute" title="Working for America Institute">Working for America Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allied groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Rights_at_Work" title="American Rights at Work">American Rights at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rescue_Committee" title="International Rescue Committee">International Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Labor_Committee" title="Jewish Labor Committee">Jewish Labor Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_and_Working-Class_History_Association" title="Labor and Working-Class History Association">Labor and Working-Class History Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_America" title="Working America">Working America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO_Employees_Federal_Credit_Union" title="AFL–CIO Employees Federal Credit Union">AFL–CIO Employees Federal Credit Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_College" title="National Labor College">National Labor College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unions_affiliated_with_the_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="List of unions affiliated with the AFL–CIO">Affiliated unions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Actors_and_Artistes_of_America" title="Associated Actors and Artistes of America">AAAA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Guild_of_Musical_Artists" title="American Guild of Musical Artists">AGMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Guild_of_Variety_Artists" title="American Guild of Variety Artists">AGVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Italian_American_Actors" title="Guild of Italian American Actors">GIAA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association" title="Actors' Equity Association">AEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Government_Employees" title="American Federation of Government Employees">AFGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Musicians" title="American Federation of Musicians">AFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_School_Administrators" title="American Federation of School Administrators">AFSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_State,_County_and_Municipal_Employees" title="American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees">AFSCME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers" title="American Federation of Teachers">AFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Line_Pilots_Association,_International" title="Air Line Pilots Association, International">ALPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Postal_Workers_Union" title="American Postal Workers Union">APWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Association" title="American Radio Association">ARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Train_Dispatchers_Association" title="American Train Dispatchers Association">ATDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Transit_Union" title="Amalgamated Transit Union">ATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Heat_and_Frost_Insulators_and_Allied_Workers" title="International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Allied Workers">AWIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Bricklayers_and_Allied_Craftworkers" title="International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers">BAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakery,_Confectionery,_Tobacco_Workers_and_Grain_Millers_International_Union" title="Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers International Union">BCTGM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Railroad_Signalmen" title="Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen">BRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_School_Employees_Association" title="California School Employees Association">CSEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Workers_of_America" title="Communications Workers of America">CWA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Flight_Attendants" title="Association of Flight Attendants">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Electrical_Workers" title="International Union of Electrical Workers">IUE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcast_Employees_and_Technicians" title="National Association of Broadcast Employees and Technicians">NABET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing,_Publishing_and_Media_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Printing, Publishing and Media Workers">PPMW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsGuild-CWA" title="NewsGuild-CWA">TNG</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NewsGuild-CWA_Locals" title="List of NewsGuild-CWA Locals">Locals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Labor_Organizing_Committee" title="Farm Labor Organizing Committee">FLOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass,_Molders,_Pottery,_Plastics_and_Allied_Workers_International_Union" title="Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics and Allied Workers International Union">GMPIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Fire_Fighters" title="International Association of Fire Fighters">IAFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Machinists_and_Aerospace_Workers" title="International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers">IAM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Federal_Employees" title="National Federation of Federal Employees">NFFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Communications_International_Union" title="Transportation Communications International Union">TCIU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Theatrical_Stage_Employees" title="International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees">IATSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Boilermakers,_Iron_Ship_Builders,_Blacksmiths,_Forgers_and_Helpers" title="International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers">IBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Electrical_Workers" title="International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers">IBEW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Professional_and_Technical_Engineers" title="International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers">IFPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Longshoremen%27s_Association" title="International Longshoremen's Association">ILA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Bridge,_Structural,_Ornamental_and_Reinforcing_Iron_Workers" title="International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers">Ironworkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Allied_Novelty_and_Production_Workers" title="International Union of Allied Novelty and Production Workers">IUANPW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Elevator_Constructors" title="International Union of Elevator Constructors">IUEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Operating_Engineers" title="International Union of Operating Engineers">IUOE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Police_Associations" title="International Union of Police Associations">IUPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Painters_and_Allied_Trades" title="International Union of Painters and Allied Trades">IUPAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laborers%27_International_Union_of_North_America" title="Laborers' International Union of North America">LIUNA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Postal_Mail_Handlers_Union" title="National Postal Mail Handlers Union">NPMHU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Engineers%27_Beneficial_Association" title="Marine Engineers' Beneficial Association">MEBA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Aviation_Safety_Specialists" title="Professional Aviation Safety Specialists">PASS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Letter_Carriers" title="National Association of Letter Carriers">NALC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Air_Traffic_Controllers_Association" title="National Air Traffic Controllers Association">NATCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League_Players_Association" title="National Football League Players Association">NFLPA/FPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nurses_United" title="National Nurses United">NNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxi_Workers%27_Alliance" title="National Taxi Workers' Alliance">NTWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League_Players_Association" title="National Women's Soccer League Players Association">NWSLPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operative_Plasterers%27_and_Cement_Masons%27_International_Association" title="Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association">OPCMIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_and_Professional_Employees_International_Union" title="Office and Professional Employees International Union">OPEIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plate_Printers,_Die_Stampers_and_Engravers_Union_of_North_America" title="International Plate Printers, Die Stampers and Engravers Union of North America">Printers & Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAG-AFTRA" title="SAG-AFTRA">SAG-AFTRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafarers_International_Union_of_North_America" title="Seafarers International Union of North America">SIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Sheet_Metal,_Air,_Rail_and_Transportation_Workers" title="International Association of Sheet Metal, Air, Rail and Transportation Workers">SMART</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Workers_Union_of_America" title="Transport Workers Union of America">TWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Association" title="United Association">UA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Food_and_Commercial_Workers" title="United Food and Commercial Workers">UFCW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distillery,_Wine_and_Allied_Workers%27_International_Union" title="Distillery, Wine and Allied Workers' International Union">DWAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail,_Wholesale_and_Department_Store_Union" title="Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union">RWDSU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mine Workers">UMWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNITE_HERE" title="UNITE HERE">UNITE HERE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Steelworkers" title="United Steelworkers">USW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Union_of_Roofers,_Waterproofers_and_Allied_Workers" title="United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers and Allied Workers">UURWAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_Workers_Union_of_America" title="Utility Workers Union of America">UWUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America,_East" title="Writers Guild of America, East">WGAE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State federations and <br />central labor councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>California (<a href="/wiki/South_Bay_Labor_Council" title="South Bay Labor Council">South Bay</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Florida AFL–CIO">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Indiana AFL–CIO">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Maine AFL–CIO">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Massachusetts AFL–CIO">Massachusetts</a></li> <li>New York (<a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Central_Labor_Council" title="New York City Central Labor Council">New York City</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Oregon AFL–CIO">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Pennsylvania AFL–CIO">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Rhode Island AFL–CIO">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Labor_Council" title="Washington State Labor Council">Washington State</a> (<a href="/wiki/King_County_Labor_Council" title="King County Labor Council">King</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="West Virginia AFL–CIO">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directly_affiliated_local_union" title="Directly affiliated local union">Directly affiliated local union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canadian_Labour_Congress" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_Labour_Congress" title="Template:Canadian Labour Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_Labour_Congress" title="Template talk:Canadian Labour Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_Labour_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian Labour Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canadian_Labour_Congress" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Labour_Congress" title="Canadian Labour Congress">Canadian Labour Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial and<br />territorial federations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Federation_of_Labour" title="Alberta Federation of Labour">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Federation_of_Labour" title="British Columbia Federation of Labour">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Federation_of_Labour" title="Manitoba Federation of Labour">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Federation_of_Labour" title="New Brunswick Federation of Labour">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_Federation_of_Labour" title="Newfoundland and Labrador Federation of Labour">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territories_Federation_of_Labour" title="Northern Territories Federation of Labour">Northwest/Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Federation_of_Labour" title="Nova Scotia Federation of Labour">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Federation_of_Labour" title="Ontario Federation of Labour">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island_Federation_of_Labour" title="Prince Edward Island Federation of Labour">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_des_travailleurs_et_travailleuses_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Fédération des travailleurs et travailleuses du Québec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Federation_of_Labour" title="Saskatchewan Federation of Labour">Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Federation_of_Labour" title="Yukon Federation of Labour">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Affiliated_unions_of_the_Canadian_Labour_Congress#National" title="Affiliated unions of the Canadian Labour Congress">National affiliates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Canada_Pilots_Association" title="Air Canada Pilots Association">ACPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACTRA" title="ACTRA">ACTRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Teachers%27_Federation" title="British Columbia Teachers' Federation">BCTF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_Professional_Employees" title="Canadian Association of Professional Employees">CAPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Federation_of_Nurses_Unions" title="Canadian Federation of Nurses Unions">CFNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Office_and_Professional_Employees_Union" title="Canadian Office and Professional Employees Union">COPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Postmasters_and_Assistants_Association" title="Canadian Postmasters and Assistants Association">CPAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Public_Employees" title="Canadian Union of Public Employees">CUPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Postal_Workers" title="Canadian Union of Postal Workers">CUPW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_Canada" title="Directors Guild of Canada">DGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_Teachers%27_Federation_of_Ontario" title="Elementary Teachers' Federation of Ontario">ETFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_University_Teachers" title="Canadian Association of University Teachers">NUCAUT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Public_and_General_Employees" title="National Union of Public and General Employees">NUPGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_English_Catholic_Teachers%27_Association" title="Ontario English Catholic Teachers' Association">OECTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Secondary_School_Teachers%27_Federation" title="Ontario Secondary School Teachers' Federation">OSSTF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Institute_of_the_Public_Service_of_Canada" title="Professional Institute of the Public Service of Canada">PIPSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Alliance_of_Canada" title="Public Service Alliance of Canada">PSAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Affiliated_unions_of_the_Canadian_Labour_Congress#International" title="Affiliated unions of the Canadian Labour Congress">International affiliates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Musicians" title="American Federation of Musicians">AFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Line_Pilots_Association,_International" title="Air Line Pilots Association, International">ALPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Transit_Union" title="Amalgamated Transit Union">ATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Heat_and_Frost_Insulators_and_Allied_Workers" title="International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Allied Workers">AWIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Bricklayers_and_Allied_Craftworkers" title="International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers">BAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakery,_Confectionery,_Tobacco_Workers_and_Grain_Millers%27_International_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers' International Union">BCTGM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Boilermakers,_Iron_Ship_Builders,_Blacksmiths,_Forgers_and_Helpers" title="International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers">Boilermakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Workers_of_America" title="Communications Workers of America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laborers%27_International_Union_of_North_America" title="Laborers' International Union of North America">Laborers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Fire_Fighters" title="International Association of Fire Fighters">IAFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Machinists_and_Aerospace_Workers" title="International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers">IAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Theatrical_Stage_Employees" title="International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees">IATSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Electrical_Workers" title="International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers">IBEW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Professional_and_Technical_Engineers" title="International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers">IFPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Longshoremen%27s_Association" title="International Longshoremen's Association">ILA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Longshore_and_Warehouse_Union" title="International Longshore and Warehouse Union">ILWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plate_Printers,_Die_Stampers_and_Engravers%27_Union_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="International Plate Printers, Die Stampers and Engravers' Union of North America">IPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Bridge,_Structural,_Ornamental_and_Reinforcing_Iron_Workers" title="International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers">Ironworkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Operating_Engineers" title="International Union of Operating Engineers">IUOE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Painters_and_Allied_Trades" title="International Union of Painters and Allied Trades">IUPAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_and_Professional_Employees_International_Union" title="Office and Professional Employees International Union">OPEIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Employees_International_Union" title="Service Employees International Union">SEIU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workers_United" title="Workers United">WUCC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafarers%27_International_Union_of_Canada" title="Seafarers' International Union of Canada">SIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Sheet_Metal,_Air,_Rail_and_Transportation_Workers" title="International Association of Sheet Metal, Air, Rail and Transportation Workers">SMART</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Association" title="United Association">UA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Food_and_Commercial_Workers" title="United Food and Commercial Workers">UFCW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mine Workers">UMW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNITE_HERE" title="UNITE HERE">UNITE HERE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Steelworkers" title="United Steelworkers">USW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Jodoin" title="Claude Jodoin">Claude Jodoin</a> (1956–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_MacDonald_(Nova_Scotia_politician)" title="Donald MacDonald (Nova Scotia politician)">Donald MacDonald</a> (1967–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Morris_(trade_unionist)" title="Joe Morris (trade unionist)">Joe Morris</a> (1974–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_McDermott" title="Dennis McDermott">Dennis McDermott</a> (1978–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Carr" title="Shirley Carr">Shirley Carr</a> (1986–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_White_(trade_unionist)" title="Bob White (trade unionist)">Bob White</a> (1992–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Georgetti" title="Ken Georgetti">Ken Georgetti</a> (1999–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Yussuff" title="Hassan Yussuff">Hassan Yussuff</a> (2014–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bea_Bruske" title="Bea Bruske">Bea Bruske</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Congress_of_Labour" title="Canadian Congress of Labour">Canadian Congress of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labor_Communications_Association" title="International Labor Communications Association">International Labor Communications Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Big_Union_(Canada)" title="One Big Union (Canada)">One Big Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trades_and_Labor_Congress_of_Canada" title="Trades and Labor Congress of Canada">Trades and Labor Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Unity_League" title="Workers' Unity League">Workers' Unity League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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